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Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa
Arts 2013, 2, 6-34; doi:10.3390/arts2010006 OPEN ACCESS arts ISSN 2076-0752 www.mdpi.com/journal/arts Review Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa Robert G. Bednarik International Federation of Rock Art Organizations (IFRAO), P.O. Box 216, Caulfield South, VIC 3162, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-3-95230549; Fax: +61-3-95230549 Received: 22 December 2012; in revised form: 22 January 2013 / Accepted: 23 January 2013 / Published: 8 February 2013 Abstract: This comprehensive review of all currently known Pleistocene rock art of Africa shows that the majority of sites are located in the continent’s south, but that the petroglyphs at some of them are of exceptionally great antiquity. Much the same applies to portable palaeoart of Africa. The current record is clearly one of paucity of evidence, in contrast to some other continents. Nevertheless, an initial synthesis is attempted, and some preliminary comparisons with the other continents are attempted. Certain parallels with the existing record of southern Asia are defined. Keywords: rock art; portable palaeoart; Pleistocene; figurine; bead; engraving; Africa 1. Introduction Although palaeoart of the Pleistocene occurs in at least five continents (Bednarik 1992a, 2003a) [38,49], most people tend to think of Europe first when the topic is mentioned. This is rather odd, considering that this form of evidence is significantly more common elsewhere, and very probably even older there. For instance there are far less than 10,000 motifs in the much-studied corpus of European rock art of the Ice Age, which are outnumbered by the number of publications about them. -
Universidad Complutense De Madrid
UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física TESIS DOCTORAL Las poblaciones del Holoceno inicial en la región cantábrica: cambios ambientales y microevolución humana MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Labib Drak Hernández Directora María Dolores Garralda Benajes Madrid, 2016 © Labib Drak Hernández, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ZOOLOGÍA Y ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA TESIS DOCTORAL LAS POBLACIONES DEL HOLOCENO INICIAL EN LA REGIÓN CANTÁBRICA: CAMBIOS AMBIENTALES Y MICROEVOLUCIÓN HUMANA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR LABIB DRAK HERNÁNDEZ BAJO LA DIRECCIÓN DE LA DOCTORA: MARÍA DOLORES GARRALDA BENAJES MADRID, 2015 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ZOOLOGÍA Y ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA TESIS DOCTORAL LAS POBLACIONES DEL HOLOCENO INICIAL EN LA REGIÓN CANTÁBRICA: CAMBIOS AMBIENTALES Y MICROEVOLUCIÓN HUMANA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR LABIB DRAK HERNÁNDEZ BAJO LA DIRECCIÓN DE LA DOCTORA: MARÍA DOLORES GARRALDA BENAJES MADRID, 2015 MARÍA DOLORES GARRALDA BENAJES, PROFESORA TITULAR DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE ZOOLOGÍA Y ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, CERTIFICA: Que la presente memoria titulada “Las poblaciones del Holoceno inicial en la región cantábrica: cambios ambientales y microevolución humana” presentada por D. Labib Drak Hernández para optar al Título de Doctor en Biología, ha sido realizada en el Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física de la Facultad de CC. Biológicas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid bajo mi dirección. Y considerando que representa trabajo de Tesis, autorizo su presentación a la Junta de Facultad. -
THÈSE La Bipédie Humaine : Épistémologie, Paléo-Anthropologie
THÈSE présentée pour l’obtention du grade de : DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS OUEST NANTERRE LA DÉFENSE spécialité : Philosophie de la biologie : épistémologie de la paléoanthropologie Anthropologie philosophique préparée à : l’Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense La bipédie humaine : épistémologie, paléo-anthropologie, métaphysique présentée par : Mathilde LEQUIN Soutenue le 2 juin 2015 devant le jury composé de : Pr. Frédéric Worms Ecole Normale Supérieure, France Rapporteur Pr. Raymond Corbey Université de Leiden, Pays-bas Rapporteur Pr. Jean Gayon Université Paris 1, France Examinateur Pr. Denis Forest Université Paris Ouest Nanterre, France Examinateur Pr. Thierry Hoquet Université Lyon 3 Jean Moulin, France Directeur de thèse Dr. François Marchal Université d’Aix-Marseille, France Co-encadrant Remerciements Mes remerciements vont d’abord à mon directeur de thèse, Thierry Hoquet, dont les conseils toujours avisés et malicieux ont été décisifs dans l’avancement de ce travail, ainsi qu’à François Marchal, qui a co-encadré cette thèse, pour sa disponibilité et son aide précieuse, grâce à laquelle j’ai pu apprendre à déchiffrer le langage des paléoanthropologues. Je tiens également à exprimer ma reconnaissance aux personnes qui m’ont accompagnée dans la genèse de ce projet, en par- ticulier Jean Gayon, Francis Wolff et Frédéric Worms. Je pense aussi aux paléoanthropologues qui m’ont accordé de leur temps pour échanger sur la bipédie : Gilles Berillon, Guillaume Daver, Laurent Puymerail, Bernard Wood. Mes pensées vont également aux enseignants-chercheurs de Nanterre, en particulier Denis Forest et Jean-Michel Salanskis. Enfin, je remercie mes proches pour leur soutien et leur compréhension tout au long de ces années de recherche : mes parents, pour l’affection et la confiance dont ils m’ont toujours témoigné, et Roland, pour sa patience sans borne et ses encouragements constants, auxquels cette thèse est infiniment redevable. -
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This is an Open Access publication. Visit our website for more OA publication, to read any of our books for free online, or to buy them in print or PDF. www.sidestone.com Check out some of our latest publications: ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 45 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd I 16/07/15 13:00 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd II 16/07/15 13:00 ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA PUBLICATION OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY LEIDEN UNIVERSITY EXCERPTA ARCHAEOLOGICA LEIDENSIA EDITED BY CORRIE BAKELS AND HANS KAMERMANS LEIDEN UNIVERSITY 2015 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd III 16/07/15 13:00 Series editors: Corrie Bakels / Hans Kamermans Editor of illustrations: Joanne Porck Copyright 2015 by the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden ISSN 0169-7447 ISBN 978-90-822251-2-9 Subscriptions to the series Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia can be ordered at: P.J.R. Modderman Stichting Faculty of Archaeology P.O. Box 9514 NL-2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd IV 16/07/15 13:00 Contents The stable isotopes 13C and 15N in faunal bone of the Middle Pleistocene site Schöningen (Germany): statistical modeling 1 Juliette Funck Thijs van Kolfschoten Hans van der Plicht ‘Trapping the past’? Hunting for remote capture techniques and planned coastal exploitation during MIS 5 at Blombos Cave and Klasies River, South Africa 15 Gerrit L. Dusseldorp Geeske H.J. Langejans A Late Neolithic Single Grave Culture burial from Twello (central Netherlands): environmental setting, burial ritual and contextualisation 29 Lucas Meurkens Roy van Beek Marieke Doorenbosch Harry -
Supplementary Table 1: Rock Art Dataset
Supplementary Table 1: Rock art dataset Name Latitude Longitude Earliest age in sampleLatest age in Modern Date of reference Dating methods Direct / indirect Exact Age / Calibrated Kind Figurative Reference sample Country Minimum Age / Max Age Abri Castanet, Dordogne, France 44.999272 1.101261 37’205 36’385 France 2012 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum Age No Petroglyphs Yes (28) Altamira, Spain 43.377452 -4.122347 36’160 2’850 Spain 2013 Uranium-series Direct Exact Age Unknown Petroglyphs Yes (29) Decorated ceiling in cave Altxerri B, Spain 43.2369 -2.148555 39’479 34’689 Spain 2013 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum age Yes Painting Yes (30) Anbarndarr I. Australia/Anbarndarr II, -12.255207 133.645845 1’704 111 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax No (31) Australia/Gunbirdi I, Gunbirdi II, Gunbirdi III, Northern Territory Australia Anta de Serramo, Vimianzo, A Coruña, Galicia, 43.110048 -9.03242 6’950 6’950 Spain 2005 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Painting N/A (32) Spain Apollo 11 Cave, ǁKaras Region, Namibia -26.842964 17.290284 28’400 26’300 Namibia 1983 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum age Unknown Painted Yes (33) fragments ARN‐0063, Namarrgon Lightning Man, Northern -12.865524 132.814001 1’021 145 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax Yes Territory, Australia (31) Bald Rock, Wellington Range,Northern Territory -11.8 133.15 386 174 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax N/A (31) Australia Baroalba Springs, Kakadu, Northern Territory, -12.677013 132.480901 7’876 7’876 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon -
New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E
LETTER doi:10.1038/nature22336 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E. Bailey4, Sarah E. Freidline1, Simon Neubauer1, Matthew M. Skinner5, Inga Bergmann1, Adeline Le Cabec1, Stefano Benazzi6, Katerina Harvati7 & Philipp Gunz1 Fossil evidence points to an African origin of Homo sapiens from a group called either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis. However, a the exact place and time of emergence of H. sapiens remain obscure because the fossil record is scarce and the chronological age of many key specimens remains uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the present day ‘modern’ morphology rapidly emerged approximately 200 thousand years ago (ka) among earlier representatives of H. sapiens1 or evolved gradually over the last 400 thousand years2. Here we report newly discovered human fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and interpret the affinities of the hominins from this site with other archaic and recent human groups. We identified a mosaic of features including facial, mandibular and dental morphology that aligns the Jebel Irhoud material with early or recent anatomically modern humans and more primitive neurocranial and endocranial morphology. In combination with an age of 315 ± 34 thousand years (as determined by thermoluminescence dating)3, this evidence makes Jebel Irhoud the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin site that documents early stages of the H. sapiens clade in which key features of modern morphology were established. Furthermore, it shows that the evolutionary processes behind the emergence of H. sapiens involved the whole African continent. In 1960, mining operations in the Jebel Irhoud massif 55 km south- east of Safi, Morocco exposed a Palaeolithic site in the Pleistocene filling of a karstic network. -
ACADEMY COLLOQUIUM Fire in Human Evolution, Human History, and Human Society
ACADEMY COLLOQUIUM Fire in Human Evolution, Human History, and Human Society 15 – 17 December 2009 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Program Tuesday, 15 December 2009 08.30-09.00 Registration and Coffee 09.00-09.15 Opening of the Colloquium by Robbert Dijkgraaf, President KNAW 09.15-09.20 General introduction to the theme and conference arrangements by Joop Goudsblom Section 1. The Original Domestication of Fire Morning session. Chair: Peter Westbroek 09.30-10.15 Richard Wrangham Biological evidence for when fire was first controlled 10.15-11.00 Frances Burton The scenario and the speculation: firelight and its effect on human evolution 11.00-11.15 Coffee 11.15-12.00 Wil Roebroeks (and Paola Villa) Quest for fire: on the archaeological evidence for controlled use of fire 12.00-13.00 Discussion 13.00-14.00 Lunch Afternoon session. Chair: Henry Hooghiemstra 14.00-14.45 Frank Niele Energy, engine of evolution, and the pivotal role of fire 14.45-15.30 Richard Cosgrove The fire record from Australia - the last 50,000 years 15.30-15.45 Tea 15.45-16.30 Corrie Bakels Early western European farmers and fire 16.30-17.30 Discussion 17.30-18.30 Reception Wednesday, 16 December 2009 Section 2. The role of fire in the history of the agrarian and the industrial world Morning session. Chair: Godfried van Benthem van den Bergh 09.30-10.15 Steve Pyne Surely fire is what I am: fire in human history 10.15-11.00 David Christian Fire or language? What really made us what we are? 11.00-11.15 Coffee 11.15-12.00 Floris Cohen and Christoph Lüthy Destruction and Construction: The Role of Fire in Some Pivotal Episodes in the History of Western Science and Technology 12.00-13.00 Discussion 13.00-14.00 Lunch Afternoon session. -
Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia
World Heritage papers41 HEADWORLD HERITAGES 4 Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia VOLUME I In support of UNESCO’s 70th Anniversary Celebrations United Nations [ Cultural Organization Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia Nuria Sanz, Editor General Coordinator of HEADS Programme on Human Evolution HEADS 4 VOLUME I Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and the UNESCO Office in Mexico, Presidente Masaryk 526, Polanco, Miguel Hidalgo, 11550 Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico. © UNESCO 2015 ISBN 978-92-3-100107-9 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover Photos: Top: Hohle Fels excavation. © Harry Vetter bottom (from left to right): Petroglyphs from Sikachi-Alyan rock art site. -
Raap / De Vondst / Provincie Limburg
RAAP RAAP / DE VONDST / PROVINCIE LIMBURG INDEX VOORWOORD 4 VOORWOORD Als gedeputeerde van de provincie Limburg met archeologie in mijn portefeuille vind ik het geweldig 6 EXPEDITIE VUISTBIJL dat we Expeditie Vuistbijl mogelijk gemaakt hebben. We zien veel kracht en potentie in onze archeologische 7 NEANDERTHALERS rijkdom en willen die met enthousiasme ten volle benutten. In de expeditie zijn veel van onze doelen 13 HET LANDSCHAP aan bod gekomen. Er is professioneel onderzoek gedaan, er is intensief samengewerkt met vrijetijds- 25 VUISTBIJLEN archeologen, er is een gratis tentoonstelling voor het publiek met deze bijbehorende catalogus en als laatste 28 DE REST VAN DE GEREEDSCHAPSKIST draagt de expeditie ook nog eens bij aan de kwaliteit van toekomstig archeologisch onderzoek in Limburg. 31 SLIMMER DAN WE DACHTEN! Chapeau! En dan heb ik het nog niet gehad over het enthousiasme over neanderthalers. Onze Europese 36 DE ONTDEKKING VAN voorouders waarvan wij allen een klein percentage in NEANDERTHALERS IN LIMBURG ons DNA hebben en die in ons voortleven. Wat een fascinerende tijd en geweldig dat we door onderzoek 46 DE VERWACHTINGSKAART VOOR in Limburg een steentje kunnen bijdragen aan de NEANDERTHALERS IN LIMBURG kennis over deze speciale voorouders. 51 CITIZEN SCIENCE Ik hoop dat de expeditie met deze catalogus en tentoonstelling niet ten einde komt, maar een begin 52 LITERATUUR vormt. Een begin naar meer onderzoek naar deze periode en een hernieuwde aandacht voor deze fascinerende tijd. En een begin voor archeologen die zich hobby- matig dan wel professioneel op deze periode gaan richten en daardoor gaan bijdragen aan nieuwe kennis over neanderthalers. Ruud Burlet gedeputeerde provincie Limburg 4 Ooit studeerde ik als prehistoricus enthousiast af Als projectleider namens RAAP Archeologisch Advies- op basis van een scriptie over een steenbewerkings- bureau heb ik vorm gegeven aan Expeditie Vuistbijl. -
The Pasts and Presence of Art in South Africa
McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS The pasts and presence of art in South Africa Technologies, ontologies and agents Edited by Chris Wingfield, John Giblin & Rachel King The pasts and presence of art in South Africa McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS The pasts and presence of art in South Africa Technologies, ontologies and agents Edited by Chris Wingfield, John Giblin & Rachel King with contributions from Ceri Ashley, Alexander Antonites, Michael Chazan, Per Ditlef Fredriksen, Laura de Harde, M. Hayden, Rachel King, Nessa Leibhammer, Mark McGranaghan, Same Mdluli, David Morris, Catherine Namono, Martin Porr, Johan van Schalkwyk, Larissa Snow, Catherine Elliott Weinberg, Chris Wingfield & Justine Wintjes Published by: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge, UK CB2 3ER (0)(1223) 339327 [email protected] www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2020 © 2020 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. The pasts and presence of art in South Africa is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 (International) Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ISBN: 978-1-913344-01-6 On the cover: Chapungu – the Return to Great Zimbabwe, 2015, by Sethembile Msezane, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. Photograph courtesy and copyright the artist. Cover design by Dora Kemp and Ben Plumridge. Typesetting and layout by Ben Plumridge. Edited for the Institute by James Barrett (Series Editor). Contents Contributors vii Figures -
The Use of Ochre and Painting During the Upper Paleolithic of the Swabian Jura in the Context of the Development of Ochre Use in Africa and Europe
Open Archaeology 2018; 4: 185–205 Original Study Sibylle Wolf*, Rimtautas Dapschauskas, Elizabeth Velliky, Harald Floss, Andrew W. Kandel, Nicholas J. Conard The Use of Ochre and Painting During the Upper Paleolithic of the Swabian Jura in the Context of the Development of Ochre Use in Africa and Europe https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2018-0012 Received June 8, 2017; accepted December 13, 2017 Abstract: While the earliest evidence for ochre use is very sparse, the habitual use of ochre by hominins appeared about 140,000 years ago and accompanied them ever since. Here, we present an overview of archaeological sites in southwestern Germany, which yielded remains of ochre. We focus on the artifacts belonging exclusively to anatomically modern humans who were the inhabitants of the cave sites in the Swabian Jura during the Upper Paleolithic. The painted limestones from the Magdalenian layers of Hohle Fels Cave are a particular focus. We present these artifacts in detail and argue that they represent the beginning of a tradition of painting in Central Europe. Keywords: ochre use, Middle Stone Age, Swabian Jura, Upper Paleolithic, Magdalenian painting 1 The Earliest Use of Ochre in the Homo Lineage Modern humans have three types of cone cells in the retina of the eye. These cells are a requirement for trichromatic vision and hence, a requirement for the perception of the color red. The capacity for trichromatic vision dates back about 35 million years, within our shared evolutionary lineage in the Catarrhini subdivision of the higher primates (Jacobs, 2013, 2015). Trichromatic vision may have evolved as a result of the benefits for recognizing ripe yellow, orange, and red fruits in front of a background of green foliage (Regan et al., Article note: This article is a part of Topical Issue on From Line to Colour: Social Context and Visual Communication of Prehistoric Art edited by Liliana Janik and Simon Kaner. -
Demography Was the Main Factor Responsible for the Disappearance of Neanderthals Krist Vaesen 1,2*, Gerrit L
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN An emerging consensus in palaeoanthropology: demography was the main factor responsible for the disappearance of Neanderthals Krist Vaesen 1,2*, Gerrit L. Dusseldorp 1,3 & Mark J. Brandt 4 The causes of Neanderthal disappearance about 40,000 years ago remain highly contested. Over a dozen serious hypotheses are currently endorsed to explain this enigmatic event. Given the relatively large number of contending explanations and the relatively large number of participants in the debate, it is unclear how strongly each contender is supported by the research community. What does the community actually believe about the demise of Neanderthals? To address this question, we conducted a survey among practicing palaeo-anthropologists (total number of respondents = 216). It appears that received wisdom is that demography was the principal cause of the demise of Neanderthals. In contrast, there is no received wisdom about the role that environmental factors and competition with modern humans played in the extinction process; the research community is deeply divided about these issues. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that palaeo-anthropologists’ stand in the debate co-varies with their socio-political views and attitudes. We found no evidence for such a correlation. A long-standing debate in palaeo-anthropology is the demise of Neanderthals approximately 40,000 years ago1. Indeed, given their close resemblance to modern humans, and their prolonged success in surviving in Eurasia (about 400,000 years, see 2, Neanderthals would seem to have all it takes to persist. Still, their phenotype disap- peared, even though they lef a genetic legacy in the modern human genome.