Jeddah City During Pre - Islamic Period: a Historical Study

Home , Jeddah Islamic Port, Marib Dam, Tihamah

British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 30 May 2019, Vol. 22 (2)

Jeddah City during Pre - Islamic Period: A Historical Study

Dr. Nasser bin Ali al Amari Yanbu City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [email protected] Mobile: 00966564656052

Abstract This research aims to identify the history of the city of Jeddah Pre Islamic period depending on some historical sources that dealt with the historical development of the city of Jeddah, the researcher used the historical method, and the research is from the introduction and five topics, The first topic: a description of the city of Jeddah, and the second: naming and establishment, Third: The historical development of the city of Jeddah, fourth: the population of Jeddah, and the fifth topic: the most important archaeological areas in the city of Jeddah.

Keywords: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Pre Islam, Historic.

1- Introduction: Jeddah, known as the bride of the Red Sea, the port of the two holy cities, the gateway to the city of Makkah and main seaport of contemporary Saudi Arabia, is located on the coast of the Red Sea. Its historic core, known as al-Balad district, is the historic quarter of the city that has been preserved since the city was established in 646 AD (Boussaa, 2010). The historical values of old Jeddah date back to 250 BC, but the interesting thing about the history of the city is that it developed in both the pre-Islamic and the Islamic eras. However, at the beginning of the 16th century the city was attacked by Portuguese troops several times and by some Bedouins, who destroyed most of the city. As a response to these threats the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ghori ordered to build fortified wall surroundings the city to protect it in (1509) (Soilman, 2010). This wall was the first documented attempt to protect the city since its establishment. Many experts believe that the city wall was the reason for the existence of the historic district “al-Balad” until the present. Nowadays, Jeddah’s historic core is acting as a catalyst for different types of built heritage conservation discourses in Saudi Arabia by different stakeholders by trying to inscribe the site as world heritage site at UNESCO (Steinberg, 1994). Therefore, how the city wall was the corner stone of preservation the city legacy “heritage”? And why the old city of Jeddah became a historic site candidate to be a world heritage site at UNESCO? In terms of achieving the paper aims, the author will consult the Saudi available literature in the field, official reports and the author will conduct surveys and observations to the old city of Jeddah (Bokhari, 2006). This research aims to identify the history of the old city of Jeddah, specifically in the pre-Islamic period. The research used the historical method, and despite the lack of sources that talk about the history of old Jeddah, most studies dealt with the city of Jeddah study after the Islamic period. This research is short of an introduction, three questions, and a conclusion. 2- Description: Jeddah is one of the governorates of Makah Region, and is located in the west of Saudi Arabia on the Red Sea coast, the province is located (949) km from the capital Riyadh, and is (79) km from Mecca, (240) km away from Madinah, Jeddah is the economic and tourist capital of Saudi Arabia, and is considered the first destination in the Kingdom for tourists both inside and outside the Kingdom, and is the first in terms of projects towers and skyscrapers, a population of Jeddah around (4,00,000), so it is the second largest city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia after Riyadh, and it is the largest port on the Red Sea (Pesce, 1974).

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Jeddah is the financial and business center in Saudi Arabia, and the port mainly for the export of non-oil goods, and the import of domestic needs, but Today, Jeddah’s history of trade, pilgrimage and exchange can be seen reflected in the distinctive architectural traditions that characterize the city, combining Red Sea coastal building traditions with influences and crafts from along the trade routes and those brought by pilgrims from across the world (Abdulgani, 1993). Jeddah acted as a gateway for pilgrims to Mecca who arrived by sea, both of these contributed to a vibrant, diverse and prosperous society, the 19th century was the pinnacle if this prosperity, as a result of the building of the Suez canal, which extended the routes to Europe, and the Introduction of regular steam ships (Bokhari, 1983). 3- Name and Establishment: Jeddah sometimes spelled in English Jiddah or Jedda, it's a city in the Tihamah region of the Hejaz on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province,[3] the largest seaport on the Red Sea, and with a population of about four million people (as of 2017), the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. Jeddah is Saudi Arabia's commercial capital. Jeddah is the principal gateway to Mecca and Medina, two of the holiest cities in Islam and popular tourist attractions (Miran, 2009). The origin of the city of Jeddah to the nearly 3000 years, and the news of the news that Jeddah bin Jaram bin Rabban bin Helwan bin Omran bin Al-Haf bin Qudha, one of the Arabs before Islam was born in Jeddah named by his family in its name (Orbasli, 2009). The historical transformation of the city of Jeddah in the era of Caliph Rashid bin Osman bin Affan in (647) AD when he ordered the conversion to a port to receive the pilgrims of the sea going to perform Hajj in Mecca. Within this defensive wall, the old city of Jeddah was divided into districts, or Haras, where business and trade centred around traditional souks, or market places, andkhans, covered markets that were generally connected to shops. There are also a number of historic mosques in the old city of Jeddah, dating as far back as the 7thcentury AD (Bagader, 2013). 4- Historical Development of Jeddah City: The position of Jeddah has always made the city a perfect trading port for cargo ships travelling the Red Sea, and the city’s traditional souks reflect a history of maritime trade and exchange. Furthermore, Jeddah is one of the closest ports to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest sites in Islam, to which able- bodied Muslims are required to go on pilgrimage at least once in their lifetimes. In the 6th century, the Persians settled in the city and developed the harbor (Adas, 2013). The role of Jeddah as a major seaport was firmly established in the 7th century AD, when the Arabs seized power, as Makkah developed as the focus of Islam, and of a great empire, Jeddah became an active trade center, channeling to the Holy City trade goods from Egypt, Southern Arabia, and India (). Although the importance of Western Arabia diminished with the shifting of the capital to Damascus (under the Umayyad Caliphs) and later to Baghdad (under the Abbasid) (Mathew, 1980). Makkah continued to enjoy prestige and Prosperity from the annual pilgrimage. Jeddah’s role remained minor until the 10th century, when Fatimid-ruled Cairo eclipsed Abbasid Baghdad. The India trade followed the shift in regional power: and the Red Sea took over from the Persian Gulf as the main artery of commerce from the Indian Ocean. And Jeddah thus began to develop as a prosperous Red Sea port (SCTA, 2010). Its prosperity passed through a series of Upheavals due to the changing political and economic situation in the Islamic world, particularly during the 12th and 14th centuries, when the city witnessed a loss of population (). After the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258 and the transfer of the capital to Cairo under the protection of the Mamluk Sultans, the Hijaz, as a former province of the Muslim Empire, soon became

British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 32 March 2019, Vol. 22 (1) the object of annexation attempts by Egypt. From 1425, the Mamluk Sultan stationed a permanent garrison in Makkah and took over the collection of customs duties in Jeddah (Angawi, 2013). After (1424) Jeddah began to take over Aden as the major harbor, soon becoming the only authorized port of entrance for eastern merchandise in the Arabian Peninsula. In the 15th century, Jeddah further benefited from the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in (1453). The closure of the Bosphorus, and of the access to the Black Sea terminal ports of the central Asiatic overland routes, made for a brief period the Red Sea route the only safely practicable way for international East-West trade (Al-Ghazzawi, 2012). The geographic discoveries of the Portuguese mariners Bartolomeu Diaz and Vasco de Gama opened new sea routes that ended the Arab monopoly on the Indian commerce at the end of the 15th century (SCTA. 2012). A series of fights and naval battles developed in the following years between the Arabs and Indians and the Portuguese. The growing influence of the Portuguese, who sought control over the trade routes in the Red Sea, menaced directly the city of Jeddah. The Portuguese tried to establish unchallengeable supremacy through the whole extent of the Indian Ocean. In these years, the city of Jeddah began to build a new strong wall to withstand an eventual attack from the Portuguese. Portuguese fleet arrived in front of the city on 13th April (1517), the mission ended in disaster for the Portuguese. They tried again to challenge Turkish control on the Red Sea shores and organized further raids in 1520, 1526 and again in 1541 (Jeddah Municipality, 2011). Throughout the 16th century, despite the new India route opened by the Portuguese, the Red Sea traffic was kept alive and boats continued to call at Jeddah for transshipment of goods to Egypt and the Mediterranean. In the 17th century, however, when the Dutch and the English merchants supplanted the Portuguese monopoly and developed the Cape Route (free of Muslim control) transporting huge amounts of spices and other commodities directly to the European markets, Jeddah underwent a period of eclipse. This period coincided with the arrival in power of the Ottoman Turks who swept over all of the Syrian and Palestinian Mamluk annexed the Red Sea provinces including Jeddah. Ottoman control that rule proved harsh on the Arabian provinces, lasted for four hundred years (Abu-Daowd and Zazazo, 2010). A major change in the city’s history is related to the development of the Reform Movement that eventually conquered the whole of Hijaz in 1806, Makkah was conquered by the Najdi forces. The Ottoman Sultan decided to crush the growing influence and power of the Saudis. The military campaign in Arabia proved long and difficult, but finally ended with the destruction of the Saudi capital in 1818 (Hunt and Margaret, 2003). In 1849, the harsh re-imposition of Ottoman rule over Arabia provoked great discontent in the Hijaz. A firman prohibiting the slave trade, issued by Constantinople under European pressure, precipitated widespread subversion in Makkah. Almost ten years later, in 1858, xenophobic disturbances erupted in Jeddah and ended with the French and British consuls, and several other European residents of the city being killed in the riots. These events caused harsh international reactions and the leaders of the revolt were executed (Batnouni, 1988). The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, and the coming of steamboats that made the wind regime of the Red Sea irrelevant, marked the beginning of a new phase for the development of the city and of the region. Though Ottoman control over the Hijaz was reinforced, the new waterway stimulated the growth of Jeddah as commercial trading port. Steam dealt a blow to the overland pilgrim routes, but proved a boon to the maritime ones (Al hamawi, 1982). Jeddah remained under Ottoman control until 1916, when a revolt in support of Arab self-rule led by the Sharif Hussein Ibn `Ali broke out. This Sharif Ian campaign, supported by the British, ended with

British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 33 March 2019, Vol. 22 (1) the triumphal entrance into Damascus on 1 October 1918. Following the success of the Arab revolt, the city became the commercial capital of the short-lived Kingdom of the Hijaz. Abdulaziz Bin Saud became the uncontested ruler of the Hijaz and was crowned King of Hijaz in Makkah in 1926. In 1932, he proclaimed his reunited realm as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, becoming himself its first King (Frank, 2010). With the security achieved under King Abdulaziz, the number of pilgrims and the related trade activities, coupled with oil revenues, greatly increased and Jeddah began developing outside its walls which were demolished in 1947. Jeddah is still the main crossing for pilgrims of the sea, air and many pilgrims The history of the Jeddah city before Islam has passed through various stages of time, all related to the beginnings of the settlement of the human element in it, and its initiation in the reconstruction of the earth, its interaction with the natural and geographical conditions, and harnessing its components to serve the needs of its life and develop its different methods. The history of the region of Jeddah before Islam is similar to the rest of the time periods of the civilizations that passed through most of the Arabian Peninsula (Haarmann, 1991). Each period of time in the region includes historical information about man, place and time in the region and confirms the evidence of historical archaeological evidence revealed by archaeological and historical studies in the region Jeddah on the foot of settlement, has seen the region and the Arabian Peninsula human settlement since the pre historic periods (Haarmann, 1991). The city of Jeddah was founded in the first millennium BC by a group of fishermen who settled there and took it as a starting point for fishing trips. [12] In the valley of Bremen, Wadi Buweib and elsewhere, there were many inscriptions and inscriptions including a thamudic inscription of a man named Saket, His wife was hit by a fever and asked God to heal her (Pigeaud, 1976). After the collapse of the Marib Dam in 115 BC to Jeddah, [14] Egyptian historian Muhammad Labib al- Batnouni mentioned in his book Hijaz that he saw a tomb attributed to the mother of humans. There is a risk that this place may have had a otter before Islam, The mother of mankind, they worship in it, as was the hymb that worshiped Sufaat the son of Seth the son of Adam. "[15] The narrations also mention that Amr ibn Lahi was a follower of the jinn. He said to him: "Say the sword of Jeddah, you will find gods prepared and not taken, and I will call for its worship." He went to the city of Jeddah and extracted the five idols that the Prophet's people had worshiped. ] Ibn al-Kalbi said that he was in the coast of Jeddah a fetish for the sons of Malik and two sons of the tribe of Kenana, Saad is said to be a long rock (Ricklefs, 2014). Economically, Jeddah is focusing on further developing capital investment in scientific and engineering leadership within Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East.[5] Jeddah was independently ranked fourth in the Africa – Mid-East region in terms of innovation in 2009 in the Innovation Cities Index (Ricklefs, 2014). Jeddah is one of Saudi Arabia's primary resort cities and was named a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC). Given the city's close proximity to the Red Sea, fishing and seafood dominates the food culture unlike other parts of the country. In Arabic, the city's motto is "Jeddah Ghair," which translates to "Jeddah is different." The motto has been widely used among both locals as well as foreign visitors. The city had been previously perceived as the "most open" city in Saudi Arabia (Robinson, 2015). Some historians refer to the establishment of Jeddah to the tribe of "otaha" who lived in 115 BC, and according to some accounts, the history of Jeddah dates back to before Alexander the Great, which visited between 323 and 356 BC. Some studies suggest that the history of Jeddah dates back almost three years ago when fishing groups took the Red Sea after fishing trips to rest and trade (Boussaa, 2010). Some archaeologists' studies suggest the existence of inhabitants in the region now known as Jeddah since the Stone Age seeing as they found some artifacts and 'Thamoudian' writings in Wadi (valley) Breiman east of Jeddah and Wadi Boib northeast of Jeddah. Some historians trace its founding to the tribe of Bani Quda'ah, who inhabited it after the collapse of Sad (dam) Ma'rib in 115 BC. Some believe that

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Jeddah had been inhabited before the tribe of Bani Quda'ah by fishermen in the Red Sea, who considered it a center from which they sailed out into the sea as well as a place for relaxation and well-being. According to some accounts, the history of Jeddah dates back to early times before Alexander the Great, who visited the city between 323 and 356 BC (Steinberg, 1994). 5- Jiddah population: Some archaeological studies suggest that there is a population in the area now known as Jeddah Since the days of the stone ages, where some finds and writings of the Thamudite in the Valley of Bremen, east of JeddahAnd Wadi Buweib north-east of Jeddah. Some historians refer to the founding of the sons of the otter. Who inhabited it after the collapse of the Marib Dam in 115 BC. Some believe that Jeddah was inhabited by the otter tribe by fishermen in the Red Sea. They considered Jeddah a center for their departure for the sea and a destination for their comfort (Bokhari, 2006). According to some accounts. Th The history of Jeddah dates back to before Alexander the Great. Which he visited between 323 and 356 BCe history of Jeddah dates back to before Alexander the Great Which he visited between 323 and 356 BC. 6- Archaeological areas in Jeddah : Some archaeological studies suggest that there is a population in the area now known as Jeddah Since the days of the stone ages, where some finds and writings of the Thamudite in the Valley of Bremen, east of JeddahAnd Wadi Buweib north-east of Jeddah. Some historians refer to the founding of the sons of the otter. Who inhabited it after the collapse of the Marib Dam in 115 BC. Some believe that Jeddah was inhabited by the otter tribe by fishermen in the Red Sea. They considered Jeddah a center for their departure for the sea and a destination for their comfort. According to some accounts. Th The history of Jeddah dates back to before Alexander the Great. Which he visited between 323 and 356 BCe history of Jeddah dates back to before Alexander the Great Which he visited between 323 and 356 BC (Pesce, 1974). While the city of Jeddah has continued to develop to the present day, it was initially established when the first “unknown” fishermen came to the area around 350 BC [5]. Some studies argue that the history of the city dates back to the Stone Age due to the old Thamoudian writings found in different sites of the city . Jeddah grew from a small primitive fishing settlement around 350 BC (100 hectares) [7] to a modern metropolis in 2014 (32.500 hectares) stretching linearly along the seashore. The small coastal city completely changed with the advent of Islam across the Arabian Peninsula beginning in the 7th century; this had a major effect on the city’s urban form and architecture style [9]. Not to mention the importance of the city of Jeddah to the holy city of Mecca as a provider of goods and the main maritime gateway instead of Mecca’s old port Shuaybah (roughly 20 kilometers south of Mecca) in 646 AD. Since the city turned out to be the main port of Mecca, Jeddah became an important city in the Hejaz region and in the Islamic world (Abdulgani, 1993). According to the city historians (Alyafi, Badeeb and Alansari) the city had some settlements until the city’s wall was built in the 11th century by the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ghori after the Portuguese attacks in 1509 [10]. The city wall defined the urban life within it and shaped the city physically that led the city growth inside its surrounding wall. Since then, the city started to grow with several ethnic backgrounds due to its location near the holy sites. Therefore, the urban and architectural character of old Jeddah symbolizes hundreds of years of development of Islamic architecture covering several architectural styles, such as the Persian, Mamluki, Ottoman and others [8]. This combination of different architectural styles and the mixture socio-economic structure of the city have created an authentic environmental style of building, known as Hejazi architecture or Hejazi city (Bokhari, 1983). The city is distinguished for having a unique urban and architectural heritage that can be witnessed in a number of Red Sea cities, such as Mossawa’ and Sawaken in the west cost of the Red Sea and in Alwajeh and Yanbu in the west of Red Sea . Jeddah’s historic core, as many Islamic cities, reflects

British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 35 March 2019, Vol. 22 (1) the Islamic norms and the social needs, such as privacy, while the urban fabric of the city and the architectural elements of the buildings applied. However, the city urban pattern was developed inside the city wall with clear Islamic principles in regard to the wall and its gates, street width and order, souk system, open public spaces, housing, religious and educational buildings and diplomatic missions (Miran, 2009). The succession of Islamic disputes followed the Khilafah succession, beginning with the Umayyad caliphate, Abbasid, Ayyubid, and then the Mamluk era, where they took care of Jeddah within the secure routes of trade and pilgrimage. Trade increased gradually in Jeddah, especially after the Mamluk sultans took several measures to encourage merchants to use Jeddah port. They reduced customs duties and obliged the merchants of Egypt and Syria to take off in Jeddah instead of customs duties on traders passing through Aden. The Mamluk Sultan Qansoh al-Ghuri (1446-1156), the last Mamluk ruler of Jeddah, built the wall of Jeddah to protect it from the European raids, especially as it was an ambitious target for the Portuguese whose fleet had tours in the region, but Jeddah was attacked only after the arrival of the Ottomans (Orbasli, 2009) . In (1524) Sherif Barakat Sharif of Mecca declared his allegiance to the Ottoman caliphate during that period of the century In the sixteenth century, the Portuguese fleets launched several raids on Jeddah in an attempt to seize It was followed by the Dutch pirates in the seventeenth century AD. Maritime trade routes were in The world was ruled by the Portuguese, the Dutch and the English during the 16th and 17th centuries AD,Which reduced the economic importance of Jeddah, and would not have continued without the delegations of pilgrims and Umrah. Some historical sources recall that the city remained since the fifteenth century AD independent in the rule even It entered under the Ottomans in the 18th century.And the entry of Jeddah under the modern Saudi state, was one of the results of the Hijaz Hijjah war (1924- AD) after Sharif Hussein prevented Hajj from some tribes in the Arabian Peninsula, and after besieging troops. The founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, King Abdul Aziz Al Saud (Sultan Abdul Aziz, then) Jeddah siege. A few months later, Jeddah surrendered on December 22, 1925, and Sharif Hussein and his son King Ali abdicated they left the Hijaz. The wall of Jeddah and its old gates (Bagader, 2013). The wall of Jeddah was built by Hussein al-Kurdi, one of the Mamluk princes in his campaign, when he went to fortify the Red Sea of the Portuguese attacks, he began to fortify him and provide him with castles, towers and cannons. To repel the warships that change the city and has begun Hussein Kurdi to build and fence the fence. From outside the trench increased the fortification of the city from the attacks of enemies and with the help of the people of Jeddah. The fence was built and had two doors on one side Makkah and the other by the sea. It is noteworthy that the fence was composed of six towers each tower, including around 16 arms. Added to it at the beginning of the present century a new door is the door of darkness The fence was removed for entry into Al-Omran area in 1947. The city of Jeddah was divided into several neighborhoods and was called the citizens of the old city (Adas, 2013). These neighborhoods gained their names according to their geographic location within the city or its fame the events that have passed are (Jeddah Municipality, 2011): 1- Al-Mazloum neighborhood , this warm was named after Mr. Abdul Karim Al-Barzanji,which was killed by the Ottoman government and located in the north-eastern part of the fence north of Al- Alawi Street, with Dar Al-Qabal. 2- Al-Shafi'i Mosque and Souk Al-Jamaa. 3- Al Sham neighborhood Located in the northern part of the fence Dar inside the direction of the Levant, in this neighborhood Dar al-Sarti and al-Zahid. 4- Hot Yemen: Located in the southern part of the fence south of the upper street, and gained its name towards the direction of the country of Yemen and the House of Nassif and Dar al-Jumjum. 5- Dar Al Shaarawi and Dar Al-Abdulsamad 6- Hot Sea: It is located in the southwestern part of the city of Jeddah and overlooks the sea.

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7- The lane of the Carinthia:Located south of Jeddah and was facing the old sea port before the shallow water was filled in front of it to establish Jeddah Islamic Port and Oil Refinery, and the entry of pilgrims arriving by sea,it is considered the oldest neighborhoods of Jeddah outside the fence and is inhabited by a majority of these days of the African countries and is next to the Jeddah oil refinery the most famous mosques in Old Jeddah. 8- Mosque of Othman bin Affan: It is called the Ebene Mosque (mentioned by Ibn Battuta and Ibn Jubayr on their journeys), because there are two sails of ebony and is located in the neighborhood of the oppressed, it has a huge minaret and was built during the ninth and tenth centuries AH. 9- Al Basha Mosque: It is located in the Al-Sham neighborhood and was built by Bakr Pasha, who was the patron of Jeddah in (1735), this mosque had a minaret that gave the city an architectural archeological landmark and remained intact ,when the mosque was demolished and a new mosque was erected there. 10- Mosque of Akash: It is situated within a west-facing street that was built before (1379) AH and was built by Akash Abaza,The floor of the mosque was raised from the level of the street sothat it ascended to it after degrees, he is in good condition and prayers are being performed to this day. 11- Mosque of architecture: It is located in Al-Alawi Street in the west of Al-Mazloum, and was the age of Mustafa Maamar Pasha in (1384) AH, It is now in good condition and prayers are held and have its own endowments. 12- Hanafi Mosque: It is located in Al-Sham neighborhood and dates back to (1320) AH and has been maintained several times. 13- Mosque of Jafali: Located in the country area. 14- Mosque of Mercy: Located above sea level on Jeddah Corniche. 15- The tomb of our mother Eve: Located in the center of the city is believed that Eve or the mother of humans died and buried in the cemetery. 16- The tomb of Sheikh al-Assad: It is located at the beginning of the old Jeddah Mecca road, behind the door of Mecca and named the tomb of Sheikh Al Assad. Sheikh Sharif Hamid bin Nafi Hashemi who is from the House of the Prophet Hashemi, and extends to Al-Sharif Sharif Munif bin Shiha Prince of Medina, today, its offspring are located in the eastern Sudan and are known as the Sheikh Hamed bin Nafie.And the Dar Al-Radwan, known at the time as the sea. 7- Conclusion: City of Jeddah considered as an ancient city with many indications in the history (250 BC), but the golden era of the city started when Muslims inhabited the city and used it as Makkah’s main gateway in the 7th century. The city was walled, as many cities in that time for protection, with a comprehensive Islamic urban fabric. Due to the city location near Makkah the city attracted many Muslims from different ethnic background to settle down in it, which gave the city its significance in the Hejaz region and the Islamic world. However, after demolishing the city wall (e.g. 1947) the city has suffered from the decay and deterioration but still holding up with some hope. In the 1970s the local authorities with some heritage activists and advocates felt that the city was under the threat of extinction, therefore, an international firm was appointed to design a comprehensive master plan for the city preservation. In a way or another, some of the important suggestions that the master plan proposed were not applied and implemented, which lead to decay many buildings in the area and losing one of the four old quarters in the area “al-Bahar Quarter”. This decay was excited until the SCTA (in co-operation with Jeddah Municipality) attempted to inscribe the city at the UNESCO world heritage site list. Finally, the heritage area is still under threat, but in the last five years the observer of the Saudi built-heritage conservation movement can see the dramatic shift in the built-heritage concept. On other words, the Saudi build-heritage conservation discourse changed from a complete neglect during the oil boom years of the 1970s to recent attempts to inscribe different sites on the UNESCO world heritage

British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 37 March 2019, Vol. 22 (1) list to promote tourism in these historic sites. Finally, the historic core of Jeddah area today is on track to be preserved, conserved and rehabilitated in the right way.

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