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Chapter 1 Tm 3.Pdf VU Research Portal The power of place Joordens, J.C.A. 2011 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Joordens, J. C. A. (2011). The power of place: climate change as driver of hominin evolution and dispersal over the past five million years. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT The power of place: climate change as driver of hominin evolution and dispersal over the past five million years ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. L.M. Bouter, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Aard- en Levenswetenschappen op donderdag 31 maart 2011 om 15.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Josephine Caroline Antoinette Joordens geboren te Venlo promotor: prof.dr. D. Kroon copromotor: dr. H.B. Vonhof Leescommissie: prof. dr. G.J. Boekschoten dr. C.S. Feibel prof. dr. M.G. Leakey prof. dr. J.W.M. Roebroeks prof. dr. F. Spoor dr. J. de Vos Paranimfen: Jeroen van der Lubbe Jeroen van Wetten voor Marc Joordens en Mariet Joordens-Wolters Lay-out: Anne Schulp Cover design: Jan Willem Dogger Front cover: Flamingoes over Lake Turkana (photo Anne Schulp) Inset images reflect the inland-coastal suc- cession of forest types in the Arabuko-Sokoke coastal forest, Kenya (photos author). Top: Brachystegia woodland Middle: strangler fig in mixed forest Bottom: mangrove with oysters Back cover: Sample bags with paleolake sediments (photo Anne Schulp) Contents Introduction and summary 9 Inleiding en samenvatting 17 1. Relevance of aquatic environments for homi- nins: a case study from Trinil (Java, Indonesia) 23 2. Climatic and environmental reconstructions in the Turkana Basin: how useful are oxygen isotope ratios? 49 3. 87Sr/86Sr as a novel climate proxy recording precessional cycles in the hominin-bearing Turkana Basin 65 4. The power of place: hominin evolution and dispersal driven by climate change between ~ 5 – 2.5 Ma 91 Epilogue: the evolutionary and societal relevance of aquatic resource use by hominins 117 Dankwoord / Acknowledgements 123 5 Introduction and summary What is the origin and history of our species? sion (“the power of place”) needs to be taken into Darwin (1871) first addressed this fundamental account, since the geography of Africa is very question in his book “The Descent of Man”. He diverse. Locally different climatic and environ- claimed that humans are most closely related to mental conditions will have exerted locally dif- the African great apes (chimpanzees and goril- ferent influences on hominin evolution and dis- las) and hence that the origin of humankind must persal. So far, the impact of the spatial dimension lie in Africa. Since then, his prediction has been has hardly been explored in climate-evolution borne out by the discovery of at least 16 differ- studies. Thirdly, to establish causal relationships ent hominin species (preceding modern Homo between climatic and evolutionary events, it is sapiens) fossilized in African deposits over the crucial to identify testable ecological and physi- past ~ 7 million years. Hominins are defined as ological mechanisms for transmitting climatic members of the taxon (“tribe”) Hominini, which cause to evolutionary effect. comprises modern humans and their extinct rel- atives over the past ~ 7 million years: all species Objectives of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Kenyanthropus, Ardipithecus, Orrorin and Sahelan- The ultimate aim of this study is to elucidate thropus. Where, when and why did these species the influence of climate and environmental arise? Climatic and environmental changes are change on African hominin evolution and dis- strong drivers of evolution, and it is assumed that persal over the past ~ 5 million years. To achieve these processes played a major role in hominin this, I focused on meeting the three challenges evolution and dispersal. Many hypotheses have mentioned above: reconstruction of a regional been put forward to link climate and environ- paleoclimate record as well as improvement of mental change with important junctions in the age control of hominin fossil occurrences, rec- evolution of the human lineage (e.g. deMenocal ognition of the importance of geography, and 2004; Fig.1). However, in order to test these hy- identification of testable biological mechanisms potheses (or to generate new ones) three impor- that link climate and environmental change to tant requirements should be met (Behrensmeyer, evolution of hominin populations. An important 2006). underlying assumption, stemming in part from my background as a freshwater and marine ecol- Firstly, high-resolution temporal synchronic- ogist, is that the presence of water always must ity of climatic and evolutionary events needs to have been an important factor for hominins: as be demonstrated before any causal relationship drinking water, but possibly also as a source of between the two events can be considered. The freshwater and marine food resources. problem is that especially in continental settings where hominin fossils are found, regional climate Study sites records resolving change at the appropriate evo- lutionary timescales (5-30 thousand years (ky)) The fieldwork for this study was carried out in are generally very scarce or not available. Also, 2004, 2006 and 2010, in ~ 2 million year old lake age control on hominin fossil occurrences is not sediments along the eastern shore of Lake Tur- sufficiently tight. Secondly, the spatial dimen- kana (Kenya, Ethiopia), formerly named Lake 7 Age African Climate Hominid Evolution East African ∂18O (Ma) Variability Soil carb. ∂13C 0 -4 -8 -12 Glacial Interglacial 0 H. erectus 100 kyr 100 kyr H. sapiens 1 P. robustus P. boisei P. ? H. habilis Acheulean Homo rudolfensis Paranthropus aethiopicus 2 41 kyr 41 kyr Au. africanus ? Au. garhi Oldowan ? ? Au. afarensis 3 ? Kenyanthropus ? platyops Au. bahrelghazali 23-19 kyr 4 Australopithecus anamensis Ardipithecus ramidus Grassland Woodland (deMenocal, 1995) (After White et al., 1999; Lieberman, 2001) (Cerling and Hay, 1988; (Shackleton et al., 1990; Cerling, 1992; Wynn, 2000) Mix et al., 1995) Figure 1. Summary diagram of important paleoclimatic and hominin evolution events over the past 4.5 Ma (deMenocal, 2004). Important junctions in hominin evolution, such as the emergence of Homo erectus at ~ 1.8 Ma, have been linked to contemporaneous paleoclimatic events (deMenocal, 2004). Rudolf (Fig. 2). It has been -and still is- a privi- (Gibbons, 2006). Since the start of the Koobi Fora lege to work in this remote and harshly beauti- Research Project in 1968, hundreds of hominin ful area inhabited by the Dasanetch, Turkana and other animal and plant fossils have been and Gabbra. Made known to the outside world and continue to be found (Fig. 4, 5). The research as recently as 1888 by the explorers Teleki and presented in this thesis contributes to providing Von Höhnel (Brown, 1989), Lake Turkana earned a climatic, environmental and ecological context the status as an iconic geographic space in East for these important fossils from the “cradle of Africa. The vast lake in the windswept desert at- mankind” in the Turkana Basin. tracted adventurers for many reasons (e.g. ivory, or crocodiles; Graham and Beard, 1973) but also The other important site featuring in this thesis just because it was there: reaching this place was is Trinil in the Solo Basin on Java (Indonesia). In a moving experience (Fig. 3). It enabled individu- 1893, on the banks of the Solo River, the Dutch als to challenge and define themselves, to test anatomist Eugène Dubois discovered fossils of their stamina and skills, and to earn distinction a transitional form between ape and human: (Brown, 1989; Imperato, 2006). In the 1960’s the Pithecanthropus erectus or Homo erectus as it is iconic status of Lake Turkana was strengthened now called (Dubois, 1894; Fig. 6). Dubois (Fig. 7) by the discovery of rich fossil hominin-bearing was the first scientist who combined biological, beds on its eastern shore, at Koobi Fora. Paleo- paleontological and biogeographical informa- anthropologist and fossil hunter Richard Leakey tion to predict the possible geographic location had noticed these deposits by looking out of the where such transitional fossils could be pres- window of a small airplane, when he was flying ent. In 1887 he gave up his promising university back from Ethiopia on a detour to avoid a storm career in Amsterdam to actually go and look for 8 0 20 40 60 36°E 37°E Kilometers Nile K.S.A. Red Sea Blue Nile ERITREA YEMEN Kibish Lower SUDAN ETHIOPIA Omo Valley Gulf of Aden DJIBOUTI Addis Ababa 5°N Shungura SOMALIA W hit e Nile Omo R. Omo Todenyang UGANDA A KENYA Indian Ocean Ileret Nariokotome llia Omo R Il A . ETHIOPIA 4°N Kangaki Lomekwi Koobi Fora Region Turkana iet Il L KENYA taboi okochot Il Er Region a Lake Turkana 41 K Ileret or B Kalakol Tulu 10 Laga 4o 15’ N 129 130 131 idge Lodwar Turkwel R.
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