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0.00 Download Free This is an Open Access publication. Visit our website for more OA publication, to read any of our books for free online, or to buy them in print or PDF. www.sidestone.com Check out some of our latest publications: ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 45 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd I 16/07/15 13:00 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd II 16/07/15 13:00 ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA PUBLICATION OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY LEIDEN UNIVERSITY EXCERPTA ARCHAEOLOGICA LEIDENSIA EDITED BY CORRIE BAKELS AND HANS KAMERMANS LEIDEN UNIVERSITY 2015 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd III 16/07/15 13:00 Series editors: Corrie Bakels / Hans Kamermans Editor of illustrations: Joanne Porck Copyright 2015 by the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden ISSN 0169-7447 ISBN 978-90-822251-2-9 Subscriptions to the series Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia can be ordered at: P.J.R. Modderman Stichting Faculty of Archaeology P.O. Box 9514 NL-2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd IV 16/07/15 13:00 Contents The stable isotopes 13C and 15N in faunal bone of the Middle Pleistocene site Schöningen (Germany): statistical modeling 1 Juliette Funck Thijs van Kolfschoten Hans van der Plicht ‘Trapping the past’? Hunting for remote capture techniques and planned coastal exploitation during MIS 5 at Blombos Cave and Klasies River, South Africa 15 Gerrit L. Dusseldorp Geeske H.J. Langejans A Late Neolithic Single Grave Culture burial from Twello (central Netherlands): environmental setting, burial ritual and contextualisation 29 Lucas Meurkens Roy van Beek Marieke Doorenbosch Harry Fokkens Eckhart Heunks Cynthianne Debono Spiteri Sebastiaan Knippenberg Els Meirsman Erica van Hees Annemieke Verbaas The Agro Pontino region, refuge after the Early Bronze Age Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Italy? 55 Corrie Bakels Jan Sevink Wim Kuijper Hans Kamermans ‘Set in Stone’? Technical, socio-economic and symbolic considerations in the construction of the Cyclopean-style walls of the Late Bronze Age Citadel at Tiryns, Greece 69 Ann Brysbaert ‘Set in stone’? Constructed symbolism viewed through an architectural energetics’ lens at Bronze Age Tiryns, Greece 91 Ann Brysbaert 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd V 16/07/15 13:00 Ostia’s visual connection to Rome 107 L. Bouke van der Meer One day on the streets of Camelon: discarded shoes from a Roman fort 113 Mareille Arkesteijn Carol van Driel-Murray Clearance for a medieval curtis, Black Death and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench): vegetation history of the area around the confl uence of the rivers Swalm and Meuse, the Netherlands, AD 800-1900 123 Corrie Bakels Marijke Langeveld Iris van Tulder Malaise and mosquitos: osteoarchaeological evidence for malaria in the medieval Netherlands 133 Rachel Schats Shipwrecks in Dutch Waters with Botanical Cargo or Victuals 141 Martijn Manders Wim Kuijper ‘A day in the Life’ – Cannerberg (the Netherlands), August 2nd 5045 calBC 173 Luc Amkreutz Ivo van Wijk Uncovering Roman fort Matilo in Leiden, 70-250 AD 181 Jasper de Bruin A pearl necklace: the Lower German Limes World Heritage nomination 191 Willem Willems (†) Erik Graafstal Tamar Leene HERCULES: studying long-term changes in Europe’s landscapes 209 Jan Kolen Carole Crumley Gert Jan Burgers Kim von Hackwitz Peter Howard Krista Karro Maurice de Kleijn Daniel Löwenborg Niels van Manen Hannes Palang Tobias Plieninger Anu Printsmann Hans Renes Henk Scholten Paul Sinclair Martti Veldi Philip Verhagen 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd VI 16/07/15 13:00 Exploring archaeology’s social values for present day society 221 Monique van den Dries Krijn Boom Sjoerd van der Linde 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd VII 16/07/15 13:00 98163_APL_45_Voorwerk.indd VIII 16/07/15 13:00 The stable isotopes 13C and 15N in faunal bone of the Middle Pleistocene site Schöningen (Germany): statistical modeling Juliette Funck, Thijs van Kolfschoten and Hans van der Plicht The stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen 13C and 15N 1 INTRODUCTION extracted from bone collagen provide a unique perspective on The sediments of a Middle Palaeolithic lake in Lower the diet of Palaeolithic animals as individuals. Fauna from the Saxony (Germany) known as Schöningen (fi g. 1), preserve Reinsdorf interglacial at Schöningen, a Middle Palaeolithic a vision into the ecological life of Homo heidelbergensis, archeological site complex in Lower Saxony (Germany), with an abundance of faunal and fl oral remains providing has been successfully analyzed using this methodology. The context for the archeological artifacts (Thieme 1999). approximate age of 300 to 400 ka makes the collagen samples The analysis of the stable isotopes 13C and 15N from bone among the oldest ever analyzed. In order to compare the results collagen are one way that these fossils can be used to from Schöningen to other sites, databases of stable isotope interpret the ecological conditions present during the values were assembled from published sources. These were formation of the site and have already proven successful in used to compare parameters including trophic level, population the analysis of many Late Palaeolithic sites. The Schöningen dynamics, habitat, community dynamics and climate change. 13-II sediments belong to the Reinsdorf interglacial dating Our study is primarily limited to Bos primigenius/Bison 300-400 ka (Richter 2007; Richter and Thieme 2012; priscus, Cervus elaphus and Equus mosbachensis; however, van Kolfschoten 2012; Behre 2012). This makes the collagen Canis lupus, Ursus spelaeus, Sus scrofa and Vulpes vulpes extracted from this site amongst the oldest ever found were also examined for the parameters on trophic level and (Kuitems et al. in press). Therefore they need special community structure. These factors were evaluated using consideration and care in how we interpret the results. This statistical tests. study will provide a statistical comparison of the stable The δ15N values for the trophic levels from Schöningen fauna isotope values of Schöningen to those of other archaeological showed enrichment equivalent to that in a reference database demonstrating the ecological quality of the data. The grouping of populations based on their dynamics failed to show signifi cant differences in range or standard deviation; in particular, the Schöningen horses fall within the variation of almost all population dynamic types. The climate groupings showed signifi cant differences in δ13C values, with the Schöningen samples resembling most individuals from temperate ecosystems with some cold-temperate elements. The habitat grouping also showed signifi cant differences in 13C values, with the Schöningen samples resembling individuals from mosaic environments most frequently, with some individuals from strictly closed and some from open systems. Based on their δ13C and δ15N values, the herbivores appear to be consuming food from consistently different niches. The carnivores and omnivores results correspond with their known habitat and diet. The interpretation of the climate change parameter is not clear. It could demonstrate a trend towards increased openness, but this depends on how the data is grouped. Overall the results of our statistical investigation demonstrate consistencies between the stable isotope values of Schöningen and other ecosystems. Figure 1 The location of Schöningen in Saxony, Germany 98163.indb 1 16/07/15 13:03 2 ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 45 sites and modern habitats, in order to give context to the Schö 13 II-4, known as the Spear Horizon, includes at least results and evaluate them. Despite the time depth, the results eight wooden javelins, fl int artifacts and an estimated will be highly relevant to other measures of ecological minimum of 20 butchered horses (Equus mosbachensis) conditions, such as fauna and fl ora species identifi cation as (Thieme 2007). The horse bones show signs of human well as geophysical features of the deposits. activities, almost certain from Homo heidelbergensis, because Schöningen is a locality that includes a number of this is the only known species in the region at the time. different sites formed by a series of glaciation events that Questions regarding the formation of this assemblage have covered lower Saxony with a thick layer of ice during led to a debate on the nature of interaction between hominins intermittent periods of the Pleistocene, which eroded and horses; specifi cally whether all the horses were killed in channels. Whenever the ice withdrew during interglacial a single hunting event or if this was an accumulation of periods these channels would be fi lled with spring water many events. The different possibilities are currently being from Elm Ridge (fi g. 1) creating a lake. The delta like bank explored with a variety of methodologies. The bone stable of this lake encased many organic materials which were isotope values for example were used to suggest the likely preserved by anaerobic conditions. These deposits were fi rst population dynamics of the horses based on their variability discovered during a commercial mining operation conducted (Kuitems et al. in press). It was concluded that these horses by the EON company, who lowered the water table in order could not be a single population. However, there is so far no to access the lignite below the soil. This exposed hundreds of consensus on how much variation is expected within a single thousands of years of accumulated sediment currently being cohesive population in nature. The variability of stable excavated both commercially and scientifi cally. isotope values within a population will be one of the Of particular interest to archeology are the deposits from questions adressed here. Ultimately, the mystery of the the so-called Channel II, fi lled during the Reinsdorf horses could potentially unravel some of the hunting Interglacial (MIS 9; Urban 2007, 431). This zone of the site strategies of middle Palaeolithic hominins. The answer would contains the largest abundance of faunal remains and be informative on their intelligence and foresight; whether archaeological artifacts. The deposit is comprised of they opportunistically scavenged large animals or were 5 sub-cycles of stadials and interstadials, Schö 13 II 1-5 planning large hunting events. (Mania 1995; Thieme 1999; Urban 2007).
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