Marib Urban Profile «A Precarious Model of Peaceful Co-Existence Under Threat»

Marib Urban Profile «a precarious model of peaceful co-existence under threat»

March 2021

DISCLAIMER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FUNDING

The designations employed and the presentation of This document presents the Marib Urban Profile. It has This project was generously funded by the UN material in this publication do not imply the expression been prepared by UN-Habitat. Data collection and data Development Account (11th tranche). The project would of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat analysis has been conducted in end 2019-2020. Some not have been possible without the in-kind support from of the United Nations concerning the legal status of of the data related to population figures may be slightly the UN-Habitat Yemen Office. any county, territory, city or area or its authorities, or outdated at time of publication. concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries regarding its economic system or degree of development. This project was implemented under the supervision of: Ivan Thung, Regional Office for Arab States, UN-Habitat Copyright: © United Nations Human Settlements Programme, unless indicated otherwise. Lead authors: Cameron Middleton, Aseel Saria, Ivan United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN- Thung Habitat), www.unhabitat.org. Other contributors from UN-Habitat are Dr. Samira Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on Alshawesh, Elaf Raslan, Nathalie Garner. condition that the source is indicated. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations and its member states.

For all images used in this report, we have tried to retrieve and acknowledge the original source. If your work has been presented here without adequate acknowledgement, or you wish the work to be excluded from this publication, please contact us and we will rectify this immediately. For feedback or questions kindly contact [email protected] 4 Marib Urban Profile Table of Contents Table ” Table of Conents Urban Profiling UN-Habitat seeks to provide up to date, holistic documentation and 1. Executive Summary 8 analysis of the impact of the crisis in key cities, through City Profiles, synthesising information and insight from existing sources and 2. Methodology 10 priority sectors, supplemented by direct field research by UN-Habitat teams based in each city. This profile is part of a regional urban 3. Location and urban indicators 13 profiling exercise that aims to develop urban profiles for the cities of Basra, Sinjar, Derna (Libya), Marib (Yemen) and Dara’a (Syria). UN- 4. Conflict context timeline 18 Habitat’s experience in urban analysis, community approaches and crisis contexts have informed the development of the City Profiling 5. Civil society & population dynamics 22 process. All City Profiles are developed in close association with the concerned governorates and municipalities. 6. Urban heritage and social cohesion 38 The structure of the City Profile provides a pre-crisis baseline and 7. Governance 46 data from the current situation to understand the impact of the crisis accompanied by narrative description and analysis. Furthermore, 8. Housing, land and property 52 City Profiles review the functionality of the city economy and services, understanding of capacities and coping mechanisms and the identification of humanitarian or development priorities. They do not 9. Water and sanitation 62 provide comprehensive data on individual topics, but seek to provide a balanced overview. The City Profile affords an opportunity for a 10. Health Sector 68 range of stakeholders to represent their diagnosis of the situation in their city, provides a basis for local discussions on actions to be 11. Transportation Sector 74 taken and helps to make local information and voices accessible to external stakeholders seeking to assist in development responses. 12. Electricity Sector 76

13. Education Sector 80

14. Economy 84

15. Environment 88

16. Looking ahead for Marib - considerations and implications 92

References 98

Annex 1 - Marib Scorecard Instructions 104 5 List of Figures

” List of Figures

FIGURE 1. Marib Survey Measure of Public Interest in Participating in future Focal Group Discussions 8 FIGURE 28. Marib Old City. (Digital Globe, 2015). Some areas have been damaged, and some new 42 FIGURE 2. Marib’s orange harvest (http://alsahwa-yemen.net/en/p-15237) 8 constructions have been observed in a UNESCO / UNOSAT damage assessment in 2018. FIGURE 3. Planned park 4 million dollar park in the desert outside of Marib. 9 FIGURE 29. Examples of a traditional family home near Marib. Source: https://www.voyagevirtuel.info/ 43 yemen-photo/displayimage-15-619.html FIGURE 4. Celebrations following peace progress in October 2020 9 (nashwannews.com/218526) FIGURE 30. Granary on the outskirts of Marib, date unknown.Source: https://www.voyagevirtuel.info/yemen- 43 photo/displayimage-15-618.html FIGURE 5. Respondents scorecard surveys 12 FIGURE 31. Tribes in Marib. Redrawn from Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies (2020) 44 FIGURE 6. Key locations in Marib. Image: Google Earth 12 FIGURE 32. KSRelief have rehabilitated 161 child soldiers as part of the initiative of rehabilitating 2,000 45 FIGURE 8. Marib Governorate 14 Yemeni children FIGURE 9. Districts in Marib 14 FIGURE 33. Governance influence diagram. Based on interviews with local government officials. 47 FIGURE 10. Image on the right: neighborhood names were identified by a representative of the GALSUP. 14 FIGURE 34. Performance and preferences regarding dispute resolution 49 Naming conflcts with other sources may appear in the map. Boundaries are based on masterplan divisions as provided by GALSUP. FIGURE 35. Committment to paying taxes and utilities per demographic group 49 FIGURE 11. Soldiers on a road in Marib (UN-Habitat) 18 FIGURE 36. Satisfaction with the city municipal services (mail, real estate and civil registration, permits) 49 FIGURE 14. Multiplication of the population in sub-districts, calculated as the new poplation / old population. 23 FIGURE 37. Increase in construction in urban sectors. Urban sectors were defined based on the aggregation 53 of various neighborhood boundaries expressly for the purpose of this analyis. FIGURE 12. Comparison of key current indicators 23 FIGURE 38. Top 10 of sectors’ increase of structures 2013-2018 and IDPs in 2019 (IOM DTM 2019) sorted 53 FIGURE 15. Population estimations of districts in Marib, taking into consideration 2017 population 23 by absolute increase of amount of structures. estimations and IDPs in 2019 (IOM DTM 2019) FIGURE 39. Settlement Type of IDPs in Marib/ Marib CIty 54 FIGURE 13. Governorates of origin (2019) 23 FIGURE 40. Availability, risks and costs of shelter 55 FIGURE 16. IDPs in Marib Governorate. Data based on IOM DTM 2019. 25 FIGURE 44. Drone image of al-Rawdah Camp. The outskirts of the main city center appears in the 56 FIGURE 17. Camps in Marib (IOM 2019) https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/en_iom_ 27 background of the image to give a sense of the distance. Source: Ebraheem al-Theefah yemen_marib_city_displacement_site_overview_aug_to_oct_2019.pdf FIGURE 41. 56 FIGURE 18. Women wearing abayas working in a fruit processing plant in Marib, 2020. 29 Urban pattern - Al Rawdah FIGURE 19. Perception of fairness, respect and opportunity in Mareb 34 FIGURE 42. 56 FIGURE 20. Impact of the Conflict on Women’s Lives - comparison national trends with Marib 37 Urban pattern - Al Jufeinah camp (mapped in 2018, growth has increased significantly since) FIGURE 43. 56 FIGURE 21. Perception of value of heritage 39 Urban pattern - Al Mataar. Growth follows relatively straigth pattern parallel to existing roads. FIGURE 22. First Independence Day Horse Races on Main Street in Marib City Source: Soliman Al Nowab 40 FIGURE 46. A farming area included in the new Master Plan of Marib. 57 FIGURE 23. “Displaced but creative” Band from the IDP community 40 FIGURE 45. New planned airport 57 FIGURE 26. Plot divisions in the near viciinty of the Old City indicating planned new constructions around the 42 FIGURE 47. From the Office of Cadastral Records in Marib Governorate, studied by UN Habitat Profiling 58 Old City area. Digital Globe 2018 Team, July 2020 FIGURE 48. Masterplan roads projected on Al Jufaineh camp. The masterplan has proved to be irrelevant in 61 FIGURE 24. Marib Northern Old Dam Sluice, Digital Globe 2015, through UNOSAT / UNESCO 42 these rapid urban developments FIGURE 25. Damage to the Northern Old Dam Sluice. Source: UNOSAT / UNESCO 42 FIGURE 49. Water tower under construction by the Marib 62 FIGURE 27. Old Marib’s Tell Area, Plan of buildings are represented with solid lines and both courtyards 42 FIGURE 50. Traditional well Dam Charity for Community Development 62 and small structures with broken lines, Source: van Beek, Gus W. 1982. “A population Estimate for Marib: A FIGURE 51. Access to drinking water all interviewees and per demographic group 63 Contemporary Tell village in North Yemen.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 248(1): 61-67. 6 Marib Urban Profile List of Figures

FIGURE 52. (Top and bottom image) Current Marib dam 64 FIGURE 80. Employment by economic sector 85

FIGURE 81. Household income 85 FIGURE 79. Employment status by vulnerability group, gender and total. 85 FIGURE 55. Sewage system plan (Provided by local government) 66 FIGURE 82. Optimism due to improving economy 85 FIGURE 53. An example of the large water catchments used to collect flood water. It is the traditional way 66 Marib farmers captured ground water. They also cover these pools to reduce evaporation and pump when FIGURE 83. Perception as to how easy it is to start a business 85 they need irrigation for crops. Source: Profiling Team Researcher Photo FIGURE 84. Market accessibility and availability of households needs 85 FIGURE 54. Charity distributing plastic water reservoirs to households 66 FIGURE 85. New girls school students lining up for class. (UN Habitat Profiling Team) 87 69 FIGURE 87. Perceptions of prospects of agriculture 88 FIGURE 57. Kidney Dialysis Center funded by KSA 71 FIGURE 89. IPC Acute Food Insecurity Analysis 2019-2021. IPC gives an indication of the level of stress, with 90 FIGURE 59. Marib General Hospital 71 caveats, experienced regarding food security. Mapped from http://www.ipcinfo.org FIGURE 58. The Inauguration of Marib’s first Medical School in 2019 71 FIGURE 88. IPC Classification 2019 - 2021. 2021 is a projection. 90 FIGURE 60. COVID-19 Public Health Volunteers in Training 72 FIGURE 91. Famous Marib orange trees 91 FIGURE 61. City response to COVID-19 73 FIGURE 90. Spraying for locust infestation, Spring 2020. 91 FIGURE 62. Flooding in the city in 2020. 73 FIGURE 63. Informal housing surrounding the hospital which makes parking or further site expansion 73 impossible. The hospital needed to create a quarantine ward during the COVID-19 response but was unable to find space due to local resident crowding. FIGURE 64. Microbuses on “Sana’a” the main through the city 74 FIGURE 65. Asphalting in progress 74 FIGURE 66. Flooding was particularly devastating in Jafeenah Camp, Marib’s largest informal settlement 75 FIGURE 67. Gas Station lines are a major source of grievances, only exacerbated by the lack of public 75 transportation options and impacts of fuel shortages on both water supply and agriculture FIGURE 68. Satisfaction with present level of electricity supply and access to electricity 76 FIGURE 69. Ceremony to unload new power transformers to upgrade Marib’s gas-fired power station, 77 December 2020, source: https://www.sabanew.net/viewstory/69585 FIGURE 70. Oil fields in the region. 78 Map adapted from Small Arms Survey, with updated information of US Energy Information Administration. FIGURE 71. Nightlight in Marib in 2020 comparison to 2015. 79 FIGURE 73. Satisfaction with the quality of education services 81 FIGURE 72. New school in Mareb (UN Habitat) 81 FIGURE 74. New girls school students lining up for class. (UN Habitat) 82 FIGURE 75. Schools in Marib (google maps) 83 FIGURE 76. Bilqis Girls School, source: UN-Habitat Profiling team 83 FIGURE 77. UN Habitat Profiling Team Photo of the Wholesale market, October 2020 84 FIGURE 78. Qat Market in Marib: As of May, 2020, the Ministry of Health in Marib and other IRG-held 84 governorates ordered the closure of all Qat markets as a COVID-19 precaution. (https://www.newsyemen. net/new/53264) 7

List of Figures LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GPC General People’s Congress HDI Human Development Index IDP Internally Displaced Person IOM International Office of Migration IRG Internationally Recognized Government (of Yemen) NDC National Dialogue Conference NLF National Liberation Front OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights PDRY People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen STC Southern Transitional Council SDG Sustainable Development Goal STC Southern Transitional Council UAE United Arab Emirates UN United Nations UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Program UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization YAR Yemen Arab Republic YSP Yemen Socialist Party 8 Marib Urban Profile

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state

Executive Summary Executive 1 External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) Responders by age group Respondents by gender Since Marib was first settled over three thousand years gas has enabled the governorate to resume paying public ago, it has seen its fortunes rise and fall with the cycles of salaries when very few local governorates were able to DK/DWTA 3% 4% Native resident of Marib DK/ DWTA3 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree history. Now, Marib City, the site of the Arab world’s oldest do so. The revenue stream negotiated by the governor 13% Strongly agree 12% 8% More than 60 Females Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree kingdom has transformed into one of the fastest growing has enabled a basic level of public service provision for 19% 13% Somewhat agree 38% 15% Somewhat agree 36-60 Males modern cities in the Arab region. In the past five years,16% Marib 48% judges,Somewhat which disagree has ensured a degree of ‘law’ alongside the Yes Somewhat disagree 22% 32% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree City’s wartime growth in revenue and its 12-fold increase in ‘order’ provided by the governorate's security forces.4 Marib 25-35 49% 51% Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree 1 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree population has catapulted the city from the periphery21% to Central Bank now operates independently from that in 39% Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 Strongly agree Strongly agree DK/DWTA 44% the very core of Yemen’s political, economic and security Aden, which has come with some challenges that are now 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% dynamics. Marib has become a central hosting destination being addressed.5 Marib’s renegotiated oil revenue, along for communities primarily displaced by Yemen’s civil war. with investment support from Saudi Arabia6, and a growing FIGURE 1. Marib Survey Measure of Public Interest in Participating in Cultural heritage tax base from many new businesses which have decided to future Focal Group Discussions If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status Much of the city’s sudden growth has been creditedIf I face any to problem, I prefer torelocate resort to law to enforcement Marib has or an given the municipality a rare liquidity As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue the strong stewardship of the governorate. Its success official entity in rather than to a localand leader ability or mediators to pay by public demographic salaries group in the context of Yemen’s who live in my area preserving Marib as a safe haven for internally displaced war. This virtuous cycle has enabled modest public sector 3% 20% 12% 26% 24% persons (IDP)s and in negotiating natural resource growth and critical provision of basic services. With its 2 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree revenue-sharing contracts with the central government central location Marib has become a hub once again of 12% 7% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib 34% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% and neighboring countries that elevated Marib’s status trade routes and is inStrongly a position Disagree to be proactive in investing Strongly disagree 19% 16% Strongly Disagree to the level of a quasi-microstate. This profile seeks to in local electricity, water,Somewhat and disagree transportation infrastructure, 31% Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% capture what this growth looks like from the ground; to local security, and establishedSomewhat agree its first university. On the Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree look behind the statisticsIDPs living in in slums, order informal to settlements better or camps understand surface, the list of strategicStrongly agree advantages that have propelled 20% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 39% 26% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only how it has been able to simultaneously rise above the Marib into a privileged position are largely tied to its natural 26% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 devastation of Yemen’s conflict while also being a product resources and public services management, but there are 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict of it. The profile research process has been designed to other structural, cultural advantages which are more subtle

Native residents identify the core factors and patterns for the city and the though equally important to factor into urban development. surrounding environs, to develop a clearer pictureCan of you how access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? Marib’s distinctive character and culture has turned it into a A major component of Marib’s success is not just its oil Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation promising case study of how to address urban growth and wealth but also theDK/DWTA distributed, decentralized nature of Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTA displacement during conflict. leadership mechanismsCompletely used unsatisfied by the tribes of Marib, which 12% 22% Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods have enabled MaribSomewhat to maintain unsatisfied a degree of autonomy. 4% Native resident of Marib Strongly agree Satisfied Somewhat disagree Strongly Disagree Oil revenue, along with public payments for Marib’s natural Marib’s tribe-state hybrid and lack of prominence in the 22% 14% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Very satisfied Somewhat agree 36% 1 Marib City’s population grew from an estimated 55,000 in 2014 to over 630,000 in 2020, per UN Habitat internal data triangulation and assessment, further analyzed in the Civil Society de- somewhat disagree Somewhat agree mography section. 38% 19% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 2 Ali Al Sakani and Casey Coombs, “Marib: A Yemeni Government Stronghold Increasingly Vulnerable to Houthi Advances”, Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies, 22 October 2020, https://sanaa- Strongly disagree center.org/publications/analysis/11778. The paper explains that Governor Arada0% 10% has20% proved30% adept40% at50% negotiating60% 70% with80% multiple90% 100% administrations, though he is most closely allied with both the internationally recognized government of the ROYG aka “Legitimacy” transitional government of Abd Mansur Hadi (exiled Riyadh), Marib’s contracts have been continued under the Houthi-led National Salvation 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Government (NSG) as well. You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 3 Adam Baron, The Marib Paradox: How One Province Succeeds in the Midst of Yemen’s War, Policy Brief, No. ECFR/261 (London: European Council on Foreign Relations, 12 June 2018), www. ecfr.eu/publications/summary/the_marib_paradox_how_one_province_succeeds_in_the_midst_of_yemens_war 4 Joshua Rogers, Local Governance in Yemen: Theory, Practice, and Future Options (Berlin: Berghof Foundation Operations GmbH, 4 June 2019). FIGURE 2. Marib’s orange harvest (http://alsahwa-yemen.net/en/p- 6% DK/DWTA 5 Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen, 25 January 2019 (S/2019/83). 15237) 10% 6 Baron, The Marib Paradox, p. 11. 18% Completely unsatisfied Somewhat unsatisfied 34% Satisfied 32% Very satisfied Safety and respsect Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city - per age group Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTA M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 F Somewhat disagree 14% DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents M Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 36-60 F 36% 15% 32% somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% More than 60 F Somewhat agree 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree M IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 26% 33% 25% Strongly agree Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender Fear of catching COVID-19 Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income city - per demographic group 100 in the city (regardless of displacement status) DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 2% DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree 8% 5% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 16% 16% 60 DK/DWTA 2% Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Very satisfactory Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree F Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 17% 40 Completely unsatisfied 13% 27% Poor M Strongly agree Satisfactory Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 28% 24% 43% Average Strongly agree 20 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Somewhat agree M Satisfied 26% Marginalized and African migrants F 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Unsatisfactory 32% 17% Strong Very satisfied Strongly agree Strongly agree M Female Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib

100 Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from DK/DWTA coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib Access to clean drinking water 80 Strongly Disagree in the city by demographic group I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 60 my skin or my social status) Somewhat agree 3% DK/ DWTA 3% 40 DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native residents 15% 4% Strongly agree Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory 31%24% 20 Strongly Disagree 17% Somewhat agree 29% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactory 18% 0 Somewhat agree Female Male Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% Satisfactory IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 26% Strongly disagree 22% 34% Strongly agree 23% Very satisfactory I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of The Marginalized and Afican migrants DK/ DWTA my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Strongly Disagree Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Economy Economy - females IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Completely unsatisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) potential IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 14% 6% DK/ DWTA 13% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 9% Marginalized and African migrants 14% 21% 24% 32%24% 14% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree 18% Somewhat disagree 27% Somewhat disagree 29% 20% Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 24% 34% Somewhat agree 30% 33% Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree Strongly agree 23% DK/ DWTA 28% Native residents city Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree

IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree IDPs living in camps Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree places of work Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 5% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 18% 16% Males 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 14% 31%24% Strongly disagree 25% 21% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 24% 28% Somewhat agree 27% Strongly agree 18% 28% 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 28% Females Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree 29% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs Employment status Continuing education Native residents Unemployed DK/ DWTA 8% Continuing education Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Strongly disagree 13% 24% Unemployed 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps 36% 31% Employed Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 61% 28% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% 28% Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 26% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status

100 Continuing education 90 Continuing education Native residents 80 Unemployed Unemployed 6% DK/ DWTA 70 Employed 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 40 IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 30 20 28% Somewhat agree 28% 29% 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 0 Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 9

past has enabled Marib to be better able to mostly preserve for those who have fled the frontlines of the conflict in search its neutral status7. Marib mostly stayed above the fray of of neutral territory. Marib’s government is also seen as a struggles for central power, which has spared the area the relatively neutral political entity, helping it play the type of worst of the wartime physical and economic destruction. As mediation role that Yemen needs to overcome north-south a model of what decentralization could look like in Yemen, polarization. Marib’s consultative processes, rooted in its part of Marib’s key to success is its local autonomy which tribal history, has also been reflected in the strong degree of shielded it from challenges in other areas that were more civic engagement we saw in our polling of the city. 38% of the closely tied to central seats of government. Therefore, the participants (576 individuals) committed to participating in case is made that part of Marib’s ‘paradoxical’ success is future Focus Group Discussions concerning city affairs, with based on its degree of local autonomy and self-reliance. The a total of 44% of survey respondents expressing interest and question is whether this dynamic can be maintained as it possible willingness to join public sessions. The majority of expands its governance capacity in the face of continuing those who expressed this interest were males (70% of those power struggles. who answered positively were males, 30% were females).

As a testament to the impact of its local mediation efforts However, Marib’s rapid growth, the significant level of informal and the symbol Marib represented for the country, in October or temporary housing, and looming risk of food and water 2020, the city was selected to be the site of the first major shortages becoming more acute for Marib,11 all underscore prisoner exchange negotiated between the ROYG and the the urgency of an expansion of the city's governance NSG. As announced by the UN Special Envoy to Yemen, capacity, including urban planning and service provision, Marib’s prisoner release marked one of the most significant to accommodate the city’s growth in a sustainable way. FIGURE 3. Planned park 4 million dollar park in the desert outside of Marib. international peacebuilding milestones towards reaching a Because Marib’s growth and the current global transition that Joint Declaration8 for a national ceasefire since the civil war began in 2020 is so unprecedented, participatory planning is broke out in 2015.9 Renowned Yemeni human rights lawyer the best way to engage citizens and discover out-of-the box- and activist Huda al Sarari declared, “Marib is now the nucleus solutions. In this vein, we have approached Marib’s profile as of the republic we all hope to have.”10 The peace agreement an opportunity to facilitate the urban community’s capacity to represented a beacon of hope across the desperate frontlines determine and address its own needs, goals, and solutions. of the conflict-fatigued Yemeni society. The choice of Marib All aspects of the profile were designed and intended to to be the site of prisoner exchange and delivery signalled an catalyze and mobilize Marib’s residents to contribute to urban alternative path for Marib beyond the fears many felt that planning dialogue and initiatives. it had been abandoned by its international allies and would face invasion by rebel militias. Instead, it reinforced Marib’s role as a safe haven for the IDPs it hosted, providing shelter

7 While Marib has been called a neutral “Switzerland”, it is seen as the last stronghold of the Republic of Yemen Government (ROYG). (: A Yemeni Government Stronghold Increasingly Vulnera- ble to Houthi Advances | Sana'a Center For Strategic Studieshttps://sanaacenter.org/publications/analysis/11778) 8 https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14328.doc.htm 9 https://twitter.com/alhadath/status/1317085058675638272?s=24; The celebrations in the streets of Marib following the prisoner exchange offered a rare moment of hope in the region’s protracted conflict, signalling progress towards a peaceful and pragmatic resolution of various destabilizing factors which have kept Marib in limbo. It was a particularly cathartic moment for Marib as a city and region navigating a new phase of standing on its own and facing security threats without the backing of the Saudi-led Arab Coalition of Hadi supporters. This had made Marib the center of its fight to push back the Houthi-Saleh forces-Saleh forces towards their stated goal of “restoring the internationally recognized government”# of Yemen under Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi, now based in Aden and Riyadh. While Marib’s future security and the status of hundreds of detainees and prisoners is still not entirely resolved, a tangible step forward in the peace process further underscores the reasons why Marib has become the safe haven of choice for refugees and IDPs. 10 Huda Al-Sarari (h_alsarare), https://twitter.com/h_alsarare/status/1317129298025848833 FIGURE 4. Celebrations following peace progress in October 2020 11 https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/yemen/ (nashwannews.com/218526) 10 Marib Urban Profile

Methodology 2 METHODOLOGY

Overview challenges. The profile research was designed to be UN-Habitat. The methodology for the Marib Profile utilized research anchored in ethnographic assessment conducted by a 2. Use the findings from the secondary desk review and analytic tools in alignment with the UN-Habitat team of local researchers. Access constraints during the to narrow our research down to fundamental questions Urban Recovery Framework Common Approach to urban period of collection from May to December of 2020) led to that this preliminary urban profile of Marib would need to profiling in the Arab States region and the mandate to modification of the approach for administering the survey address and baseline. These questions were: support partners in implementing the 2030 Sustainable of Marib residents (n=1,536). The following briefly describes i) How will conflict likely affect the city and what are Development Agenda and its Sustainable Development the methodologies attempted and utilized to develop the the power dynamics that we need to understand in order to Goals (SDGs). In particular, SDG 11 targets concerning Marib city profile in 2020. Further information on any of forecast future security trends? improving the quality of life in cities and SDG 10 targets these methodologies and the data gathering process is ii) What is the governance model presiding in Yemen, for reducing inequalities guided underlying indices of the available upon request. and in which ways it evolved to create current stability research. factors, whether through inter-tribal collaboration or in The Approach terms of providing improved security situation? What does The research design was informed by the new Common The research approach was designed around the URF pillars the semi-autonomous governance model in Marib tell us Analysis framework’s research questions1 to support the which aim to create a comprehensive snapshot at the city’s about the future of Yemen governance post-conflict? development of an urban profile that examines: 1) How has evolution during the conflict, but with two dominant pre iii) Why did Marib become an IDP magnet, and which conflict affected the city? 2) What relief phase challenges existing limitations that the profiling team had to adapt to: i) cultural, economic and political roots have featured into its are present and how they will impact the development the absence of credible baseline information that can create hospitable hosting situation? phase? 3) What strategic areas or projects require attention a departure point for tailoring our profiling tool, including iv) Is the demographic boom likely to reverse post- in the short-medium timespan? The research questions due to lack of local capacities, the absence of a geo-spatial conflict, or will Marib retain a portion of the IDPs and are derived from the core pillars of Housing, Economy, information database, and the incomplete data that the integrate them in its socio-economic fabric? Infrastructure and Services, Governance, Civil Society, humanitarian assessments were able to provide specifically v) What are the key performance indicators to evaluate Environment, and Cultural Heritage. at the city level. Ii) we were aware of movement restrictions the living conditions in Marib today, and how to assist in and the inability of the team to directly access the city building a better future for Marib using UN best practices Following an initial desk review and assessment of Marib’s and be physically present on the ground, given the military and the will of non-humanitarian donors to invest in Marib urban context, the profile adopted methodologies which escalation around Marib in early 2020 when the profiling as a stability asset? best met the conditions and characteristics of the city and preparations began, which in turn was only exacerbated by 3. Use mixed methods to address these questions its current phase of growth. Cultural Heritage --current the COVID 19 international travel restrictions. along the URF pillars. The methods we used for information and historic-- emerged as the most salient local pillar we gathering were: identified because it is the most unique and priceless quality To respond to these two innate limitations, the methodology i) Interviews with knowledgeable sources: known of the city whose infrastructure and urban sectoral growth approach followed an approach summarized herein: as key informants, mainly to understand supply-side has been far outpaced by its rapid population growth. 1. Conduct an extensive, thorough and on-going dynamics (how well the services are functioning and Cultural Heritage (tangible and intangible) therefore guided secondary desk review, to capture all the relevant literature identiy the major gaps and bottlenecks). Using a semi- how we developed a picture of the relationship between the on the city and on the broader urban and conflict context, structured questionnaire with several open-ended and people and place of Marib and which research questions and open-source media materials in English and Arabic. opinion questions, we conducted 32 interviews during the we emphasized to capture core trends in population The desk review also included the collation and archiving month of August 2020. The interviews mainly focused on dynamics, density, conflict dynamics and development of all humanitarian information that was made available to public officials (the governorate level was more relevant for

1 https://unhabitat.org/urban-profiling-toolbox 11

our research objectives), but we also interviewed several religious center (etc.). The results of the spatial analysis 3. Lack of access to original photographic materials. tribal and community leaders, intellects and social figures. have been presented on page 16.. 4. Poor government data and records. We were able to conclude one interview with an activist in 5. The inability to hold focus group discussions given the area of gender equality and GBV. As UN-Habitat does not have a permanent presence the relatively short research period. ii) Collation and gathering of primary documents and in the city of Marib, the research depended on mobile 6. Lack of access to broadband internet connection, evidence pertaining to the local authorities’ functional plans teams supported and managed by our office in Sana’a. which prevented the survey team from providing accurate and duties. We used this information to create a baseline Additional monitoring and backstopping resources were location information. understanding of the key services (such as schools and mobilized by ROAS given the challenges that come with 7. Key informants we interviewed were all male. Female hospitals), city growth management (the master plan remote management. The smaller research unit that was perspective was only captured in our individual survey, as document and other expansion and ambitious urban established for this profile included: approximately 50% of our sample was females. infrastructure plans), as well as records of registries and 1. Researcher on ethnographic and demographic displacement movement. analysis (international, team leader) iii) Conduct an individual ‘Urban Scorecard’ survey 2. Researcher on urban dynamics in conflict situations, with a representative sample of the current population: data analyst (international) to understand demand-driven factors and to poll people’s 3. Two part-time researchers for literature review and opinions regarding their urban experience. This survey archiving of existing information (international) was made possible by the transparent and responsive 4. One GIS support officer collaboration of the local authorities, and specifically 5. One field research team leader (local, investigative the Governorate. Marib’s government representatives journalism background) expressed support and interest in polling public opinion 6. A team of four field researchers (2 males and 2 despite the sensitive nature of some of our questions. Our females) working under the local research team leader sample included 1564 participants, who were personally (college students and fresh graduates). interviewed by our field research team during the months of September and October. The samples was designed to To ensure the quality of the field research component, target the population stratification we have concluded from capacity building and day-to-day monitoring was essential. our secondary desk review, split into four main groups: the Two urban research training sessions were conducted muhamasheen (marginalized) and the African migrants, through Zoom to prepare the team for the key informant ordinary city residents who were present in the city pre- interviews and the individual survey. The team on the conflict, IDPs living in regular houses, IDPs living in camps ground had access to mobile devices to ensure data entry and spontaneous slums (see “FIGURE 5. Respondents happens directly (no paper forms were used). scorecard surveys” on page 12). iv) Tallying survey data to a geo-spatial database, to Research Limitations: generate neighbourhood-level functionality maps: as Marib 1. Absence of an urban geo-spatial database and the never had official neighbourhood limits, we used spaghetti inability to generate one given the access restrictions. boundaries to identify approximate urban segments that 2. Military escalation and two natural disasters that people identify with. Each “neighbourhood” had a defining took place during the research period and directly affected landmark like a government institution, a hospital or a the context and introduced sudden spikes. 12

Marib Urban Scorecards - Making a Traditional Survey Instrument more Participatory

The urban scorecard polling was designed to capture residents’ perspectives of and satisfaction with the quality, reliability and Marib Scorecards affordability of urban services. Because the city’s post-conflict ELECTRICITY STATION AIRPORT LOCATION MARIB CITY AL JUFEINAH CAMP HOSPITAL IDP population boom is at the top of all issues facing Marib, social and cultural dynamics are the anchor for all research and analysis for the urban profile. The scorecard was pursued as a participatory research tool which could potentially create opportunities for Marib residents to voice their own needs, perspectives and ideas for the new city they are co-creating. Also, as a city in which growth and decisionmaking have been generally tacit, informal and driven by relational ties (through tribal mechanisms), we seek to highlight what is working from processes which are less visible or clear than if administrative offices were at full capacity. Marib is succeeding where others Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces have Generalfailed in a datanumber of areas: IDP hosting, paying government Complaint and the state salaries, new infrastructure development and construction.

DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44%

Cultural heritage Respondents per target population group Displacement status If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an ” Respondents by target population groups ” Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group who live in my area 3% 20% 12% 26% 24% 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree 12% 7% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib 34% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 19% 16% Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 31% Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 39% 26% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 26% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict

6% 10% DK/DWTA 18% Completely unsatisfied Somewhat unsatisfied 34% Satisfied 32% Very satisfied Safety and respsect Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city - per age group Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTA M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 F Somewhat disagree 14% DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents M Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 36-60 F 36% 15% 32% somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% More than 60 F Somewhat agree 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree M IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 26% 33% 25% Strongly agree Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender Fear of catching COVID-19 Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income city - per demographic group 100 in the city (regardless of displacement status) DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 2% DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree 8% 5% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 16% 16% 60 DK/DWTA 2% Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Very satisfactory Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree F Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 17% 40 Completely unsatisfied 13% 27% Poor M Strongly agree Satisfactory Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 28% 24% 43% Average Strongly agree 20 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Somewhat agree M Satisfied 26% Marginalized and African migrants F 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Unsatisfactory 32% 17% Strong Very satisfied Strongly agree Strongly agree M Female Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib

100 Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from DK/DWTA coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib Access to clean drinking water 80 Strongly Disagree in the city by demographic group I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 60 my skin or my social status) Somewhat agree 3% DK/ DWTA 3% 40 DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native residents 15% 4% Strongly agree Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory 31%24% 20 Strongly Disagree 17% Somewhat agree 29% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactory 18% 0 Somewhat agree Female Male Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% Satisfactory IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 26% Strongly disagree 22% 34% Strongly agree 23% Very satisfactory I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of The Marginalized and Afican migrants DK/ DWTA my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Strongly Disagree Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Economy Economy - females IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Completely unsatisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) potential IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 14% 6% DK/ DWTA 13% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 9% Marginalized and African migrants 14% 21% 24% 32%24% 14% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree 18% Somewhat disagree 27% Somewhat disagree 29% 20% Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 24% 34% Somewhat agree 30% 33% Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree Strongly agree 23% DK/ DWTA 28% Native residents city Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree

Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status

AL JUFEINAH CAMP HOSPITAL MILITARY AREA MARIB LAKE NORTH MARIB GROWTH AREA EXPANSION AREA Marib’s significance Marib City is now the hub connecting its five neighboring governorates - all representing Yemen’s different socio-political polarities: Sanaa, al Jawf, Shabwa, al-Bayda, and Hadramawt governorates. Marib City is located 173 km northeast of Yemen’s capital, Sana’a, and the governorate border just 70 km east of the capital. 1 The Governorate of Marib has an area of approximately 17,405 km2,2 which includes 14 districts (mudiriya). According to the national administrative boundaries established in 2014, the Republic of Yemen is divided into six regions (aqaleem), and Marib Governorate is included in the Saba’a region, with Marib City as a center of the Governorate and the Region. This has elevated the administrative role of Marib, making it a competitor with the capital as a business and financial hub, due to its diverse natural wealth and relative stability. The combination of Marib’s oil riches, its role in national electricity generation and distribution network as well as its solid tribal alliances have all contributed to Marib’s increased status and influence during the conflict.

Approximately 630,000 residents (nearly half of the population) of Marib Governorate’s population live in Marib City. Marib is located on the eastern N5 road which connects the capital with the eastern governorates. The N5 is presently insecure and linking connector roads are only permitted for military purposes, thus forcing travelers to take long detours to reach Sana’a (which requires over a day’s 1 This distance represents the on-road travel distance in normal travel times. Due to road blockages and required detours, specifically in the areas in Joaf past 2016 has nearly doubled the travel distance. “نبذة تعريفية عن محافظة ,Yemen National Information Center 2 /accessed on 23 February 2021, https://yemen-nic.info/gover ,مأرب” mareb/brife/ 14 Marib Urban Profile

journey). As Marib is located between the populated through Sarwah have strategic military significance, as

Location and urban indicators areas to the west of the republic, and the sparsely they represent two different approaches to the environs populated plains and desert regions of the east, the N5 of both cities, giving an advantage to the Houthis was a substandard national road viewed as low priority especially as both roads descend into Marib.5 because it extended through sparsely populated regions. Now that Marib is critical to other national interests, Historically, Marib’s strategic significance has always Sana’a upgrading roads and highway networks has become a been tied to its location at the crossroads between the Marib top priority of local and international aid agencies.3 coastal agricultural regions, the vast desert of the Rub al Khali “Empty Quarter”, and mountain highland systems Geography to the north (see figure 10). In recent decades, Marib has The Governorate of Marib has an area of approximately cemented its position as a pass-through for all traffic, 17,405 km2,4 which includes 14 districts [mudiriya]. goods, travel between the North and South. Furthermore, The mild temperature in Sana'a mountains above its role as a regional hub has been amplified by the FIGURE 8. Marib Governorate 2000 meters is a stark contrast to the intense heat efforts of Marib’s tribes to serve as negotiators between and humidity that suffocate the Red Sea and Gulf of the political, legal, and trade systems of the North and Aden coasts to the west and south, respectively. In the the South. middle mountains south of Sana’a, the Haraaz region, and around the cities of Taiz, Ibb, and al-Bayda, one Within the context of Yemen’s recent conflict, Marib is Majzar finds the most fertile farmlands in Yemen. The tropical at the center of the Hadi force’s line of defence flanked Raghwan green valleys of this midland region stand in complete by Shabweh and Hadramout. These two neighboring Medghal Marib contrast to the country’s lifeless interior desert, which governorates are not only rich with oil and gas resources, Sirwah extends northward into the great al-Rub’e al-Khali (the but also host the oil export ports, creating essential Marib City vast “empty quarter” of Saudi Arabia). Moving east from nodes on the national highways that link Yemen with Harib Al Qaramish Sana’a in the highlands, the land descends sharply to supply lines to Saudi Arabia and Oman. Al Jubah a desert floor at approximately one thousand meters Jabal Murad above sea level. Yemeni interior desert lies west of the Harib country’s center line, so there are hundreds of thousands Rahabah

of kilometers east of Marib, separating today’s densely Al Abdiyah populated highlands and western midland regions from Mahliyah the country’s sparsely populated eastern half, further highlighting how Marib’s location makes it a natural bridge between Yemen’s highly diverse geographies and FIGURE 9. Districts in Marib societies. The national road that connect Sana’a with Marib, and the other road that links Sana’a with Marib FIGURE 10. Image on the right: neighborhood names were 3 An example is the Saudi Development and Reconstruction Program for Yemen (SDRPY). identified by a representative of the GALSUP. Naming conflcts with other sources may appear in the map. Boundaries are , “نبذة تعريفية عن محافظة مأرب”.Yemen, National Information centre 4 5 Perhaps this is what is making the reopening of both roads a recurring Houthi demand in their meetings with the UN Special Envoy, Martin Griffiths. based on masterplan divisions as provided by GALSUP. 15

Proposed Urban Expansion Area Area within the tribal customary property in Jabal el- Desh. Planned accommodative capacity is 150K inhabitants

Protected Area Military area Mountainous areas designated are militarized zones where construction is prohibited Al Sahn

Al Atraan Informal Housing Harat Altadamun Scattered clan and tribal lands settlement consolidated to create IDP host sites

Al Kasaara Al Rawda Al Shirka

Medina Sabaa’ Al Maghawir settlement

Military area Al Hasoon

Airport Al Kahraba’ Al Mataar Al Mustashfa Al Mujama Military area Al He’ea Al Zaraa’a Electricity station General hospital Dense Urban Core Highest population and commercial density

Al Jama’a Al Rameela Findiq Belqees

Al Rumaylaah settlement Haweedina Jafeinah

Al Jufainah camp The highest density hosting camp, with enormous growth in the last few years

Farming valley 47 hectare of irrigated farmland dependent Al Fao on local wells and surface canals. Main products are: lemons, oranges, potatoes, wheat and barley. Animal husbandry in the area is limited to goats, although fish farms are spreading in the area as well. Marib Old City 16 Marib Urban Profile

Spatial analysis scorecards Level of Satisfaction with the Basic Services (mail, Perception of Safety in the Current Residence from all Access to Adequate Income Through Decent Means Internet, Real Estate Registration, Permits) Kinds of Hazards (natural, man-made violence, risk of eviction) The scorecard data was spatialized to display trends in Marib’s growth

Space and urban indicators and how its rapid demographic turnover has impacted its ability to deliver goods and services. By selecting a few key indicators and the neighborhoods best represented by the scorecard survey, the following maps help clarify the often invisible trends of the city’s “winners” and “losers” as Marib is marked by both rapid social mobility “gentrification” opportunities for IDPs establishing a local “middle class” along with equally rapid deteriorating conditions of vulnerable populations in need.

Access to Job Opportunities for Women Perception of Easiness of Starting New Business Satisfaction with the Number of Electricity Supply Hours

Electricity station Airport Main hospital

1 Marib city centre 2 South new development area 3 East Marib 4 North Marib 5 North-East Marib

Agree / Very satisfied Somewhat agree / Satisfied Somewhat disagree / Somewhat dissatisfied Strongly disagree / Strongly dissatisfied Masterplan area / No analysis 17

Access to Clean Drinking Water Satisfaction with the Quality of Education Services Access to Complaint Mechanisms

For example neighborhoods 1 and 2 of Marib’s city center and southern new development area rate city services far more favorably than their counterparts in in the northern and eastern neighborhoods of the city. This suggests that, even though southern plot of land in Jufeineh is largely a camp/ informal development area, its proximity to the commercial center still confers significant advantages in comparison to more remote areas.

Methodology Twelve key indicators were selected for the spatial variant analysis for five neighborhoods in which representative samples could be created. Each of these Perception of Respect as a Present Resident of Marib Perception of Safety and Welcome in Most Places in Environmental Situation Negatively Impacting the neighborhoods zone had four Compared to other Places Marib Wellbeing of Residents different classes by indicator. The analysis used standard deviation to qualify the most dominant one of the four classes. This ensured that the results could display one dominant answer, highlighted in a specific color on a map. This offers a baseline for future research into population disparities and trends in access and wealth between cities. 18 Marib Urban Profile

CONFLICT CONTEXT 4 TIMELINE Conflict context timeline Marib has been dramatically transformed - and received “union” as the separatist discourse dominated north and inside the Saudi territory, such as the attacks on Bakeek many windfalls in terms of economic and population south. Many commissions and administrative bodies and Kharees oil facilities to the east of the kingdom growth as a result of the past five years of conflict. that are normally attributed to central state functions September 2019, and on another set of oil and military It has become a strategic hub - politically, militarily also operate in Marib City as a quasi government-in- sites in Jazan and Najran. Following these attacks, the and economically - and has been able to remain exile. While Marib benefits from its relative stability and Houthis advanced with an initiative to stop hostilities sufficiently independent to permit the IRG Government income from natural resources and a growing middle in exchange of suspending Arab Coalition air attacks, in exile to relocate most of its administrations to its new class, the influx of population from other governorates and the reopening of Sana’a International Airport to headquarters in Marib City. Marib City is able to operate and the movements within Marib since 2015 have also international flights.4 The Houthis took advantage of relatively independently of the Houthi government brought significant challenges for local authorities, who several developments after the secession of the South occupying Sana’a, and the Southern Transitional struggle to provide sufficient services to the growing led by the Southern Transition Council (STC) and their Council (STC) in Aden. Marib’s role in recent peace talks population. According to IOM’s Displacement Tracking declaration of a self-autonomy in Aden. surrounding the prisoner exchange deal of October Matrix, of the approximate 750,000 IDPs residing in the 2020 reveal the important roles that Marib will play in governorate, 16% are living in camp-like settlements Though Marib played a relatively peripheral role prior any peaceful settlement in Yemen. However, due to with little to no humanitarian assistance.2 to the past decade, the historic patterns which have proximity of front lines and poor road quality, it took played out on the macro scale of national politics have over 8 hours to reach by road from Sana’a at the time Military Flashpoints significant bearing on Marib’s political life today. The of writing. Nearly 90% of the Governorate of Marib is controlled timeline on the next page contextualizes the recent by the IRG “Legitimacy” Forces, and shares the longest events in Marib in light of past events of contention. Political Significance administrative borders with the capital when compared Marib today is a key urban and administrative center to many other smaller governorates surrounding Sana’a. in the war-torn republic, and it is that socio-economic Along this administrative line, battles relentlessly erupt renaissance that is inspiring the return of Marib to its since the conflict started in 2015, especially in the historic glory as Yemen’s capital. At the same time, the districts of Nehm [Sana’a Governorate] and Serwah [Marib growth and rise in prestige makes the city increasingly Governorate]. These two districts can be considered the vulnerable as a contested territory which could tip the most approachable entry points to the capital, unlike the balance of the conflict and have a significant effect on territories in al-Jawf Governorate, which were mostly the outcome of Yemen’s peace talks.1 When Sana’a captured by the Houthis since 2014.3 fell under the control of the Houthis on September 21, 2014, the Houthi’s expanded the reach of their Looking at the location of Marib, we can also include administration into the majority of Yemen’s urban the administrative borders that Marib shares with al- centers. Following their constitutional declaration in Bayda Governorate as a key entry point that the IRG February of 2015, Marib quickly transformed into a hub forces together with the Popular Resistance often use to for the political and military factions that remained loyal approach Sana’a, passing through the district of Rudman to the internationally-recognized authority. The political and through Zamar Governorate. This third approach significance of Marib increased significantly following to Sana’a made these frontlines prone to constant the control of the UAE-supported STC of Aden (August, escalation since 2015. The Houthis escalated regionally, 2019), placing Marib as the de-facto capital of the by stepping up their drone attacks on strategic locations FIGURE 11. Soldiers on a road in Marib (UN-Habitat) 1 Reuters, “Yemen War Shifts Focus to Marib, Thousands of Displaced at Risk”, 5 October 2020, www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-marib-idUSKBN26Q0LC 2 United Nations, International Organization for Migration (IOM), “Marib Mission - March 2019”, March 2019, https://yemen.un.org/sites/default/files/2019-08/PU03.pdf /accessed on 23 February 2021, http://www.yemen-nic.info/gover/aljaowv/brife ,”نبذة تعريفية عن محافظة الجوف“ ,Yemen, National Information centre 3 September 2019, https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2019/09/20/yemen-houthis-saudi-arabia-uae-peace الحوثيون يعلنون ’وقف استهداف’ األراضي السعودية ويطلقون ’مبادرة سالم’: ننتظر رد التحية”, CNN, “20 4 19

Conflict Timeline

» 1962-1970 North Yemen Civil War A coup carried out by Commander social ties. Both presidents also saw it as an opportunity to counter casualties.4 Abdullah Al-Sallal in 1962 against the newly crowned Imam internal opposition.1 Muhammad al-Badr sparked a war in the kingdom that had ruled » Early 2015 shortly before the Houthis pushed out President Hadi, northern Yemen for decades. Al-Sallal declared Yemen a republic » 1994 Yemeni Civil War Difference quickly emerged between the north Marib local political and security leaders convened an emergency during his presidency, while al-Badr escaped to Saudi Arabia, from and south. Then-President Ali Abdullah Saleh and Vice-President meeting to discuss the future of the Governorate and their strategy. Ali Salim al-Beidh, the last president of the former South Yemen, which he tried to reinstate his rule. A pattern that would repeat » 2018 Marib’s Master Plan is ratified Marib’s governor along with itself again with President Hadi of the IRG fleeing to Saudi Arabia. who accused Saleh of monopolizing power and marginalizing southerners in former Democratic People’s Republic of Yemen prime minister Mr. AbdulMalik officially ratified the master plan of A Saudi-sponsored agreement determined terms of reconciliation Marib into a legal document the master plan covered a sprawling and power-sharing. southern areas as though they were being mistreated as they were not represented well in the upper echelons of the government or the area of 20,750 hectares and was intended to address urban growth » 1963-1967 Southern War of Independence In the south, an armed military.2 for the next 30 years (General Administration for Land, Survey and struggle began against the British occupation in 1963. The conflict Urban Planning - GALSUP). » 2004-2010 Six wars of Saada Between 2004 and 2010, six conflicts ended with an agreement calling for South Yemen's independence » 2019 United Arab Emirates withdrew funding and KSA withdrew in November 1967. erupted between government troops and Shiite Houthi militants, who grew stronger in the northern province of Sadaa despite the troops after having provided military aid to ROYG (Republic of » 1972 North-South Yemen War Tension between the two neighbors death of group leader Hussein al-Houthi in the first conflict. Saleh, Yemen Government) forces since 2014 led to a brief border conflict, but Arab mediation ended the war backed by several southern figures (including current President Abd » 2019 The Houthis successfully implemented a sweeping offensive before either side was able to claim victory. Rabbu Mansour Hadi) managed to crush the southern forces and “Victory from God.” They were mostly targeting irregular forces send al-Beidh and his entourage into exile. The deal was rejected by operating under the command of joint coalition (GCC-supported) » 1978 Ali Abdullah Saleh elected president, the beginning of what Houthis (emerged as an opposition political-military force in 2004 will be a three-decade long rule; Yemeni Socialist Party rule begins fighters who they deemed as illegitimate because they were not out of Zaidi Shi’a Muslim branch in northern Yemen, on the basis of part of the legitimate military forces or the Ministry of Defense.5 in South Yemen concerns of economic discimination and spread of Sunni ideology. » 1979 Yemeni War Another conflict between north and south Yemen » January- August 2020 Houthis took advantage of the undeclared » 2011 Arab Spring and anti-Saleh uprising (February); Saleh steps de-escalation with Saudi Arabia, and the reduced tensions along erupted seven years later, but this time southern troops managed to down and transferred power to his vice president Abd-Rabu make major advances into the north. An Arab initiative also ended the borders, to focus their offensive on Nahem and Sarwah fronts, Mansour Hadi (beginning of plan to divide Yemen into six regions aiming to expand into Marib and Jawwf and eventually to control this war and brought the two sides to the negotiating table, which under a new federal structure) resulted in the withdrawal of southern forces. both governorates. » Fall 2014 Governor Arada emerges as leader in Marib (Fall 2014) » 1986 Marib became a major oil producer with daily production » In parallel with intensified fighting, the Houthis renewed negotiation around 80,000 barrels (Hunt Oil company of Texas) » Fearing that Marib would become the next domino to fall to the initiatives channeled through the UN Special Envoy to gain Houthis, Marib’s governor mobilized powerful local and international diplomatic ground as well as military.6 » May 1990 The Republic of Yemen was founded as the first tribal elites, including senior members of Saleh’s party3. Houthi » Conflict around Marib between the Houthis and local tribes democratic country on the Arabian peninsula It was made up of forces began battle with the internationally two former states: the Arab Republic of Yemen to the north and supported by the internationally recognised Government of Yemen the Democratic People’s Republic of Yemen to the south. (Yemen’s » March 2015 Saudi-led coalition including the Gulf Cooperation (IRG) and the Saudi-led coalition has increased since early 2020. unification through a political deal reached between the presidents states, Egypt and Sudan, with backing from the United States and Fighting intensified in August and September with the Houthis of the north and south. The deal was rushed because Yemen was the United Kingdom, launched military operations, promising swift advancing in southern Marib governorate through Mahliyah and Al facing an existential economic crisis as a result of the collapse and defeat of the opposition but the conflict continues despite local Rahbah districts. At the end of October, fighting was concentrated loss of its Soviet patrons. Saudi Arabia was against the unification, and international outcry over indiscriminate air attacks and civilian around Al Rahbah, Jabal Murad, and Al Joubah. From January to seeing it as too hastily negotiated and not backed by sufficient October, fighting displaced over 98,000 people into the governorate with 70% of IDPs located in Marib city and Marib Al Wadi.

1 Europa Publications Limited, “Yemen”, in The Middle East and North Africa, 41st edn. (London: Europa Publications Limited, 1995), p. 991. 2 Owen Barron. “Things Fall Apart: Violence and Poverty in Yemen”, Harvard International Review, vol. 30, No. 2 (2008), pp. 12-13. www.jstor.org/stable/42763186 3 Baron, The Marib Paradox, p. 8. 4 90-97% of Yemen’s fuel needs come from imports, and fuel is needed to both pump and transport water. Fuel prices had after only a few weeks of blockade doubled, and have continued to rise ever since. Food prices also increased dramatically, and for water delivered by truck, the price had increased by as much as 600% as a result of the rise in fuel prices. 60% of the population relied on agriculture as the main source of income. The price increase of fuel has put 85% of farmers in situations without capabilities to operate properly. See, “Missiles and Food: Yemen’s Man-Made Food Security Crisis”, n.d., accessed March 2, 2021, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/bn-missiles-food-security-yemen-201217-en.pdf. September 2019, www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-49865329 الحوثيون يعرضون مقاطع مصورة ‘لعملية استهدفت قوات سعودية’ في محور نجران”, BBC News, “28 5 6 “Briefing Security Council on Yemen, Special Envoy Calls Upon ...”, n.d., accessed March 2, 2021, https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14162.doc.html. 20 Marib Urban Profile

Marib’s descent from Safehaven to Epicenter of the War Sources of Conflict and Possible Consequences of the Current Escalation in Marib Conflict context timeline In the few short months since Marib’s residents poured was met with a skeptical response, claiming that it North less reliant on the external supplies and far more into the streets in October 2020 to celebrate the prisoner brings nothing new to the table and circumvents the impervious to pro-government/Arab Coalition siege release as a milestone in the peace process, Marib was Houthis minimum requirements and prerequisites for a tactics. besieged by the Houthi movement (Ansar Allah). The sustainable ceasefire. most recent escalations to gain control of Marib broke 2. Debilitating energy supply interruptions: In out on February 4. Since January, the Houthis renewed The battle to control Marib is far from being over, even the event that Houthi encroachments threaten the their intermittent offensive on Marib, abandoning if a swift victory by the Houthis was largely halted. The power station at Safer and Marib’s strategic oil supply, the pretense of upholding commitments within the diplomatic effort led by the UN Special Envoy is attempting the defensive battles and the fierce tribal resistance negotiated political settlement process in pursuit of an to reach a containment strategy by addressing the key will likely leave these strategic sources of supplies all-out military endgame strategy. Houthi actions signal underlying factors that made Marib a priority target for nonfunctional. Moreover, even the supplies through a determination to secure a decisive victory, by capturing the Houthis in the first place. The scope for diplomatic the pipelines coming from Shabwa and Hadramout Marib as the government’s final stronghold in the north. efforts is much broader than the limited frontline along Governorates will be interrupted, and will struggle Sirwah Mountains, and includes all the regional actors to access the consumers now that they have been The following summary is based on local media reports involved in this military standoff. Should Marib change deprived from refining and electricity thermal generation with some verification of local sources: after a month of hands and fall under Houthi control, the Yemen war services located in eastern Marib. Such an outcome will the most deadly fighting seen in years, both sides have would enter a new phase, and perhaps decisively turn completely change the humanitarian landscape, and incurred significant casualties: hundreds of fighters have the tide. Here is what is at stake for Marib: will have severe consequences felt by every household been killed as well as scores of senior command and in Yemen, including the North. This will in turn give the control officers. The Houthis claimed some territorial 1. Thwarting the Arab Coalition supplies Houthis greater latitude in negotiating the lifting of siege gains against the government’s defensive outposts, embargo: although the primary objective of the military over the ports on the west coast, and provide them with capturing Nofal Military Base to the east of Sirwah front, siege around Marib is territorial gain, the immediate a source of liquidity in available cash reserves when the less than 20 km to the west of Marib city. The campaign objective of the Houthi’s assault, is to counter months exchange of crude oil with consumption areas elsewhere then attempted to approach the city from Balak Mountain of restriction of access to supplies coming from Iran to can be restored. which overlooks Marib Dam, to secure a geographic the North. For several months, the access of oil supplies advantage and to threaten vital water resources. This coming through the Strait of Hurmuz and Hodeida Port 3. Humanitarian attack failed as a result of fierce resistance by, the was stalled. No-fly-zone restrictions were also imposed, Crisis of a mass second displacement wave: The tribal factions of the Popular Resistance who were both forbidding international flights from reaching Sana’a hosting situation in Marib is characterized by the fact assisted with numerous sorties by the Arab Coalition International Airport, and offering the possibility to aof that the majority of the IDP population in Marib has air forces. Now, local media and informant allege that allowing international travel only under strict monitoring nowhere else to go. Although internal displacements there has been the indiscriminate firing of dozens of guidelines and from a certain set of destinations. This have been ongoing throughout the Yemen conflict, missiles on military and civilian targets inside Marib, semi-siege situation has been suffocating the North and large-scale displacement has not occurred since 2017 including attacks on IDP camps. These missile strikes causing serious humanitarian consequences felt by the when the two dominant conflict parties consolidated the left dozens of civilians dead, and have reportedly led to population under the Houthi control as supplies became primary zones of control. Of the more than one million the displacement of nearly 14 thousand people. KSA in serious shortage in the market. A successful attack IDPs hosted in Marib governorate, almost all originated announced a ceasefire initiative in partnership with the on Marib would mean that the governorate’s possession from Houthi controlled areas, and serious protection UN Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of energy and water resources vital to the majority of concerns will likely instigate a mass displacement for Yemen that included an invitation to a political the population of the Republic would fall under Houthi and evacuation process from Marib further into the dialogue to end the entire conflict, signaling some control, which in turn will improve the resilience and eastern provinces. The humanitarian implications will willingness to address several immediate humanitarian self-sustaining capacity of the group. Houthi control of be enormous, and exacerbated by the UN’s limited issues that the Houthis were demanding. The initiative Mari’s natural resources and agriculture would make the response capacity in the southeast. The UN only 21

recently established a humanitarian hub in Marib (mid- governance model and diverse political inclinations to March) after years of lobbying, but the UN and the entire mutually coexist. Marib’s successful tribe/state formula humanitarian response network are not prepared to deal will also be undermined, further emphasizing the conflict with the shockwave of a displacement deep into the narrative between the north and the south. less-accessible eastern region of the Republic. Houthi battles in the South in al-Bayda have effectively cut off b) Disrupting the delicate tribal balance: Marib the access of future IDPs to leave to the areas under has been developing a balance of powers between the the Southern Transitional Council. Unless humanitarian tribes to use their influence in positive ways such as corridors are quickly negotiated to ensure that gas, oil and food supply. Marib’s loss would mean the vulnerable IDPs can access STC areas if the siege on loss of this crucial model for Yemen. The Abidah tribal Marib continues, displacement threatens to take place confederation in Marib has been playing an essential to areas under control of extremist groups. This push of stabilization role under dire conflict dynamics. They are civilians into less secure areas controlled will usher in a tribe of negotiators, preferring to avoid direct military a new logistical and humanitarian challenge on a scale confrontation inside the Popular Resistance, in order to beyond what the international community has faced in focus on protecting the oil and energy interests for the Yemen. entire Republic. In a division of labor within the tribal confederation, the Abidah focus on trade and lucrative These combined factors highlight the high stakes of business development while other tribes inside the the immediate battle to control Marib, but the long term alliance provide fighters and shoulder the security and consequences and implications of the macro dimensions defense responsibilities, which are subsidized by Abidah of the Marib conflict will have dire consequences for the funds. The approach has afforded the Abidah tribe a level republic. of neutrality which enables it to play the role of goodwill mediator on necessary supply deals directly with a) Losing Marib as a political asset and model: the the Houthis, and to ensure that even oil-rich areas under federal constitution of Yemen that was agreed upon in al-Qaeda control in Shabwa and Hadramout would still Riyadh in 2015 still represents Yemen’s best hope for have trade relations across the conflict zones. This trade conflict transformation and future stability, allowing model has allowed the tribes to present themselves as access to national wealth and economic opportunities a credible caretaker of natural resources coming from to expand beyond the limits of the centralized state their customarily-owned territories, something that the that the civil war produced in the 90s. Marib emerged pre-conflict centralized authorities didn’t thought was as a significant center during the war, accepting the possible in the first place. task of hosting some of the most essential functions of Hadi’s government (including the Ministry of Defense), while distinguishing itself politically under Islah Party’s local administration and the convention between the confederation of tribes. Maintaining Marib as a potentially successful economic pole and magnet for population relocation would mean that north/south checks-and-balances dynamic will be broken for the first time in the last century, promoting a multi-polar 22 Marib Urban Profile

CIVIL SOCIETY & 5 POPULATION DYNAMICS

Civil Society and Population Dynamics there in 1981.8 In 1985 when oil was discovered in Marib, i) Pre-conflict: sparse population it was just a “dust-blown town of cinder block houses” that The modern historic record has little information on Marib emerged next to the old Marib village.9 After the discovery ” The (population) numbers do not until 1947 when a population estimate listed the number of oil, the village’s population increased to around 1,900 account for several transient populations of inhabitants as 800,1 living in approximately 100 houses inhabitants, and the population may have also increased who fall outside of official counts such Civill Society and Population Dynamics Civill Society and Population (yielding an inhabitant to house ratio of 8 people).2 due to returnees coming home following the civil war of as African migrants, military forces, and the 60s. In the mid-1990s the Saleh government backed undocumented laborers. Marib had gained international attention for its historic sites, the US-led counterterrorism operations against Salafi-jihadi and was referred to by archeologists as a ‘piggy-back tell’3 extremists, leading to a backlash among the tribes, protesting - Interview with local officials in August 2020 (mound) village of Old Marib Village; it was one of the rare civilian casualties and damages. As one mother in Marib examples of a contemporary settlement being located atop recounted, “Every time the village children hear a drone, they the ancient ruins from the pre-Islamic settlement.4 However, run home from school...yelling “the Americans are coming the first archaeological expedition to Awwam Temple and the to kill us!” Then, the village’s inhabitants will get in their cars throne of Queen Bilqis (Mahram Bilqis)5 was cut short due to and evacuate into the desert.”10 The fear and damages from Marib’s location off the main western roads connecting the archaeologists’ kidnapping by local tribesmen.6 Tell sites the CT campaign created a security vacuum which further the conflict areas, protected by mountains and sparsely of pre-Islamic (Jahiliyya) ruins such as Marib’s were generally hampered Marib’s growth. populated desert, give it a unique geographical attraction for avoided with the rise of political Islamism in the 1960s,7 but a safe haven for IDPs, and others avoiding the conflict to the the main cause of Marib being abandoned was the outbreak of ii) Population changes during the current war and current west. The current conflict led to the dramatic demographic Yemen’s Civil War in 1962 between the Royalist Mutawakkilite estimates transformation of Marib governorate, and its capital’s (Zaidi) Kingdom and supporters of the Yemen Arab Republic As of 2004, the census count for Marib Governorate was emergence as a full-fledged city. The current conflict led to the (allied with Nasser’s Egyptian forces). 238,522. By the year 2014 the total population was estimated to be around 360,000,11 representing an average annual dramatic demographic transformation of Marib governorate, and its capital’s emergence as a full-fledged city. As of 2019,12 Another factor for Marib’s sparse urban population prior to cumulative growth of 2.8%. Marib City itself had a marginal Marib City’s estimated population was approximately 630,000 the dramatic change arising from the current conflict was population of 16,794 residents. By the time Marib’s current inhabitants, of which 577,000 (or 91%) are IDPs. that Marib was an agrarian economy. Tribal families preferred civil war broke out, Marib had shifted from a frontline for to either remain on their estates or move instead to the urban counterterrorism to being a safe haven for populations fleeing hub of Sana’a. Researchers noted only 15 families were living military operations west of Marib. As previously described,

1 Ahmed Fakhry and Gonzague Ryckmans, An Archaeological Journey to Yemen: March-May, 1947 (Cairo: Service des Antiquités de L’Egypte, 1952). 2 The ratio of the original town of Marib before it was destroyed and abandoned during in the 1962 civil war, twas 286 persons per hectare, with a density of 302 per hectare. See, Gus W. Van Beek, “A Population Estimate for Marib: A Contemporary Tell Village in North Yemen”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 248 (Autumn 1982), pp. 61–67. www.jstor.org/stable/1356674 3 Tell (or tel), “Arabic for “hill” or “small elevation”, in Middle Eastern archaeology, a raised mound marking the site of an ancient city.” “Tell”, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, last revised 12 November 2004, www.britannica.com/science/tell-mound 4 For more on this topic, see R. Michael Feener, “Muslim Cultures and Pre-Islamic Pasts: Changing Perceptions of ‘Heritage’”, in The Making of Islamic Heritage. Heritage Studies in the Muslim World, Trinidad Rico, ed. (Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 23–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10- 4071-9_3 5 “The focus of this expedition was the Awwam Temple (Mahram Bilqis), the largest of its kind on the Arabian Peninsula. According to legend, Marib was the capital of the Sabaean kingdom, ruled by the biblical Queen of Sheba. Sabaean inscriptions refer to it as the Temple of Almaqah, the moon god who was the principal deity at Marib.” National Museum of Asian Art, “Excavations: Awam Temple”, accessed 23 February 2021, https://asia.si.edu/exhibition/awam-temple/ 6 Max Kutner, “Unearthing America’s Lawrence of Arabia, Wendell Phillips”, 20 October 2014, www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/unearthing-americas-lawrence-arabia-wendell-phillips-180953059/ 7 For more on this topic, see Feener, “Muslim Cultures and Pre-Islamic Pasts”. 8 Rosalind Wade quoted in ibid. 9 Adam Baron, “The Marib Shaibani”, 11 June 2020, https://adammbaron.com/2020/06/11/the-marib-shaibani/ 10 Camilla Molyneux, “Made in Marib: A Local Response to Instability and Violence”, Oxford Research Group, 19 October 2020, www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/made-in-marib-a-local-response-to-instability-and-violence 11 Ba-Haj (Ishar Muhammad), “The Demographic Developments in Yemen between 1900 and 2000, and the Forecasts for 2024,” University of Koufa. 12 ACAPS, “Marib Governorate - Marib City and Marib Al Wadi District Profile”, 19 November 2020, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20201119_acaps_yemen_marib_district_profile.pdf 23

Key Indicators Marib City Governorate Governorates Number % of origin Estimated pre-crisis popu- 40,000 360,000 lation (2014) Sana'a 125,232 16% Current international com- 630,000 1.5 million Al Hudaydah 103,398 13% munity estimate (2019) Raymah 102,936 13% Official Government esti- 1.5 million 3 million Amanat Al Asimah 91,476 12% mate (2020) Hajjah 65,328 8% Marib 56,322 7% Taizz 55,710 7% Ibb 51,396 7% Dhamar 40,794 5% Amran 37,170 5% Majzar Sum 770,028 Medghal Marib FIGURE 12. Comparison of key current indicators FIGURE 13. Governorates of origin (2019)

"District District Name Population estimation 2017 IDPS 2019 Total population Multiplication Harib Al Qaramish Sirwah P-Code" (OCHA) (IOM) 2612 Marib City 52,664 577,854 630,518 12.0 Marib City 2602 Raghwan 5,819 8,484 14,303 2.5 2613 Marib 55,029 71,742 126,771 2.3 Al Jubah 2601 Majzar 14,456 18,540 32,996 2.3 Jabal Murad 2603 Medghal 14,575 16,188 30,763 2.1 2606 Sirwah 26,782 29,154 55,936 2.1 Rahabah Harib 2611 Al Abdiyah 18,017 14,826 32,843 1.8 2604 Harib Al 11,237 6,858 18,095 1.6 Qaramish Al Abdiyah Mahliyah 2608 Rahabah 10,388 2,646 13,034 1.3 2607 Al Jubah 29,217 6,900 36,117 1.2 2605 Bidbadah 24,959 5,154 30,113 1.2 2610 Mahliyah 12,768 2,442 15,210 1.2 2609 Harib 46,721 7,386 54,107 1.2 2614 Jabal Murad 14,226 1,854 16,080 1.1 Total 311,342 736,815 1,106,887 3.4

FIGURE 14. Multiplication of the population in sub-districts, calculated as the FIGURE 15. Population estimations of districts in Marib, taking into consideration 2017 population estimations and IDPs in new poplation / old population. 2019 (IOM DTM 2019) 24 Marib Urban Profile

Marib City’s Growth Rate as Outlier Challenges in Tracking Marib’s Transient Populations Challenging Population Estimates Marib City now comprises half of the governorate’s 1.4 Population estimates in Marib are primarily based on The governorate’s population estimates for Marib fluctuate million inhabitants. These numbers indicate that Marib city displacement tracking from various UN and relief agencies13 widely and a lack of reliable data means assessments involve alone has taken in nearly 82% of all the IDPs hosted in the but are contested by the governorate and local authorities. a significant margin of error. This unreliability of population entire Governorate. Other sub-districts in the Governorate These estimates, based on displacement data from various data needs to be understood within Marib’s context as a

Civill Society and Population Dynamics Civill Society and Population also witnessed a significant increase, but the governorate’s UN Agencies, were challenged by the Governorate and the local highly constrained data collection environment, with limited average 3.4-fold population increase of (i.e. above natural authorities in the city. According to a local official interviewed means for researchers to access and verify key data points. growth baseline estimates) is dwarfed when compared with by the profiling team mid-August, these numbers do not take The Governorate’s office responsible for statistics reported the 12-fold increase of Marib City. into account several factors and transient populations who that an estimated three million individuals presently live in fall outside of tracking entities, notably migrants and irregular Marib,17 of which 2.5 million are IDPs. security forces. Additionally, Marib has seen an increase in return migration from Saudi Arabia of Yemenis working there. As Marib has rapidly taken on the greatest hosting burden of Lastly, the unpredictable presence of African migrants, which any city in Yemen, skyrocketing population estimates must experienced an uptick as Marib became a passageway and be approached with a degree of caution. There is no doubt a temporary station for thousands coming from Somalia14, that such speculative population projections are common in Ethiopia, Mali and Djibouti15 further contributes to the erratic conflict-affected cities in the Middle East, as local authorities population picture. and service providers are incentivized to inflate their resident population numbers for intra-national negotiations and capital Non-resident Security Forces allocations. Another factor at play in inflation of Marib’s A key informant in Marib suggested that the city is a waystation population numbers is related to the demographic change for fighters and soldiers transiting to the frontlines, who are aspects that are featured into Marib’s displacement, which rarely considered as population or captured in population has given more political latitude to the Governorate that now tracking. According to this source, some 20,000 fighters are “represents” a broader constituency-- at least on paper. These considered permanent residents of Marib,16 and they consume combined factors all contribute to Marib’s population uptick and benefit from the city's utilities and services without narrative. For the purposes of this urban profile, several of contributing to the local tax revenue. This information and the these estimates are analyzed, and take away points proposed. final breakdown of formal/irregular security forces present in The implications and considerations proposed are intended Marib was not verified by the security actors interviewed from to support local planning development actors responsible for the Ministry of Security in Marib City. next steps in Marib, humanitarian actors responsible for relief planning, as well as Yemen researchers focused on post- conflict development and how the urban growth phenomena

13 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, “Yemen”, 20 December 2018, http://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Yemen_AcuteFI_2018Dec2019Jan.pdf 14 The first major wave of migrants from the Horn of Africa came in the 1990s as a result of deteriorating security in Somalia and the civil war. According to Marina de Regt’s (2010) research, Yemen’s demographics (and subsequent muwalladeen population of mixed-descent children produced mostly by marriages between Yemeni men and Ethiopian women hundreds of thousands of refugees crossed the Gulf of Aden by boat but Yemen had the most permissive migration laws so more African migrants settled there. de Regt, “Ways to come, ways to leave: Gender, mobility, and il/legality among Ethiopian domestic workers in Yemen”, Gender & Society, vol. 24, No. 2 (2010), pp. 237–260. 15 Marib’s proximity to the border between Yemen and Saudi Arabia places it which has historically been identified by human trafficking researchers as “a transit node in a wider clandestine and criminal circuit.” Run by large criminal syndicates on both sides of the border, “child trafficking has been found to mainly affect two distinct groups: Yemeni male and female minors from rural backgrounds and asylum-seeking minors from the Horn of Africa.” Hélène Thiollet and Helen Lackner, “From Migration Hub to Asylum Crisis: The Changing Dynamics of Contemporary Migration in Yemen” in Why Yemen Matters: A Society in Transition, Helen Lackner, ed. (London: SOAS Middle East Issues, 2014), p. 278 16 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview, June 2020. 17 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview, August 2020. 25

Around 16.000 IDPs arrived in Around 18.000 IDPs arrived Meghdal through 2015-2017 in 2018 in Majzar from from Al Bayda, Sana’a and Hudaydah, Amran and Marib. 75% indicate Shelter as Marib. main need in Ragwhan and Meghdal

630.000 IDPs arrived mostly throughout 2015-2016 in Marib/ Marib City.

Around 28.000 IDPS arrived in Sirwah in 2015-2016 largely from within Marib. Approximately 5,000 appear to be displaced internally in the district GOVERNANCE MAP 1 - REGIONAL MAP

Major roads

Urban Agglomerations

IDPs per location 6-50 50 - 100 Around 14.000 IDPs arrived in 2016 in Al 100 - 500 Abidyah, almost 80% from Sana’a. 500 - 1000 1000 - 2500 2500 - 8500

FIGURE 16. IDPs in Marib Governorate. Data based on IOM DTM 2019. 26 Marib Urban Profile

in Marib can serve as a case study of how the war will Governorate of Yemen. patterns and incidents, which casts doubt on the reliability permanently alter both the physical space and political of population estimates. economy of Yemen. Lack of a Property Database The Office of Cadastral Records stated that Marib IDPs by Origin In 2017 UNOCHA estimated the population of Marib doesn’t maintain an active database of properties, estate According to DTM database, 62% of the IDPs hosted

Civill Society and Population Dynamics Civill Society and Population Governorate based on natural growth projections to be transactions/sales or lease registry,19 let alone an account in Marib come from just five governorates: Sana’a, Al- 336,859, and Marib City to be 52,500. These estimates did of the largely random urban growth that underpins the Hudaydah, Raymah, Amanat Al Asimah and Hajjah, which not take into account the displacement factor, but were present hosting situation. The lack of a baseline of formally are all northern Governorates largely under the control proposed as a “working number” for baseline residents. recorded properties combined with a restrictive security of the Houthi militias. The fact that Marib received 21% The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) environment for conducting informal housing services of all Yemen IDPs raises the question of why was Marib suggested in 2018-19 that 1.4 million inhabitants live in the makes quantifying the haphazard and largely informal specifically attractive to IDPs. While still a relatively smaller Governorate. IPC data also suggests that most of the IDPs urban growth underpinning the present hosting situation a city, Marib City received many more IDPs when compared in Marib came from Sana’a (amanat al-asima) and from the significant challenge. to the larger centers such as Adas, Ibb, Shabwa and al- other northern governorates, accounting for the additional Mukallah. The other dimension is that the increased ~1.1 million inhabitants. IPC says very little about the Settlement Trends among Transient Groups population numbers help justify Marib’s higher share of the methodology used to make this estimate, but they cited IDPs governorate’s oil revenue. that the “population estimates are based on official figures This estimate is further verified through IOM’s DTM, which provided by the Central Statistical Organization based on estimated in March 2019 that 770,000 IDPs were hosted Marib’s ‘Social Infrastructure’ a projection for 2019”, and added that “the accuracy of the in Marib Governorate. Added to the baseline estimates, the As rapidly as Marib’s population is growing it is also estimation of population in need of urgent action in 2020 combined number of IDPs and full time residents using diversifying. Assessing the impact of social hierarchy and might be affected by these estimates.”18 DTM data comprised a total of 1.1 million inhabitants, equity in Marib requires adopting a local frame of reference which is still 300K short of IPC estimate. A review of DTM’s regarding how locals understand civil society and to what As previously noted, the last national census in Yemen progressive displacement tracking data suggests highly extent is civil society synonymous with tribalism, are they from 2004 listed the population of Marib governorate at volatile displacement patterns within Marib itself, both as two parallel forces in society, or mutually antagonistic. about 240K inhabitants, of which 44K were reportedly living a result of movement within the governorate as the battle Tribalism has been historically undermined by the modern in Marib City, the second largest city in the Governorate over Marib rages, and as a result of the recent flooding. state but attempts to replace tribal institutions with a rigid of Marib at the time. The city-specific number from the According to the most recent DTM August update, some notion of the social contract failed in both north and south statistics bureau was essentially a breakdown of the 9,404 families were displaced from Marib as a result of Yemen. governorate figure by the sub-districts (mudeereiat), and the flooding (some 65,000 people), but the update does thus at least part of this city population was conflated not refer to the destination, and most probably those who Tribes and the State Context for Civil Society in Yemen with the population in its rural countryside. This fact might lost their temporary shelters in camps created on steep Marib’s rapid demographic shifts have an inevitable bearing have inflated the baseline estimate by at least 20%, but not mountainous areas around Marib city are still within the on the nature of the social contract in Marib. Marib’s more, as the vast area of Marib subdistrict is essentially a governorate, but are hard to track to decide their current government has the revenue to function, pay salaries,20 and sparsely populated desert that extends to the east to merge situation. Such fluctuation in the displacement tracking administer services when much of the country is unable with Hadramout, Yemen’s largest and least populated is further exacerbated by a lack of information on return to address protection needs in the context of the conflict

18 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, “Yemen”, 20 December 2018, http://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Yemen_AcuteFI_2018Dec2019Jan.pdf 19 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview, August 2020. 20 UNOCHA, “Yemen: 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview”, December 2018, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2019_Yemen_HNO_FINAL.pdf IOM YEMEN MARIB CITY DISPLACEMENT SITES AUGUST-OCTOBER 2019 SITUATION OVERVIEW Displacement sites rst started to form in Marib governorate in 2015 and since that time, have continued to receive internally displacement persons (IDPs) from all over Yemen. As of September 2019, Marib city has 13 recorded displacement sites hosting 6,851 IDP households (HH). The largest and most formal of these sites is Al Jufainah camp, which hosts 4,010 HH across 15 sectors. The remaining 12 sites are smaller in size, ranging from 66 to 641 HH. Residents sheltering in at least eight of the displacement sites in Marib city are at risk of eviction. Displacement sites where residents are at risk of eviction are typically located on private lands such as factory premises, public school grounds or lands owned by local authorities. One of the eight sites at risk managed to negotiate a one- year rental agreement with the land owner, while people in the remaining seven sites still face possible eviction primarily to allow the sites be used for their original purposes. Currently, local authorities in Marib are prioritizing the closure of Kuliyat Almujtama collective centre in order to rehabilitate the buildings and reopen it as a college, as well as Al Muasasa informal site due to its close proximity to the road.

CAPACITY OF DISPLACEMENT SITES EXPERIENCING ARRIVALS 27 Only seven of the 13 displacement sites in Marib city are currently receiving IDPs. 3 Sites with capacity to expand 4 Sites with limited space and low expansion capacity IOM YEMEN CCCM MARIB CITY AlDISPLACEMENT Rumaylah Al JufainahSITES OVERVIEW Al Rawdah Aljadida Harat Altadamun Kuliyat Al-Mujtama Al Muasasa Al Maghawir Particularly overcrowded

TOTAL NUMBER OF SITES TOTAL NUMBER OF HH NUMBER OF SITES AT RISK OF EVICTION MAP 2 - CAMP LOCATIONS

AL RAWDAH ALJADIDA SCHOOL 12 6,975 12/8 SETTLEMENT / 180 HH ” When I first arrived in this town, MARIB CITY PRIVATE LAND AGGREGATEDalthough TOP 3 GOVERNORATESwe can’t call OF ORIGIN it a ACROSStown SITES anymore,YEAR I OF ARRIVAL ON SITE did not feel safe, which paralyzed me and DISPLACEMENT Number of sites 8642010 2015 my family for a while. Now, my daughter is 6 sites JAWA AL NASIM HARAT ALTADAMUN SANA’A SETTLEMENT /249 HH in college, engaged to her colleague who SETTLEMENT /147 HH SITES COLLECTIVE CENTRE /641 HH PRIVATE LAND AL HUDAYDAHis from al-Hudaydah, and I have started2017 INSTITUTION PRIVATE LAND 1 site DHAMARthe same business I used to have in 2014 Note that: AMRANSana’a. Alhamdulillah, this is my city and1 site the city of my Cildren. HAJJAH Marib governorate AL MAGHAWIR

2016 SETTLEMENT /606 HH RAYMAH - Business owner who arrived from Sana’a in 2017 hosts4 additionalsites PRIVATE LAND IBB displacement sites to AL NAJAH SCHOOL INTENTION IN THE NEXT 3 MONTHS AL BAYDA those present inside COLLECTIVE CENTRE /76 HH WANT PRIVATE LAND AL MAHWIT %100MaribTO citySTAY MAKTAB ALZIRAAH and political instability, currency crisis, and displacement. COLLECTIVE CENTRE /66 HH Therefore,ASSISTANCE RECEIVEDMarib’s IN leaders2019 / % OF SITESare inREGULAR the unique position of INSTITUTION AL MUTAHAF having choices but also managing new volatilities of COLLECTIVE CENTRE /137 HH FOOD SAN./HYG. WATER EDUCATION HEALTH NFI SHELTER unpredictable currents within the quality of social relations INSTITUTION at a horizontal level (between citizens) and vertically AL MUASASA %100 %69 %23 %8 %77 %8 %38 regarding the relationships between and amongst citizens AL NASR SPONTANEOUS SETTLEMENT /101 HH with one another. COLLECTIVE CENTRE /145 HH PUBLIC LAND INSTITUTION AND PRIVATE LAND

TheThe information North provided Yemen in this Civilsection is Waraggregated between and only meant royalists as an of the Does not indicate current gaps, as part of the AL RUMAYLAH overview. For detailed information on each site, kindly refer to the site snapshots. needs have been covered in previous years SETTLEMENT /324 HH Mutawakkilite Kingdom of North Yemen supported by PRIVATE LAND Saudi Arabia, but the major outcome was that the previous separationPRIORITY NEEDS between REPORTED BY the CAMP state COMMITTEES and tribal institutionsLEGEND no longer existed as sucg. In fact, the state became virtually an MASNA' ADHBAN embodimentWASH & of theboth tribes. reported Duringas primary the civil war, some tribessites boundaries EDUCATION needs by %85 of the sites SETTLEMENT /169 HH aligned1 with the royalists against the republicans whilesites at risk of eviction PRIVATE LAND MARIB YEMEN AL JUFAINAH othersHEALTH joined theboth other reported side. as primary Members of the Bakil tribalreceiving new arrivals confederation& SNFI (Al-Jawfneeds by % and62 of the Dahm) sites had initially rebelled CAMP /4,010 HH 2 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAND against the Zaidiyya Imam Yahya in the tribal revolts ofnot receiving new arrivals 1959 while the Madhaj confederation tribes (such as the Al- 3KM Data collected between August and September 2019. FIGURE 17. Camps in Marib (IOM 2019) https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/en_iom_yemen_marib_city_Google Earth 18 //12/12 displacement_site_overview_aug_to_oct_2019.pdf 28 Marib Urban Profile

Bayda) remained loyal to the monarchy and its allies Marib’s new Urbanite IDP Middle Class efforts of the Association of Abductees’ Mothers and in Riyadh.21 The animus tribes had felt against Imam In Marib’s IDP communities there is ample evidence other human rights activists were rewarded with the Yahya dissipated after his death and the Ashraf tribes of how people are spontaneously creating social largest prisoner exchange in over five years of conflict rallied behind his son, the new Imam Muhammad (“Sayf solidarity networks in these contexts of state absence between the Houthis and IRG forces. al-Islam“) al-Badr, at the same time that war was seen out of necessity, a natural adaptation to circumstances. primarily as a financial opportunity for the primary While Marib’s success in establishing a nascent social Marib’s exceptionalism has often been reduced to some actors. As one sheik said of their realpolitik alliances contract for iets people in the midst of Yemen’s civil version of oil, decentralization and displacement. In and incentives,”The Imams have ruled us for a thousand war is framed as bringing order into the chaos of a order to go beyond what a local analyst in Marib has Civill Society and Population Dynamics Civill Society and Population years. Some were good and some were bad. We killed lawless, conflict-impacted society, Marib is populated called the “monochromatic”22 narratives of the city’s rise, the bad ones sooner or later, and we prospered under by people from all corners of Yemen now, and the model this profile emphasises the socio-cultural dimensions the good ones.” represents something more significant as a hybrid of tribes and cultural heritage as they influence urban experiment between tribal revival, local government, and sectors, and thereby explores the way that linkages The tribal influence remains ubiquitous but there is still the state. Some tribal leaders have noted that in Marib, between people and the built environment of Marib a question of whether a tribal is an entity or an adjective this hybrid form of customary and formal governance is have taken shape. This social “landscape lens”23 of for certain types of behavior. As such, there is a lack its winning formula. Much of Marib’s development has geographical and archaeological perspectives can help of consensus among academics and local leaders in been determined by the lack of presence of the central reveal the “social determinants of state structures.”24 to Yemen as to the role of tribes and their relationship to state and being shielded from the political culture and explain how the land and access to natural resources the state ranges widely between two extremes: some the military figures (ghalaba) in politics, though Marib created a core DNA defining the patterns in relationships see tribes as entities which, by definition, oppose and still suffered at the hands of unaccountable state between individuals, communities and the state. Most compete with the state, while others see tribalism as a violence in the form of drone campaigns and often being importantly, this approach can offer a helpful lens for mechanism for supporting or complementing the state, neglected from nationalized social services, as detailed understanding the contradictions within Marib and what as an intermediary institution between the state and elsewhere in the profile. aspects of the Marib Model could inspire organisation village-level communities. in the rest of the country, and which are unique to its In Marib following the reforms opened up by the 2011 socio-political ecology. Marib is a compelling case Tribal leaders and confederations have been on all sides youth-led protests of the Arab Spring, a number of civil for the assertion that tribal social structure can offer of the struggle between decentralization (bottom-up, society groups emerged and continued to organize in solutions as much as it presents problems for the state "periphery") and centralization (top-down, "core") forces Marib. To highlight examples of civil society merging in Yemen. in Yemen. While the dance between central authority with tribes, the Sheba Movement (al-Harak al-Saba’ie) and decentralized tribal rule has always shifted based emerged to address community issues and combined Social Vulnerability and Protection--Marib’s Role on its context and key drivers, Marib and the eastern tribal gatherings with street protests to protest Saleh as a ‘Sanctuary City’ region of Yemen is unique because it rarely experienced but continued to organize other events for Maribi local Uniting against a Common Enemy the effects of strong central government rule. youth involving young leaders from Marib’s main tribes Marib’s community mobilization against Houthi military demanding a share of oil and gas revenues for local incursions in 2015 appears to have deepened the resolve development projects. In the fall of 2020, the longtime

21 Fouad Mussed,”Six decades of instability in Yemen—politics (sic) conflict and proxy war”, May 2020, https://abaadstudies.org/news-59840.html 22 Al Sakani and Coombs, “Marib”. 23 Applying the research‘ methodolog of examining “linkages between people and the environment in landscapes… can help (utilize) knowledge about past and current landscape patterns, process and dynamics guidance for developing visions to support the sustainable stewardship of social-ecological systems under future conditions.” Tobias Plieninger and others, “Exploring Ecosystem-Change and Society Through a Landscape Lens: Recent Progress in European Landscape Research”, Ecology and Society, vol. 20, No. 2 (2015), pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5751/ ES-07443-200205 24 Catherine Boone, Property and political order in Africa: Land rights and the structure of politics. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014). 29

of its leadership to coalesce to form a unified front to keep Marib strong and protected. Political unity was established between rival parties and factions within the local authority, political parties and tribes against a common enemy.25 Marib’s governor is credited with leading a concerted effort to focus on governance and civil society following Marib’s liberation. The governorate committed to focusing on restoring stability,26 strengthening relations with the central government and also designing the foundation of a social welfare program (supported by Marib’s natural resource wealth) which established the unique form of social contract still prevalent in Marib today.

Complexities and Contradictions of Social Infrastructure and Marib’s Tribes Marib’s social programs and efforts that make up the sum of its complex civil society picture can only be understood through the lens of its tribes to the extent that they represent the embodiment of community power structures most influential in shaping Marib’s social values, norms, and priorities. Identifying how Marib’s most vulnerable groups are faring reveals a range of contextual factors that indicate Marib is a place which offers certain classically vulnerable groups such as IDPs, women and, to a certain extent, Marib’s Muhamasheen unique opportunities and liberties compared to other areas in Yemen while, at the same time, containing all of the challenges of representation and inequality characteristic of hierarchical orders of haves and have-nots reinforced by Yemen’s tribalism. While this profile examines the influence of tribalism from multiple dimensions, with respect to Marib’s civil society, tribes are FIGURE 18. Women wearing abayas working in a fruit processing plant in Marib, 2020. viewed as the core DNA of Marib’s ‘Social Infrastructure’27 25 According to Al Sakani and Coombs, In January of 2015, Marib’s two rival political parties (Islah and GPC) having fled to Marib from Houthi controlled areas, many as members of the armed resistance and national army, issued a joint declaration of their support for Marib’s tribes in repelling the Houthi offensive and resolve to prevent Houthis from taking over the governorate (Al Sakani and Coombs, “Marib”). Recently, there are increasing reports of the breakdown between Saudi Arabia and the Islah Party, with the Saudi Council of Senior Scholars listing the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist group in November of 2020, along with other rifts that have hindered the anti-Houthi coalition. Karim Al-Yemani, “A Widening Schism between Saudi Arabia and the Islah Party Prolongs Yemen’s War,” Washington Institute Fikra Forum, December 18, 2020, www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/widening-schism-between-saudi-arabia-and-islah-party-prolongs-yemens-war. 26 Baron, Adam, “The Marib Paradox” European Council on Foeign Relations, June 2018, https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/the_marib_paradox_how_one_province_succeeds_in_the_midst_of_yemens_wa 27 Social infrastructure is defined in contrast to “hard infrastructure” as the “soft services which encompasses services that support the social environment, to include schools, health centres, leisure and recreation facilities, libraries, community centres, religious facilities, local shops, open spaces, transport and utility services and emergency services which promote new and existing residents by bringing them together and reinforcing a sense of community, as defined by Brown and Barber (2012) and Williams and Pocock (2010). Julie Brown and Austin Barber. “Social infrastructure and sustainable urban communities.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, vol. 165. No. 1 (2012), pp. 99–110; Philippa Williams and Barbara Pocock, “Building ‘Community’ for Different Stages of Life: Physical and Social Infrastructure in Master Planned Communities”, Community, Work & Family, vol. 13, No. 1 (2010), pp. 71–87, https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800902903300. 30 Marib Urban Profile

(Civil Society, Education, Governance) and intangible IPDs in Tented Settlement category (social cohesion, trust, mutual respect, sense of The wave of displacement in Marib started in 2014, but ” There were no places for women belonging, safety. expanded rapidly following a joint declaration made by to gather comfortably, no places tribal leaders in 2016 permitting the opening of more lands belonging to the female community: Though Marib is just 173 km northeast of Yemen’s capital, for settlements.30 There are now 28 IDP sites in Marib Civill Society and Population Dynamics Civill Society and Population where the team from administration Sana’a, its political and social realities seem to be a world City and a total of 38 sites in Marib Al Wadi surrounding to the youngest employee is female. away. Much of its distinct social and urban trends are region. The governorate does not officially permit IDPs to attributed to Marib’s population has a strong tribal identity build permanent stone or concrete structures but IDPs in Traditional, conservative attitudes which has filled the vacuum of the absent state and helped Yemen tend to relocate to areas near communities where held by many locally against women shelter Marib from corrosive central state politics.28 As they have established tribal ties and some degree of social working outside the home mean a whole, the tribal influence is a mix of progressive and affinity or trust, which seems to influence choices in shelter this project is new and strange for conservative tendencies which has a historic precedent arrangements.31 This pattern can be seen in the way that some people...the word ‘cafe’ can be for generations in which tribes of the north and east exert Marib’s tribes have helped IDPs by sharing their unused associated with negative ideas and a more laissez-faire, light touch governance approach to (less valuable land) to support temporary settlements and convictions … every new idea will have social but emphasized social influence instead. The tribes shelters and other resources needed. IDPs who came its supporters and opponents,” of Marib were described as “indirectly regulating social from outside the governorate are reportedly viewed by host behavior”29 in lieu of establishing sophisticated institutions communities as competitors for jobs, housing, education - Um feras, founder of the morning icon with a modernizing agenda. Tribes are credited with backing and health facilities32 though our survey revealed that this cafe and facilitating various social policies--being supportive of may be shifting to a less contentious relationship. There is a reforms which benefit vulnerable groups and working with strong social media advocacy base of support for IDPs, as the government to enable space for civil society groups to represented by the hashtag created by activists in Marib to emerge. Research in other regions of Yemen has shown raise awareness for IDPs in Marib as it fell under increasing that development programs are often in competition with Houthi attacks last spring. To convey and the criticality 2. Women And Shifting Gender Norms In The local hierarchies and social norms. (See Cultural Heritage of maintaining Marib as the last safe haven for those who Conflict section on Asabiyya and Social Cohesion). have experienced multiple displacements there was an On the one hand, women in Marib are bound by stricter 33 extensive campaign for #Yemen_IDP_ Lives Matter. gender norms typically associated with conservatism which is more prevalent in rural areas of Yemen.34 This meant that women were subject to early marriage (considered a problem “among IDPs”) and were considered unable to protect themselves against harassment in public due to

28 The tribes in Marib still maintain their old patriarchal system of earned leadership and respect of kinship-based hierarchical authority. Years of neglect in their areas left them with limited economic options, and successive governments dealt with them as a pariah and land of lawlessness. Employing the “weapons of the weak” of protest, road closures, kidnappings and sabotage (as with Safer pipelines and siding with AQ elements in the 1990s could be seen as primitive behavior justifying its stigmatization but logically, when Marib’s tribes received almost none of the revenue from its oil and gas wealth from Sanaa prior to 2011, and had limited access to political means of recourse. When presented with new policies and incentives, Marib’s tribal system snapped into quite a different mode taking on a huge volume of IDPs, and making halting steps toward gender equity. 29 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview, June 2020 30 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview, June 2020 31 Sana’a Center and Oxford Research Group, “Local Visions for Peace in Marib”, 1 August 2019, https://sanaacenter.org/publications/mainpublications/7903 32 Sana’a Center, January 2019, quoted in ACAPS, “Marib Governorate”. September 2020, https://marebpress.org/news_details.php?sid=166962 حملة الكترونية للضغط على األمم المتحدة والمنظمات الدولية إليقاف الهجوم على مأرب على غرار ما حدث في الحديدة وتساؤالت عن سر الصمت الدولي”, Mareb Press, “5 33 34 Nathalie Peutz, Islands of Heritage: Conservation and Transformation in Yemen. Yemen (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018). 31

Marib Outreach to Local Muhamasheen traditional “seclusion” roles enforced in society. But, on the Elderly and People with Disabilities other hand, women are more involved in public institutions A breakdown of the number of elderly residents of Marib Marib was included in ethnographic research and more involved in the workforce. As noted in focus is not known at this time. However, Recent research has (2015-2017) of Muhamasheen communities 35 groups conducted , women were generally positive about demonstrated that the elderly remain uniquely vulnerable which identified the same trends in discrimina- new economic roles and opportunities, and more women and challenging for services to access. The mental health tion (noted to be worst in Marib in the areas of are going to university than before. and psycho-social well-being of the elderly has notably education, housing, ……) 39 deteriorated with ongoing conflict. Advocacy groups seen on a national level. Marib’s strong tribal The greatest source of tension residents mentioned was have identified approximately 1.65 million older people in identity may help somewhat mitigate the dis- increased tension between husbands and wives due to Yemen as being in need of humanitarian assistance. Of crimination. According to tribal urf policies, it is women becoming breadwinners in Marib, there is a high these, 50% are older women and over 60% of the older an obligation to protect weaker and more vulner- proportion of female-headed households among the men surveyed are unable to access healthcare. The able people from violence. There are numerous 36 displaced. Women are more included in public roles but situation is further worsened by more than 95% not having inherent contradictions as tribal leadership are still generally excluded from decision making or positions access to healthcare, struggling to access information also obligated to ensure the needs of their mem- of authority. The flip side of that was that women were sources. bers are met first. becoming increasingly important in conflict resolution at Most recently, Marib’s governor launched a proj- various levels of society. Participants in the discussions also Data on the number of people living with a disability is ect to house over 100 Muhamasheen families in discussed increased incidents of gender-based violence, not available. There are currently no disability-focused Al-Jufaynah camp. Some houses have already early marriage and women’s mobility being restricted by response initiatives in Marib. Some people with disabilities been completed and families have begun to heightened insecurity. Many women have taken on new reportedly must rent apartments in Marib city because move into the new houses and received food roles and responsibilities, primarily due to the injury or the the displacement sites are dangerous are “unsuitable for and financial assistance, while construction of 40 absence of men. And while these changes for some women them.” other units is ongoing. The project includes the have been empowering, for others they are an additional provision of water tanks, power supply and sani- 37 burden. Women and children make up three-quarters of The Muhamasheen are most visibly marginalized of all of tation for the housing complex. the displaced. And one-fifth of households of IDPs and host Marib’s social groups are the Muhamasheen. These Yemenis The Governor said these housing units provided communities are headed by girls younger than 18 years of of mixed African and Arab origin are distinguished by their by the local authority Marib’s framework to ad- 38 age. relatively darker skin color and shared heritage which dates dress the welfare needs of the most vulnerable back to the (Ethiopiam) Aksum Kingdom (around 550 AD). The for citizens, and to provide the necessary living Muhamasheen are “virtually segregated” throughout Yemen conditions to facilitate their social integration and the subject of systemic discrimination, though Marib’s into society.1

35 Heinze and Stevens conducted interviews and discussion sessions in Marib, Taizz and Lahj. . Marie-Christine Heinze and Sophie Stevens, Women as Peacebuilders in Yemen (Sana’a: Yemen Polling Center and Social Development Direct, 2018), http://www.sddirect.org.uk/ media/1571/sdd_yemenreport_full_v5.pdf 36 ACAPS, “Marib Governorate - Marib city and Marib Al Wadi District profile (19 November 2020)” https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/marib-governorate-marib-city-and-marib-al-wadi-district-profile-19-november-2020 37 Heinze and Stevens, “Women as Peacebuilders in Yemen”. 38 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “Yemenis displaced by conflict now face threats of looming famine”, 11 December 2020, www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/briefing/2020/12/5fd337994/yemenis-displaced-conflict-face-threats-looming-famine.html 39 Relief and Development Peer Foundation, “Children Are Hungry for Education”, 2020, https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-monthly-report-july-2020 1 40 ACAPS, “Marib Governorate - Marib city and Marib Al Wadi District profile (19 November 2020)” https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/marib-governorate-marib-city-and-marib-al-wadi-district-pro- http://marib-gov.com/nprint.php?lng=english&sid=2833 file-19-november-2020 32 Marib Urban Profile

government appears to be taking initial steps to address knowledge, experience, or social status. Muhamasheen Man’s Employment Experience their welfare needs, such as with the governor’s opening of in Marib a new Muhamasheen housing project.41 According to law all Although the Muhamasheen are well integrated in terms Yemeni citizens are considered equal, but the institutional of language and social habits and they remain distinct “I was transported through Yemen by smugglers I had discrimination against this group remains systemic. The from African migrants. They were deprived historically paid to help me reach the UAE or KSA. I was initially Civill Society and Population Dynamics Civill Society and Population status of the Muhamasheen demonstrates how informal from accessing land ownership, and thus remained offered work as a mercenary, but feared for my life. mechanisms continue that exclude those deemed to be outside any tribal affiliation. They also rarely socialized Once I ended up in Marib, I finally felt safe. I started of “low status” from accessing the protection of the police or intermarried with Yemenis of lighter skin color which working in Marib to save the 1200 dollars needed to be and the law, agricultural land, as well as attending school perpetuated their descent-based marginalization. As a smuggled over the border. Work is available and pays and running for public office.42 Through these exclusionary result, a de facto appartheid system of exclusion and well, as long as you don’t mind living in a shed with mechanisms, low status groups are rendered invisible to property ‘red lining’ of Mohamasheen communities are dozens of other migrants. service providers, employers, judges, politicians, as well relegated to informal settlements scattered around Yemeni I do not know of any other migrants fighting now. In any as international donors and development agents. Many urban areas, surrounded with fences and locked gates. case, those Muhamasheen who have been recruited negative, racially motivated stereotypes have been used to These gated communities on the fringe of town further by the tribes in Taez and Mukalla end up working as justify institutional exclusion and even violence against the entrench the marginalization and drove recent generations servants for the tribal fighters, or at best they use them Mohamasheen.43 to Yemen’s major urban areas such as Sana’a, where they as workers to fortify or dig trenches. can access low paying jobs and have greater personal Those of darker skin color who fall outside of the tribal freedom than in more provincial communities. The Working as a laborer in Marib pays less yet it’s safer. I federations have been relegated to a “caste-like” status caste-based discrimination of the al-Muhamsheen is so have given up on going to the Gulf. I have seen many of known as al-Muhamasheen (the marginalized), more akin normalized and institutionalized that it has rarely featured our friends who went there get deported and brought to Dalit (untouchables) than to a classic apartheid society. into public debates or political dialogues, and is rarely back to Marib after a few months. Many also died on This is why IDPs are technically ascribed more rights within championed by many local advocacy groups through there the way or the smugglers took advantage of them then Marib than al Muhamasheen and this also means that IDPs has been growing international mobilization44 to redress never helped them cross. My hope now is to work for are relatively far less vulnerable than the Muhamasheen. the significant welfare gap between average Yemenis and a company that serves an oil field. There, you can earn Comparatively, IDPs have been able to carve out privileged the excluded al Akhdam.45 The Mohamasheen number as 150 dollars a month. They cover all meals, plus they roles for themselves, especially those who come with many as 3 million according to some estimates. Salih’s offer sleeping space and bathing facilities as if you are living in your home. I also know how to drive but these 41 Yemen, Marib Governorate, “Marib Governor Launches Accommodation Project for 102 IDPs Families”, 28 December 2020, http://marib-gov.com/nprint.php?lng=english&sid=2833 types of jobs are not usually offered to Muhamasheen. 42 Before the establishment of the Yemen Arab Republic and the PDRY in the early 1960s, marginalized groups included members of low status groups mazayina (barbers, musicians, healers, heralds), ahl al-Suq (people of the market), atraf (the marginal), nuqas (the deficient), and khadam (servants) were not permitted to own land, bear arms, or marry with tribesmen and the My current employer in a construction site has worked sada. Elham Manea, “Yemen, the Tribe and the State”, paper presented to the International Colloquium on Islam and Social Change at the University of Lausanne, 10–11 October 1996. in Saudi for decades and he hires a lot of Africans 43 Equal Rights Trust, From Night to Darker Night Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Yemen, The Equal Rights Trust Country Report Series: 9 (London: Stroma Ltd, 2018), pp. 21–29, www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Yemen_EN_online%20version.pdf. Afra Nasser, Yemen researcher at Human Rights Watch, recently stated that “Yemen’s caste system put and Muhamasheen who speak the same language Al-Muhamasheen at the very bottom of the social hierarchy...Their suffering has only worsened since war broke out. It’s like hell on Earth.” AFP, “Black Yemenis Remain in Shadows, Far from Global which is very good. Given the risks on the way for us Protests”, France24, 16 July 2020, www.france24.com/en/20200716-black-yemenis-remain-in-shadows-far-from-global-protests. 44 The International Dalit Solidarity Network has worked in coordination with UN treaty bodies to combat de facto discrimination against the Muhamasheen community and drafted the and the many stories of death and youths being taken following letter calling for national abolition of the apartheid system to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, advantage of, I thank God I am lucky enough to be in “General Recommendation on Descent-Based Discrimination”, International Dalit Solidarity Network, 22 August 2002, https://idsn.org/wp-content/uploads/user_folder/pdf/New_files/UN/CERD_ GR29.pdf Marib with a good boss.” 45 From 2015-2017 the largest field research of the Muhamasheen (N=6,143) was conducted by the Equal Rights Trust, finding that discrimination occurred across multiple different domains and confirming that Afro-Arab communities self-identifying as Muhamasheen remain the lowest ranking group in Yemen’s social hierarchy and bear all characteristics of a caste system perpetuated by the relative colour of their skin impacting the following areas: Discriminatory violence, Freedom of residence and movement; Fair trials and access to justice; Right to privacy; Free- dom of opinion and expression; Freedom of association; Freedom of Assembly; Marriage and family life; Education; Employment; Social security and social services, and so forth. 33

government attempted to dismantle one of their major which is at least signalling that Marib seeks to have a better instinctively migrant-friendly environment than the fact slums around Sana’a, and in 2015 moved hundreds of track record than the government in Sana. that many marriages happened between the resident thousands of al-Muhamsheen from their gated community tribal community and the incoming IDPs. Although rarely into small residential units built by the state. The pre-conflict As the access through western Governorates became exceeding caste barriers (especially among the Ashraaf), government also stimulated their integration by subsidizing constrained, more migrants are arriving to Marib aiming marriages across tribal and rural/urban affiliations were an education and higher-education programme specifically to reach oil-rich countries in the north and the east, and a great indicator of a dynamic society, who saw in the designed for this marginalized group, and these efforts they often end up in Marib’s slums and camps. Moreover, displacement crisis a gift to revisit many of the social norms were mostly successful. many Yemenis repatriated from Saudi Arabia in 2015 and ideas. many of which chose to settle in and around Marib.47 So The war put the Muhamsheen at a still greater disadvantage. far, the numbers cited by the local government have not Several key informants and media accounts expressed Although most did not join the fighting, they mostly lost been independently corroborated by UN organisations, similar sentiments. There is no more robust factor for making their jobs and were thus forced to dislocate. While the although the trek for African migrants starting their journey Marib attractive to IDPs who continue to unfortunately capacity of Sana’a to hire them in low-paying municipal in the ports of Bosaso and Obock has been noticed and depart their origin areas, other than this hospitality and jobs was significantly reduced, thousands of them fled to acknowledged.48 liberal working environment, which also contributed to the the “legitimacy controlled”46 areas and especially Marib. city’s security, guarded by its hosting situation.49 IDPs Travelers on the roads leading to Marib can see their tented Relaxing of Strict Social divisions and hierarchies in continued to arrive to Marib in 2020, most noticeably settlements along the road, living under severe conditions Marib’s new chapter as a host city? were the following incidents.50 During 2020, approximately and absence of basic services. They however are filling The in-group/out-group conceptions of social status were 36K IDPs (6,008 households) arrived in Marib city, mostly thousands of municipal jobs in the governorate and the challenged and effectively reversed when Marib became a from regional hotspots, but at least 315 households were city of Marib, which is underreporting their numbers, both key hosting destination for displaced northerners, including displaced within Marib as a result of the August flooding. IDP in formal housing and hosting areas. To a certain degree, many from urban centers. The profile of these IDP arrivals arrivals spiked in March and April 2020, mainly as a result of the city of Marib’s growth has reached a point at which it is to Marib challenged the stereotypes of IDPs and refugees the intensive fighting in al-Jawf, but also due to the fighting dependent upon a large pool of low-paying day laborer jobs. as many were comparatively wealthier and had more in Lahj, Dhale’e, Hudaydah and Sana’a. Most of the 1500 The Muhamasheen have filled many of the low-wage jobs professional education, cultural exposure, and other forms IDPs (250 households) who arrived in April came from Aden, like a permanent guest worker class and along with IDPs of social capital than the local residents. Hosting and following the Southern Transitional Council declaration of staffing public jobs, constitute the bulk of the workforce hospitality created new social stereotypes within Marib. autonomous administration. Slowed displacement since behind the city’s expanding construction and services. The city now is seen by the new population as a welcoming mid-May and during June and July might be attributed to Social media posts indicate that the rights and exploitation place for people of all backgrounds, and for their businesses the impact of coronavirus on the priorities of the fighting of the al-Muhamasheen is on the radar of local government, too. No other fact demonstrates the welcoming, almost forces, as well as the severe impact of the flooding incidents

46 The “Legitimacy” Bloc in Yemeni politics refers to the IRG Yemeni government backed by the Saudi-led coalition by the majority of the international community (outside of the Iranian axis powers) supporting the exiled IRG president, who remains the main symbol of the legitimacy and the coalition’s justification for war. 47 Since the 1990s transnational migration movements have been constrained by the national security agendas of Saudi Arabia. Following commencement of the War on Terror in 2002, transnational mobility in the region has come to be viewed suspiciously, or used as political leverage, by regional states. In practice, restrictions have resulted in migration becoming undocumented. Undocumented migrants have increased in number despite efforts by Ethiopian and Saudi governments to deter migration. Fargues, Philippe, Shah, Nasra M. (editor/s), Migration to the Gulf : policies in sending and receiving countries, Jeddah ; Geneva ; Cambridge : European University Institute, Gulf Research Center, 2018, pp. 252. Because these activities have gone underground, human rights violations have increased and in the past five years, abduction and torture of migrants transiting through Yemen has increased. “Forced and economic migration are connected in Yemen, as the country plays a strategic role in the migration of migratory and trafficking flows between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.” pp. 267 Thiollet. Helene Thiollet. From Migration Hub to Asylum Crisis: The Changing Dynamics of Contemporary Migration in Yemen. Helen Lackner. Why Yemen Matters. Saqi Books, pp. 265-285, 2014. 48 IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), “Flow Monitoring Points | Migrant Arrivals and Yemeni Returns _ January - June 2020”, 2020, https://displacement.iom.int/system/tdf/reports/YE-Migrants_FMR_%20Biannual%20Dashboard_%20January%20to%20June%202020_0.pdf?file=1&- type=node&id=9507 July 2020,https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/amp/arab-and-world/yemen/2020/07/16/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AB%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D غريفثس: استمرار الهجوم على مأرب غير مقبول ويقوض فرص السالم”, Al Arabiya, “16 49 9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B6-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85- 50 ring 2020, Marib was consistently the leading hosting destination in Yemen, accounting for exactly 50% of the hosted IDPs until August. IOM DTM, “Flow Monitoring Points”. Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state

DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44% External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators conditions for the residents. Culturalmosques, water heritage sources, etc.) Influence of extenral powers Responders by age group PublicRespondents Spaces by gender General data Complaint and the state If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group DK/DWTA can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue 3% official entity4% rather than to a local DK/leader DWTA or mediators by demographic group 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 13% who live in my area External powers (such as otherStrongly government Disagree or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to 12% If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills 8% Strongly agree tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, Strongly disagree official entity rather thanNo to a local leader or mediators 27% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree More than 60 Females IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 3% conditions for the residents. mosques, water12% sources, etc.) 19% 13% Somewhat agree 20% 38% 15% Somewhat agree 26%22% 36-60 24% Males Responders by age group Respondents by gender 16% 48% Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree 3% 32% StronglySomewhat agree disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Strongly agree 12% 7% 25-35 Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 56% DK/DWTA Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 12% 49% 51% DK/DWTA 3% Native resident of Marib 6% 4% Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib DK/ DWTA 18% 26%6% Maybe DK/DWTA 34% 21% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 21% 21% Strongly agree Strongly Disagree Strongly agree Strongly disagree 13% 39% Marginalized and African migrants 19% 16-24 Strongly Disagree 16% 12% Strongly Disagree 8% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree No Somewhat disagree 27% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree 33% Somewhat disagree More thanIDPs 60living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Females 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 20% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Somewhat80% 90% 100% disagree 44%IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% 64% 19% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 38% Somewhat agree 15% 13% Somewhat agree 16% Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 22% 36-60 Males 48% 32% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 26% Strongly agree 25-35 Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree 39% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 49% 51% Cultural heritage 26% Strongly agree 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 21% Marginalized and African migrants 39% Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 Strongly agree Strongly agree If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an RespondentsIDPs living by target in camps population groups DisplacementArrived status after the conflict started in 2015 If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group DK/DWTA 44% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict who live in my area Native residents 3% 20% Cultural12% heritage Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all 26% 24% services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 3% Residents in the city today are living in peaceStrongly and harmo agree- If I could Stronglynot get my agree needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group 12%I consider the preservation7% of Marib's cultural heritage an DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA ny regardless of tribal,12% cultural and social backgrounds Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA 6% Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree important issue can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours Current occupation important issue 6% official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group 34% Somewhat agree 21% Native resident of Marib Strongly Disagree DK/DWTA Strongly disagree 19% who live in my area Completely unsatisfied 16% Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 22%31% Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 12% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% DK/DWTA 3% IDPs living in the city's traditional12% neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat disagree Native resident of Marib 20% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 4% StronglyStrongly agreedisagree 26% 24% Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Strongly Disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Satisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 14% 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly agree 22%20% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 39% Somewhat agree 26% Somewhat disagree 7% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants 12% Arrived in the past 6 months only Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree 6% Native resident of Marib 36% 12% 26% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% Marginalized and African migrants 38% Strongly Disagree Marginalized and African migrants Strongly disagree somewhat disagree 34% Somewhat agree 16% Strongly Disagree 19% IDPs living in camps Arrived after19% the conflict started in 2015 Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree 31% Somewhat disagree 20%Strongly agreeSomewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% Resident of Marib before the conflict 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 27% Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA Native residents Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 39% DK/DWTA 26% The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6Can months you access only adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of 26% services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 6% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA 10% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods ResidentNative resident of Maribof Marib before the conflict 6% DK/DWTA Completely unsatisfied 12% 22% 18% Completely unsatisfied Native residents Strongly disagree The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of Somewhat unsatisfied 4% Native resident of Marib Strongly agree Strongly Disagree Satisfied services through Somewhatwebsites (including disagree through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 34% 22% Satisfied 14% Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Very satisfied Somewhat agree 32% 36% ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 6% VeryDK/DWTA satisfied somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 38% 19% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Completely unsatisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Safety and respsect 12% 22% Strongly disagree Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Somewhat unsatisfied Strongly disagree DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Native resident of Marib city - per age group 4% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Access to 12 hours27% or less of daily electrcity supply Marginalized and African migrants Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, StronglyCOVID-19 Disagree worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit Satisfied DK/DWTA 14% You can22% access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year Somewhat agree violence, or risk of eviction) Somewhathousehold disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 36%80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 16-24 F DK/DWTA Somewhat agree somewhat disagree Somewhat agree M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA 38% 19% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 Somewhat disagree 14% 6% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib 10% Native residents M 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 15% Not stable 15% 23% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants 36-60 F 36% 18% Completely unsatisfied 15% 32% 27% DK/DWTA somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat unsatisfiedSomewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% More than 60 F Somewhat agree 34% 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Satisfied Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree M 25% Strongly agree 26% 33% 32% 6% DK/DWTA Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10% Marginalized and African migrants Very satisfied The Marginalized and Afican migrants Safety and respsect 18% Completely unsatisfied Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% city - per age group Somewhat unsatisfied I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit 34% Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the Satisfied Fear of catching COVID-19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the You can access clean drinking water adequacyPerception comapred of being welcomed to previous to year rent a house anywhere violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTA 32% Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 100 in the city (regardless of displacement status) city - per demographic group DK/DWTA Very satisfied M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 7% 4% 5%2% Native25-35 resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree Safety and respsect DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA ServicesDK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Housing DK/ DWTA F Covid 19 Somewhat disagree 14% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 8% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents 15% MM Strongly Disagree city - per age group Somewhat disagree Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 16% Strongly disagree 15% Not stable 16%15% 23% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 60 DK/DWTA 2% Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional36-60 neighbourhoods F 36% I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit Very satisfactory 15% 32% Access to 12 hoursStrongly or less disagree of daily electrcity supply 26% Strongly disagreePerception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, F COVID-19 worsening the economicSomewhat hardship disagree for the somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 17% 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Completely unsatisfied You can access clean drinking water IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 13% Somewhat disagree Somewhat stableadequacy comapred to previous year PoorSomewhat violence, disagree or risk of eviction) MM household 40 20%16-24 F DK/DWTA Satisfactory 27% Somewhat agree34 Strongly agree SomewhatMarib agree Urban Profile Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree More than 60 F Somewhat agree 36% Somewhat agree 21% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F M Strongly Disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 5% Somewhat unsatisfied 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% AverageSomewhat agree Strongly agree 20 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Somewhat satisfactoryStrongly agree 28% 7% 43% 4% MM 5% 25-35 25% F Strongly agree Satisfied DK/DWTA 21% 26% Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA 33% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree 14% Marginalized and African migrants F0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib 32%Native residents Strongly agree 26%26% Very stable StrongStrongly agree 0 M IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Strongly Disagree Unsatisfactory Strongly agree Strongly disagree 17% Strongly agree 15% 15% 23% Female Male Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly disagree Not stable M Strongly disagree 36-60 F 36% 15% 32% somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 28% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree 34% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M Marginalized and African migrants 20% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree MoreI feel than more 60 respected in MaribF than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender Somewhat agree 21% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree Fear of catching COVID-19 I feel safe and welcomedM in most places in Marib 25% Strongly agree Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere 26% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters33% and should be considered to form the future of the Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 100 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% in the city (regardless of displacement status) Strongly agree 26% Very stable city - per demographic group Strongly agree DK/DWTA 100 You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from SCORECARD - Social Cohesion DK/DWTA 2% 80 Strongly Disagree coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations,DK/ DWTA awareness campaigns)? Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Perception 8%of being welcomed0% 10% to20% rent 30%a house40% anywhere50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Access to affordable5% housing in Marib 80 Strongly Disagree Access to clean drinking water DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or in the city by demographic16% group 16% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA 60 I feelI feel I can more access respected different in Marib opportunities than the inarea Marib, I came regardless from orDK/DWTA ofother my placesappearances I visit, by(such gender as the color of 2% Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods In the Marib Urban Scorecard survey when participants betweenSomewhat 16 disagree and 24) had the lowest sense of security and other places I visit Very satisfactory Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree F Somewhat disagree 60 Somewhat agree Native resident of Maribmy skin or my social status) 17% Fear of catching COVID-19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Completely unsatisfied 13% 27% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Poor M were asked whether they feel40 their voices heard and they freedomSomewhat of agree movement. Satisfactory Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply 3% DK/ DWTACost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income Somewhat agree city - per demographic group Strongly agree 100 36% Somewhat disagree 3% Somewhat disagreein the city (regardless of displacement status) IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 40 DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA StronglyF agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree matter for the future of the city. Echoing findings from Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/DWTASomewhat unsatisfied You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 4% Strongly agree Native residents 28% 15%24% 43% Average Strongly agree 20 Native resident of Marib 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Strongly disagree 34% Somewhat agree 24% Strongly disagree M 2% Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 80 StronglySatisfiedStrongly Disagree Disagree 19% Unsatisfactory 8% 31% 5% DK/ DWTA fieldwork conducted in 202018 by various researchers1, When asked about the sense of respect residents feel in 17% 26% DK/ DWTA Strong DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants F 15% 0 M IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree 29% SomewhatUnsatisfactory agree 32% Somewhat disagree 17% Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree 60 SomewhatVery satisfied disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Strongly agree 16% 16% Absent Female Male IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/DWTA 2% Very satisfactory Somewhat satisfactory 18% 26% M respondents who feltIDPs mostly living in the city's 0disenfranchised traditional neighbourhoods wereF adult Marib compared to other places in Yemen, respondents Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Female Male Somewhat disagree SomewhatSomewhat agree agree Native resident of Marib 28% SomewhatDK/ DWTA disagree 17% 28% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Completely unsatisfied 13% 27% Poor females (age 36 to 60), as well as junior femalesM (age 16 expressed agreement with this notion (36% stronglyMarginalized and African migrants 40 IDPs living in camps Strongly agreeSatisfactory 19% Satisfactory Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps StronglyStrongly agree agree 36% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat unsatisfied Strongly disagree 22% 34% Strongly agree to 24). The sense of representation also featuredF strongly agreed, and only 14% strongly disagreed), with the 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 26% Very satisfactory 24% Average Strongly agree 20 23% Somewhat satisfactory 28% 43% II feelfeel Isafe can andaccess welcomed different Min opportunities most places inin MaribMarib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Satisfied DK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants 21% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree into the responses of the males who are native residents males in the different age groups leaning to a positiveMarginalized and African migrants Marginalizedmy skin and or African my social migrants status) Civill Society and Population Dynamics Civill Society and Population F 32% 26% Strong 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Unsatisfactory 17% 100 0% 10%Female20% 30% 40% 50%Male60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from Strongly agree of Marib, perhaps as a result of the strong roleM of the perceptionDK/DWTA than females. Respondents were split in half coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Perception of being welcomed to rent a house28% anywhere DK/ DWTA Access to affordable housing in Marib tribes in decision-making and wealth distribution0% 10% rules.20% 30% 40% 50% 60%howeverDK/DWTA70% 80% in90% their100% evaluation of access to equal opportunity Access to clean drinking water 80 Strongly Disagree Marginalized and African migrants in the city by demographic group Native resident of Marib I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree TheDK/DWTA marginalized groups and African migrants felt the (regardlessStronglySomewhat Disagree disagree of cultural or tribal affiliation, or displacement I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 60 mySatisfaction skin or my with social the status)basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) mostIDPs livingdisenfranchised in the city's traditional neighbourhoods (both males and females) followed status),SomewhatSomewhat withdisagree agree the marginalized demographic group and I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib 3% DK/ DWTA 3% DK/ DWTA 40 Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agreeHas the citySomewhat provided disagree necessary resources to protect peopleby the from IDPs living in camps. AfricanStrongly migrants agree having the lowest perception of access 100 DK/DWTA 4% Strongly agree Native residents 15% Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA Economy Strongly disagree 34% Economy -24% females Strongly disagree coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)?IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA 19% Unsatisfactory 31% Due to access limitations 20 and working within the to opportunity. Native residents and IDPs in camps wereNative resident of Marib Strongly Disagree Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib 80 Strongly Disagree 17% Somewhat agree Access to clean drinking water Completely unsatisfied 29% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree in the city by demographic group Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on householdSomewhat economic satisfactory How18% easy for females to access jobs parametersMarginalized approved and African by migrants the 0local government,Strongly our agree the Somewhat theagree mostSomewhat satisfied disagree demographicStrongly disagree groups DK/DWTAwith the access Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Female Male IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 60 SomewhatSomewhat unsatisfiedagree my skin or my social status) how easy) Somewhat disagree potential 28% Somewhat agree Marib Urban Scorecard Survey0% focused10% 20% 30% on40% urban50% 60% sectors70% 80% 90% 100% to opportunity. Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps 19% Satisfactory 3% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Satisfied Strongly agree 3% 40 Strongly agree Strongly disagree 22% DK/ DWTA 34% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA and functionality. We approached the questionStrongly of shifting agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA 26% 4% NativeVery residents satisfactory 15% Very satisfied Native resident of Marib 23% 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 4% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory 31%24% gender by seeking to first establish a baseline of trust Marginalized and African migrants 20 Strongly Disagree 6% DK/ DWTA 14% my skin or my social status) DK/ DWTA 29% 17% Somewhat agree 13% Somewhat disagree9% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%24%50% 60% 70% Strongly80% 90% disagree100% IDPs living24% in the city's traditionalStrongly neighbourhoods disagree through ongoing relationship and recurring interaction 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 14% 21% 32% 14% Somewhat satisfactory 18% 0 Strongly disagree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10%Female20% 30% 40% 50%Male60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree or the creation of a “safe space” setting for exchange of DK/DWTA 27% 29% 18% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree20% 19% Satisfactory Native resident of Marib IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree sensitive personal and familial information. Strongly Disagree 28% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree 28% Somewhat agree 22% 34% Strongly agree 24% 26% Very satisfactory Perception of Respect as a Present Resident of Marib Compared to other SatisfactionI feel I can withaccess the basicdifferent state opportunities services (mail, in internet, Marib, regardlessreal estate registration, of my permits, etc.) 23% 34% Somewhat disagree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Somewhat agree 30% DK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Asappearances a citizen in the (such city, asI think the thatcolor my of voice my skinmatters or my and social should status) be considered to form the future of the Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree PlacesDK/ DWTA my skin or my social status) 23% Somewhat agree city 28% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Local understandingsNative of residents peace could be understood 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree Economy Economy - females throughIDPs living in a slums, broad informal human settlements or security camps framework emphasizing Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Completely unsatisfied basic services and jobs. Efforts by women to address poor Native resident of Marib Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree StronglySomewhat Disagree unsatisfied how easy) potential IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender living conditions, livelihoodsIDPs living in camps and humanitarian needs are IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods SomewhatSatisfied disagree places of work understood as contributions to peace and stability. Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps SomewhatVery satisfied agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 7% EconomyDK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA Economy - females IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA 14% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib 6% DK/ DWTA 13% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Completely unsatisfied 5% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree Strongly disagree 9% As a hosting city with a high number of potentially Marginalized and African migrants 14% 24% Conditions to start up a new business (perception of 7% 24% DK/ DWTA Optimism due to improving economy 14% Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants 7% DK/ DWTA 21% 32% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat unsatisfied Strongly disagree 18% how easy) 16% Males Stronglypotential disagree vulnerable female IDPs (one inAccess four todisplaced clean drinking families water per demographic is group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 24% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree StronglySomewhat disagree disagree 14% Strongly disagree 25% 21%18% 24% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied 27% 31%24% Somewhat disagree 29% 20% Somewhat disagree a women-headed household), the Marib urban scorecard 24% 28% SomewhatSomewhat disagreeagree 28% SomewhatSomewhat disagreeagree Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Somewhat disagree 24% 7% DK/ DWTA 34% 4% DK/ DWTA questions focused on shedding light on public perceptions As a citizen in the city, I think my voice matters Somewhat agree 30%28% 14% Somewhat agree Strongly agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the SomewhatStrongly6% agree agree 28%33% 27% SomewhatStrongly agree agree DK/ DWTA 18% 28% Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA Females 23% 13% 9% DK/ DWTA of whether or not the city was a safe and welcoming city Marginalized and African migrants 28% Strongly agree 28% 14% 24% Strongly disagree Strongly agree 24% Strongly disagree 14% Native residents Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree 21% 32% Strongly disagree 29% Strongly agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagreeplace. Respondents to our survey generally reflected on Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA 18% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 27% Somewhat disagree 29% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 20% Somewhat disagreethe positive security situation in the city which has been Native resident of Marib 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree 24% 34% progressively improving since the beginning of 2020. Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Somewhat agree Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to 30% How easy for females to access jobs per gender Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree Somewhat disagree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/ DWTA places of work 23% Women over 60 reported feeling the least safe, however, city Agricultural activity is strong around the city 28% Strongly agree Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs Strongly agree Native residents Somewhat agree in contrastThe with Marginalized their and Aficanmale migrants peers who had the opposite Strongly disagree Employment status IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Continuing education Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA feeling. Overall, female and0% male10% 20% adolescents30% 40% 50% 60% (age70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 7% DK/ DWTA Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib DK/ DWTA 18% Unemployed DK/Strongly DWTA disagree Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree 8% Continuing education 16% Males 1 Marie-Christine Heinze and Sophie Stevens, “Women as Peacebuilders 24% ImporvingStrongly agricultural disagree prospects and market demand Strongly disagreeAbility to access adequate household income Native residents Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 7% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 24% Employed StronglySomewhat disagree disagree in Yemen” (Yemen Polling Center and Social Development Direct, 2018), http://www. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 14% 24% 25% 21% places of work 31% Unemployed 13% 24% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree SomewhatSomewhat disagreeagree sddirect.org.uk/ media/1571/sdd_yemenreport_full_v5.pdf Somewhat agree 24% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods The Marginalized and Afican migrants 24% FIGURE 19. Perception of fairness, respect and opportunity in Mareb IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% 28% Employed IDPs living in camps Strongly agree Strongly agree 31% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA 18% 28% SomewhatSomewhat disagreeagree 61% 5% DK/ DWTA Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28%28% 7% IDPs living in camps 7% Strongly agreeDK/ DWTA 19% 28% Strongly agree DK/ DWTAThe Marginalized and Afican migrants 30% Strongly agree 18% 16% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 29% SomewhatStrongly agree agree Strongly disagree Males 24% 24% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree 14% 24% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 25% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%21%90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 26% Strongly agree 31% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 24% Strongly agree 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree 18% 28% Somewhat agree Females Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group 28% How easy for females to access jobs Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree Employment status 29% Strongly agree Continuing education Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native residents Unemployed DK/ DWTA 100 8% ContinuingContinuing education education Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA 90 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed ContinuingStrongly disagree education Native residents 80 UnemployedUnemployed 13% 24% Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status perUnemployedSomewhat demographic disagree group How easy for females to access jobs 6% 24% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 70 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed IDPs living in camps 36% 60 31% Employed Employment status IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods EmployedSomewhat agree Somewhat disagree Continuing education 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 61% Native residents 28% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 40 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Unemployed DK/ DWTA 19% 28% Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 30 8% Continuing education Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA Employed 26% 20 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrantsIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree 28% SomewhatStrongly agree agree Unemployed 10 13% 24% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat disagree 28% 29% 24% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree 0 IDPs living in camps Males Females 36% 31% Employed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 61% 28% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% 28% Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 26% Strongly agree 100 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Continuing education 90 Continuing education Native residents 80 Unemployed Unemployed 6% DK/ DWTA 70 Employed 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 40 100 IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 30 Continuing education 90 Continuing education 20 Native residents 28% Somewhat agree 80 Unemployed 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Unemployed 28% 29% 6% DK/ DWTA 70 Strongly agree 0 Employed Employed Males Females 60 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 40 IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 30 20 28% Somewhat agree 28% 29% 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 0 Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 35

on many governorates during August. Social Inclusion and Vulnerable Groups Marib has demonstrated the art of the possible for In Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula more broadly, the reconciliation, NDC-guided decentralization paired with ” (Displaced households) from the tribe (qabila) is the fundamental building block of social long-term efforts to support state-building through natural northern governorates feared that they structures.51 Tribes adhere to the Sunni (Shafii) Islam or resource revenue sharing agreement, as well as a degree of would not be accepted in the southern Shiite (Zaidi) Islam. have been described as representing stability between government, civil society and the tribes. governorates. Despite Marib’s reputation the “best” and the “worst” of Yemen’s political revolutions, This responsiveness of local leadership to public needs as a lawless, vindictive and uncivilized but, in many respects the same can be said of governments and civil society mobilization seems to have emerged from territory, they found our doors open. After in Yemen and it is just a question of whether it is the state or Marib’s own process of integrating lessons learned from all, we are nomads, proud Arab tribes, and tribes who wield the local monopoly of force or violence.52 past conflicts. This makes the city a singular case study we cherish our generosity and tradition of The case of Marib demonstrates the many generative and of how urban recovery can model ways to interrupt the offering refuge to fugitives. constructive ways that tribes can function under the right violence and conflict cycles that have plagued Yemen’s conditions. modern history. - UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview with regional tribal leader, June 2020 While most tribal identities have been subject to massive It has been a long journey for Marib. Previously lacking changes and upheavals, family-based networks of pre- either agricultural wealth or political clout, the way that modern societies naturally morph and adapt when grafted Marib progressed, the primary grievances voiced by Marib’s into urban, modern contexts, the fundamental socio-cultural population in the early 2000s were rooted in the lack of aspects of tribal structures persist. In daily life, the lines stability, security, and representative civil society and between tribal affiliation, trade cartels, militias, and the state governance. Because of the accountability mechanisms are semi-permeable but remain rooted in common shared of tribes, the relative local peace on the ground points to cross-community support and trust, consensus-seeking 54 stories and references to past lineage, such as the Qahtan, underlying levels of equality and justice (though measuring policymaking accountable to the people. who claim to be descendants of the family of Noah.53 These and quantifying evidence of these categories in income confederations of tribes mostly sought to settle in certain disparity and discriminatory practices is outside of the As the scorecard responses reflected, Marib has made areas and almost completely abandoned the nomadic scope of this profile’s research) there are multiple signs noteworthy progress in overcoming patriarchal gender lifestyle. This feature allowed these tribes to create early that point to promising trends in Marib’s current baseline. barriers in support of women’s advancement. It is agricultural civilizations in South Arabia, centuries before Despite the increasing threat of the conflict engulfing Marib, laudable but not without its own potential risks. As Marib’s any other part of Arabia took measures to statehood. many report evidence of goodwill, mutual aid networks, policymakers walk the fine line of being progressive while

51 To address the semantics and politics of representation in the fraught and loaded term ‘tribe’, for the purposes of this profile we distinguish between family and state.The usage of the term ‘tribe’ inliterature of the Middle East is a loaded and contentious topic within the field of social anthropology. The discipline has sought to distance itself from colonial origins, in particular the social evolutionary concept of ‘tribal’ as a primitive or less advanced stage in the teleological progress of civilization. Many scholars influenced the move of anthropology to abandon use of the term ‘tribe’ altogether. By discontinuing the use of the terms, tribe and tribalism, we assert that previous research into the influence of tribalism in the form of kinship network in social and political life of Yemen (and the broader Middle East) must still be of value. With these caveats in place, the authors of this profile attempt to bridge the gap in have found the term “tribe” has been misapplied and used as such a broad brush to describe various cultures and geographies as to be rendered nearly contexts throughout the world that the word has been rendered nearly meaningless as an analytical term. However, for anthro- pologists in the Middle East, there is no way to avoid the phenomenon of tribalism. From, Peter Ekeh, “Social anthropology and two contrasting uses of tribalism in Africa.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 32, no. 4 (1990): 660-700 and Talal Asad, “The idea of an anthropology of Islam.” Qui parle17, no. 2 (2009): 1-30). 52 For example, both the state and tribes have used violence to coerce the other into acting in their interests. In the case of the Mutawakili Kingdom (1911-1961), the state used its legitimacy over tribal “subjects” by creating hierarchical divisions between al-Ashraf and non-Ashraf families, and Imam Yahya kept a brother or head of the tribe (Sheikh) hostage in Sana’a as leverage on the issues of taxation, tribal rebellions, and so forth. The tribal relative would be assassinated if the tribes did not comply with the wishes of the kingdom. Tribes, in turn, sabotaged pipelines, blocked roads or kidnapped foreigners to extort funds from the government. 53 Helen Chapin Metzed.. Persian Gulf States: Country Studies, 3rd edn. (London:: Library of Congress-Federal Research Division, 1994) pp. 37-38; Fathel Abu Ghanem and Ali Ahmed, The Tribal Structure in Yemen: Between Continuance and Change, In Arabic, 2nd ed., Sana’a: Dar Al-Hikmah Al Yemania, 1991, p. 89. 54 Molyneux, Camilla. “Made in Marib: A Local Response to Instability and Violence,” Oxford Research Group, October 2020, https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/made-in-marib-a-local-response-to-instability-and-violence; Nagi, Ahmed, “Rising Above the Conflict,” Carnegie Middle East Center, July 31, 2020, https://carnegie-mec.org/2019/07/31/marib-yemen-rising-above-conflict-pub-79593; Nagy, Ahmed, “Marib, Yemen: Rising Above the Conflict” July 31, 2019, https://carnegie-mec.org/2019/07/31/marib-yemen-rising-above-conflict-pub-79593); Salisbury, Peter, “Behind the Frontlines in 36 Marib Urban Profile

also not violating values and beliefs defining norms for gender norms in ways that the tribes may not directly Marib’s traditional social values held by key stakeholders. support but are also not actively protesting. There is It is important to factor sensitivities and potential cultural growing evidence of women wearing recognizable tribal landmines of identity politics into the social infrastructure abayas attending events in public, attending school, visiting aspect of planning within the city. This will require a careful Marib’s amusement park, shopping mall, and even making Civill Society and Population Dynamics Civill Society and Population appraisal of where Marib is today and the attitudes people fledgling inroads into the workforce. It is also important to feel towards its more progressive social reforms. How can note that Marib’s tribes have maintained close relationships Marib’s civil society-tribe hybrid serve to create a community with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, but the inoculation to cycles of violence reveal the positive social degree to which this has influenced social policy requires contract the government and the tribes can maintain within further exploration. Findings thus far reflect the prevailing the context of Marib’s relative autonomy. attitudes shaping social capital and in-group/out-group categorization in Marib reflects numerous anomalies and Shifting Tribal and Social Norms inherent contradictions. Intangible but consequential attitudes and choices, feelings of trust and optimism in the midst of a devastating conflict are an invisible driving force behind Marib’s unparalleled growth. The ways that Marib’s customary codes, political influence, and dispute resolution mechanisms influence social protection and various groups in Marib is further detailed in the Cultural Heritage section, with the caveat that this only captures the superficial contours of embedded social and cultural dynamics influencing the city’s growth and development which merit further exploration and research due to the significant role of Marib’s strong tribal and civil society traditions in influencing government policy and planning.55 Marib’s tribal precedent in the form of tribal councils and consultative conflict resolution also played an important role in Marib’s recent social developments, but how the community defines vulnerability remains an open question as it seems to be a persistent gap in conflict research of Yemen.56

In Marib, the hosting situation seems to have relaxed

Yemen’s Marib,” International Crisis Group, April 17, 2020, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/behind-front-lines-yemens-marib 55 This adapts the idea of tribal norms influencing government decision making as a “pre-given set of rules or codes… that need to be unearthed (if not explicit) and identified as key mechanisms of the urban landscape which shape how governance and civil society emerge in parallel. (Wittek, Rafael, Uwe Schimank, and Thomas Groß. "Governance–A sociological perspective." New forms of governance in research organizations. Springer, Dordrecht, 2007. 71-106.) 56 Mohammad al Sabahi and Fausto Aarya De Santis, “The Role of Cultural Norms and Local Power Structures in Yemen,” October, 2016 www.fmreveiew/org/community-protection; Reuters, “A Cafe in Yemen Run by Women, for Women”, 1 November 2020, www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen- security-cafe/a-cafe-in-yemen-run-by-women-for-women-idUSKBN27H1KN; [1] UTV Pakistan, “A Cafe in Yemen Run by Women, for Women”, 3 November 2020, https://utv.com.pk/a-cafe-in-yemen-run-by-women-for-women/ 37

Adapted from qualitative research conducted with women in civil society or community organizing roles by Heinze and Stevens in Marib, Tai’z and Lahij: Marie-Christine Heinze and Sophie Stevens, “Women as Peacebuilders in Yemen” (Yemen Polling Center and Social Development Direct, 2018), http://www.sddirect.org.uk/ media/1571/sdd_yemenreport_full_v5.pdf; UNOCHA, “Yemen: 2018 Humanitarian Needs Overview” (United Nations OFfice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, December 2017), https:// www.unocha.org/sites/ unocha/files/dms/yemen_humanitarian_needs_overview_ hno_2018_20171204.pdf; Gressmann, “From FIGURE 20. Impact of the Conflict on Women’s Lives - comparison national trends with Marib the Ground up: Gender and Conflict Analysis in Yemen.”§

Sector National Trends Women in Marib Economy Women are more economically active than they were before Women are in a number of industries, including the police. the war, as men have been injured, killed or lost their jobs. This has brought a sense of empowerment for women but has also caused ten-sions between men and women, leading to more domestic violence. There is a risk that positive changes will be reversed once conflict ends if not proactively supported. Religion Changes in the religious environ-ment have had particular ef- In Marib women do not report as many threats or violence as fects on women, especially a rise in radical religious rhetoric and women do in other areas (such as Ta’iz and Lahj) but still report greater influ-ence of Islamist actors. that changes in the religious environment and rises in radical religious rhetoric and greater influence of Islamist actors has an impact on their lives in terms of influencing their dress, increase in Qur’an education sessions and lec-tures discussing what is and is not permissible for women. Increase in radical rhetoric opposing women working, style of dress or going out without a guardian. (Many attribut-ed this to Islah Party control and influence on imams). Humanitarian response Women are playing an essential role in delivering an impres- Greater focus on longer-term de-velopment work and in re- sive local humanitarian response and sustain-ing community building basic services. Many women in Ma-rib are involved in services and struc-tures, even under direct threat and with assessing needs in the community and collaborating with local extremely limited resources. This is considered an acceptable, authorities to deliver ser-vices and aid. Particular discussion of “natural” role for women in public life across Yemen, although supporting IDPs who have en-tered the area. Culture of compe- the sig-nificance of their contributions is not always recognised ti-tion between NGOs described. nor sufficiently supported, which women activists perceive as an obstacle. Conflict Resolution Women are engaged in resolving conflicts, promoting peace, In Marib the strongest positive im-pact of the war was the and providing security in a limited way in some areas. This role for women in conflict mediation. Many positive stories of includes directly mediating inter-tribal conflicts and conflicts women influenc-ing or negotiating agreements be-tween tribal over public resources, working as police officers (a few in ur- groups, sometimes over resources (e.g. water). Wom-en capi- ban centres), screening women at checkpoints, and supporting talising on local norms through symbolic acts to call for cease- re-sistance fighters with food, money and moral support. fires/peace. Women helping at local checkpoints and fighting highway robbery. Women police reported to be present in Ma’rib city. Participation in Government Women activists are often cooper-ating effectively with local In Marib there was generally a posi-tive picture of local govern- govern-ance structures and local leaders are receptive to wom- ment continuing to operate and cooperate with women activists. en’s involve-ment in public institutions, although women are still Some women presented in provincial government offices and generally excluded from formal decision-making and political there is a proposal to move to a gender quota for women in structures. government. 38 Marib Urban Profile

URBAN HERITAGE AND SOCIAL COHESION Urban Heritage 6

Culture as the entry point for urban planning Marib’s tangible cultural heritage Marib’s ability to rise from devastation of Yemen’s war has Ancient Ecology and Social Origins been studied from political, military and economic angles, Marib is considered the cradle of the oldest Arabian civilization, لكل منا مأرب والمأرب االرب واالرب الحاجة او الحاجة but not from a cultural perspective in the limited literature the Kingdom of Saba (between 1200 BCE and 275 CE), with الشديدة والبغية واالمنية يقال بلغ أربه ونال أربه أما مآرب available. This profile explores the growing evidence base territory extending into northern Yemen. The Sabaean kings فهى جمع مأرب وفيها اكثر من مأرب انها مجتمع الغايات that sustainable development policies responsibly rooted built their capital near present-day Marib City, whose remains واالهداف اما مأرب بكسر الراء فهى مدينة كانت باليمن اقيم within the specific characteristics of their cultural contexts can still be seen in the Awwam and Barran temple ruins.4 Marib’s بها السد المشهور وهو: سد مأرب will yield more sustainable outcomes, and will improve status in its former era as the cultural capitalof Yemen and the inclusion and reconciliation.”1 For a city with roots in one of center of the kingdom of Saba was directly tied to its location the oldest civilizations on earth, it is importantto base the at a geographic crossroads home to highly prized incense. ” They say when a man has reached his city’s future planning and development on its unique cultural The kingdom controlled the export of frankincense, which was goal, that is Marib. Marib is the meaning of resources. This rich historic heritage can inspire opportunities used in temples from the far east to Rome. The area rose to where all purposes converge, all interests for creativity in future planning. Marib has many advantages regional prominence as a storage area for aromatic resins and aspirations. It is the city in Yemen in terms of natural resource wealth, a growing middle class gathered from the bark of myrrh and incense trees gathered where the famous dam was built, the Marib and a baseline of law and order. Marib’s most difficult urban from nearby valleys.5 The dynamism and international interest dam. challenges lie ahead and will require creative planning and in the incense trade as a commodity is even tied to expansionist coordination to leverage the city’s cultural and historic legacies drives from the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian empires as - anonymous to address looming urban growth problems.2 The following goods made the long journey to the Levant’s Mediterranean section attempts to tease out some of these strands to spark coast for distribution to Egypt and beyond.6 discussion for Marib residents to build upon. Marib’s central role in the incense trade so significant to pagan As the site of the legendary Throne of Bilqis, historically linked belief systems may have also been the reason for it being the the Sabaean kingdom. The temple was apparently dedicated to the Queen of Shebaand the iconic Baran and Awwam site of one of the major temples of the region. The Awwam to the moon god Almaqah, and is considered the finest Temple ruins, Marib is considered one of the engineering temple of Marib, (Arabic: Haram Bilqis or Mahram Bilqis) architectural achievement of the ancient Arab peoples. It was wonders of the ancient world. Marib has been nominated as a was reportedly built by Mukarrib Yada`'il Dharih I between the partially excavated by the American archaeologist Wendell future UNESCO World Heritage Site.3 7th and 5th century BCE. The largest part of the temple is Phillips and his expedition in the 1950s until tribal conflicts occupied by an unguarded yard that is enclosed by a massive abruptly halted the excavation.7 Today, the Awwam Temples’ stone wall with an irregular oval ground plan. On the inner wall eight symmetrical pillars that have become the iconic symbol of the hall were multiple inscriptions from the late period of of Marib Governorate, seen on insignias and advertisements.

1 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “Culture as Source of Sustainable Development and Social Cohesion”, accessed 23 February 2021, https://en.unesco.org/news/culture-source-sustainable-development-and-social-cohesion-0 2 Charles Landry, The Creative City – A Toolkit For Urban Innovators (London: Earthscan, 2012); Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class, and How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (New York, Basic Books, 2002) 3 According to sources inside UNESCO, the archeological tel mound site of Marib including ruins in and around the city of Marib are on the tentative list since 2002 and is still considered for nomination. 4 In fieldwork conducted in 2019 by Ahmed Nagi of the Carnegie Middle East Center, the historic site was found in sad disrepair. Nagi noted: “Queen of Sheba, the Awam temple, and the old Marib Dam, which are the most famous monuments to ancient Yemeni civilizations...(were)abandoned because of weak governance and tribal disputes over ownership, the sites are in bad condition. I could not even get close to the Awam temple because the road was buried by desert sand”. Nagi, Ahmed, “Marib, Yemen: Rising Above the Conflict”. 5 Miranda Morris, “The Harvesting of Frankincense in Dhofar, Oman”, in Profumi d’Arabia, Alessandra Avanzini, ed. (Rome: L’Erma Bretschneider, 1997), pp. 231–247. The growth in early settlements in southern Arabian peninsula was directly tied to the scarcity of incense found only in the Arabian peninsula and isolated pockets of the western coast of Africa (van Beek, 1960). 6 Michaël Jasmin, “The Emergence and First Development of the Arabian Trade across the Wadi Arabah”, in Crossing the Rift. Resources, Routes, Settlement Patterns and Interaction in the Wadi Arabah, Levant Supplementary Series 3, P. Bienkowski and K. Galor, eds. (London: Oxbow Books, 2006), pp. 143–150. 7 In their haste to leave, Phillips and his colleagues had to abandon all their equipment and archaeological discoveries. The team’s written records were later incorporated into scholarly publications, including an archaeological report published by Johns Hopkins University Press. Phillips died before he was able to return but almost a half-century later, in 1998, the government of Yemen invited Merilyn Phillips Hodgson to continue her brother’s work in Marib. National Museum of Asian Art, “Excavations”. 39

Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state SCORECARD - Significance of Marib’s cultural urban uses over farming lands, gentrification, densification External powers (such as other government or corpora- and building violations, degradationThere are places of intourist the city that attractions), I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills heritagetions) and use their its powers preservation to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators conditions for the residents. the Urban Scorecard suggestsmosques, water that sources, public etc.) support The temple has a pure abstraction and geometric forms Respondents by gender UNESCO describes culture as “the set of distinctive, spiritual, for preservation policies is likely, if framed around the which can be seen even in contemporaryResponders by age Yemenigroup structures. preservation of cultural heritage. With such aspirations DK/DWTA 3% 4% material, intellectual and emotional features of a society or a Native resident of Marib DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Influence of extenral powers comes the greater ability to commit to making improvements Strongly Disagree 13% social group that encompasses art Stronglyand literature, agree lifestyles, Public Spaces The vast wealthGeneral of Saba data funded engineering marvels, among Complaint and the state12% 8% More than 60 Females Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree toIDPs quality living in the city's of traditionallife, but neighbourhoods also with an eye on long-term recovery Somewhatthem disagree was the Marib Dam in the~8th Century BC. It is claimed ways of living together,19% value13% systems,Somewhat traditions agree and beliefs.” 38% 15% External powers (such as other government or corpora- of theThere tourism are places sector. in the city that I like and enjoy due to Somewhatby some agree as the world’s oldest dam,22% and was one of 36-60 the Males If I face any problem, I prefer to 16%resort to law enforcement48% or an Somewhat disagree Participation in Focal Group Discussions Yes People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills Somewhat disagree tions) use their powersMarib’s to the disadvantage urban heritage of the living can be viewed as the sum of socio- their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, 32% official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) engineering feats of the ancient world. The end of Marib’s25-35 49% Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree cultural and historical values that have been interpreted 51% 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree The Marib Urban Scorecard Poll revealed highly supportive Responders by age group Respondents by gender 21% and passed on39% by successive generations. Marib’s historic Marginalized and African migrants founding civilization was inextricably tied to the great dam,16-24 as Strongly agree Strongly agree DK/DWTA the public placed high value on cultural DK/DWTA heritage. An 44% sites are in a dialogue with its present realities and both 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% illustrated by the3% apocryphal story of the disintegration ofthe 4% DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 13% overwhelming majority (72%) of the respondentsStrongly expressed Disagree dam marking the flight of its prominent families throughout 12% 8%are exceptionalStrongly and agree worth appreciating so the best can be 8 More than 60 Females Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree preserved and not lost in the fog of war, like so manyIDPs living otherin the city's traditional neighbourhoodsin support for Marib’s cultural heritage. This sameSomewhat majority disagree the Arabian peninsula. 19% 13% Somewhat agree 38% 15% Cultural heritageSomewhat agree 36-60 Males 16% 48% Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree antiquities and traditional cultures that have often been of those surveyed expressed their appreciation of public 22% 32% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I spaces.. A majority of all socialI consider groups the preservation polled Strongly ofunanimously Marib's agree cultural heritage an Three thousand years ago theRespondents former25-35 by inhabitants target population 49%of groups Marib 51% Displacement status If ISomewhat face any problem, agree I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an 56% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. PeopleSomewhat in the city agree pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group lost in conflictcan access assisstancezones. fromUrban my friendsheritage and neighbours in the context of this important issue official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree valued green spaces, parks, and public cultural events. There 21% 39% profile whois livebroken in my areadown into two categories: Marginalized and African migrants used the dam to create irrigated agriculture16-24 . They famously Strongly agree Strongly agree DK/DWTA was only marginal divergence of opinion among migrants made the edges44% of the Yemeni desert bloom with beautiful 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 3%100% 20% 12% 1) Tangible Cultural Heritage and IDPs (10% or less) who did not value these as highly as gardens until the dam burst centuries26% later. The dam was 24% 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree Urban elements (infrastructure, morphology and built form, other, more essential urban12% services. 7% the centerpiece of an irrigation system which archaeologists DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% Cultural heritage Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib 34% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree estimate went as far back as 1750 and 170021% BC to collect Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree open and green spaces); Architectural elements (buildings, 19% 16% Strongly Disagree If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Somewhat disagree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters 31%and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group Somewhat disagree monuments) and intangible20% elements.Somewhat disagree I consider the preservation of Marib’s cultural heritage an important Somewhatissue disagree water from the Balaq Hills by the Wadi33% Adanah that would later 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue 64% official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree who live in my area Strongly disagree Strongly disagree become built up into the full dam structure in late 7th Century 9 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 2) Intangible Cultural Heritage 26% BC. According to legend and Quranic sources, a large mouse 39% DK/DWTA 3% DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican12% migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 20% 26% Strongly agree The sum of what cultural traits make a people who they burrowed under26% the Marib dam, loosening its foundations 24% Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 DK/DWTA DK/DWTA are and helps keep the heartbeat of community. A defining 12% 7% and causing the dam to collapse in the late sixth century C.E, 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 12% Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib 34% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree near the birth date of Islam’s21% prophet,IDPs Muhammad. living in the city's 10traditional Prophet neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree part of culture: the practices, representations, expressions, 19% 16% Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Muhammad referred33% to Marib as theNative center residents of an early higher64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods knowledge,20% skills – as well as the instruments, objects, Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all 64% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree artefacts andStrongly cultural disagree spaces associated therewith – that Strongly disagree 8 Some historians postulate that it was the cataclysmic collapse of the Marib services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- Dam led these peoples to migrate north (and spread their hydro, administrative and 20% Somewhat agree 39% communities,DK/DWTA groups and, in some cases, individuals 26% I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds DK/DWTA defense technologiesThe Marginalized throughout the and Arabian Afican peninsula. migrants As Islamic source IbnArrived Katheer in the past 6 months only DK/DWTA 26% important issue Current occupation Strongly6% agree DK/DWTA recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible recounted, the dam’s collapse may have been attributed to rats burrowing in it. The Marginalized and African migrants Native resident of Marib Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 Completely unsatisfied 22% cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, collapse precipitated the migration of legendary Adnan tribal patriarch Amr bin Amer on 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 12% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTAto Saudi Arabia (Yathrib), Jordan and Oman. Other families left in the direction of Oman. IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 4% Native resident of Marib IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict is constantly recreated by communitiesStrongly agree and groups in Strongly9 Disagree http://mquran.org/content/view/8350/2/ Satisfied Somewhat disagree 10 Ibn Katheer story of the Marib dam: According to Ibn Katheer’s book “The 22% response to their environment,14% their interaction with nature Native residents IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all 36% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods SomewhatBeginning disagree of the End”, when mice burrowed in the structure, the dam started to collapse Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the statusVery of satisfied Somewhat agree and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity Somewhatand the agree Arabs' oldest kingdoms in Sheba started to crumble. They tried to restore it over services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 38% somewhat disagree Strongly agree Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- 19% Marginalized and African migrants and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity IDPs living Iin consider slums, informal the settlementspreservation or camps of Marib's cultural heritage an Stronglyseveral agree hundred years, but the dam kept crumbling. According to the myth, the patriarch ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds Strongly disagree of all Arabs: Kahtan (founder of the al Azd Tribe from which the Bani Shehr Tribe branch- DK/DWTA important issue Current occupation 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 6% DK/DWTA and human creativity. es, full name: Shehr Ibn Rabi'a Ibn Aws Ibn Hinu Ibn Al-Azd Ibn Al-Ghoth Ibn Nabit Ibn Native resident of Marib Marginalized and African migrants Completely unsatisfied 27% DK/DWTA Malik bin Zaid Ibn Kahlan Ibn Saba'a (Sheba ) Ibn Yashjub Ibn Yarab Ibn Qahtan Ibn Hud 12% 22% Strongly disagree You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/DWTA60% 70% 80% 90% 100% (prophet) (Eber). He said a mouse going in and out of the body of the great dam, and he IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 4% Native resident of Marib As the city’s culturalStrongly agree heritage and natural assets are falling Strongly Disagree knew it was a sign he had to migrate north and leave Marib. The collapse of the dam led Satisfied Somewhat disagree to the patriarch of the Qahtan ultimately meeting Hajar in Mecca. 22% 14%under pressures that the war generated (expansion of IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 6% 36% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Very satisfied Somewhat agree DK/DWTA FIGURE 21. Perception of value of heritage 10% somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 38% 19% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree 18% Completely unsatisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat unsatisfied Marginalized and African migrants 34% 27% DK/DWTA Satisfied You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 32% Very satisfied Safety and respsect Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 6% DK/DWTA city - per age group 10% Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit 18% Completely unsatisfied You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTA Somewhat unsatisfied M Strongly Disagree 5% 34% DK/DWTA Satisfied 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 F Somewhat disagree 14% 32% DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents M Very satisfied Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 36-60 F 36% 15% 32% Safety and respsect somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Services Somewhat disagree Housing 34% Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of Stronglythe agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% city - per age group Somewhat agree Somewhat agree More than 60 F Somewhat agree 21% I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions19% in terms of affordability andSomewhat agree Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, Stable COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship24% for the Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree M 25% Strongly agree You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year 26% violence, or risk of eviction) household 33% 16-24 F DK/DWTA Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% M Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA F 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 Somewhat disagree 14% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/DWTA60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/60% DWTA70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents M Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% Somewhat agree I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 36-60 F 36% 15% 32% somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 34% Fear of catching COVID-19 As a citizen in the city, I thinkStrongly that my agree voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods PerceptionSomewhat of being disagree welcomed to rent a house anywhere Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income city - per demographic group 100 Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree in the city (regardless of displacement status) 21% More than 60 F DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps 2% M 80 Strongly Disagree Strongly agree 33% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 25% Strongly agree 26% 8% 5% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 26% Very stable DK/ DWTA Strongly agree15% M Somewhat disagree 16% Strongly Disagree 60 Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants 16% DK/DWTA 2% Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Very satisfactory Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree F Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 17% M 40 Completely unsatisfied 13% 27% Poor Somewhat agree Strongly agree Satisfactory Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 24% Average Strongly agree 20 Somewhat satisfactory 28% Fear of catching COVID-19 43% M 21% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Somewhat agree Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Satisfied 100 Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household26% income Strong cityMarginalized - per demographic and African migrants group F 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Unsatisfactory in the city (regardless of displacement status)32% 17% DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Very satisfied Strongly agree Strongly agree M Female Male 2% 80 Strongly Disagree DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/DWTA60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% DK/ DWTA 8% 5% Marginalized and African migrants DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 16% 16% 60 DK/DWTA 2% Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very satisfactory Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree F Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib 13% 17% M 40 Completely unsatisfied Satisfactory 27% Poor Somewhat agree Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% F 100 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 28% 24% 43% Has theAverage city provided necessary resources to protect people from Strongly agree 20 DK/DWTA 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Somewhat agree coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? M Satisfied Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib 80 Strongly Disagree Access to clean drinking water 26% Strong Marginalized and African migrants F 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Unsatisfactory 32% in the city by demographic group 17% I feel I can access different opportunitiesVery satisfied in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly agree Strongly agree M Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Female Male Somewhat disagree 60 my skin or my social status) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants 3% DK/ DWTA 3% 40 DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA 4% Native residents 15% Native resident of Marib Strongly agree Strongly disagree I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory 31%24% 20 Strongly Disagree 29% 17% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA 100 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactory Has the city provided necessary resources18% to protect people from 0 DK/DWTA Somewhat agree Female Male Somewhat disagree coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations,28% awareness campaigns)?Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib 80 Strongly Disagree Access to clean drinking water IDPs living in camps 19% Satisfactory IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps in the city by demographic group Strongly agree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as theStrongly color of agree 26% Strongly disagree 22% 34% Strongly agree Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 23% Very satisfactory 60 I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of my skin or my social status) DK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants 3% DK/ DWTA my skin or my social status) 3% 40 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/60% DWTA70% 80% 90% 100% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/DWTA60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 4% Strongly agree Native residents 15% Native resident of Marib Strongly disagree 34% 24% Strongly disagree 19% Unsatisfactory 31% 20 DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree 17% Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 29% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactory 18% 0 Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Female Male Satisfaction with the basic stateSomewhat services agree (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) 28% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% Satisfactory IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 26% Strongly disagree 22% 34% Strongly agree Somewhat agree 23% Very satisfactory IDPs living inI slums,feel I informalcan access settlements different or camps opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of DK/DWTA Economy The Marginalized and Afican migrants Economy - females Strongly agree DK/ DWTA my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants Native resident of Marib Completely unsatisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Optimism70% 80% due90% to100% improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) potential IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/DWTA60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native resident of Marib Satisfied Strongly Disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.)Very satisfied 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 14% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 6% DK/ DWTA 13% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 9% Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants 14% 21% 24% 32%24% 14% Economy Strongly disagree Economy - females Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Access to clean drinking Stronglywater per agree demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/DWTA60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Native resident of Marib 27% 29% 18% 20% Completely unsatisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Somewhat disagree Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Somewhat disagree Marginalized and African migrants 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) 24% potential 34% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree 30% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA Satisfied 23% city 28% Native residents IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree Very satisfied 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 14% Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA 6% DK/ DWTA 13% 9% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Marginalized and African migrants 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib 14% 21% 32% 14% Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability Somewhatto access adequatedisagree household income ResidentsSomewhat satisfied disagree with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender IDPs living in camps 18% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 27% Somewhat disagree 29% places of work 20% Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 24% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 34% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat agree 30% Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the futureStrongly of the agree Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 23% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% city 28% Strongly agree 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 18% 16% Males 24% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Strongly disagree 25% 24% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% 31%24% 21% Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income 24% Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender IDPs living in camps 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Strongly agree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 18% 28% places of work Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 28% Females Somewhat agree Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 29% Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/60% DWTA70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 5% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 18% 16% Males 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 14% 31%24% Strongly disagree 25% 21% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Agricultural activity is strong around the city Somewhat disagree EmploymentSomewhat status disagree per demographic group How easy for females to accessSomewhat jobs agree Somewhat disagree 24% Employment status Strongly agree 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree Continuing education 18% 28% Somewhat agree 28% Native residents Females Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree Unemployed DK/ DWTA 29% Strongly agree 8% Continuing education Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA Employed IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 13% 24% Unemployed 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps 36% 31% Employed Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 61% Agricultural activity is strong around the city 28% Employment status per demographic group How easy for femalesIDPs living to in accesscamps jobs Strongly agree 19% 28% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat agree Employment status 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Continuing60% 70% 80% education90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 26% Strongly agree Native residents Unemployed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% DK/60% DWTA70% 80% 90% 100% 8% Continuing education Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Strongly disagree 13% 24% Unemployed 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps 36% 31% Employed Somewhat agree Market accessibilitySomewhat and disagree availabilityof household needs 61% Employment status - male / female Female employment status IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 28% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 19% 28% Somewhat agree 100 Continuing education Continuing education 90 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 26% Strongly agree Native residents 80 Unemployed Unemployed 6% DK/ DWTA 70 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Employed 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 40 IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 30 Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female20 Female employment status 28% Somewhat agree 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% 29% 100 Continuing0 education Strongly agree 90 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Continuing60% 70% 80% education90% 100% Males Females Native residents 80 Unemployed Unemployed 6% DK/ DWTA 70 Employed 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 40 IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 30 20 28% Somewhat agree 28% 29% 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 0 Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 40 Marib Urban Profile Urban Heritage

civilization that was more advanced than the Bedouin tribal the announcement of a new cultural center and museum.13 regions around Mecca (Yathrib). Historic references however They called for stricter measures to prevent attacks on record that the dam was damaged and rebuilt several times cultural heritage and ancient archaeological sites, as well as during the Sabaean Kingdom. Early damages to the dam stopping looting of national treasures. A Marib Museum has reportedly brought about the first Arab migration from Yemen been proposed in the past as it would be a significant tourist to Levant and Mesopotamia (led by the Adnan tribal patriarch draw and way to incentivize preservation and recovery of Amr bin Amer), while the complete collapse of the dam nearly local antiquities. The Marib museum did not have a chance 200 years later instigated the second migration of the other to advance beyond the conceptual stage but ia proposal from major tribe (Qahtan) from Yemen, who settled in the desert 2010 made a strong case for a regional museum’s multiple region of Hijaz, and reportedly intermarried with returning benefits - both culturally and economically (creating jobs and 11 14 FIGURE 22. First Independence Day Horse Races on Main Street in migrants from Adnan in Mecca. Some historians postulate aiding in poverty alleviation). But, eyewitnesses reported15 Marib City Source: Soliman Al Nowab that it was the migrations brought about by the cataclysmic that a Saudi airstrike profoundly damaged the historic site collapse of the Marib Dam that led to the spread Marib’s in the spring of 2015. Bombs left a deep gash in the well- hydro, administrative and defense technologies throughout preserved northern sluice gate. Advocacy groups began the Arabian Peninsula. to raise awareness of the war destroying Yemen’s special heritage. The complex hydrological engineering involved made the dam’s restoration a formidable task. The hydrological system From Prosperity to Scarcity of the dam was designed to increase the level of trapped water, Historically, the establishment of Marib’s irrigation system had so that a cluster of several large, near and remote valleys will be compelled the dominant tribes to adopt the stable, feudal- filled with water and become summer reservoirs. Attempts to settler system. This enabled the tribal confederations from restore the dam resumed only in 1982 following a devastating this region to preside over a strong state of Yemen during the flood that ravaged the country. Sheikh Zayed bin-Sultan al- Sabean and Himyarite kingdoms. Marib dam was a formidable Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates financed the construction engineering achievement, as it controlled seasonal rainfall in a FIGURE 23. “Displaced but creative” Band from the IDP community of a new dam for Marib in 198412, but the modern dam was less complex watershed network of valleys, and created achain of hydrologically sophisticated. The Sheikh himself is reportedly artificial lakes that provided stable irrigation during the long small-scale tribal wars to acquire resources needed for for a descendent from the tribes who migrated from the area of desert summer. The collapse of the dam and failure to restore survival. The relative remoteness of Marib from the main trade Marib to territories now included in modern UAE borders. All it until the late 20th century also destroyed the paradigm of routes, and the relatively limitedagricultural resources without Arabs historically trace their lineage to those two migrations, social stability and prosperity that had dominated Marib’s first the benefit of the dam meant that the security capability of and the blood lines from these ancient migrations are kept as chapter. The following years saw the society shift towards Marib’s tribes was weaker compared to other northern tribes, a matter of pride and reference by tribal leaders to date. political-military models based more on scarcity. Over the since they were more segmented and had not established In October of 2020, Yemen’s Minister of Culture and Director of following centuries Marib transitioned into the model tribal raids large tribal confederations. Culture and Tourism visited sites in Marib in conjunction with more typical of Yemen’s northern tribes. This model entailed

11 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D34%3Averse%3D15 12 UN-H Profiling Team interview with Marib KII, June 2020e 13 https://www.arabnews.com/node/1743631/middle-east 14 https://www.archernet.org/en/2018/10/25/ayda-a-digital-register-of-heritage-monuments-for-yemen-interview-with-dr-iris-gerlach/ 15 Citing the organization Mwatana for Human Rights, lists 34 sites—some up to 3,000 years old—that have suffered severe damage in apparent violation of the 1954 Hague Convention treaty for the protection of cultural property during armed conflict. Titled “The Degradation of History,”Kate Brown, A War on ‘Collective Memory’: A Sober Report Reveals the Extent of the Damage to War-Torn Cultural Sites in Yemen, Nov 21, 2018, https://news.artnet.com/art-world/yemen-war-cultural-sites-1399402 Raghwan

Medghal

MAP 3 - HERITAGE SITES

Damaged sites (UNOSAT/UNESCO Assessment October 2015)

Cultural heritage site

Marib

Marib Old City

Sirwah Northen Dam Sluice Marib City Barran Temple / Throne of Queen Sheba

Awam Temple Southern Dam Sluice

Al Jubah

0 2,5 5 10 15 20 Kilometers 42 Marib Urban Profile Urban Heritage

FIGURE 24. Marib Northern Old Dam Sluice, Digital Globe 2015, through UNOSAT / UNESCO FIGURE 27. Old Marib’s Tell Area, Plan of buildings are represented with solid lines and both courtyards and small structures with broken lines, Source: van Beek, Gus W. 1982. “A population Estimate for Marib: A Contemporary Tell village in North Yemen.” Bulletin of the FIGURE 25. Damage to the American Schools of Oriental Research 248(1): 61-67. Northern Old Dam Sluice. Source: UNOSAT / UNESCO

FIGURE 26. Plot divisions in the near viciinty of the Old City FIGURE 28. Marib Old City. (Digital Globe, 2015). Some areas have been damaged, and some new constructions have been observed in a UNESCO / indicating planned new constructions around the Old City area. UNOSAT damage assessment in 2018. Digital Globe 2018 43

It is important to note that cultural heritage techniques diffused buildings were generally more cost-effective.18 Yemen and through social networks and family ties have a strong evidence Marib, inparticular, have been uniquely shielded from various base of success compared to more top-down, institutional modernizing initiatives associated with neoliberal development approaches to community development16 in Yemen--whether reforms in the Arab region. Heritage building techniques and from the central state or external development actors. Yemeni locally situated knowledge has not been lost entirely at a time people have had a strong cultural heritage of inherited building when ’Cradle to Cradle’ sustainable building techniques are skills since ancient times. Apart from some demonstration making the brick and mortar construction models of the late projects, most new house construction is carried along 20th Century increasingly obsolescent as well as being cost- traditional lines, by private individuals. The result is the prohibitive in a place like the IDP camps surrounding Marib achievement of a functional and harmonious architecture city. suited to the life of the Yemeni people. Urbanization, urban planning and land management, however, have often been Agricultural heritage is another important aspect of intangible FIGURE 29. Examples of a traditional family home near disproportionately shaped by outside actors. cultural heritage. According to some social scientists Marib. Source: https://www.voyagevirtuel.info/yemen-photo/ and agronomists, current food insecurity, increased displayimage-15-619.html Another important observation about the current impact of impoverishment and desertification are in part attributable to development interventions on more traditional and sustainable development policies. In retrospect, food security analysts cultural practices, and the related local economic ripple note that Yemen’s abandonment and destruction of rain-fed effects, is that with the introduction of new building materials, terrace agriculture was a mistake as it was more resource- a large proportion of the profits goes into the pockets of a few efficient in the Yemeni context.19 As arid, mountainous terrain contractors, with only about 25% remaining in the district. If such as the surrounding regions of Marib City were viewed as local communities are to benefit from construction, money incapable of producing high quality grain for the international must be spent locally, on local materials and labor. Furthermore, market so they were less penetrated by these green revolution imported building methods usually prove to be unsuited to the agriculture technologiess to scale policies.20 Understanding climate, as insufficient mass reduces the ability of buildings what agricultural practices work best in Marib is critical as it to regulate temperatures.17 As concrete and building permits still makes up 60% of Marib’s economy and has far-ranging were introduced, the ‘usta’— master masons, designers, implications for how Marib’s Master Plan balances urban, built and builders— were replaced by ‘muqqawal’—contractors space with agricultural territory. At one time Marib was one of FIGURE 30. Granary on the outskirts of Marib, date unknown.Source: skilled in the “assembly of industrial components”, marking the key breadbaskets for Yemen, helping support the country’s https://www.voyagevirtuel.info/yemen-photo/displayimage-15-618.html one of the ways that vital traditions are erased from public food sovereignty in which it only imported 18% of its food memory by homogenized built forms even though traditional products in 1978 (when Saleh came to power). Yemen is now

16 As anthropological research by Peutz (2018) conducted in Yemen both imported western (“neoliberal”) endogamous and non-western (primarily examining the implementation of a Government of Yemen and UNDP-led Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) on the Soqotra Archipelago) between 2004 and 2011, various development projects focused on “opening” (Ar.: infitah) and Western models of social transformation failed when they did not incorporate “relational matrices” of how familial relations and kin-based networks operated within decisions impacting social development. 17 Matthews, Derek, Journal of the British Yemeni Society, November 1996 (accessed at: https://al-bab.com/commentary-yemeni-traditional-architecture) 18 Varananda, Fernando. 1998. “Twenty years of Change in the Built Environment of Yemen.”!Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 9 (2): 63-78, p. 69. 19 Mundy, Martha, al-Hakimi, Amin, and Pelat, Frederic (2014), ’Neither security nor sovereignty: the political economy of food in Yemen’. (p. 105); The authors lay out the implications of shifting food sovereignty for food security and famine risk in Yemen discussing how the change in food sovereignty is clearly visible in the fact that the country imported 18% of its consumption of staple cereals in the 1970s, whereas this number had risen to 75% in 2014. Staple foods generally consist of 90% imports today.12 Food prices have risen, poverty has spread and Yemen’s population has increased by 350% since the 1980s, putting further pressure on resource use.13, 14, 15 For these reasons, control over water and food resources is important for both sides of the conflict - it is even a tactic employed by them. 20 Ibid. 44 Marib Urban Profile Urban Heritage

up to 75% as a net importer of food and the current conditions surrounding rapidly declining food security in Yemen make MAP 4 - TRIBES IN MARIB it even more important to recognize local opportunities for reversing the trend. 21 Agricultural heritage awareness can help policymakers move away from devaluing indigenous knowledge of farming as “static”, “inefficient” and “backward” Al Jawf Govenorate - without sufficient knowledge of how some of the traditions had evolved and adapted within the unique context of Yemen in conditions of resource scarcity and environmental variability. Majzar

Intangible Cultural Heritage Raghwan Leadership and conflict resolution approaches have been a

key intangible asset in the transformation of the fate of Marib, Medghal and is widely acknowledged as key to ushering in Marib’s latest Marib City positive chapter. It has contributed to trust among residents and a sense of being welcome and safe. In the context of the “tribe” Harib Al Qaramish Serwah Husoun Al Hilaal (framed in this profile as an example of salient living cultural Sana’a Governorate Bidbadah heritage), it may help explain certain trends in the city which have contributed to urban management and governance. Even while Marib City municipal capacity is notably thin and Shabwa Governorate operating through a hybrid cooperation of humanitarian/ Juba development actors with governorate and informal tribal Jabal Murad decision-making processes, nevertheless it is evident that certain patterns of tribal culture and collective decision Rahabah Harib making have influenced positive trends in the city, and can be viewed as cultural assets which merit the consideration of city planners . This is especially true as Marib’s City attempts to Al Abdiyah

ensure its influx of new residents does not lead instigate future Mahliyah conflict cycles and social cleavages. Therefore, it is important for planners to articulate core aspects of the city on a cultural Pipeline Tribes Murad Military camp level where the intangible qualities of effective decentralized Al Sharif group Jeda’an government can be found. For example, tribal mechanisms Al Bayda Governorate Marib gas station Bani Jabr Abidah for hosting asylum seekers have contributed to the political Safer oil reﬁnery Jahm Bani Abd economic fabric of the city.

21 RIKO,”Food as a weapon in Yemen,” The Council for International Conflict Resolution, December 2020, https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5f22849d8d2ee9c5bf758a91/5fdc890a65657e424e61fe45_FoodAsAWeap- FIGURE 31. Tribes in Marib. Redrawn from Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies (2020) onLayout2.pdf 45

Merging Past with Present Heritage a sense of shared purpose23 and social cohesion was originally The local authorities have prioritized opportunities to connect used in the context of tribalism and ’clan’-ism but presented the next generation of Marib with their heritage while also a prescriptive model for all social orders and governments.24 providing opportunities for camaraderie and recreation. In As the first major social cohesion meta-analysis conducted November 2020, Marib had its first equestrian championship for the Arab world concluded,25 social cohesion is a moving in the governorate, organized by the Youth and Sports Office target and can be used to describe patterns of relationship of the City Directorate. The sporting events in the governorate and social ties that relate to social cohesion can include and the diversity in tournaments and youth and cultural events a range of positive and negative associations; "asabiyya, organized for national holidays in September, October and cooption, friendship, kinship, partisanship, and partnership".26 November for Yemen’s Independence Day. Marib spokespeople In the context of Marib, its urban experiment of exercising organized the event as a way to celebrate the living cultural sovereignty along the lines of a ‘city-state’ makes identifying heritage of Marib’s forefathers along with strengthening a the ”formula” for maintaining positive social cohesion in sense of national identity. Events like this are organized by this dynamic context is increasingly critical and may be the Marib’s government to support vulnerable youth and provide differentiator determining whether Marib’s growth could be FIGURE 32. KSRelief have rehabilitated 161 child soldiers as part of a good outlet for youth expression and development. As an either an engine driving the emergence of the fastest growing the initiative of rehabilitating 2,000 Yemeni children. (Al Arabiya.net) example of how Marib’s history and symbolism is used as emerging Arab city or it could prove to be a ticking time bomb a healing space, its archaeological heritage site has been of an unsustainable growth bubble leading to inevitable strain incorporated into a rehabilitation program for former child and implosion. Because much of Marib’s capital at this stage soldiers in the Houthi militias from different areas in Yemen.22 is “human capital” on the edge of making its first major capital city that the tribes were better able to preserve their neutral investments in infrastructure, there is tremendous opportunity status, sparing Marib from destruction and providing a safe Tribes and Social Cohesion to demonstrate how Marib‘s cultural strengths can help the haven (albeit, intermittently amidst intermittent attacks). This Seeing Social Cohesion in Marib through lens of Asabiyya city’s growth continue to defy the odds. safety created the context for an economic explosion as IDPs Marib’s social patterns indicate that, at least at the local meso- The tribe-state dynamic which has operated throughout have brought new wealth and jobs to the region. However, and micro-levels of society, tribal influence appears to have a Yemen, took a unique form in Marib. Notably, the governorate the advantage is fragile, and it is contingent on many factors positive impact on social cohesion thus far through the value leadership was successful in matching short-term military beyond Marib’s control. It may be compromised if the attacks of extending hospitality in the context of Marib, supporting victories with longer-term efforts at governing and community on Marib’s mountain ranges continue. theories of trust, cohesion and social capital. The patterns building. This included responding to the humanitarian crisis evident in Marib seem to conform to many of the traits by negotiating hosting sites for the IDPs, many of which described in Ibn Khaldun’s foundational sociological theory were established on tribally administered land. Furthermore, of Asabiyya from the Arabic root word asab meaning “to bind as Marib has become the pass-through for all traffic, goods, together.” Supporting Ibn Khaldun’s theory of Elm Al Umran travel between North and South, its tribes are positioning (the science of social life) of Muqaddimah and, the concept of themselves to become central mediators between the North social solidarity emphasizing unity, group consciousness, and and the South. All this has created the perception within the

22 https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/07/12/IN-PICTURES-KSRelief-takes-27-ex-child-soldiers-in-a-tour-in-Yemen-s-Marib-.html 23 Manoochehri, Abbas, “Ibn Khaldun on “Political Change,” International Journal of History and Cultural Studies, Volume 2, Issue 4, 2016, PP 1-9., https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijhcs/v2-i4/1.pdf 24 Ibn Khaldun’s Asabiyya is applied within his conceptual reality of the Umran. The Umran represents a psycho-social dynamic character of social reality in which "sociology" is inseparable from "history", and also from “politics”. He has linked his umran to Aristotle’s notion of Eudaimonia. As such umran is the core of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the complexity of human experience. Sumer, Beyza. “Ibn Khaldun’s Asabiyya for Social Cohesion , Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisis 11, no. 41 (2012) 25 Harb, Charles,”Developing a Social Cohesion Index for the Arab Region” UNDP, January 2018, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322570041_Developing_a_Social_Cohesion_Index_for_the_Arab_Region. 26 de Elvira, Laura Ruiz, Christoph H. Schwarz, and Irene Weipert-Fenner, eds. Clientelism and patronage in the Middle East and North Africa: Networks of dependency. Routledge, 2018. 46 Marib Urban Profile

CURRENT 7 GOVERNANCE

This section presents key facts surrounding the local level plays a dominant role. The governorate system has played the key regulatory administration system and progressive “leaps'' it has made role when it comes to oil and gas contracts. Because the to increase its capacity throughout the conflict, specifically Four Levels of Local Administration governorate system is intimately linked to the local tribal since 2015. These leaps were happening against the The profiling team interviewed several local administration confederation alliance in Marib, as well as to the security backdrop of several factors, which primarily include: officials, both at the municipal and the provincial setup that safeguards the oil and gas operations, all the key decisions are now taking place within the governor’s » The massive population growth, which also brought (governorate) levels to understand the practical operation office. A thin layer of bureaucratic oversight, enabling a administrative, bureaucratic and technical skills to the of the governance system. The interviews point and other more streamlined decision-making process also made formerly marginalized governorate. This population supporting evidence point to a gap between what is in LAL the governorate more attractive to investors. For example, growth required parallel growth in the capacity of No. 4 (issued in August 2000) and the actual operational the investment decisions are supposed to be taken by the institutions. Marib’s urban and population growth reality, suggesting that more administrative and financial ،central state through the General Investment Commission required new services to keep up with the demand, also powers than formally intended have been decentralized which operates under the Prime Minister’s Office. This fostered by its presentation as a safe haven for capital and practiced through executive powers and tribal privilege commission issues the decision for land uses, and has investments from across the Republic; norms at the following four levels: tremendous executive powers that supersede the local » The pattern of de-facto decentralization, which 1. The central state oversight and budgetary role level authority, or even legal documents such as master empowered the provincial level , but at the same time The Ministry of Local Administration (MoLA) is supposed plans. However, all investment decisions in Marib are now helped the governorate consolidate powers from the to manage the local administrative units at all levels, and processed through the Governorate’s Department of Trade lower administrative levels such as the districts and the provide the necessary oversight as to how the budget and Industry, with the Governor’s Office retaining the final municipalities; allocated through the Ministry of Finance is being spent. authority on investment approvals. The governorate level, through the Department of Finance also has the powers » The last local elections under the Local Authority Law Increasingly since 2017, Marib began to sever its financial to allocate budgets for the different district councils and (LAL) no. 4 of 2000 happened in 20081, so that elected ties with the central government, reducing the transfers to the municipalities of the larger cities, and to manage the district and provincial councils since 2011 are performing of financial revenues both from tax collection and more revenues and local taxes with no functioning system of under mandate extension terms, which in turn reduced importantly from the oil revenues to the Central Bank in checks and balances from central state authorities. Finally, their legitimacy, helping the governorate rule through Aden. Not only did this mean that the role of MoLA became the governorate has replaced the elected provincial council executive powers. And finally; rather performative (the governorate still needs the stamp of MoLA on certain executive decrees), but much needed with a smaller ‘Executive Bureau’ (maktab tanfeezi), which » The financial autonomy that Marib started in the Republic, monetary oversight is now missing. MoLA is still invited to performs some level of oversight and veto authority over and has since became its defining modus operandi, some opening ceremonies and inaugural events, such as at the different provincial departments (mudeeriyat) which enabling the governorate to use its natural wealth to out- the announcement of new plans for the international airport, hold the power for provincial decisions. These eleven perform other governorates possessing comparatively or the ratification of the master plan, but in practice the executive bureau members are also a reflection of a state- more advanced administrative experience. Ministry is no longer acting as a capacity that can overrule tribe alliance that stands behind the sustainability of Marib’s These factors combined require thorough analysis of the executive orders or endorse local budgets. model and stability. Although the provincial system clearly administrative system to address the dynamics at the lacks independent monitoring and oversight, and has almost different local administration levels, in which the governorate 2. Autonomy of Governorate-level Decision Making entirely severed its meaningful ties with the central state, it

1 As noted by Stadnicki (2014) Yemen’s LAL of 2000 was the culmination of decentralization reforms begun under the “auspices of the World Bank.” This law focused on reducing the size of central government by delegating planning and administrative responsibilities to municipal and district councils. In 2008 Yemen held its first elections for governors by council members. Despite the fact that most seats were won by the ruling party, Yemen’s decentralization effort was still one of the most ambitious in the Arab world. Roman Stadnicki, “The Challenges of Urban Transition in Yemen: Sana’a and Other Major Cities”, Journal of Arabian Studies, vol. 4, No. 1 (2014), pp. 115–133. 47

Provincial Departments Oil and Gas Revenues General • Coordinate the entire Investment • Revenues are collected local administration Commission Oil Revenues by the central bank system through the Central Supports the tribal branch in Marib, but Police and confederations, the Office of the Governor. Bank Disaster some revenues go Law military effort, and the • The Finance Management Enforcement directly to the war effort and Camps governorate budget Department manages Finance and and the tribal resources allocated in Budget Department confederations in Safer. Trade and the Central Bank’s (under the nominal • The generated fuel supervision of the Industrial branch in Marib, and Investments helps operate the Safer collect local taxes. Ministry of Finance) Thermal plant that • The technical Services supplies the national Departments manages District electricity grid. Council • construction and Technical Remaining resources maintenance contracts Services are used by the with private sector (planning, governorate through the Governor’s Office District providers in all the MoLA health, edu., Council finance and budget districts and the cities. etc.) Assuming with the department executive bureau all the powers of the provincial Marib Municipal Office District 14 District Councils Municipal council Council • Non-elected body with Offices (in • Extending their limited jurisdictions, central cities mandate since 2016. operates under the only) District Marib • Coordinate basic provincial department of Council Municipal services with the Municipal Offices. Office provincial departments. • Manages basic urban District • Most of their service services, including WASH, Council offices only exist on parks, and maintenance. Joubah • Safer Collects municipal taxes. Hareeb paper, and those that • Recently increased its do exist are under planning role through the Solid Parks Master Permits capacitated and have Master Plan office. Waste Plan no financial powers. • Issues building permits. • Structure reflect strict tribal confederation Health Edu. WASH Culture dominance within the district.

FIGURE 33. Governance influence diagram. Based on interviews with local government officials. 48 Marib Urban Profile

arguably has a track record of performing as a governing body Public perceptions of accountability and government that is capable of making decisions on the spot, perform with 4. The municipality of Marib services agility and responsiveness to a tough reality, and to also lessen Like all other central cities in Yemen, the larger cities in Mareb Another factor to consider when assessing the effectiveness the administrative procedures that investors always complained have a municipality headed by the City Manager, a career of Marib's administrative system is the nascent social contract about when dealing with the central state’s Commission and the official appointed by the governor. Furthermore, the municipality the governorate appears to have begun to establish with the Office of the Prime Minister. itself has no elected council, and performs as a Provincial population, regardless of their origin or how long they have Department. In recent years, the municipality of Marib became a resided in Marib. The foundation of this civic relationship is 3. The District Councils as the lowest elected governing key department due to the massive population growth, the need that Marib’s residents currently benefit from the best electricity bodies in Marib to coordinate humanitarian response and to manage camps. supply nationwide with the lowest cost. Many households in the Even though each of the 14 districts in Marib have an elected Within the past few years, the municipality grew from few staff city report not being charged a power bill to access the public council, as of 2020, it has been nearly 15 years since the last who manage minor duties to a fully-staffed department with grid. They also have access to the cheapest energy sources such local elections were organized in Yemen (in 2006). The District tens of engineers, planners, operations managers, contracts as gas for their cars and cooking. Our survey suggests that this Councils have since been operating under an executive order and fiscal officers, as well as full-time inter-departmental basic level of access to services drives local satisfaction about extension. Each district is supposed to manage District Offices, coordination staff. the administration. This could partially explain the generally which are in turn supposed to coordinate the provision of tolerant-to-favorable view of taxation expressed by residents services and the planning responsibilities with the mirroring polled in Marib. departments at the provincial level. However, most of these offices only exist on paper, and only in few of the 14 districts, Despite the limited municipal capacity noted above and the one can find semblance of a functioning District Administration strong tribal nature of Marib’s socio-political identity, in the urban office. While the councils themselves continue to exist asa scorecard survey residents generally displayed a favorable reflection of tribal confederations with the largest manpower in attitude towards government performance and a desire for the different district locales, these councils do not have actual expanded government services. They also expressed support powers so long as they are not capacitated with professional for a robust local government law enforcement capacity. On bureaucracy or sufficient budgets. This lack of empowerment the question of whether citizens preferred a civil state system is not a product of deliberate provincial consolidation of power of government over customary, tribal models, respondents as such, but merely reflects the reality in remote and sparsely overwhelmingly supported a central state system (with a total populated regions such as Marib. Both the central state and the of 65% voicing some level of agreement). It may be that Marib’s provincial authority in Marib did not move to staff and activate residents do not see state and tribal governance systems as all the de jure bureaucratic structures that exist at the district mutually exclusive but as a whole package that addresses a level. Instead, bureaucratic resources were directed to where the wide range of different needs depending on the context. demands were greatest. The operational district councils have staffed offices in the more densely populated districts such as Hareeb and Jobah, as well as Safer (Sector 18) where the The one consistent finding across all secondary research and presence of wealth and presence of international corporations residents’ perceptions was that public satisfaction with the 2 requires the district level to play a role. government seemed to be closely tied to peoples’ sense of its

2 According to the Berghof Foundation, “The local council in Marib did have 14 councilors at one time. Two seats have remained vacant since the 2006 elections, as no elections could be held in the districts in question. Two councilors have passed away. One of them was the secretary general; the other was the head of the services committee of the local council. This leaves the actual composition of the governorate’s local council at 10 councilors (as of January of 2020). However, they do not meet regularly and have been largely stripped of their function.” This further confirms why the gover- nor and his executive bureau retains most of the local governance authority. Berghof Foundation, “Mapping of Local Governance in Yemeni Governorates”, 30 January 2020, https://berghof-foundation.org/library/mapping-of-local-governance-in-yemeni-governorates Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state

DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44%

Cultural heritage

If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group who live in my area 3% 20% 12% 26% 24% 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree 12% 7% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib 34% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 19% 16% Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 31% Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 39% 26% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 26% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict

6% 10% DK/DWTA 18% Completely unsatisfied Somewhat unsatisfied 34% Satisfied 32% Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state Very satisfied Safety and respsect Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 49 External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to city - per age group If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply tions) use Perceptiontheir powers of toimproving the disadvantage shelter conditions of the living in terms of affordability and Perception oftheir stability cultural in theor natural current beauty shelter (suh (against as parks, natural squares, hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the official entity ratherI feel than more to respected a local leader in Marib or mediators than the area I came from or other places I visit conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTA Responders by age group Respondents by gender M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA DK/DWTA 5%3% DK/ DWTA 25-35 F Somewhat disagree 4% 14% DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Native6% resident of Marib Maybe DK/DWTA Native residents Strongly Disagree M Strongly Disagree 13% Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% Somewhat agree 12% 8% StronglyStrongly agree disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 36-60 F Strongly36% disagree No 27% Strongly disagree 15% 32% Somewhat disagree More than 60 Females somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 19% 13% SomewhatSomewhat agree disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% 38% 15% Somewhat agree 36-60 Males 16% 48% Somewhat disagreeSomewhat agree Yes Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 21% 22% 32% More than 60 F 19% SomewhatSomewhat disagree agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Stable Strongly agree 24% Somewhat agree SCORECARD - Satisfaction related to dispute Public commitment to paying taxes and utility bills IDPs livingChallenges in slums, informal settlements facing or camps the state in providing services Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 33% 25-35 49% 51% M 25% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 56% Somewhat agree 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 18% 26% 21% StronglyStrongly disagree agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree resolution mechanisms Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 21% Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 39% The commitment to paying taxes and utility bills shows Majority of the respondents across demographic groups DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% A significant majority of respondents strongly agreed that strong differences across the demographic groups. expressed the ability to access information on the status of I feel more respected inNative Marib than residents the area I came seem from orto other have places the I visit,highest by gender level of services from various information sources, with the native Fear of catching COVID-19 they prefer to resort to law enforcement rather than any Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the commitment. The marginalized community and the residents having the highest level of information access. Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessingCultural shelter overheritage 50% of household income city - per demographic group other alternative dispute resolution option, such as100 local in the city (regardless of displacement status) IDPs living in the neighbourhoodsDK/DWTA voiced the most Specialized Facebook Youpages are satisfied were with volunteer the quality ofand education random services in the city If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status leaders, armed groups or notables and headsIf I face of any families. problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group 2% Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree can access assisstance8% from my friends and neighbours 5%important issue DK/ DWTA official entity rather than to a local leaderopposition or mediators toby demographictaxes. 54% group of the respondents strongly or contributions from subscribers frequently publish updates DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 15% M OnlyStrongly a narrow Disagree minority disagreed (12%). A majority of 43% Somewhat disagree who live in my area 16% 16% 60 DK/DWTA 2% Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods somewhat agreed that the public is committed to paying on service provision, or sudden interruption, might have Very satisfactory Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree F howeverSomewhat strongly disagree agreed, with the native residents having Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 17% 3% 12% 40 Completely unsatisfied 13% 27% 20% Poor M their taxes to the state, asStrongly well agree as the utility bills to the contributed to these results Satisfactory Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 26% 24% theSomewhat strongest agree preference to the civil state model. 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree 24% Average Strongly agree 20 local authorities who provide the services. A remaining Respondents to our survey expressed their satisfaction Somewhat satisfactory 28% 12% 7% 43% M DK/DWTA DK/DWTA Satisfied DK/DWTA 21% 12% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib relatively high proportion of the respondents strongly in the quality6% of municipal services they are getting: 23% Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree 26% Marginalized and African migrants F 0 Strongly Disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly disagree Influence of extenral powers Unsatisfactory Influence of extenral34% powers32% 17% Somewhat agree 21% Strong Very satisfied Public Spaces General data Strongly agree Public Spaces 19%Strongly agree General data Complaint and the state M Complaint and the state Female Maledisagreed (15%) or somewhat disagreed (18%), and as were16% very satisfied, 34%Strongly were Disagree satisfied, and only 15% Somewhat disagree 33% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 28% DK/ DWTA 20% Somewhat disagree 64% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 64% many as 13% didSomewhat not haveagree a view on this matter or did expressedMarginalized strongand African migrants dissatisfaction.Somewhat disagree Respondents generally Somewhat agree External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to External powers (such as other government or corpora- Strongly disagree There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to Strongly disagree If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an People in the city pay their taxes and utility Participationbills in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators IDPs living in slums,official informal entity settlements rather or than camps to a local leader or mediators not want to answer.Strongly agree expressed20% a very high 0%level10%Somewhat of20% acknowledgement30% agree40% 50% 60% 70% 80% when90% 100% it IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 39% 26% I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) conditions for the residents. DK/DWTA mosques, water sources, etc.) DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only comes to the26% challenges faced by the state authorities Responders by age group Respondents by gender Responders by age group Respondents by gender Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants Influence of extenral powers 100 Public Spaces Influence of extenral powersGeneral data Public Spaces General data ComplaintHas the IDPscity and provided living thein campsnecessary state resources to protect people from Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 Complaint and the state DK/DWTA in providing decent services, while only 12% thought that DK/DWTA 3% DK/DWTA 3% coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib 4% DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe 4% DK/ DWTA80 DK/DWTA 6% these challengesMaybe were completely unjustified. DK/DWTA Access to cleanNative drinking resident ofwater Marib Native resident of Marib IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict Strongly13% Disagree 13% External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to External powers (such asStrongly other governmentDisagree or corpora- in the city by demographic group There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to Strongly Disagree If I face any problem, I prefer to resort12% to law enforcement or an Strongly agreeParticipationSomewhat in Focal Group agree DiscussionsSomewhat disagree If I faceStrongly any problem,disagree I preferDK/DWTA to resort12% to law enforcement or an People in the city pay their taxes and utilityParticipation bills in Focal Group Discussions I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of myPeople appearances in the city (such pay as their the taxes color andof utility bills 8% Strongly agree 8% Strongly agree Strongly disagree No Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree27% Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, tions) use their powers Somewhatto the disadvantage disagree of the living More than 60 their cultural or natural beauty (suhFemales as parks, squares, Somewhat disagree official entity ratherNative thanMore residents to thana local 60 leader or mediators Females official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators 60 The state is facing significant challengesmy skin or inmy providing social status) decent quality of services for all 19% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 19% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 38%If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcementCan or you an officialaccess adequate information toPeople help you in the manage city pay your their daily taxes life and15% Somewhatand to utilityknow theagreebills status of 38%The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of 15% conditions for the residents. 13% Somewhat agree mosques, water sources, etc.) conditions for the residents. 13% Somewhat agree mosques, water sources, etc.) 3% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 36-60 Males 3% Somewhat agree 36-60 16% 48% Males entity rather than to a local leader16% or mediators 48% services Somewhatthrough40 websites disagree (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? services for allYes Somewhat disagree Responders by age group 22% 32% Respondents by gender DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Responders by age group 22% 32% Respondents by gender Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements4% or camps Strongly agree Strongly agree Native Residentsresidents in theSomewhat city today disagreeare living in peace and harmo- IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 15% Native resident of Marib 25-35 Strongly disagree I consider34% the preservation of Marib'sStrongly cultural agree heritage an 25-35 24% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree56% Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree DK/DWTA ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds 49% 51% 19% Unsatisfactory 31% 49% 51% 20 DK/DWTA 3% importantDK/DWTA issue 3% 4% Current occupation 4% 18% 26% 6% DK/DWTA 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib 29% 17% Somewhat agree 21% Strongly disagree Native resident Somewhatof Marib disagree DK/21% DWTA Strongly disagree DK/DWTA6% Maybe DK/Native DWTA resident of Marib DK/DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 16-24 Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 Somewhat disagreeStrongly agree 21% Strongly agree 13% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree13% Strongly agree 39% Strongly Disagree 39% Strongly Disagree Somewhat satisfactory 12% 18% 0 Completely unsatisfied 8% Strongly agree Strongly agree 12% 12% 22% DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 8% DK/DWTAMore44% than 60 Somewhat agreeFemales More44% than 60 28% Strongly disagreeFemales No Strongly disagree Female Male 27% Strongly disagree No Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 27% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% DK/DWTA Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 19% 19% IDPs living in camps Native resident of19% Marib Satisfactory 38% 15% 38% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 15% 13% Somewhat agree 13% Somewhat agree 4% Strongly agree Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 22% 36-60 Males Somewhat22% agree 22%Strongly Disagree 36-60 16% 48%34% StronglyMales agree 16% 48% Satisfied 26% 32% 14% Very satisfactory 32% 22% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 23% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib,Very satisfied regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Somewhat disagree Strongly agree The MarginalizedSomewhat and Afican disagree migrants Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat agree Somewhat agree CulturalDK/ DWTAheritage 36% 25-35 49% 51% Cultural heritage 25-35 49% 51% my skin or my social status) 56% Somewhat agree 18% 26% 38% 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree 21% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%somewhat80% 90% disagree100% 21% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants 16-2419% Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 Strongly agree 21% MarginalizedStrongly and African agree migrants Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly agree 39% If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage39% an If I could not get my needs from the stateRespondents institutions, by Itarget population groups Displacement status IDPs living in slums,I considerinformal settlements the preservation or camps of Marib's cultural heritage an Strongly agree Respondents by target population groups If I face anyDisplacement problem, I prefer status to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and shouldIf I face be any considered problem, toI prefer form theto resort future to of law the enforcement city. or an People in the city pay their taxes and utility Asbills a -citizen per demographic in the city, I groupthink that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group DK/DWTA can access assisstanceDK/DWTA from my friends and neighbours 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%important70% 80% issue90% 100% can access DK/DWTAassisstance44% from my friends and neighbours Strongly disagree important issue 44% official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group official entity rather than to0% a local10% 20%leader30% or 40%mediators50% 60% by demographic70% 80% 90% group100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native resident of Marib who live in my area who live in my area Strongly Disagree 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Satisfaction with the basic stateSatisfaction services (mail,with the internet, basic state real servicesestate regis (mail,- internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 3% 12% 3% 12% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 20% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 20% tration, permits, etc.) Cultural heritage 26% Cultural heritage24% 26% 24% Somewhat agree 3% Strongly agree 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly agree DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA DK/DWTA If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I EconomyI consider the preservation12% of Marib's cultural 7%heritage an If I could not get my needs from the stateRespondents institutions, by I target population groups Displacement status I consider the preservation12% of Marib's cultural heritage7% an Respondents by target population groups If I face anyDisplacementEconomy problem, I prefer status -to females resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and shouldIf I face be any consideredDK/DWTA problem, Ito prefer form tothe resort future to of law the enforcement city. or an DK/DWTAPeople in the city pay their taxesStrongly and utility agreeAs bills a citizen- per demographic in the city, I thinkgroup that my voice matters and should be consideredDK/DWTA to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic 6%group DK/DWTADK/DWTA 12% 12% Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib 10% can access assisstance from my friends34% and neighbours Somewhat agree important issue canSomewhat access assisstance agree from my friends34% and neighbours Somewhat agree 21% important issue Somewhat agree official21% entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group Strongly Disagree official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Completely unsatisfied Strongly disagree who live in my area Conditions to start up a new business (perception of19% who live in my area Optimism due to improving economy Perception 19%of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs 16% Strongly Disagree Marginalized and African migrants 16% Strongly Disagree 18% Completely unsatisfied Somewhat disagree 31% Somewhat disagree Somewhat31% disagree Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat disagree how easy) Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat33% disagree 64% potential Somewhat disagree IDPs33% living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% 64% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat unsatisfied 3% 20% 12% 3% 20% 12% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Satisfied Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 26% 24% 34% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informalSomewhat settlements oragree camps StronglyIDPs living agreein slums, informal settlements or camps StronglyIDPs living agree in slums, informalSomewhat settlements agree or camps IDPsVery living satisfied in slums, informal settlements or camps StronglySatisfied agree 3% Strongly agree 3% Strongly agree 20% 20% 39% Strongly agree26% 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree26%4% DK/ DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 32% DK/DWTA 12% 7% DK/DWTA 39% DK/DWTAThe14% Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the 7%past 6 months only DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% 12% Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident26% of Marib Strongly agree Native resident of Marib 6% 26% Native resident of Marib Very satisfied 6% DK/ DWTA 12% 13% Marginalized and African9% migrants DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants MarginalizedStrongly and African agree migrants Marginalized and African migrants 34% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 34% Somewhat agree 21% 24% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 24% Strongly disagree 21% Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 14%19% 21% IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict19% started in 2015 32% IDPs living in camps 14% Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 16% Strongly Disagree 16% Strongly DisagreeSafety and respsect Strongly disagree Services Housing 0% 10% 20% 30% Strongly40% 50% disagree60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% Covid 19 31% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% As50% a 60%citizenSomewhat70% in 80%the disagree city,Access90% I 100%think to cleanthat my drinking voice matterswater per and demographic should be considered group 0% to 10%form20% the 30%future40% of the50% 60%Somewhat31%70% 80% disagree90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat33% disagree Somewhat64% disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree IDPs33% living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident64% of Marib before the conflict 18% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict Somewhat disagree city - per age group Somewhat disagree 27% Somewhat disagree 29% 20% Somewhat disagreeSomewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagreeAccess to 12 hours 28%or less of daily electrcity supplySomewhat agree Strongly disagree28% Perception of improvingSomewhat shelter agree conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit 24% Native residents IDPs living in slums, informal settlementsNative or camps residents Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informalSomewhat settlements or agree camps StronglyIDPs living agree in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps YouStrongly can access agree clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk34% of eviction) household 20% The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all DK/DWTA 20% The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all 39% DK/DWTA 26% Somewhat agree 39% 30% 26% Can you access adequateSomewhat information agree to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of Can you access16-24 adequate informationF to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the DK/DWTA DK/DWTAThe Marginalized and Afican migrants StronglyArrived agree in the past 6 months only DK/DWTA 33% Strongly agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only DK/ DWTA 23% services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 26% Strongly agree services through websites (includingM through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 26% Strongly agree 28% Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrantsFIGURE 34. Performance and preferences regardingNative residents Marginalized and African migrantsFIGURE 35. CommittmentStrongly Disagree to paying taxes and utilities per 5% city DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree FIGURE 36. Satisfaction with the city municipal services Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Residents in the IDPscity today living arein camps living in peace and harmo- Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural7% heritage an DK/ DWTA IDPs living in camps Arrived after4% the conflict started in 2015DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 F Somewhat disagree 14% DK/DWTA ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% dispute0% 10% resolution20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% demographic0% 10% 20% 30% 40%group50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Native80% 90%resident100% of Marib important issue ny regardlessNative of residentstribal, cultural and social backgroundsCurrent occupation important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA M DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree (mail, real estate and civil registration, permits) DK/DWTA Native resident15% of Marib 6% DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 6% DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods ResidentStrongly of Marib disagree before the conflict Strongly disagreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflictNot stable 15% 23% Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree Native36% resident of Marib 15% Completely unsatisfied 36-60 F Completely unsatisfied Strongly Disagree 32% 34% 12% 22% Somewhat agree 22% somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree M Strongly agree 12% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand IDPs livingDK/DWTA in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsNative residentsAbility to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residenceDK/DWTA to Somewhat disagreeNative residents How easy for females to access jobs per genderSomewhat stable Somewhat unsatisfied The state is facing significantSomewhat challenges disagree in providing decent quality of services for all IDPs living in camps Somewhat unsatisfied The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent20% quality of services for all Somewhat disagree IDPs living inCan the youcity's accesstraditional adequateneighbourhoods information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of IDPs livingCan in the you city's access traditional adequate neighbourhoods information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 4% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib 4% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib places of work More than 60 F Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree services through websites21% (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)?Satisfied services throughSomewhat websites disagree (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)?Satisfied Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree M IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 14% IDPs living in camps14% Strongly agree 22% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 22% 25% Strongly agree Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- Somewhat agree Residents in the city todaySomewhat are living disagree in peace and harmo- IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 33% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% IDPs living inI the consider city's traditional the preservation neighbourhoods of Marib's cultural heritage an Somewhat agree IDPs living inI theconsider city's traditional the preservation neighbourhoods of Marib's cultural heritage an 26% Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Very70% satisfied80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree Strongly agree ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social36% backgrounds Strongly agree 26% Very stableDK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree DK/DWTA important issue Somewhat agree Current occupation 5% DK/ DWTA important issue Somewhat agree Current occupation 6% DK/DWTA38% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 6% DK/DWTA38% Marginalized and African migrants somewhat disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants somewhat disagree 7% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib Strongly agree Strongly agree 19% 7% DK/ DWTA 19% Marginalized and African migrants Completely Stronglyunsatisfied disagree Marginalized and African migrants Completely unsatisfied Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 18% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 16% Strongly agree Males 22% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%Strongly disagree 12% Strongly disagree 12% 22% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Strongly disagree24% DK/DWTA24% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% unsatisfiedSomewhat90% 100% disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% unsatisfied90% 100% 14% 24% Strongly disagree 25% 21% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods I feel more respected in Marib than0% the 10%area 20%I came30% from40% or50% other60% places70% I80% visit,90% by gender100% 4% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib 31% 4% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree 27% DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree Satisfied Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Satisfied Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Fear of catching COVID-19 14% 14% 24% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere 22% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be consideredYou are satisfied to22% form with the thefuture quality of the of education services in the city You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% Somewhat agree 28% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfiedStrongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 100 36% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Satisfaction with present level of electrcityIDPs living supply Somewhatin the city's traditional agree neighbourhoods 28% 27% Somewhat agree Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income Somewhat agree city - per demographic group Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 18% 28% Somewhat agree 36% in the city (regardless of displacement status) Females You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 38% 38% somewhat disagree somewhat disagree Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree Strongly agree 80 Strongly Disagree 19% 19% Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants 2% MarginalizedDK/ DWTA and African migrants Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 6% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 29% Strongly agree Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA 6% DK/DWTA 8% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 10% Somewhat disagree 10% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 15% M Strongly Disagree 16% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 16% Absent 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 60 DK/DWTA 2% 26% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Completely unsatisfied Completely unsatisfied Marginalized and African migrants Very satisfactory Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 18% Somewhat agree 18%Native resident of Marib 27% DK/DWTA 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree 17% M 40 Completely unsatisfied 13% 27% Poor You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Somewhat unsatisfied Strongly agree You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Somewhat unsatisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfactory 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs 34% 20 34% 28% 24% 43% Average Strongly agree Satisfied Satisfied 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Somewhat agree M Satisfied Employment status 6% 32% 6% 32% 26% Marginalized and African migrants F DK/DWTA 0 IDPs living in slums, informalDK/DWTA settlements or camps Unsatisfactory 32% Continuing education 17% Strong 10% Very satisfied 10% Very satisfied Very satisfied Native residents Strongly agree Strongly agree M Female Male Unemployed Completely unsatisfied Completely unsatisfied DK/ DWTA Safety and respsect 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%18%90% 100% Safety and respsect 18% Services Housing Services 28%8% DK/Continuing DWTA education Housing Covid 19 Native residents As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to formCovid the future 19 of the As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Marginalized and African migrants 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed city - per age group Strongly disagree city - per age group Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat unsatisfied Unemployed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply 13% Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordabilityAccess and to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supplyPerception 24% of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, Perception of improving shelterCOVID-19 conditions worsening in terms the of economic affordability hardship and for the Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, Somewhat disagree COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit 34% I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit 34% 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods You canSatisfied access clean drinking water I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib You canSatisfied access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) IDPs living inadequacy camps comapred to previoushousehold year violence, or risk of eviction) DK/DWTA household 36% 31% Employed 16-24 F Somewhat agree 16-24 F DK/DWTA 32% 32% Somewhat disagree 61% M Strongly Disagree Has the city provided necessary resources to protect5% people from M Strongly Disagree Very satisfied 5% 100 Very satisfied 28% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 19% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 25-35 F coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? 25-35 F 28% Somewhat7% agree DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 7% PerceptionDK/ of being5%DWTA welcomed to rent a houseDK/ DWTA anywhere 4% Access to affordableDK/ DWTA housing in Marib Somewhat disagree 5% SafetyDK/ DWTA and respsect 14% Somewhat disagree Safety and respsect 14% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA Services DK/ DWTA Housing Services DK/ DWTA Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to formCovid the future 19 of the As a citizen inStrongly the city, disagree I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Native resident of Marib 80 Strongly Disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents Native residents Access to clean drinking water M M Strongly disagree 26% 15% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%in the50% city60%15% by demographic70% 80%23%90% group100% The Marginalized and15%city Afican - per migrants age group Somewhat agree 15% city - per age group Strongly agree Somewhat agreeSomewhatSomewhat agree disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree I feel I can access different opportunitiesStrongly in Disagree Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly disagree Strongly agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Not stableF 23% Strongly disagree 36% 36% Somewhat disagree 15% 32% 15% 32% 36-60 I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other placessomewhat 36-60I visit disagree F I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from60 or other placessomewhat I visit disagree my skin or my social status) Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordabilityAccess and to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supplyPerception of stability in the current shelter (against34% natural hazards, Perception of improving shelterCOVID-19 conditions worsening in terms the of economic affordability hardship and for the Perception of stability in the current shelter (against34%0% natural10% hazards,20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% COVID-19 worseningStrongly the economic agree hardship for the IDPsStrongly living in the agree city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree M M You can access clean drinking water Somewhat agree You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year Somewhat disagree violence, or risk of eviction) Somewhat stable adequacy comapred to previoushousehold year Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagreeviolence, or risk of eviction) Somewhat stable DK/DWTA household 3%Somewhat disagree DK/20% DWTA DK/DWTA 20% 16-24 F 3% 16-24 F Somewhat agree Somewhat40 agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA 21% More than 60 F DK/ DWTA More than 60 F Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree DK/DWTA 19% Somewhat agree 4% Strongly agree Stable 19% Native residents 24%Somewhat agree Somewhat agree M Stable Strongly Disagree 24% 15% Somewhat5% agree DK/DWTA M Strongly Disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 5% DK/DWTA Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Native resident of Marib IDPs living in camps IDPs living in camps Strongly disagree M34% 24% Strongly disagree M Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly agree 33% F 19% Unsatisfactory 31% 25% F Strongly agree 25% 20 Strongly agree Strongly Disagree 7% DK/ DWTA26% 4% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA5%26% DK/ DWTA 4% 25-35 DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 5% DK/ DWTA33% 14% 25-35 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 14% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 17% 26% Somewhat agreeVery stable Strongly agree Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib Native residents Market accessibility and availabilityof household needsNative residents Employment29% status - male / female IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree M Female employment status Somewhat disagree M Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Strongly disagree Marginalized and AfricanIDPs living migrants in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 15% 15% Strongly Disagree 0 Strongly Disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly disagree Strongly disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly disagree Not stable 15%Strongly disagree23% Strongly disagree Not stable SomewhatSomewhat satisfactory agree 15% 23% Strongly disagree 18% 36% Somewhat agree 36% 15% Somewhat disagree 15% Somewhat agree 36-60 F 36-60 F Female Male Somewhat agree 32% 100 34% 32% 34% 28% Somewhatsomewhat agree disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100%somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% Continuing education SatisfactoryStrongly agree IDPsStrongly living in the agree city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the Somewhatcity's traditional disagree neighbourhoods 90 Somewhat stable SomewhatIDPs living in disagree camps Somewhat disagree Strongly agree SomewhatM stable 19% Continuing education Somewhat disagree 20% M 20% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Strongly disagree Native residents 22% 34% I feel moreSomewhat respected agree in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender SomewhatI feelagree moreSomewhat respected agree in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% Somewhat80 agree 26% Unemployed 21% More than 60 F Unemployed StronglyMore agreethan 60 F 23% Very satisfactory IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 19% 6% SomewhatDK/ DWTA agree 70 Stable 19% 24%Somewhat agree Fear of catchingSomewhat COVID-19 agree StableM As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters24% and should be consideredFear of catchingtoSomewhat form the COVID-19 future agree of the Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree Perception of beingIDPs welcomedliving in camps to rent a house anywhere Strongly agree EmployedDK/ DWTA The MarginalizedPerception and Aficanof being migrants welcomed to rent a house anywhere 25% Strongly agree M As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 25% Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants 60 33% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 33% 100 100 my skin or my social status) Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply 26% Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supplyCost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 26% Cost of accessing0% 10%shelter20% over30% 50%40% of50% household60%city70% -income per80% demographic 90% 100% group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%DK/DWTA60%city70% - per80% demographic90% 100% group 15% 23% in the cityStronglyStrongly (regardless agree disagree of displacement status) 5026% Very stable in the cityStrongly (regardless agree of displacementStrongly status) agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city DK/DWTA 24% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants You are satisfied with the 0%quality10% of20% education30% 40% services50% 60% in the70% city80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants 40 2% 2% 80 Strongly Disagree 80 Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree DK/ DWTA IDPs living in camps Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 8% 30 5% 8% 5% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% DK/20% DWTA30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA15% DK/ DWTAM Strongly Disagree 15% SomewhatM disagree Strongly Disagree Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree 28% 16% 20 16% 16% 16% 60 60 DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat agree Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods I feel moreAbsent respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender 2% Very satisfactory 2% 10 Very satisfactory 26% The Marginalized and Afican migrants26% F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsSomewhatF agree Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) 28% 29% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 17% 0 Fear of 17%catching COVID-19 M 40 IDPs living in the 40city's traditional neighbourhoodsCompletely unsatisfied Completely unsatisfied 13% Perception of being welcomed to rentStrongly a house agreeanywhere 13% 27% Poor 27% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be consideredFear of catching to form theCOVID-19 future of the Poor As a citizen in the city, I thinkStronglyM that agree my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree Satisfactory Males FemalesSatisfactory Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree 100 Somewhat agree Satisfaction with present level of electrcity36% supply SatisfactionSomewhat with present disagree level of electrcity supplyCost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Cost of accessing shelter over 50%IDPs living of household in slums,city informal income- per settlements demographic or campsSomewhat group disagree IDPs living in slums,city informal - per settlements demographic or camps group 100 Somewhat agree in the city (regardless of displacement status) 36% in the city (regardless of displacement status) F DK/DWTA F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods SomewhatDK/DWTA unsatisfied IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 24% Average Strongly agree 24% 20 You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 20 You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Somewhat satisfactory 28% EconomySomewhat satisfactory 28% 43% M 43% EconomyAverage - females M Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA 21% Somewhat agree 21% Somewhat agree 2% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 80 Strongly Disagree 80 Satisfied Strongly Disagree Native resident of Marib Satisfied DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 2% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 26% Strong Marginalized and African migrants F 0 Marginalized and African migrants F IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 0 Completely unsatisfied Unsatisfactory 8% 32%DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 8% DK/32% DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA26% Strong Somewhat disagree Very satisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Strongly agree Conditions to startUnsatisfactory up a new17% business (perception of Strongly agree 15% Optimism due toStrongly improving agree economy 17% M Perception of impactStrongly of conflict agree on household economicStrongly Disagree 15% How easy for females to access jobs Female Male M Strongly Disagree MarginalizedFemale and African migrantsMale Somewhat disagree 16% 16% 16% Absent M 16% Absent 60 M 60 DK/DWTA DK/DWTA Somewhat unsatisfied 2% Very satisfactory 2% Very satisfactoryhow easy)26% IDPs living in the city's26% traditional neighbourhoods F potential IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 28% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree 28% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90%Native100% resident of Marib Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 17% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Completely unsatisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants Completely unsatisfied 13% 17% Poor M 40 M 40 Satisfied Satisfactory 13% 27% 27% Somewhat agree Poor Strongly agree Somewhat agree Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Satisfactory Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% unsatisfied90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% unsatisfied90% 100% Very satisfied 28% 28% 24% 43% 7% Average DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 24% 43% Average 20 I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib Strongly agree 20 I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 14% SomewhatM agree M Satisfied Satisfied 6% DK/ DWTA 13% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 26% Marginalized and African migrants F 0 9% Marginalized and African migrants F IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 0 32% 14% 32% Strong24% Strongly disagree 26% 24% Strongly disagree Strong 14% 100 Very satisfied100 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Unsatisfactory Strongly agree Unsatisfactory17% Strongly agree Strongly agree 21%Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people17% from Strongly agree 32% Has the city provided necessary resourcesFemale to protect peopleMale from DK/DWTA Female Male DK/DWTA Strongly disagree M Strongly disagree M Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% coronavirus (such as masks, medicalSomewhat stations, disagree awareness campaigns)? Somewhat disagree coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? 28% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable0% 10% housing20% 30% in Marib40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 80 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 80 Access to cleanDK/ drinking DWTA water 28% Access to cleanDK/ drinking DWTA water 27% 18% 20% Strongly Disagree Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree Marginalized and African migrants in the city by demographic group Somewhat disagree in the city by demographic group 29% Somewhat disagree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 28% Somewhat agree 28% Strongly agree SomewhatSomewhat agree agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA SomewhatStrongly agree disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 24% 34% 60 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%my skin70% or80% my90% social100% status) 60 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%my 70%skin 80%or my90% social100% status) Somewhat agree 30% 33% I feel safe and welcomed in mostSomewhat places in agreeMarib Somewhat agree I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 3% StronglyDK/ agree DWTA Strongly agree 3% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 3% 3% 23% 40 40 city DK/ DWTA 28% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA DK/Strongly DWTA agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree StronglyStrongly agree agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Native residentsDK/DWTA Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native residents Native residents 15% 15% 100 Native resident of Marib 100 Strongly disagree 4% Strongly agree 4% Strongly agree Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from Strongly disagree Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from Strongly disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness31%24% campaigns)?Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness31%24% campaigns)? 20 20 Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Access to clean drinking water 29% 17% Somewhat agree Access to clean drinking Somewhatwater disagree29% 17% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA 80 SomewhatStrongly disagree Disagree Native resident of Marib IDPs living in thein city'sthe citytraditional by demographic neighbourhoods group IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactoryin the city by demographic group 18% Strongly agree SomewhatSomewhat agree satisfactorySomewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA 18% 0 Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTAI feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances0 (such as the color of Somewhat agree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Female Male Somewhat disagree Female SomewhatMale Somewhat agree disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree 28% 60 my skin or my social status) 60 IDPs living in camps my skin or my social status) Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easySomewhat for females agree to access jobs per gender Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps 19% Satisfactory IDPs living in camps 19% Satisfactory Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 3% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree places of work 3% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree DK/ DWTA 3% Strongly disagreeDK/ DWTA22% DK/ DWTA 34% Strongly agree 3% DK/ DWTA22% 34% 40 Strongly agree 40 DK/DWTA DK/DWTA Somewhat agree 26% 26% Very satisfactory Strongly agree SomewhatVery satisfactory agree Somewhat disagree StronglyStrongly agree agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 4% 23%Strongly agree Native residents 4% 23%Strongly agree Native residents 15% 15% I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Native resident of Marib I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Native resident of Marib IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly disagree 34% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 24% Strongly disagreeStrongly disagree 34% 24% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree 19% DK/ DWTA Unsatisfactory 31% 19% Unsatisfactory 31% 20 my skin or my social status)DK/ DWTA 20 my skin or my social status) Strongly Disagree 17% 5% DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 29% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 29%100% 17% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% Strongly disagree 7%DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 7% IDPs livingDK/ inDWTA the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat satisfactory 18% 18% Somewhat satisfactory 16% 18% Males 0 0 Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Female Male Female SomewhatMale agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat24% agree 24% Strongly disagree 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 14% 24%Satisfactory Strongly disagree 25% 21% Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% 31% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% Satisfactory IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 22% Somewhat disagree 34% Strongly agree 22% 34% Strongly agree Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) 26% 26% Very satisfactory Very satisfactory 23% 23% 24% IDPs living in theI feel city's I traditionalcan access neighbourhoods different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (suchSomewhat as the color disagree of IDPs living in theI feel city's I cantraditional access neighbourhoods different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such Somewhatas the color disagree of The Marginalized and Afican migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 18% 28% Somewhat agree my skin or my social status) my skin or my social status) Somewhat agree 28% Females Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Economy Economy 29% Strongly agree Economy - females Economy -IDPs females living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA CompletelyDK/DWTA unsatisfied Completely unsatisfied Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Conditions to start up a new business (perceptionPerception of of impact of conflict on household economic Optimism due to improving economyHow easy for females to access jobs Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to accessMarginalized jobs and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree SomewhatStrongly unsatisfied Disagree Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) how easy) potential potential IDPs living inSatisfaction the city's traditional with neighbourhoods the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) IDPs living Satisfactionin the city's traditional with neighbourhoodsthe basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Satisfied50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% Satisfied Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfiedSomewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 7% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 7% Economy Economy 4% Economy - femalesEmploymentDK/ status DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA Economy -IDPs females living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA Strongly agree DK/DWTA 14% 14% Continuing education Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib 6% DK/ DWTA 6% DK/13% DWTA 9% DK/ DWTA 13% 9% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants 14% 24% Strongly disagree 14% 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree14% Native residents24% Strongly disagree 14% Completely unsatisfied Completely unsatisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy21% Conditions to start up a new business (perceptionPerception of of impact of conflict on household economic32% Optimism due to improving economy21%How easy for females to access jobs Perception of impact of conflict on household economic32% UnemployedHow easy for females to accessMarginalized jobs and African migrants DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 8% ContinuingStrongly education disagree Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80%Access unsatisfied90% 100% to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% unsatisfied90% 100% how easy) Somewhathow easy) disagree potential Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree potential Somewhat disagree Native residents IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Strongly disagree 27% 29% 27% 18% 20% 18% 20% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Satisfied50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 29% UnemployedSomewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree 13% 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat24% agree 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 24% 24% 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 34% IDPs living in camps 34% Somewhat agree 7% 30%DK/ DWTA 4% SomewhatDK/36% agreeDWTA 7% DK/30% DWTA 31% EmployedSomewhat agree 4% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 14% Strongly agree 33% SomewhatStrongly disagree agree 14% Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 6% DK/ DWTA 6% DK/13% DWTA 23%DK/ 61%DWTA 23%DK/ DWTA city city 28% Strongly agree 28% Strongly agree 9% 28% Strongly agree13% 9% IDPs living in camps Strongly agreeNative residents Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants Native residents Marginalized and African migrants 14% 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree14% 24% The MarginalizedStrongly and Afican disagree migrants Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 21% 14% 32%19% 28% Somewhat agree 21% 32% 14% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%Access90% 100%to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 26%Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrantsIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 27% 29% 27% 18% Strongly agree 29% 20% 18% 20% Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat28% disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree 24% Somewhat agree 24% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Imporving agricultural prospects and marketResidents demand satisfied with the proximity of residence to Ability to access adequate34% householdHow income easy for females to access jobs per gender Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to 34% How easy for females to access jobs per genderIDPs living in camps IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 30% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 33% places ofStrongly work agree 30% Strongly agree 33% places ofStrongly work agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 23% DK/ DWTA SomewhatDK/ agree DWTA 23% Native residents city Native residents city Somewhat agree 28% Strongly agree 28% Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agreeStrongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female DK/ DWTA Female employment status DK/ DWTA DK/DWTA 5% 5% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib 7% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants 18% 16% 18%100 Males 16% Males Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree 24% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagreeContinuing education Strongly disagree Continuing education Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Imporving agricultural prospects and marketResidents demand satisfied with the proximity of residence24% to Ability to access adequate householdHow income easy for females24%90 to access jobs per gender Residents satisfiedSomewhat with the disagree proximity of residence24% to How easy for females to access jobs per genderIDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree IDPs living0% in camps10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% 24% Strongly disagree 25% 14% 24% Strongly21% disagree 25% 21% Native residents Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 31% places of work31% 80 Unemployed places of work Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Unemployed Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 6%Somewhat disagree DK/ DWTA 70 Somewhat agree 24% 24% Employed The Marginalized and Afican migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants 60 Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Employed IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree Strongly agree Strongly agree 18% 28% Somewhat agree 18% 28% 15% Somewhat23%24% agree Strongly disagree 50 Females DK/ DWTA Females DK/ DWTA 5% DK/28% DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 7% DK/30% DWTA 28% 40 Strongly agree 7% DK/30% DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Strongly disagree Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants 29% Strongly agree 18% 29% 16% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 18% Males 30 16% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Males 24% 24% Strongly disagree 24% 20 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 24% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 14% 24% Strongly disagree 25% 14% 24% Strongly21% disagree 28% Somewhat agree 25% 21% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 31% 31% 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 29% 0 24% Strongly agree 24% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% Somewhat agree 27% 28% Somewhat agree Males Females Strongly agree 27% Strongly agree 18% 28% 18% 28% 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree Agricultural activitySomewhat is strong agree around the city 28% Agricultural activitySomewhat is strong agree around the cityEmployment status per demographic group Females How easy for females to access jobs Employment status per demographic group Females How easy for females to access jobs Strongly agree 30% 28% Strongly agree 30% Employment status Strongly agree Employment status Strongly agree 29% Strongly agree 29% Strongly agree Continuing education Continuing education Native residents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native residents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Unemployed DK/ DWTA Unemployed DK/ DWTA 8% Continuing education 8% Native residents Continuing education Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the7% city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/ DWTA Employed IDPs living in the city's traditionalStrongly neighbourhoods disagree Employed Strongly disagree Unemployed Unemployed 13% 24% 13% 24% Somewhat disagree Agricultural activity is strong around the city 24% Strongly disagree Agricultural activity is strong around the cityEmployment24% status per demographicStrongly group disagree IDPs living inHow the city's easy traditional for females neighbourhoods to access jobs Employment status per demographic group IDPs living inHow the city's easy traditional for females neighbourhoods to access jobs Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps IDPs living in camps 36% Employment status 31% Employed 36% Employment status 31% Employed Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 61% Somewhat disagree Continuing education 61% Continuing education 28% Native residents IDPs living in camps Native residents Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 19% 28% Somewhat agree 19% 28% Somewhat agree Unemployed DK/ DWTA Unemployed DK/ DWTA 8% Continuing education 8% Native residents Continuing education Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA26% IDPs living in the7% city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Employed70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Employed70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 26% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional Stronglyneighbourhoods disagree Strongly disagree Unemployed Unemployed 13% 24% 13% 24% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps IDPs living in camps 36% 31% Employed 36% 31% Employed Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 61% Somewhat disagree 61% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 28% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% 19% 28% Somewhat agree 19% 28% Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status Female employment status 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 26% Strongly agree 100 100 Continuing education 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Continuing50% 60% 70% education80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 90 90 Continuing education Continuing education Native residents Native residents 80 Unemployed 80 Unemployed Unemployed Unemployed 6% DK/ DWTA 70 6% DK/ DWTA 70 Employed Employed 60 60IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Market accessibility and availabilityof household15% needs23%24% Strongly disagree Employment status - male /50 female Market accessibility and availabilityof household15% needs23%24% Strongly disagree Employment status - male / 50female Female employment status Female employment status 40 40 IDPs living in camps IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 100 30 Somewhat disagree 100 30 Continuing education Continuing education 90 20 90 20 Continuing education Continuing education 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree Native residents Native residents 28% 80 10 Unemployed 28% 80 10 UnemployedThe Marginalized and Afican migrants Unemployed The Marginalized and Afican migrants Unemployed 6% DK/ DWTA29% 70 0 6% DK/ DWTA29% 70 0 Strongly agree Employed Strongly agree Employed 60 Males Females 60IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsMales Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Employed70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Employed70% 80% 90% 100% 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 40 40 IDPs living in camps IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 30 Somewhat disagree 30 20 20 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 28% 29% 10 28% 29% 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 0 Strongly agree 0 Males Females Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 50 Marib Urban Profile Basic Services

responsiveness. which overtly rejected northerners fleeing Houthi control. IDPs provisions of goods and services.6 were initially reluctant because Marib had a bad reputation as When asked about the facility to make a complaint in the city a place with a weak economy and poor security conditions. In Marib, this has increasingly meant serving as an intermediary today about all sorts of issues, residents generally expressed Once IDPs started arriving and the government’s strategy for between aid agencies and/or the government and tribal content with the access to complaints that they have, with even growth proved effective, a virtuous circle was set in motion that beneficiaries. The fact that many of Marib’s local qabila leaders the marginalized and African migrants as the most vulnerable has continued to drive Marib’s transition from a small town to a such as the current governor have alternated between serving in group feeling that they had channels they could access to significant city. a formal government capacity and a non formal tribal capacity, submit formal complaints and needs for services. Still, critical appears to have helped them better lobby for more strategic basic services for the growing population are in shortage, The strong Yemeni tribal social structure derives its legitimacy resource allocations.7 Previous research (conducted by Oxfam most important of which are sewage networks, clean and by meeting the needs of its fellow tribesmen, but tribal influence in 2016) found that 65% of IDPs within Yemen turned to their affordable drinking water, and health services. These sectors was deepened in Marib by the inter tribal alliances forged local tribal leaders for safety or conflict resolution,8 and that need substantial improvements, which in turn requires a through the intense fighting to repel the first major Houthi number is likely far higher in Marib as of 2020, considering that coherent approach to taxation and public investments, as well offensive in 2015.4 These tribes (notably the dominant Abayda roughly 90% of the urban population of Marib City is categorized as capable institutions that can lead the planning, construction tribe-, followed by Murad, Al Jadaan, Bani Jabr and Bani Abd) as IDPs. The rise of the tribes in Marib indirectly benefited and operational responsibilities of such utilities. effectively transitioned the military alliance they had formed from the previous government neglect so that in the post-2011 during the Houthi siege into civilian affairs. Whereas other tribal groundswell of popular disenchantment and “loss of faith” with Tribal and Non-Tribal representation confederations in other regions of Yemen seemed unable to government institutions across Yemen created a natural niche A key area where tribes have taken the lead over the government transition from fighting to governing, Marib’s tribes have been for the tribes to feel on a local level. However, now the tribal role in Marib is their role in brokering Marib’s transformation into relatively effective at functioning as the unified front to fill the in Marib faces questions of sustainability, scalability (with a Yemen’s largest IDP sanctuary city. The tribes appear to have vacuum of absent state functions to meet the immediate needs population that has grown 12-fold) as well as equitability. approached the IDP influx from a combination of customary of the region’s conflict-affected population.5 hospitality and pragmatism. According to tribesmen in The tribes employ different strategies for participation in the The flip side of the tribal advocacy role is that it has been shown to government and the business community,3 most of Marib’s war economy and IDP influx. The Abayda tribe have prioritized create challenges of access for vulnerable communities. This is prominent tribal elders and their community members investments and new ventures and dominate the “landlord” particularly true for the elderly and the Muhamasheen. Because preferred to remain based on their rural land holdings and Marib class in Marib City either directly or through real estate corporate of the tribes’ role in brokering aid, for those who are not part of did not experience a significant rural-urban migration, which is holdings while the second largest tribe of the Murad prefer to the qabila order, they can become further marginalized. When also why there was minimal resistance to IDPs establishing focus on fighting. One unifying trait is that all fall under the ‘al- international aid organizations intervene to provide resources residences in Marib City. Marib’s tribes made a conscious Urf’ legal, social, and political code, the tribes’ responsibilities or services to these displaced populations, these groups decision to open their doors to IDPs, unlike Ta’az, Aden or Ibb, primarily involve the settlement of disputes and ensuring often rely on the regional social structure through “approval

3 UN Habitat Profiling Team Virtual interview with prominent regional sheikh, May 2020; UN Habitat Profiling Team Focus Group Discussion with Security officials, June, 2020. 4 UN Habitat Profiling Team Virtual Interview with prominent regional sheikh May 2020; Baron, The Marib Paradox. 5 As Camilla Molyneux pointed out in “Made in Marib: A Local Response to Instability and Violence, October 2020, the tribes of Marib have demonstrated unique motivation to govern and apply civilian as well as military leadership. She speculates that this may have partly been a product of the community-oriented concern that arose from witnessing the way community grievances drove jihadist recruitment and the devastation of being ground zero for the devastation of terrorism and counterterrorism campaigns, which led to antipathy both towards the Saleh government coordinating drone strikes with the Americans and the AQAP elements controlling territory without providing essential services. As Nadwa Dawsari’s fieldwork documented (“Foe not Friend: Yemeni Tribes and Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula” February 2018, https://en.eipss-eg.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Dawsa- ri_FINAL_180201.pdf) key AQAP leaders were killed and conflict fatigue set in, Marib experienced its own form of DDR in which the tribes absorbed former fighters and focusing on a common cause of being “Yemenis concerned about issues that matter to their communities, such as defending their region from Houthi incursion or improving and delivering more just governance.” 6 Abaad Studies and Research Center, Tribe and Oil in Yemen’s War: The Battle of Marib, November 18, 2020 Casey Coombs & Ali Al-Sakani, Marib: A Yemeni Government Stronghold Increasingly Vulnerable to Houthi Advances 7 As research conducted by Baron found, Marib governor’s role in amending the pre-2011 terms of natural energy revenues to secure a sizable 20% share of oil and gas revenues for Marib was a major achievement for both local government and the tribes (most prominently, the Abida tribe on whose tribal lands Safer Sector 18 is located). Through establishing this revenue stream and its own independent Marib Central Bank, the tribal federation has helped engineer the evolution of Marib into a full-fledged microstate. Baron, The Marib Paradox. 8 Al-Sabahi and De Santis, “The Role of Cultural Norms”, pp. 55–56. 51

of sheikhs ” before intervening in the local communities. balances, and female participation such order is still not enforce building regulations as his staff aren’t accompanied However, this can lead to an uneven distribution of resources, tolerated. The recently increased participation of women by a policing force. Despite the massive growth in traffic as illuminated by a study undertaken by Oxfam and published in the bureaucratic structure is at least partly a product and traffic violations, the municipality is unable to organize by the Yemen Community Engagement Working Group.9 In the of surplus administrative capacity that the displacement a trained policing force to manage such basic management study, “48% of respondents felt that humanitarian aid in Yemen movement brought into Marib, and it will take years to see and security functions necessary for urban sector growth was not reaching the most vulnerable populations. Arguably this translating to political representation in local councils at the scale Marib now requires. the most vulnerable or marginalized populations, such as the within the community of Marib itself. Moreover, the electoral » Lack of Master plan oversight: the municipality does not elderly, disabled, or illiterate people, have difficulties accessing map will not enable the participation of the IDP community have the mandate to enforce the master plan, and still information about humanitarian assistance and consequently due to Yemeni election laws, and will thus exclude the voice does not possess the legal documents and authorization accessing the direct assistance. Marginalized groups, which of the majority of the current population which represents to ensure compliance with its building codes. The master often do not belong to a more organized “tribe” or have a sheikh, the bulk of the potential tax base. This means that the plan to date functions as a guidance document providing are overlooked when aid organizations come into the country to progressive dynamics that the displacement brought to unspecific directives, and housing expansion specifically offer humanitarian assistance. Marib as a “demographic gift” will not necessarily translate on private properties only gets generic guidance from Marib’s context, therefore, requires a context-based assessment into new state-tribe relations that Marib’s future depends on the master plan to obtain a building permit. Investments of vulnerability due to its unique anomalies. Unlike other hosting in the near term. and large-scale housing projects only get the permit from communities, IDPs in Marib report relatively little discrimination » The bureaucracy in the administrative system creates a the governorate, and little to no regard is usually given to and as they now constitute 70% of the population of Marib City, realistic entry point for technical support: good governance the master plan itself, which the provincial authorities many are themselves fully integrated into the host community relies on capable and empowered administrations that do recently ratified. A coherent approach to implementing and (as owners of homes and businesses), many women are heads their job on a day-to-day basis, and recent steps taken by managing urban growth needs to be prioritized in one of the of household with full decisionmaking authority, it appears that Marib municipality need to be celebrated and supported. For fastest growing cities in Yemen, and linking the municipal a key determining factor of vulnerability is tribal membership. instance, the growth in the Solid Waste and Parks Offices system with technical bodies such as the syndicate of in Marib has been astonishing, and the capacity of such engineers will be essential. Recommendations for stakeholders seeking to offices to build, maintain and operate such basic services » Need to improve risk and disaster management: as the understand and engage the formal and informal has been improving in earnest. Expanding the bureaucracy, city is growing rapidly, little attention is being given to the governance system in Marib: while improving the technical skills for the technical management of new construction, including in transitional departments to manage other key services that are lagging shelter and camp projects. The recent flood incidents behind is essential for the future of the city. Some key » Recognize the challenge of representation: A long time provided yet another illustration of the need to have sectors include traffic management and road maintenance, elapsed since the last election, undermining the legitimacy emergency management and response capacity in the sewage network construction and maintenance, drinking of the existing representation councils. Even if local elections city. As conflict and is still unfortunately a factor in the near water supply, as well as departments that provide electronic are to be held in Marib tomorrow, there are major hurdles future, Marib will also need to be prepared for sudden sparks services and registration. that impede substantial improvement in representation. of violence and security incidences, which the security Women, who have become much more visible in key » Limits of local law enforcement: the municipality does not actors alone are incapable of handling. Fire departments, bureaucratic positions in the decision-making structure are operate its own police force, which reduces its capacity to emergency first responders and civil defense organizations less likely to have access to elected councils. The political exercise its mandate. For instance, a municipality manager in Marib virtually do not exist, even though the municipal order that governs local elections relies on delicate tribal reported to us frequent cases where his staff were unable to level is best positioned to cater for these essential functions.

9 https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1425&context=focus 52 Marib Urban Profile

HOUSING, LAND, 8 PROPERTY Housing, Land, Property

If we assume that the most practical estimate of the current exist in the form of freeholdings, the customary land use lands (pastoral lands claimed by specific tribes through population in Marib is 650K inhabitants, this represents a agreements between the tribes in Marib were documented customary entitlements) and are quite remote from the 12-fold increase of the population within a few years while by the British, giving them a form of lasting land use city, but hosted IDPs rely primarily on the city, its services the country is in conflict as we have stated earlier. documentation to prevent inter-tribal attacks. This brief and markets for their basic needs and livelihoods. Activists moment in history which was a transactional means to an in the city counted over 90 of these settlements in the Historic Trajectory: Land Tenure, Development, end for the British introduced a strategic advantage for the immediate surrounding of Marib.3 These camps evolved Management tribes which no authority in Yemen had the power to revoke. over a very short period of time from small gatherings With the discovery of oil and natural resources these once hosting tents for a few dozen households, to major Tribal Land Rights: Grandfathered Clauses from British relatively insignificant treaties (both to the British and the settlements that are constantly evolving into permanent Mandate tribes) became increasingly valuable and pivotal in creating structures, although they lack all the essential services and The tribal families of the northern and eastern areas of a form of checks and balances between Yemeni central still depend on collective service points (such as communal Yemen (to include Marib) did not consolidate as much government and tribal authorities. water reservoirs). The fact that many of these settlements power as those in the south, due to the absence of were created on steep mountainsides, and not serviced by extensive agricultural production holdings and other New population pressures asphalt roads or drainage networks made them susceptible economic resources. Tribal leaders in these northern and The arrival of nearly 640K IDPs since 2015 to the Governorate to various natural hazards, and they were the areas most eastern areas were an essential buffer zone for British has put tremendous pressure on the city, which alone has devastated by seasonal floods. interests: maintaining access to the feudal south and hosted 82% of all IDPs according to our analysis of DTM securing coastal trade. These tribal leaders were offered data. With an added 108K households to the city’s residents, b) Nearly 10,500 households still live in public treaties by the British in return for their role in safeguarding Marib’s hosting situation remains dire, and housing and buildings turned into collective shelters (approximately trade security.1 These treaties kept the peace but would shelter conditions are vastly underreported. UN-Habitat 63K IDPs, making nearly 10% of all households). They have also create conditions which led to the unique status and attempted to portray the hosting situation by analyzing been identified in the locations of Kuliya, Al Najah School, Al influence of Yemen’s tribes in two ways: DTM-supported shelter data. While information on current Mutahaf, Al Nasr and Maktab Alziraah. Although occupants occupants of camps and collective shelters are easier of these collective centers move there for comparatively 1) The colonial land “documentation” counterintuitively to track, the majority of IDP households reside in private better housing conditions than the camps in terms of basic reduced conflicts between tribes and helped maintain some homes and rented shelters which are more challenging to WASH and protection from the elements, the offer a degree of a balance of power between the tribes.2 monitor and leave many data gaps. Through approximation mix of advantages and risks. While they are categorized from data linkages, and by analyzing the urban expansion by humanitarian actors as “IDP hosting sites” which means 2) By ensuring a mutually beneficial arrangement for trends through satellite imagery forensics, the following occupants access to some of the welfare assistance and both sides: the colonial authority introduced the foreign IDP housing trends were observed: services that the local authorities and the relief actors concept of property rights, and formal declarations of the continue to provide, they often lack suitable privacy and tribes’ right to autonomy in governing their own regions, a) Camps and Transient Rural Settlements host up to proper sanitation conditions. An IDP occupant of one of along with entitlements to all its land through binding 24% of all residents in Marib (roughly 140k IDPs or 26K these centers reported to the profiling team that while he agreements. Although property ownership of land did not households). Some of these camps were placed on tribal stays with his family in a separate classroom changed into

1 Europa Publications Limited, “Yemen”, p. 982. 2 Ali Al Sarraf, South Yemen: From Colonization to Unification, in Arabic (London: Riad El-Rayyes Books Ltd, 1992), pp. 36–37, 52; Ahmed Al Siad, Salih, Authority and Opposition in Contemporary Yemen, in Arabic (Beirut: Dar Al Sada QAH, 1992), pp. 38, 48; Ahmed Al Massry, Attiah, The Red Star Over Yemen, in Arabic, 3rd edn. (Beirut: The Institute for Arabic Research, 1988), pp. 24, 30, 36, 38; Europa Publications Limited, “Yemen”, pp. 982–985. ”حملة الكترونية للضغط على األمم المتحدة“ ,Mareb Press 3 53

MAP 5 - NEW CONSTRUCTIONS

Sector Structures Increase % Total IDP number in 2013 2018 growth IDPS Housholds 1 14 889 1,542 173% 113,628 22,726 2 6 98 1,217 1242% 37,572 7,514 3 23 473 689 146% 11,502 2,300 4 15 556 684 123% 52,560 10,512 5 25 7,528 601 8% 41,574 8,315 6 13 1,096 572 52% 78,786 15,757 7 12 78 195 250% 4,008 802 8 22 112 195 174% 3,000 600 9 9 296 138 47% 82,134 16,427 10 26 66 116 176% - -

FIGURE 37. Increase in construction in urban sectors. Urban sectors were defined based on the aggregation of various FIGURE 38. Top 10 of sectors’ increase of structures 2013-2018 and IDPs in 2019 neighborhood boundaries expressly for the purpose of this analyis. (IOM DTM 2019) sorted by absolute increase of amount of structures. 54 Marib Urban Profile Housing, Land, Property Settlement Type People Households % a temporary accommodation, most of his fellow occupants Rented Accomodation 343,386 57,231 53% are individuals who are either African migrants, or males Despite the subsidized, low-cost electricity for that deserted the military service in Houthi-controlled Settlements Urban and Rural 94,938 15,823 15% residents of Marib City and reality for those living areas. This is why the collective centers have reportedly Other Public buildings 61,902 10,317 10% ‘off-grid’ in camps struggling to cobble together begun to differentiate their centers to offer special facilities utility solutions. As one IDP camp official stated: Dispersed Settlements 58,206 9,701 9% for select groups: migrants centers, women-headed households and female-only centers, family centers, and Other private buildings 46,644 7,774 7% ” “We have more than 1,500 families in male-only centers and so on, although they all represent a Host Families 24,864 4,144 4% this camp and they have already moved key challenge to the city’s capacity to afford other essential Host Families (rent free) 17,070 2,845 3% three times ... because the fighting keeps following them. They don’t have water, services in those occupied spaces. Second home 1,068 178 0% electricity, a hospital and the nearest School 876 146 0% town is 10 km away. Just bringing water c) The remaining IDPs (71K) live in the urban areas, Health Facilities 366 61 0% is enough hardship.” either in “inner Marib” (i.e. the small town and the city Religious buildings 252 42 0% center area), or in “outer Marib” (which is a minor city Director of al-Sowaida camp, October Total 649,572 108,262 100% - expansion in the north that has seen a massive growth 2020 over the past five years). A staggering 71K households live inside the urban areas of Marib (approximately 430K IDPs, FIGURE 39. Settlement Type of IDPs in Marib/ Marib CIty making nearly 67% of all households). To put that growth in perspective, for every 5 people currently live in Marib city, only one is a resident originally from Marib, and that does the significant urban expansion and growth in the city is still Our ability to understand the shelter conditions through not include the remaining IDPs that are living outside the short to provide decent and adequate shelter conditions for direct observation was limited, as the profiling team’s urban center as we have previously shown. the IDPs, regardless of the legal arrangements and the rent access to the city was restricted by many factors (see the costs. methodology section for more information). Secondary Marib’s nearly twelve-fold increase in growth has led an information, witnesses and key informant interviews led informality boom that requires immediate action The Office of Cadastral Records stated that most rental us to believe that at least three families live in each rented Housing numbers were further broken down by shelter type agreements are not documented: both landlord-to- accommodation, and households have taken measures to as per the percentages shown in the table on the right, but the occupant arrangements, as well as the occupant-to- subdivide each unit they are collectively renting and share urban growth to accommodate 57K households in rented occupant arrangements (in a unit occupied by more than WASH facilities in order to ensure minimum standards accommodations for instance challenges common-sense one household) remain undocumented, which can be of privacy. Despite these efforts, overcrowding was still and urban densification possibilities. The key question here considered a major source of protection concern. As the considered by many of the key informants we interviewed as is how Marib in the course of only a few years was able to rental market is highly competitive, increase in rents has a serious protection concern. As noted in recent nationwide accommodate a five-fold population increase if we leave been a source of household income instability, and many assessments in Yemen, housing supply and affordability aside those IDPs hosted in public spaces and improvised evictions happen on a regular basis. are viewed as the most critical problems facing urban areas camps? Even more importantly, what kind of services and in Yemen. shelter conditions the IDPs are living under even in privately These are all speculations merit further research in a rented accommodations? comprehensive shelter profile, but the bottom line is that all Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state

DK/DWTA Influence of extenral powers 3% 4% DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state 13% Strongly Disagree 12% 8% Strongly agree Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree More than 60 Females IDPs livingExternal in the city's powers traditional (such neighbourhoods as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills 19% 13% Somewhat agree 38% 15% tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living Somewhat agree their cultural 22%or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares,36-60 Males 16% 48% Somewhat disagree official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators Yes Somewhat disagree conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.)32% Influence of extenral powers Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Public Spaces General data 25-35 49% Responders by age group Respondents by gender Complaint and the state 56% 51% 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 21% Strongly agree Strongly agree 39% DK/DWTA InfluenceExternal powers of (suchextenral as other government powers or corpora- PublicThere Spacesare places in the city that I like and enjoy due to General data 3% ComplaintIf I face any problem, and I theprefer stateto resort to law enforcement or an Participation4% in Focal Group DiscussionsDK/ DWTA People6% in the city pay their taxesMaybe and utility bills DK/DWTA DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 44% 13% tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, 0%squares,10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly Disagree official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators 12% 8% Strongly agree Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) Somewhat disagree More than 60 Females External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Respondents by gender If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills 19% 13% Somewhat agree Responders by age group 38% 15% tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, Somewhat agree 22% 36-60 officialMales entity rather than to a local leader or mediators 16% 48% Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) Cultural heritage 32% DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree 3% Strongly agree 4% DK/ DWTA 6% SomewhatMaybe agree DK/DWTA Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Responders by age group Respondents by gender 25-35 49% 51% 56% 13% If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider theStrongly preservation Disagree of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status 12% If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group 18% 26% 8% Stronglycan accessagree assisstance from my friends and neighbours 21% importantStrongly issue disagree Strongly disagree official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group 21% StronglyNo agree 27% Strongly disagree Strongly agree 39% DK/DWTASomewhat disagree 3%Marginalized and African migrants More than 60 Females 16-24 4% who live in my area IDPs living in the city'sNative traditional resident neighbourhoods of Marib DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA 19% 13% Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 44% 38% 15%13% StronglySomewhat Disagree agree 0%36-6010% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Males 12%16% 48% Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree 8% Strongly agree 3% 22% 32% 12% Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree More than 60 20% Females Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree 19% 13% Somewhat agree 25-35 26% 49% 51% 24% 38% 15% 3% Somewhat agree 36-60 Males 16% Somewhat disagree Yes 18% 26% Somewhat disagree 21% Strongly disagree Strongly agree Strongly agree 22% 48% Marginalized and African migrants 7% 32% 16-24Cultural heritage 21% Strongly agree DK/DWTA Strongly agree DK/DWTA 39% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 12% Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 12% Strongly agree 25-35 Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree DK/DWTA Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 44% 49% 21% 51% Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 34% Influence of 0%extenral10% 20%If 30%I powerscould40% not50% get60% my needs70% 80% from90% the100% state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen18% in the city, I26% think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group 21% Strongly disagree 19% Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state 16% Strongly Disagree Marginalized and African migrants can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours 16-24important issue 21% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic31% group Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 39% 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods who live in my area 64% Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree External powers (such as other government or corpora- Strongly disagree There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills Cultural heritage IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares,3% 20% 12% Stronglyofficial agree entity rather than to a local leader or mediators 20% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 39% DK/DWTA conditions for the residents. 26% DK/DWTA mosques, water sources, etc.) 26% 24% If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups The DisplacementMarginalized and status Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should26% be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group 3% Strongly agree Responders by age group Respondents by gender Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours Culturalimportant issueheritage 7% Strongly agree official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib who live in my area 12% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation34% of Marib's cultural heritage an Somewhat agree Respondents by target population groups DisplacementDK/DWTA status Somewhat agree 3% 21% If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an 4% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be consideredStrongly Disagree to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict DK/ DWTA 6% 16%Maybe Strongly Disagree DK/DWTA can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue 19% official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group 13% 3% Somewhat disagree Strongly12% Disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 20% 20% Somewhat disagree 33% 64% 12% who live in my area 8% 64% Strongly disagree No Somewhat disagree 27% Strongly disagree 26% Native residentsSomewhat disagree24% More than 60 Females The state is facingSomewhat significant agree challenges in providing decent quality of services for all Somewhat agree 3% Strongly disagreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of Strongly agree 19% 13% Somewhat agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree 38% 15% 3% 7% 12%Somewhat agree 36-60 Males services throughDK/DWTA websites (including through social media IDPsplatforms living16% in slums,such informalas Facebook)? settlements or camps Somewhat disagree Strongly agree Yes Somewhat agree DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 12% 20% 22% Native resident of Marib 48% 6% DK/DWTA Native resident20% of Marib 12% 39% DK/DWTA 26% 26% 24% 32% SomewhatResidents agree in the city today are living in peace and harmo- Somewhat disagreeSomewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 21% Strongly agreeDK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only Strongly Disagree 26% Strongly disagree 34%3% Strongly agree I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an 25-35 Somewhat16% agree Strongly Disagree 56% Strongly agree Somewhat agree ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds 19% Strongly agree 49% 51% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 12% 7% important issue Current occupation IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 31% DK/DWTA 6% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 18% 26% 12% 20% Somewhat disagree 21% Strongly disagreeSomewhat disagree 33% 64% IDPs living in camps Arrived after Nativethe conflict resident ofstarted Marib in 2015 Native resident of Marib 21% 6% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree 64% Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 34% 39% Somewhat agree 21% StronglySomewhat Disagree agree Completely unsatisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 12%100% 22% StronglySomewhat disagree agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 19% Strongly disagree 44% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict 16% Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree Somewhat unsatisfied 31% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree 39% 4% Strongly agree 64% 26% Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA StronglyThe Disagree Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only Native residents Somewhat agree Satisfied 26% Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Can you access adequate informationStrongly to help 22%agree you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all 14% Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informalMarginalized settlements and African or camps migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in slums, informalMarginalized settlements and African or camps migrants Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Strongly agree Very satisfied 20% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Strongly agree 36% 26% CulturalIDPs living in campsheritage Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 39% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 38% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% somewhat disagree Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- Somewhat agree 26% Strongly agree 19% IDPs living in the city's traditionalI considerneighbourhoods the preservationResident of Marib's of cultural Marib before heritage the an conflict Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants If I could not get my needs fromIDPs living theny in stateregardless slums, institutions, informal of settlements tribal, I cultural or camps and social backgrounds I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an DK/DWTA As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group StronglyIDPs living agree in camps important issue Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 Current occupation 6% DK/DWTA Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours importantNative residents issue 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group Completely unsatisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% who live in my area Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all 12% 22% 27% Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict Strongly disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 4% Strongly agree 3%Native resident of Marib 12% You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native residents 55Strongly Disagree 20% The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent qualitySatisfied of services for all Somewhat disagree I consider the preservation of Marib's14% cultural heritage an 26% 24% Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of 22% ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds 3%important issue Somewhat agree Current occupation Somewhat disagree services through websites (including through social media platformsDK/DWTA such as Facebook)? IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 6% Very satisfied Strongly36% agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA Somewhat agree 7% DK/DWTA 6% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- 12% Completely unsatisfied Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTA38% Native resident of Marib I consider12% the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 12% 22% 10% ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds 34% Somewhat agree 19% Somewhat agree 21% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants StronglyStrongly Disagree disagree Strongly agree Strongly disagree important issue DK/DWTA IDPsCurrent living in occupationslums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 6% DK/DWTA 16% Strongly Disagree Completely unsatisfied Native resident of Marib 19% Native resident of Marib 18% 4% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 33% Completely unsatisfiedIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%Somewhat60% 70%Somewhat disagree80% 90% disagree100% 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 20% Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 64% Satisfied 12% 22% 64% 22% SomewhatStrongly agree disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat agree 14% 27% DK/DWTADK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Very satisfied Somewhat agree 34% 36%4% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps You are satisfied with the Stronglyquality of agree education services in the city Strongly Disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied 38% Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat agree Satisfied somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 26% 32% 14% 19% 39% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only Marginalized and African migrants 22% Strongly agree Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 26% Strongly agree Very satisfied 36% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 6% DK/DWTA somewhat disagree Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 38% Safety and respsect 19% Services Housing Covid 19 Marginalized and African migrants As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered0% 10% 20% to form30% 40% the future50% 60% of the70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%10% 27% DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informalMarginalized settlements and African or camps migrants Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict city - per age group 18% Completely unsatisfied Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit Marginalized and African migrants Native residents You can access clean drinking water Somewhat unsatisfied 27% DK/DWTA adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTACan you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 34% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 6% DK/DWTA Satisfied M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA 10% 32% Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- 25-35 F 7% DK/ DWTA I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree 14% Completely unsatisfied DK/DWTA Very satisfied New Master Plan DK/ DWTAny regardless of tribal, cultural and socialRawdah. backgrounds DK/DWTA Strongly disagree 18% Native resident of Marib Native residents important issue Current occupation M 6% DK/DWTA 6% DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree Safety and respsect10% ServicesBefore the war and up until 2015, Rawdah wasStrongly a disagree Housing Not stable Strongly disagree Covid36-60 19 F As a citizen in the city, I thinkCompletely that my voice unsatisfied matters and should be36% considered to form the future of the Somewhat unsatisfied Urban Growth and the New Master Plan on Marib 15% 32% somewhat disagree 22% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 34% Strongly agree city - per age group 12% Strongly18% disagree IDPs living in the34% city's traditionalCompletely neighbourhoods unsatisfied IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods remote suburb of Marib that was less attractiveSomewhat disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M Somewhat unsatisfied20% The urban profiling team has relied on remote sensing SCORECARD - Housing IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Satisfied Somewhat agree 4% Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Native resident of Marib Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19More than worsening 60 the economicF hardship for the Somewhat agree I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit Somewhat agree Strongly agree 21% Satisfied Somewhat disagree32% Somewhat unsatisfied You can access clean drinking water techniques to observe the urban growth that took place in for people to live in. Although19% it included someSomewhat agree adequacy comapred to previousStrongly Disagreeyear Stable violence, or risk of eviction)24% Somewhat agree household IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in camps M 16-24 F DK/DWTA 22% Very satisfied Strongly agree Strongly agree 14% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 25% Strongly agree 34% 800Somewhat housing agree units, it remained26% underservicedIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very satisfied Somewhat agree Satisfied the city. For purely analytical purposes, we have subdivided36% Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree SafetyM and respsect Strongly Disagree 5%32% DK/DWTA Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 38% Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants somewhat disagree 7% Somewhat agree 4% 5% 25-35 F Very satisfied DK/DWTA Marib city and its setting into 26 “sectors” (see: FIGURE 37 19% and was only sparsely populated (mostDK/ DWTA housing DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA city - per age group DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree Strongly14% agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents Strongly agree I feel moreM respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly Disagree Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply0%on10% page20% 30% 53),40% aligning50% 60% 70% with80% 90%the100% neighbourhood boundaries Perception of improvingunitsStrongly shelter were disagree conditions vacant). in terms Moreover, of affordability Strongly Rawdahand disagree was Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic15% hardship for the 15% 23% Safety and respsect Somewhat agree Services Housing 15% Strongly disagree Covid 19 Not stable As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be consideredStrongly disagree to form the future of the 0% 10% 20% 30% 36-6040% 50% 60% 70% F80% 90% 100% You can36% access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) 32% household F DK/DWTA I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree in the new Master Plan of the city as we shall see. The initially an informal housing expansion,Somewhat disagreetakingMarginalized and African migrantsI feel safe in my current residence from Providing for my current residence cost 34% 16-24 city - per age group Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional27% neighbourhoods DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (againstover 50% natural of my hazards, average income COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for theFear of catching COVID-19 M As a citizen Stronglyin the city, Disagree I think that my voice matters and should be considered to formI feel the more future respected of the5% in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Somewhat agree initial quantitative assessment was then triangulated by place outside the city’sPerception master of being plan welcomedSomewhat and to agree rent away a house anywhereall kinds of hazards (natural, man-made More than 60 F DK/DWTA You can access clean drinkingSomewhat water agree Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply adequacy comapred to previous year violence,0% 10% or20% risk 30%of eviction)40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income household 21% city - per demographic group 100 7% DK/ DWTAin the city (regardless of displacement status) violence, risk of eviction)4% 19%DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree 5% DK/ DWTA Stable 16-2425-35 F F 24% DK/DWTASomewhatSomewhat agree disagree 14% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/ DWTA IDPs living in camps from the attention of the local authorities,Strongly agree though M Native resident of Marib25% Strongly agree You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Native residents the qualitative information we have gathered through key M 33% Strongly disagree 15% 26% 2% M Strongly Disagree 5%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%80 80% 90% 100% Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly agree 15% 23% Strongly26% disagree Very stable DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F StronglySomewhat agree agree DK/DWTA 36% DK/DWTA 6% informant interviews to understand urban growth dynamics, 15% construction was only loosely8% regulated at best 5% 25-3536-60 F F Marginalized and African migrants DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants7% 32% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 4% 34% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 15% M Somewhat disagree 14% somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree DK/DWTASomewhat disagree 10% DK/ SomewhatDWTA disagree 16% M Strongly agree Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree60 IDPs living in the city'sNative traditional resident neighbourhoods of Marib IDPs living in the city's traditionalNative neighbourhoods residents anywhere in MaribSomewhat City. disagree This suburb16% became Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree Absent M 20% DK/DWTA and to evaluate2% the MasterVery Plan satisfactory proposals against the 15% 26% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Strongly Disagree 18% 0% Completely10% 20% 30% unsatisfied40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%Strongly60% 70% disagree80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 15% 23% Strongly disagree F Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 36% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 15% 17% 21% More36-60 than 60 F Completely unsatisfied supply/ demand13% trends. 19% 32%a major attractionSomewhat for agree IDP communities, who 34% Stable 27% 24% Somewhat agree Poor M somewhat40 disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlementsI feel more or camps respected in Marib than the area I came from or other placesSomewhat I visit, by disagree gender IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree Satisfactory M M Strongly agree Somewhat agree Strongly agreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat unsatisfied IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 36%Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F 20% 25% Strongly agree Somewhat unsatisfied 26%wanted to invest in a permanent residence and 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree24% More than 60 F Fear of catching COVID-19 As a citizen in the city, I Somewhatthink that 20my agree voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 34% Somewhat agree Somewhat satisfactory 28% 21% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere 43% Average M Strongly agree Satisfied 21% 19% Satisfaction with presentSomewhat level of electrcity agree supply Somewhat agree Stable Somewhat agree 24% Cost ofSomewhat accessing agree shelter over 50% of household income city - per demographic group IDPs living in slums, informalMarginalized settlements100 and African or camps migrants Satisfied The MarginalizedIDPs livingand Afican in camps migrants Marib’s urban growth can broadly be defined under three sought affordability when they compared rental in the city (regardless of displacement status) M DK/DWTA Strongly agree 32% You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Strongly agree 26% Strong Marginalized and African migrants F 25% Strongly agree0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Unsatisfactory 26% 32% 17% 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very satisfied Very satisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%functional categories: or purchaseStrongly prices agree in the inner Marib area. LandStrongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree Strongly agree 2% M Native resident of Marib F Female MaleDK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree 8% 5% DK/ DWTA Safety andMarginalized respsect and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 15% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% As a citizen in the city, I think thatI feel my morevoiceM respected matters and in Maribshould than be considered the area I came to form from the or future other ofplaces the I visit, by gender Somewhat disagree a) residential and shelter growthDK/ DWTA which includesServices both the was randomly subdivided by a handful of owners Housing Covid 19 16% Strongly Disagree 60 Marginalized and African migrants 16% Absent 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA 2% Fear of catching COVID-19 26% IDPscity living - per in agethe city's group traditional neighbourhoods F 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Perception of being, who welcomed come to rentfrom a house the anywhere majorVery satisfactory tribes that continue Strongly disagree Strongly disagree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib slums and the improvised settlements and camps, as well It is harder to find an adequate and an affordable residence for my 100 I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply 13% PerceptionCost of accessing of improving shelter shelter over 50% conditions of household17% in terms income of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worseningcity the- per economic demographic hardship group for the I feel more respectedM in Marib than the area I came from or otherDK/DWTA places I visit, by gender 40 Completely unsatisfied in the city (regardless of displacement status) Satisfactory 27% Poor I feel safe and welcomedSomewhat in most places agree in Marib You are satisfied with the quality of educationStrongly services agree in the city You can access clean drinking water as the rather regular urban densification and expansion to 36%protect the city and form its cohesive social householdadequacy this comapred year compared to previous to last year year Somewhat disagree violence, or risk of eviction) Somewhat disagree household IDPs living Fin slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA Somewhat unsatisfied Fear of catching COVID-19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future16-24 of the 80 F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere 2% Native resident of Marib F 24% DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree 20 28% DK/ DWTA 43% Average 100 Strongly agree Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply b) Services, businesses and markets growing to 8%alliance, and constructionSomewhat accelerated satisfactory as a result Cost of accessing5% shelter over 50% of household income Somewhat agree Has the city providedSomewhat necessary agree resources to protect people from city - per demographic group M M Strongly 100Disagree DK/DWTA 5% DK/DWTA Satisfied in the city (regardless of displacement status)21%DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 16% coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? 25-35 F Marginalized and African migrants60 F DK/DWTA accommodate the new demand and population increase of 16%displacement waves.Perception Over of 1500being welcomed new building to rent a house anywhere 7% DK/ DWTA32%Access to affordable housing in Marib 4% DK/ DWTAAbsent26% 5% DK/ DWTA Strong Somewhat disagree 14% 0 DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 2% Very satisfactory DK/ DWTA Unsatisfactory 26% 2% 17% IDPs living in the city'sNative traditional resident neighbourhoods of Marib F DK/DWTA 80 80 StronglySomewhat Disagree agree Strongly Disagree Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib Access to clean drinking water Native residents Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly agree DK/ DWTA Strongly agree F Somewhat disagree M M StronglyFemale disagree Male 17%8% units were addedDK/ DWTA in in Rawdah the city by demographic up until 2018,group and 5% DK/ DWTA 15% 15% M Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 40 DK/DWTA Somewhat agree I feel I can accessCompletely different unsatisfied opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly Disagree 13% such as the remarkable healthcare sector growth; Strongly disagree 27% Strongly disagree 15% Not stablePoor M 23% Strongly disagree Strongly Disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Somewhat100%Strongly disagree agree Somewhat disagree 36% Satisfactory 28% DK/ DWTA 15% 16% Somewhat agree 36-60 F 60 60 my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants 36% 16% Somewhat disagree 32% Somewhat disagree Absent IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps somewhat disagree DK/DWTASomewhat unsatisfied Somewhat disagree 2% Very satisfactory constructionSomewhat continues disagree to date in spite of the 26% 34% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F F Strongly agree Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods c) Public and governmentIDPs living in the city's administration traditional neighbourhoods centers. Strongly disagree StronglySomewhat disagree disagree 24% SomewhatAverage stable Somewhat disagree SomewhatStrongly disagree agree M 20 Somewhat20% agree Native resident of Marib 17% 28% 43% 3% DK/ DWTA M Completely unsatisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 13% 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 3% M 40 40 Somewhat agree Satisfied Somewhat agree Satisfactory regulatory frameworkSomewhat agree of the new Master Plan. DK/ DWTA27% DK/ DWTA 21% Poor Strongly agreeSomewhatSomewhat agree agreeMore thanSomewhat 60 disagree F Strongly agree Strongly agree DK/DWTA NativeSomewhat residents disagree Somewhat disagree 15% Marginalized and African migrants24% F 0 I feel safe and welcomed in most places inNative Marib resident of Marib IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% 4% Strongly agree 32% 19% 26% Somewhat agree Stable Strong IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F Somewhat agree M IDPsIDPs living living in the in city'sslums, traditional informal neighbourhoodssettlements or camps SomewhatVery satisfied unsatisfied Strongly agree Unsatisfactory IDPs living in camps Strongly agree Strongly disagree17% 34% 24% Strongly disagree 20 25% Strongly agree Strongly Disagree Jobah and Rawdah: Examples of Secondary City Growth Rawdah28% introducedStrongly Marib agree to previously unseen 26% Strongly agree19% Unsatisfactory 24% 43% Average 31% M 33% Strongly agree Female Male 20 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Somewhat agree M Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 100 Satisfied 29% 17% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 26% Very stable 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Strongly50% 60% agree70% 80% Strongly90% 100% disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 28% DK/ DWTA IDPs living intransport the city's traditional modalities. neighbourhoods Before the war, any land or Somewhat disagree SomewhatMarginalized disagree and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Marginalized and African migrantsSomewhat disagree Driven by the displacementThe Marginalized crisisand Afican migrantsand coping needs, 26% Somewhat satisfactory Strong F coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? 0 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Unsatisfactory 32% 17% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing18% in Marib Very satisfied Access to clean drinking waterStrongly agree Somewhat agree Strongly agree M Female Male Female Male 80 Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree the residential and shelter Somewhat growth disagree mostly occurred on residence that is not walking distance or reachable 28% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% in the city by demographic group I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 28% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% Satisfactory 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or campsSomewhat disagree Strongly agree fairly easily on a motorbike was considered I feel that I can rent a house anywhere in the city I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib Marginalized and African60 migrants my skin or my social status) relatively cheap land,26% sometimesStrongly severaldisagree kilometers away 22% 34% Strongly agree I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender 23% Very satisfactory I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Somewhat agree unlivable for most of Marib’s residents. To date, Fear of catching COVID-19 3% DK/ DWTA 100 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% from the city. For instance, DK/areas DWTA such as Jufaineh have The Marginalized and Afican migrants Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Has the city provided necessary resources3% to protect people from As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 40 Marginalized and African migrants DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA I feel safe andStrongly welcomed agree in most placesSomewhat in Marib agreemy skinSomewhat or myDK/DWTA social disagree status) 100 Strongly agree DK/DWTA Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Native residents Cost ofcoronavirus accessing (such shelter as over masks, 50% medical of household stations, income awareness campaigns)? 15% city - per demographic group DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib grown significantly during the war, and evolved from farm Perception of being80% welcomed of 4% Rawdah to rent a house occupants0% anywhere10% Strongly20% 30% are agree40% IDPs50% 60% who70% 80% are90% 100% Accessin the city to (regardlessaffordable housing of displacement in Marib status) Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Access to clean drinking water Strongly disagree 19% 34% 24% 80 Strongly Disagree 20 Strongly Disagree Unsatisfactory 31% 100 in the city by demographicrenting small group housing units (averaging 60 square Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from 2% Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA 80 I feel I can accessStrongly different Disagree opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of lands with sporadic residences near Marib Dam, to a 29% 17% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree SomewhatDK/ DWTA agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA F Strongly disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTASomewhat disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional8% neighbourhoods coronavirus5% (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Somewhat disagree 60 my skin or my social status) IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Somewhat satisfactory 15% 18% M Native residentStrongly of Marib Disagree 0 Somewhat disagree Access to clean drinking water densely populated area, co-existing with farming activities. meters) from locals who found an opportunity in 16% Somewhat agree 16% 80 StronglySomewhat Disagree agree Strongly60 Disagree Female Male DK/DWTA Somewhat agree in the city by demographic group Somewhat disagree Absent28% Somewhat agreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 2% Very satisfactory 26%3% DK/ DWTA F 40 I feel I can accessSomewhat different agree opportunities in Marib, Satisfactionregardless of with my theappearances basic state (such services as the (mail, colorNative internet, of resident real of Marib estate registration, permits, etc.) DK/ DWTA 3% IDPs living in camps DK/Strongly DWTA disagree Strongly19% disagree Satisfactory Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagreeSomewhat disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Secondary cities such as Jobah also grew significantly, the new market. Most of the units in the area are 17% Strongly agree Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Completely unsatisfied Strongly agree Native residents 13% 15% M 60 40 Native resident of Maribmy skin or my social status) 4% Strongly agree Satisfactory Strongly disagree 27% Strongly22% disagree Poor 34% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Strongly agree built from rammed26% earth andStrongly mud, disagree but the area 19% 34% Somewhat disagree 24% Somewhat disagree Very satisfactory 20 Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree and as residents made daily commutes into Marib36% center, 23% Unsatisfactory 3% 31% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (suchIDPs as livingthe colorin the city's of traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied The Marginalized3% and Afican migrants 40 20 Marginalized and African migrants 29% 17% Somewhat agree DK/DK/ DWTA DWTA DK/ DWTA 24% Average IDPs living in slums, informal settlements orStrongly camps agree DK/DWTA Economy IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods alsoSomewhat hosts satisfactory multi-story concreteSomewhat apartment disagree units. 28% Somewhat Economydisagree - females StronglyStrongly agree43% disagree SomewhatDK/DWTA agree Somewhat disagree M Strongly agree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditionalmy neighbourhoods skin or my social status) Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Satisfied 4% Stronglythe agree two two cities came to function almost asNative one residents urban 21% SomewhatSomewhat satisfactory agree 15%18% Somewhat agree 0 Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% StronglySomewhat disagree agree 19% 34% 26%24% Marginalized and African migrants F 20 Female Male 0 StronglySomewhat Disagree agreeIDPs living in slums, informal settlements or campsCompletely unsatisfied Somewhatconglomeration. disagree However, the most substantial growth TheUnsatisfactory occupants rely on the city center or inner 32% Unsatisfactory 28%31% Somewhat agree Strong Very satisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy StronglyPerception agree of impact of conflict on household economic 17% Strongly agree How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants Female Male 29% 17% Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 19% Satisfactory Strongly disagree DK/DWTA M IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsDK/DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat unsatisfied Stronglyactuallyhow disagree easy) occurred in the areas on the city outskirts such as Marib for jobs and markets, commuting by car 22% Somewhatpotential satisfactory 18% 34% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 040% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native resident of Marib 26% 28% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Female Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants 23% Somewhat disagree FIGURE 40. Availability, risks andVery costs satisfactory of shelter 28% Somewhat agree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly Disagree Satisfied DK/ DWTA The MarginalizedIDPs livingand Afican in camps migrants 19% Satisfactory IDPs living in slums, informalMarginalized settlements and African or camps migrants Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) Strongly agree my skin or my social status) IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or campsSomewhat disagreeStrongly agree Very 0%satisfied10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 22% 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 23% 14% Very satisfactory I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Somewhat agree 6% DK/ DWTAThe Marginalized and Afican migrants DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants DK/ DWTA 13% 9% my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants 14% Economy 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 14% Has the city provided necessary resourcesEconomy to protect people - females from DK/DWTA IDPs living100 in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA 21% 32% Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Access to cleanStrongly drinking Disagree water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Completely unsatisfied Somewhat disagree Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Somewhat disagree Access to affordable housing in Marib 80 Strongly Disagree 27% Access to clean drinking water Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due18% to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict20% on household economic How easy for females to access jobs DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) Somewhat disagree 29% in the city by demographic group Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as theSomewhat color of unsatisfied how easy) 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree potential StronglyNative resident agree of Marib Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 24% 34% StronglySomewhat Disagree agree 60 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% my skin or my social status) Satisfied Somewhat agree 30% 33% Somewhat agree Satisfaction withSomewhat the basic agree state services (mail, internet, As a citizen real estate in the registration, city, I think thatpermits, my voice etc.) matters and should be considered to form the future of the Economy Strongly agree Strongly agree Economy - females 3% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree DK/ DWTA DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 3% 23% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree 40 city Very satisfied 28% Strongly agree 7% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA DK/4% DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagreeNative residents Native resident of Marib Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native residents 15% Somewhat agree Completely unsatisfied Native resident of Marib 4% Strongly agree 14% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving6% economy DK/ DWTA Perception of impact of conflict on household economic Strongly disagree 19%How easy34% for females to13% access jobs 24% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 20 Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree Economy Economy - femalesUnsatisfactory 31% 9% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 14% 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 14% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat disagreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) 29% 17% Somewhat agree potential 21% Somewhat disagree 32% Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Access to clean drinking water per demographic group Completely unsatisfiedIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat disagree 18% Somewhat0 agree Satisfied Strongly Disagree Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic Somewhat agree How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants Female Male Somewhat agree Somewhat27% disagree 18% 28% Somewhat20% agree IDPs living in camps IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat unsatisfied Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to accessSomewhat adequate disagree household income Residents 29%satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Somewhat disagree Strongly agreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Very satisfied Somewhat disagree how easy) IDPs living inpotential camps 28% 19% Satisfactory28% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 7% 24%DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTAplaces of work Strongly agreeSomewhat agree Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 14%Strongly disagree 22% 34% Strongly agree 34% Satisfied Somewhat agree 6% DK/ DWTA 26% Somewhat agree 13% 30% 9% Very satisfactoryDK/ DWTA Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Marginalized and African migrants As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 23% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree I feelIDPs I can living access in slums, different informal settlements opportunities or camps in Marib, regardlessIDPs living of in my slums, appearances informal settlements (such or as camps the color of 14% 24% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 24% 14% 23% DK/ DWTAVery satisfied Marginalized and African migrantsStrongly agree 21%7% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 4% 32% DK/ DWTA my skin or my socialNative status) residents city Strongly disagree 28% Strongly agree Strongly disagree DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Access to clean drinking water per demographic0% group10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% Somewhat disagree5% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree7% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree 6% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 13%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 9% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 27% 29% Strongly disagree 18% 18% Strongly disagree 20% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants DK/DWTA 14% Somewhat disagree 24% 32%24% 16% 14% SomewhatMales disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 21% 28% Somewhat agree 24% Strongly disagree 28% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% 31%24% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree25% Somewhat disagree21% 34% Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree 30% Somewhat disagree 18% Somewhat agree As a citizenStrongly in the Disagree city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 27% 29% Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income 23% Residents satisfiedSomewhat with disagree the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Strongly agree IDPs livingSatisfaction in the city's withtraditional the neighbourhoodsbasic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.)Somewhat disagree 28% 28% Somewhat agree 24% 28% Somewhat agree Native residents city Somewhat disagree 24% Strongly agree 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% places of work Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree18% 28% Somewhat agree 34% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 30% 33% Females The Marginalized and Afican migrants As a citizen inSomewhat the city, I thinkagree that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree 28% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 30% 23% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree city Strongly agree 28% Strongly agree Economy Strongly agree Strongly agree Economy - females Native residents IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA 29% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%Strongly60% agree70% 80% 90% 100% 5% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Native resident of Marib 7% DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Completely unsatisfied Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to18% How easy for females to access jobs16% per gender Males IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsIDPs living in camps SomewhatStrongly disagree agree DK/DWTASomewhat disagree Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Strongly disagree Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city'sNative traditional resident neighbourhoods of Marib places of work 24% 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) 14% 24% Strongly disagree 25% potential 21% Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree StronglySomewhat Disagree agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 31% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to Somewhat disagree How easy for females to access jobs per gender Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree The MarginalizedIDPs livingand Afican in camps migrants Satisfied Somewhat disagree Strongly agree IDPsIDPs living living in the in city'sslums, traditional informal neighbourhoodssettlements or camps SomewhatStrongly disagree agree Agricultural activity is strong around the city places of work Employment24% status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 28% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very satisfied 5% DK/ DWTA 7%7% DK/DK/ DWTA DWTA Somewhat agree 4% DK/ DWTA28% 27% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 7% DK/ DWTA 18% 28% EmploymentSomewhat status agree Females The Marginalized and Afican migrants 18% 14% Continuing education Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informalMarginalized settlements and African or camps migrants 6% DK/ DWTA 16% 28% 13%Males 9% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants 24% Strongly disagree Native StronglyresidentsStrongly disagree disagree Strongly agree Strongly30% disagree Strongly agree 14% 29% Strongly agree 24%24% 24% DK/ SomewhatDWTA disagree 14% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% 24% Strongly disagree 25%5% DK/ DWTA 21%21%7% DK/ DWTA Unemployed 32% DK/ DWTA 7% 31% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree 8% Continuing education Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 18% Somewhat disagree SomewhatSomewhat disagree disagree SomewhatNative disagree residents StronglySomewhat disagree agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living16% in the city's traditional neighbourhoods EmployedMales Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree 27% 24%24% Strongly disagree 29% Strongly disagree 18% 20% Strongly disagree 25% 28% Somewhat disagree Unemployed 24% SomewhatStrongly disagree agree Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% 31%24% 13% Somewhat agree 24% 21% 28%28% 27% SomewhatSomewhat agree agree 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 18% 28% Somewhat agree 24% Strongly disagree 24% Females IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs Somewhatliving in camps disagree Somewhat agree 34% Somewhat disagree 36% 28% Somewhat agree Employed 30%30% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Agricultural24% activity is strongStrongly around agree the31% city StronglyStrongly agree agree 33% EmploymentStrongly agree status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs DK/ DWTA 29% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree 61% 28% 27% Strongly agree 23% city 18% 28% 28% Strongly agree 28% Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree Strongly agree Native residents Somewhat agree19% 28% The Marginalized and AficanEmployment migrants status Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 28% Strongly agree 30% Continuing education Strongly agree Native residents DK/DWTA 29% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 26% Strongly agree Unemployed DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib 8% Continuing education 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native residents Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Employed70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree Agricultural activity is strong around the city Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand EmploymentAbility to access status adequate per demographic household group income Residents satisfiedHow with easy the for proximity females toof accessresidence jobs to How easy for females to access jobs per gender IDPs living in camps 13% 24% Unemployed Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Employment status 24% Strongly disagree places of work IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Continuing education IDPs living in camps Somewhat agree 36% Employed Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Agricultural activity is strong around the city Native residentsEmployment status per demographic group31% How easy for females to access jobs IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree 61%Unemployed Strongly agree Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status Employment status - male / female 28% Female employmentDK/ DWTA status IDPs living in camps DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 8% Continuing education 5% DK/ DWTA NativeThe residents Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 7% DK/ DWTA 19% 28% Somewhat agree ContinuingEmployed education 7% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditionalNative neighbourhoods residents Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 100 18% Unemployed Unemployed 16% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Males The Marginalized and Afican migrants 13% 24% 26% Continuing education 24% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree DK/ SomewhatDWTA disagree Continuing education Strongly disagree 8% 90 Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 24% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 24% 14% 24% Strongly disagreeContinuing education 25% Native residents21% Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA 31% Employed80 IDPs living Unemployedin the city's traditional neighbourhoodsIDPs living in camps Employed Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 36% 31% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Unemployed Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree6% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagreeUnemployed70 13% 24%61% Employed 24% IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 24% Strongly disagree 28% 60 28% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Employed Strongly agree 19% 28% The MarginalizedIDPs livingand Afican in camps migrants Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree 36% Somewhat agree15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 18% 28%31% Somewhat agreeEmployed50 Somewhat agree Females Somewhat disagree 28% 61% 40 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%Strongly90% 100% agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants30% 26% IDPs living in camps StronglyIDPs agree living in camps Strongly agree Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 29% 28%Market accessibilityStrongly agree and availabilityof30 household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status 19% 28% Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 20 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% Somewhat agree 100 26% 10 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Continuing education The Marginalized and Afican migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 28% 29% 90 Continuing education Strongly agree 0 Native residents Males Females 80 Unemployed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Unemployed 6% DK/ DWTA 70 Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employed Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female 60 Female employment status IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree Employment status 50 100 Continuing education Continuing education 40 Native residents Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment90 status - male / female Somewhat disagree Female employment status Continuing education IDPs living in camps 30 Native residents Unemployed DK/ DWTA 80 Unemployed 8% 20 Continuing education Unemployed Native residents 6% DK/ DWTA 100 7%70 DK/ DWTA28% Somewhat agree Employed Continuing education 10 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly disagree 90 28%Employed ContinuingEmployed education 13% 60 29% 24% 0 Unemployed IDPs living in the city's traditionalNative neighbourhoods residents 80 Strongly disagree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 24% Unemployed Males Females Unemployed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 6% DK/ DWTA 70 IDPs living in camps 40 36% Employed 31% Employed Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 60 Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsIDPs living in camps Employed 30 61% IDPs living in camps 15% 23% Strongly disagree 50 28% Strongly agree 24% 19% 28%20 The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% Somewhat agree 40 Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat disagree 10 The MarginalizedIDPs livingand Afican in camps migrants 29% 30 026% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree Strongly agree 20 Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% 29% 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 0 Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status

and by locally-initiated collective transport modes such as FIGURE 41. FIGURE 42. FIGURE 43. microbuses. Urban pattern - Al Rawdah Urban pattern - Al Jufeinah camp (mapped in Urban pattern - Al Mataar. Growth follows relatively 2018, growth has increased significantly since) straigth pattern parallel to existing roads. Rising Property Values During the conflict, land prices skyrocketed (according to an interview with a real estate dealer, prices for a piece of land to build a small residential unit had risen to YR 12 million, from only YR 500K before 2015). The State of Yemeni Cities Report assessed that property values had risen by 300% from 2015-2019.4 Services are also gradually coming, and the area is now accessible by road, although inner streets and footpaths are not asphalted. The area does not have a water or a sanitation network, and relies completely on water trucking from nearby wells, and on domestic septic tanks, while electricity has recently reached the area through private providers. Residents of Rawdah were estimated to be about 113K inhabitants,

4 UN Habitat State of Yemeni Cities Report FIGURE 44. Drone image of al-Rawdah Camp. The outskirts of the main city center appears in the background of the image to give a sense of the distance. Source: Ebraheem al-Theefah 57

which highlights how rapid this urban expansion happened in Marib over the past few years. Similar to Raqdah, areas Prioritizing Transportation Investments and Question of such Shuraika and Jufaineh have seen a massive urban the “Marib International Airport” expansion, and the key statistics for this growth (structures and IDP population) are provided in figure 38. As stated earlier, the city has plans to invest in a new international airport to serve Marib and central Yemen. According to local sources, The new Master Plan of Marib the only work that has been done so far is the construction of a The new Master Plan is supposed to accommodate the 30km-long fence around the airport plot. While an airport would city’s growth for the next 30 years according to the General provide access to a much needed transportation option for many Administration for Land, Survey and Urban Planning, which in the region, upgrading road networks will remain the primary need also stated in June 2019 that up to 30% of the Master Plan for millions of users in Yemen. demarcations on land features and road network have been implemented.5 Through our interviews with local officials, In a recent interview on al-Arabiya news network, the Saudi as well as with several real estate developers and regular Ambassador to Yemen, focusing on the “development and residents, we have come up with an initial list of issues that FIGURE 46. A farming area included in the new reconstruction” explained the steps that have been taken to might improve the context for implementing the Master Master Plan of Marib. commence the construction of Marib’s International Airport. The Plan, keeping in mind that we fully understand the motives, new airport will presumably have an annual passenger capacity the practical necessity and the ambitions that are involved of 2 million, and will provide 1,000 permanent jobs according to in this grand scheme. But perhaps the most substantial the Ambassador.1 Such announcements for major infrastructure announcement in that regard came in November 2018, projects in Marib are happening against the backdrop of looming when the Governor, along with the Prime Minister, Mr. risks, especially that the city of Marib is now effectively surrounded Abdulmalek, officially ratifying the Master Plan of Marib into on three sides by Houthi forces. a legal document. The Master Plan had a staggering area of 20,750 hectare (the built-up city up until 2015 was only 630 hectare)6.

FIGURE 45. New planned airport

July 2020, www.yemen-shabab.com/news/48216 “مأرب: انجاز 03% من المخطط الحضري لعاصمة المحافظة بمساحة 02 ألف هكتار”, Yemen Shabab, 20 5 -العربية-/ https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/yemen/2018/11/10 Office of Cadastral Records in Marib Governorate 1 6 تعرض-مخططات-مشروع-مطار-مأرب-الجديد 58 Marib Urban Profile

MAP 6 - MARIB MASTERPLAN Housing, Land, Property

FIGURE 47. From the Office of Cadastral Records in Marib Governorate, studied by UN Habitat Profiling Team, July 2020 59

Type of issues Details Ways to address them Limited publicization Although the Master Plan itself was made public through the Greater information on the Master Plan key assumptions (such municipal billboard, several information gaps lessen the amount as the population growth projections, market demand, guide- of knowledge that observers, investors and the public can ac- lines for subdivisions, implementation period, etc.) need to be cess, which weakens its utility and the public trust and buy-in. publicized, including through the municipal webpage and other social media outlets.Local officials can organize public displays and hearings, so that residents, businesses and investors can get to hear directly from the local officials about the different aspects of the Master Plan. Pacing of growth The vast area included in the Master Plan can only be justified We frequently see how excessively ambitious local plans can if the city could sustain the unnatural annual growth brought become counterproductive when they fail to predict future about by the conflict. We might see in the future some growth trends, specifically in terms of population growth and the busi- as a result of further displacement, but we might also see re- ness environment. It is always possible for the local authorities turns and population drop happening in the city despite the to partner with academia and research centers to revisit the protracted nature of the hosting situation, and in any case, the population projections, IDPs plans for the future, and introduce assumption that the growth from 2015 to 2018 will be sustained amendments or phasing to physical plans so that they are more is unrealistic and can’t be used as a baseline for planning. compatible with needs. Proposed population density According to GALSUP, the average density of the master plan is A phased approach, coupled with housing typology studies and 55 capita per hectare. This assumes that another 930K inhabi- prototypes can examine ways to increase the urban density tants will live in Marib (on top of the existing population assum- by at least a double fold. Studies have shown that densities ing that none of the IDPs will leave the city). Regardless of the between 120 to 170 capita per hectare can reduce initial and growth estimate underpinning such low density proposes many operational costs quite substantially. Yemen has a long standing challenges: it increases cost of a residence, as well as the cost tradition of building high-rise residences even when traditional of the basic infrastructure and networks, it complicates services building materials are used, and some of this traditional experi- and maintenance requirements, and it increases reliance on pri- ence can be featured in modernized prototypes that fit Marib’s vate vehicles and cost of operating a public transport system. cultural and market requirements. Complementary planning work requirements The Master Plan as a document does not deal with relevant and The Master Plan merely provides the key development and related issues that are pressing on Marib, such as the housing spatial guidelines for urban growth. Housing typology, detailed demand and supply dynamics. The number one issue facing neighbourhood designs, and building codes can all be informed most residents of Marib (including the IDPs) is how the future through a housing action plan, which considers the market growth will provide accessible and affordable housing for all. demand and supply forces, purchase and income capacity, predominant options for renting, minimum living space requirements, and optimal building materials to lessen dependency on energy sources. Moreover, several prototypes and models in partnership with different private sector providers can help local authorities determine the best housing options for the different income groups in the city. 60 Marib Urban Profile Housing, Land, Property Biting valuable land Growth of concrete over farmland is an environmental misfor- The master plan needs to avoid the encroachment on farming tune and may cause irreversible damage, given the scarcity of areas and protect them from the direct, as well as the indirect arable and cultivated lands in Marib. This expansion will have impacts of urban growth. Farming areas can be incorporated in consequences on the food security and affordability in Marib’s the master plan as protected lands, with strict building codes markets. The urban planning law (Law 20, 1995) clearly requires (and other land use restrictions) to prevent illegal building, the preservation of agricultural and other natural assets under transformation of land for recreational and tourism purposes, all circumstances. and to service them to maintain their links to growing markets. Avoiding indirect consequences of urban growth involves waste water management, allowing the passage of service roads only (not bypasses), preventing the transformation of accommodations to villas that alternates the use of the land (for instance, by preventing fencing up to a certain height, and protecting perenni- al trees, etc.). Reality undermining plans on paper As the Master Plan was being prepared, large urban slums, Because Marib is now functioning as a city, with no previous spontaneous settlements and camps have grown inside the experience in managing massive growth and planning require- planning area, which will complicate implementation. Marib now ments, it is realistic to assume that significant capacity building has an informal settlement problem to deal with similar to most efforts must go to managing the informal housing problem, major cities in the Middle East, as informality occupies roughly including the informal building activities over agricultural lands. a quarter of the new Master Plan area, and specifically in the Existing informal housing can be used to analyze the supply immediate expansion areas close to existing inner city core. and demand of the housing market and to enhance an inclusive housing strategy. Measures to protect the Master Plan from further illegal expansion can only realistically succeed if access to equitable housing and land uses is provided to all residents. City growth needs to consider operational challenges and Bigger cities require greater resources to manage, to serve and Phased approach to implementation can look at ways to im- requirements to sustain. Specific shortages in the system development in prove and increase administrative, monitoring and maintenance Marib such as the poor taxation system, lack of monitoring and capacity as the master plan gets gradually implemented. Start- building regulations enforcement capacity, poor record in en- ing where demand on new urban land is the highest, where forcing construction regulations, and lack of capacity and expe- current transport systems can possibly accommodate, and fo- rience to manage large infrastructure and networks operations cusing on municipal capacity building and institutional arrange- will hamper the outcome. ments are the key elements of a successful phased approach. Expansion over private lands According to sources in GALSUP, the urban expansion as The local authority’s capacity to include publicly owned land planned will mostly take place over privately owned land. Re- (even if remote from the city core) can enable affordable hous- gardless of the expropriation measures (mainly taking the form ing programmes to compete in the market, and gives the local of land deductions for public right of way), expansion over authorities a bargaining power they need to ensure equitable privately-owned land often reduces the capacity of government urban growth. The centricity of the Master Plan as it stands can authorities to intervene in the market and to ensure different cause increased strain on the inner city core, while a multi-polar groups and income levels’ access to the urban expansion areas. model that develops suburbs on public lands can reduce the demand on centralized services and provide more equitable opportunities to all residents. 61

MAP 7 - MASTERPLAN VS JUFAINEH REALITY

FIGURE 48. Masterplan roads projected on Al Jufaineh camp. The masterplan has proved to be irrelevant in these rapid urban developments (Google Earh 2021) 62 Marib Urban Profile

WATER AND 9 SANITATION Water and Sanitation Water

Marib’s government provides municipal services such SERVICES - WATER AND SANITATION as water, sanitation, health, electricity, and education. Marib’s basic service provision has been transformed in Overview of Pre-Conflict Impact of National Water Sector the past six years by its increased financial resources and Policies investment budget enabling the governorate to pay salaries Marib has an arid climate but Marib City’s proximity to the and staff to operate independently of central government mountains give it the benefit of water runoff. According support since late 2015.1 The influx of IDPs into Marib has to a visiting archaeologist2, rain-fed farming was not an put pressure on these services. The variable flows of the option in Marib. Irrigation was necessary for agriculture population count has led to an unpredictable demand for at a scale that would sustain a city. The ancient dam of basic service provision. In an effort to compensate for the Marib functioned as a diversion barrage rather than as a shifting context on the ground, and the general absence of proper dam (as in an artificial lake for water storage). The reliable data, the Marib City urban scorecard survey helped main source of water came from Wadi Dhana, which is a provide insight into public perceptions of basic services dry stream beds that contain water only when rain falls on in Marib. The scorecard gives a needs assessment for higher ground in its catchment area. essential services that can help planning stakeholders: 1) Highlight pain points which can guide follow up focus The background of water and sanitation service provision groups addressing service needs, support local knowledge in Marib is particularly complex and fragmented involving exchange and participatory planning. multiple authorities with blurred boundaries between 2) Obtain atmospherics on the range of perceptions government, tribal customary law (Urf), and International of a dynamic population in flux, including highly vulnerable Humanitarian Organizations.3 Marib’s recent history of being individuals are often not easy to locate or for municipal and neglected by the government prior to the current conflict government authorities to engage at this time. had left it outside of any central system without a local water FIGURE 49. Water tower under construction by 3) Integrate traditional/customary knowledge into corporation or autonomous utility or local National Water the Marib municipal planning, documentation, and laws, particularly and Sanitation Authority (NWSA). Instead, the activities that regarding the use of traditional water use and access rules would usually be executed under NWSA’s planning capacity (of surface, subsurface flow and groundwater). was transitioned to independent water authorities such as 4) Raise awareness on the formal water use regulations, the local water corporation that was established in Marib. impact of water consumption practices, and implications Prior to 2015, Marib did not have infrastructure for a piped for human settlements, agriculture, and the economy. potable water network. Furthermore, local institutions did

1 At the end of 2015, the governorate’s conflict with the Houthi-led authorities in Sana’a led Marib to cease depositing income from gas in the Central Bank, keeping the revenue in its Marib branch. In 2016, Marib signed an agreement with President Hadi granting Marib 20% of the total revenues from gas extracted in the governorate, in addition to the revenue granted by Local Authorities Law. According to the local authority’s 2014 budget, grants and central subsidies constituted 96% of the total general revenue for Marib, while local revenues covered only 4%. The most significant sources of local revenue were local shared revenues, selling goods and services, and levying fines, penalties, and taxes, Republic of Yemen, Ministry of Finance, Budget Sector: estimated local authority budget for the 2014 fiscal year. See, Berghof Founda- tion, “Mapping of Local Governance in Yemeni Governorates,” January 2020”. 2 Ingrid Hehmeyer, “Irrigation Farming in the Ancient Oasis of Mārib”, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 19, no. 33 (1989), pp. 33–44. 3 As Najwa Adra stated, “Although Yemen is economically the poorest country in the Middle East, it may be the wealthiest in social capital. Yemen’s limited experience with colonialism has left largely intact important tribal institutions that still prioritise mediation, egalitarian ethics, cooperation and respect for women, all of which can be effectively harnessed in rebuilding the nation. (https://www.files.ethz.ch/ isn/173204/ca9106951a2408f79cdadbf30fc9c244.pdf); Meta Analysis of the formal and informal political economy of water disputes found that most rules derived from five major legal sources: 1) Islamic Law (Shariah); 2) Customary Law (‘urf), 3) The Constitution 4) The Water Law and 5) The Civil Code https://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Water-Management-in-Yemen.pdf, p. 91

FIGURE 50. Traditional well Dam Charity for Community Development Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state

DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44%

Cultural heritage

Native residents Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTA Completely unsatisfied 12% 22% Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 4% Native resident of Marib Influence of extenral powers Strongly agree Strongly Disagree Satisfied Somewhat disagree Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state 22% 14% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Very satisfied Somewhat agree External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions Peoplesomewhat in the city disagreepay their taxes and utility bills Somewhat agree 38% 19% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Responders by age group Respondents by gender 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city DK/DWTA 3% 4% DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native resident of Marib 13% Strongly Disagree 12% 8% Strongly agree Strongly disagree No Strongly disagree More than 60 Females 27% 6% DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 10% 19% 13% Somewhat agree 38% 15% Somewhat agree 36-60 Males 16% 48% Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree 22% 32% 18% Completely unsatisfied Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 25-35 49% 56% Somewhat unsatisfied 51% 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree 21% Strongly agree Strongly agree 34% 39% Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 Satisfied DK/DWTA 44% 32% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 63 Very satisfied Safety and respsect Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Cultural heritage city - per age group Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTA can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group who live in my area M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 F Somewhat disagree 14% DK/DWTA 3% 12% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib 20% Native residents M Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% Somewhat agree 26% 24% Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 36-60 F 36% 3% 15% 32% somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 12% 7% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% 12% Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree 21% More than 60 F 34% 16% Strongly Disagree 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 19% IDPs living in camps M Strongly agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 25% Strongly agree 20% Somewhat disagree 33% 64% 26% 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 64% Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants Strongly disagree Strongly disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 39% 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 26% not have a role in the provision, monitoring or quality control Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 of the drinking water, and could not collect taxes or fees on Fear of catching COVID-19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income city - per demographic group 100 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict Scorecard - Access to water either strongly agreed or insomewhat the city (regardless agreed of displacement that clean status) water supply and distribution. The current coverage rate for DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city While a majority of the respondents to our survey drinking water was accessible. Some 20% of the city water services is 24.7%, of which 19% is a governmental 2% Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree Native residents The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all 8% 5% DK/ DWTA Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of IDPs and marginalized groups strongly disagreed withDK/ DWTA network. However, as the city’s rapid growth has increasedDK/ DWTA 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? expressed ability to access clean drinking water (30% 16% 16% Absent 60 DK/DWTA 2% 26% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Very satisfactory the notion that clean drinking water was accessible.Strongly disagree the demand for drinking water, the municipality has becomeStrongly disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an strongly agreed, 32% somewhat agreed, and only 17% 17% 40 Completely unsatisfied 13% 27% Poor M Strongly agree ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA Satisfactory Somewhat disagree dependent on privately supplied delivery trucks. AccordingSomewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTA strongly36% disagreed), disparity along the demographic IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 24% 20 Completely unsatisfied Somewhat satisfactory 28% to a World Bank assessment in 2020, private water supply, 43% Average M Strongly agree 12% 22% Strongly disagree groups shows that21% this generally positive perception is Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Satisfied DK/DWTA Somewhat unsatisfied Marginalized and African migrants F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 32% which was already meeting about half of26% Yemen’s urban Strong 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 4% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib mostly true for the native residents.Unsatisfactory Displacement and Strongly agree 17% Strongly agree Female Male Strongly Disagree Satisfied Somewhat disagree demand before the conflict, has expanded to fill the gap left M 14% 22% place of residence28% in the city seem to strongly influence 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 36% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree the degrees by which residents are accessing clean by the inability of the public utilities to deliver water services. somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 38% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 19% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree drinking water. Nearly 80% of the native residents Private tanker prices vary widely. Tankers operate in an IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% informal and unregulated market, leaving local authorities 100 Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from DK/DWTA 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants at city and neighborhood levels with little control over the coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib Access to clean drinking water You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 80 Strongly Disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I can access sufficient drinking water Access to Clean Drinking Water in the city by demographic group quality, pricing, or usage of the water. I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 60 my skin or my social status) 6% Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 3% DK/ DWTA 10% There have been conflicting reports on3% Marib city’s ability 40 DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native residents 15% 4% 18%Strongly agree Completely unsatisfied to maintain its public water supply prior to the conflict. Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory 31%24% 20 Strongly Disagree 17% Somewhat agree Somewhat unsatisfied Some interviewees working in the water sector indicated 29% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 34% that Marib’s water supply meets the needs of 600K familiesSomewhat satisfactory 18% 0 Somewhat disagree Satisfied Somewhat agree 28% Female Male Somewhat agree 32% 4 Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Stronglyin agree the city and governorate under19% the supervision of theSatisfactory IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 26% Strongly disagree Very satisfied 22% 34% Strongly agree 23% Marib Local Water and Sanitation Corporation (LWSC).Very satisfactory I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Safety and respsect The Marginalized and Afican migrants Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the DK/ DWTA One common challenge noted for all the LWSCs is the my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants city - per age group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit unavailability of skilled staff needed to run and operate You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household DK/DWTA 16-24 F DK/DWTA critical infrastructure. Because Marib has been able to pay Native resident of Marib M Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA salaries, there is the possibility that it has benefitted from Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) Somewhat disagree 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 F Somewhat disagree 14% DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib “brain gain” as qualified and experienced staff who had to Native residents M Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 36-60 F 36% leave their homes of origin have settled in Marib. 15% 32% somewhat disagree Economy Somewhat disagree Economy - females IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Native resident of Marib IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% Completely unsatisfied Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree More than 60 F Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants 21% On one level, Marib’s local stakeholder complexity mirrors Somewhat unsatisfied 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree IDPs howliving ineasy) slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree potential IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in camps Strongly agree M 25% Strongly agree 26% 33% the national level of ‘hybrid-sovereignty’ of state and 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants 5 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps The Marginalized and Afican migrants tribal entities coexisting in a symbiotic relationship. Very satisfied 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% Marib, like many other rural areas suffered as a result of 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 6% DK/ DWTA 13% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 9% Marginalized and African migrants I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender 14% 21% 24% national laissez faire policies ranging from32%24% benign neglect 14% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Fear of catching COVID-19 FIGURE 51. Access to drinking water all interviewees and per demographic group Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the of under-resourced bureaucratic18% entities to systematic Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income city - per demographic group 100 27% Somewhat disagree 29% 20% Somewhat disagree in the city (regardless of displacement status) DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 28% 28% 24% Somewhat agree 4 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview, August 2020. Somewhat agree 2% 80 Strongly Disagree 34% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA Somewhat agree 30% 5 Eric Jeunot, “Why Do We Keep Misunderstanding Yemen?”,33% Diplosphere, 15 February 2021, Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 8% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree https://www.diplosphere.org/post/yemen 23% Native residents city 16% 16% 60 28% Strongly agree DK/DWTA Strongly agree 2% Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree Very satisfactory Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree F Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 17% 40 Completely unsatisfied DK/DWTA 13% 27% Poor M Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Satisfactory Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree 28% 24% Average Strongly agree 20 Somewhat satisfactory 43% M Satisfied IDPs living in camps 21% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Marginalized and African migrants F 32% 26% Strong 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied places of work Unsatisfactory Strongly agree 17% Strongly agree Female Male Somewhat agree M The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 28% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 5% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 7% 0% 10%DK/20% DWTA30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 18% 16% Males I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 14% 31%24% Strongly disagree 25% 21% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from 100 Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 24% coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? 28% Strongly agree Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib 80 Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree Access to clean drinking water 18% 28% Somewhat agree Females in the city by demographic group Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 28% Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree 60 29% my skinStrongly or my agreesocial status) Somewhat agree 3% DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 3% 40 DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native residents 15% 4% Strongly agree Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory 31%24% 20 Strongly Disagree 17% Somewhat agree 29% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPsAgricultural living in the activitycity's traditional is strong neighbourhoods around the city Somewhat disagree Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs Somewhat satisfactory 18% 0 Somewhat agree Female Male Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree Employment status Satisfactory Continuing education IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Native residents Strongly disagree 22% 34% 26% Strongly agree Unemployed DK/ DWTA 23% Very satisfactory I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 8% Continuing education Native residents The Marginalized and Afican migrants Marginalized7% and African migrants Employed DK/ DWTA my skin or my social status) DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree Unemployed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 13% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 24% 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps DK/DWTA 36% 31% Employed Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree 61% Strongly Disagree 28% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% 28% SatisfactionSomewhat with agree the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat agree Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Economy Economy - females IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Completely unsatisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) potential IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Satisfied Employment status - male / female Female employment status IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 100 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA Continuing education 14% 90 Continuing education Native residents 6% DK/ DWTA 13% 9% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 80 14% 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 14% Unemployed Unemployed 21% 32% 6% DK/ DWTA 70 Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Employed Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 18% 15% 23% Strongly disagree 50 27% Somewhat disagree 29% 20% Somewhat disagree 24% 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 40 24% IDPs living in camps 34% Somewhat disagree 30 Somewhat agree 30% Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 20 23% 28% city Somewhat agree 28% Native residents 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree 28% 29% Strongly agree 0 Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree IDPs living in camps Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree places of work Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 5% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 18% 16% Males 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 14% 31%24% Strongly disagree 25% 21% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 24% 28% Somewhat agree 27% Strongly agree 18% 28% 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 28% Females Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree 29% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status

privatization.6 This decentralization trend added another cost that a well-owner would incur to pump the water up, layer of complexity to the pre-existing customary system of but not for the water itself (from aquifers), as it was seen patchwork water governance of multiple actors and parallel as a universal right to access under Islamic and customary structures7 including strategic involvement of international laws of ala’ala-fa-ala’ala11 which guided water management donors in policy design at the ministerial level to aid in terms of upstream and downstream land and water implementation on the ground.8 rights. As of late 2016, approximately 69% of households in Marib had access to potable water in Marib.12 Now, the local Customary Water Governance authority is actively working with donors to provide drinking A combination of tribal codes, Islamic and Yemeni state law water for the population, expand the sanitation treatment governed an estimated 90% of water supply from individual plant in the city of Marib, and provide sanitation projects for wells and water catchment areas.9 This effectively meant IDP camps, such as Al-Khaniq and Al-Jafinah.13 According that residents of the city depended entirely on privately to local water authorities, in the past Marib’s tribes had owned water sources, relying on a local network of domestic equitably managed water in the eyes of the general public wells, transporting and storing water in jerry cans or as there were relatively few disputes or complaints over medium-size containers, at little cost. Some local sources pre-war water issues, as local interviewees recalled.14 attributed the guarantee of access to water to the tradition of sikhaya, or the offering of water for the thirsty, which Water Disputes as a microcosm of the broader conflict is considered a moral duty and part of the path to God’s Other secondary research within areas in and near Marib blessings, just as karam or “hospitality”, as an obligatory suggested a more nuanced and contentious picture, part of offering refuge.10 Before the conflict, buying water indicating that water disputes over the ownership or meant that a household would pay a minimal charge for the control of springs and wells are common. According to one

6 Yemen Observer, “Supply of Urban Water and Sanitation to Be Decentralized”, 4 December 2007, http://www.yobserver.com/environment/10013378.html 7 The internationalization of Yemen’s water policy began in the late 1990s there was a concerted effort led by an international Donor Core Group to decentralize water governance under the umbrella of the National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program (NWSSIP) and shift to a commercial model of local water corporation as ultimately formalized in the Water Resources Management 2002 Water Law. FIGURE 52. (Top and bottom image) Current Marib dam 8 According to the Republic of Yemen’s Water Sector Support Program “Sector Wide Environmental and Social Assessment” report, in 2003, the government invited international advisors to supple- ment its limited capacity to address the severe water and sanitation service challenges. Through a $436 million Water Sector Support Program facilitated by Yemen’s Donor Core Group (World Bank/IDA, The modern dam that was built in the 1980s, about 3 KM from the ancient Great Dam Germany, the Netherlands and the UK) “the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) initiated a multi-stakeholder participatory process of preparing and launching a consolidated strategy, action plan and site. The 100-million dollar project was personally funded by UAE’s Sheikh Zayed bin investment program for the water sector as a whole--the National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program 2005-9 (later extended to 2015). See Republic of Yemen Ministry of Water and Environment Sultan Al Nahyan. As an example of the symbolic significance Marib holds within the and Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Sector Wide Environmental and Social Assessment (SwESA) (Sana’a: Consulting Engineering Services, December 2008),https://static1.squarespace.com/stat- region, the Sheikh claims to have sponsored the dam project because his al-Nahyan clan ic/5eb18d627d53aa0e85b60c65/t/5eeb6a99ed5aad22f6a7ae42/1592486572828/SwESA_Report.pdf traced its origins back to Ma’rib. (https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/ 9 World Bank, “Dire Straits : The Crisis Surrounding Poverty, Conflict, and Water in ...”, n.d., accessed March 4, 2021, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/27531. features/2018/02/28/feature-02) The new dam is 38 m (125 ft) high, 763 m (2,503 ft) 10 UNH Profiling Team interview, May 2020. long, spanning the Wadi Dhana at 15°23′47″N 45°14′36″E, creating a storage capacity of 11 World Bank, 1996; Herzberg, “Urban Water Scarcity in Sana’a, Yemen”. However, due to Yemen’s arid physical geography and climate, Yemen relies on groundwater aquifers for 70% of the water 398 million cubic meters but recent floods have The dam site is located 3 km (1.9 mi) supply, in which cases ala’ala-fa-ala’ala would not apply (Al-Weshali and others, “Diesel Subsidies and Yemen Politics: Post-2011 Crises and Their Impact on Groundwater Use and Agriculture”, Water Alterna- upstream of the ruins of the Great Dam. The new dam, like the old, was designed to store tives, vol. 8, No. 2, p. 216). According to these customary laws, groundwater is an equally distributed resource because it is below ground and any successful well can reach the aquifer, whereas surface water water for irrigating the Ma’rib plains. However, the wadi bed at the new dam site consists makes access unequally distributed due to geographic proximity near the water source. “Islamic principles treat [groundwater] as a communal property with a possibility of private ownership under special of alluvial sand and gravel material 30–50 m thick. Seepage that emanates from this circumstances,” according to Yemen water expert al-Hamdi (2000) based on research conducted near Marib (Mohammed I. Al-Hamdi, Competition for Scarce Groundwater in the Sana’a Plain, Yemen. A Study dam does not threaten its structure, but results in the loss of water. As a way of capturing of the Incentive Systems for Urban and Agricultural Water Use (London: CRC Press, 2000)). Water management remains a contested issue of overlapping local, national, and tribal governance authorities and the seepage, some are calling for rebuilding the ancient Marib Dam, both to serve as a will remain a critical determining factor of whether future urban planning in Marib’s growth becomes a catastrophic bubble or can be sustained. functioning structure as it contains hydrological solutions even more sophisticated than 12 UNOCHA, “Humanitarian Needs Overview 2018: Yemen”, December 2017, January 2019, http://marib-gov.com/news_details.php?sid=1250; UNICEF, “A Report on the Humanitarian مليون و216 ألف خدمة طبية وعالجية قدمتها مستشفيات مأرب خالل Yemen, Marib Governorate, “15 ,”8102 the current, and as a historic monument and tourist attraction. ( Al-Qalisi, M.; Vela, J. 13 (2015-09-30). “The dam that Sheikh Zayed built”. The National) Situation in Yemen”, October 2018, p. 7. See Berghof Foundation, “Mapping of Local Governance in Yemeni Governorates”. 14 The “tribal social structure” was seen as integral to public water law and management in Yemen, responsibility and power is considered a region-specific issue following a system, “based on the collective responsibility and accountability of tribal leaders (sheikhs) to their communities”. Al-Sabahi and De Santis, “The role of cultural norms”, p. 56. 65

ethnographic assessment in 201715: largely market-driven system characterized by the following barrels of water is Marib today is roughly USD 30, which “…some conflicts that appear to be tribal or due to other trends: is significantly higher than the cost for a similar amount causes may well have water shortages as their fundamental of water in Sana’a for example (around USD 14). » Informal well proliferation: As wells multiplied, an entire underlying reason for conflicts. They include a wide range business of water trucking and distribution emerged in of incidents, of varying degrees of seriousness. These range Water quality response to the demand, operated by local residents. from women and children squabbling over pipes, irrigation According to our key informant interviews, the authorities When asked about the number of wells in the city and the pumps and other sources, after waiting long hours in the also currently do not systematically monitor the quality of nearby farming areas, the Water Department in Marib hot sun.” the drinking water, or the hygiene standards followed by the Governorate stated that there is no active record for system operators such as the trucks and the large water the number of wells, but they can state with confidence In addition to the severe water access challenges for IDPs containers put in the markets and next to shopping centres. that “every land, whether urban or rural, has its own well in Marib’s 13 camps, conflicts over payment of fees to a Even during cholera season, the spread of waterborne now.”18 management group for domestic water do occur, even when diseases from flooding or during the COVID-19 pandemic these are ‘community-based’. Conflicts between small- » Large reservoirs of water were built in the temporary response, the role of the local authorities in terms of water holders dependent on shallow wells and large landowners settlements and camps housing the refugees, and quality monitoring was largely absent, even though local who have drilled boreholes that have depleted the shallow water is pumped either from wells or brought by trucks health officials have year-round public health awareness wells are also common, and have further disadvantaged to these reservoirs, which create a distribution point for campaigns to promote best practices for water storing smallholders who depend on them for their livelihoods.16 households which is nominally free of charge. These and domestic treatment. Following a spike of illnesses and temporary systems are usually operated by charities, diarrhea cases received in Marib hospitals January 2019, Overall, it is unclear whether the decentralization of such as the Marib Dam Charity for Community inspectors attributed the contamination to a distribution water governance has led to more or less effective water Development, but often rely on market vendors and network that is connected to Al-Kawthar Commercial Well. management. One challenge in Environmental Impact truck owners for supplies. Most houses also have small Al-Kawthar commercial well supplies many tanks that are Assessment (EIA) needed to properly manage water plastic tanks to store 500 liters of water, while IDP camp used in the markets, as well as unmonitored bottled water resources in Marib is that tribal authorities have only residents rely on jerry cans and kitchen containers for businesses. According to health officials interviewed by the recently stepped into more inter-tribal coordination17 which water storage. profiling team, the conditions for trucking and distributing may have forced by the necessity springing from the city’s water are substandard, and containers are often left » Local institutions started to collect minor tariffs from rapid growth over the past few years, which created a great uncovered and in the sun in plastic bottles for days. A owners of wells, but only inside the city core, and demand for the delivery of drinking water, and highlighted minimal response that has been reported was that local especially from the wells that supply businesses, an immediate need to enhance and monitor the clean authorities, through the Office of Trade and Consumer such as hotels and shopping centers. However, the water supply as a critical aspect of ensuring a minimal level Protection, started to inspect the hygiene condition of the marginal tariff is in most cases not linked to the amount of basic hygiene. Just as in the early days of the Marib trucks and the large reservoirs installed in the markets. of consumption, and wells are still not equipped with dam, human settlements in Marib are inextricably tied to Dozens of these assets were seized, and owners were counters to monitor the amounts of pumped water. water management, which is again under pressure to asked to sign a certificate of compliance to guarantee the Water has increasingly become a costly commodity rapidly evolve to meet the challenge of the conflict-driven quality and hygiene standards if they want to continue their for private individuals and businesses alike, unless population boom. As a sector, water management is now a business. subsidized by a charity. To illustrate this, the cost of 50 15 Helen Lackner, “Extreme Environmental Challenges in the Context of Lasting Political Crisis: The Case of Yemen”, in Environmental Challenges in the MENA Region, Hamid Pouran and Hassan Hakimian, eds. (London: Gingko, 2018), pp. 108–126. 16 Ibid, Lackner, p. 178 17 Louise van Loon, et al, and others, “An analytical frameworkAnalytical Framework for capacity developmentCapacity Development in EIA--—The cCase of Yemen”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review (2009). , vol. 30, No. 2 (2010), pp. 100–107. 18 Interview local official by UN-Habitat 2020 66 Marib Urban Profile Chapter text

and human activities. Sanitation » Minimize negative environmental impacts. Another dimension of Marib’s rapid urban growth in Marib is the widespread adoption of lavatories. Initially, most » Avoid and mitigate effects of land development around houses, especially in the family gatherings outside the city the selected location. core, rarely had private lavatories or bathrooms, and some » Allow for a buffer zone to absorb possible future informants state that “plumbing as such did not even exist expansion as a profession”. New housing units, even those built from makeshift materials in the new settlements now often have » Ensure close coordination with the officials of Local private lavatory spaces despite the tiny space they occupy. Water Corporation in Marib However, the city does not have a sufficient sanitary network (the coverage by sanitation services is 33.0% ) to Nevertheless, progress on finalization of plant location support these lavatories, and instead largely depends on pit has been hampered by ‘Not in My Backyard’ (NIMBY) latrines through holes bored in the ground locally known as “bayarat.”

Marib Treatment Plant- 2030 Plan19 At the time of writing, there was neither a wastewater collection system nor wastewater treatment plant in Marib Center. All the houses drain wastewater into privately FIGURE 53. An example of the large water catchments managed cesspits. However, a sewage system has been used to collect flood water. It is the traditional way planned, the general layout and the pipe sizing of which has Marib farmers captured ground water. They also cover been determined according to the population distribution these pools to reduce evaporation and pump when in the project area, anticipated for the year 2030. The they need irrigation for crops.(alarabiya.net) construction includes one Pump Station with a maximum capacity of 50 m3/h, and work to include all related Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Works. The Wastewater Treatment Plant (Wastewater Stabilization Pond System) aims to create an inflow handling capacity of 1224 m3/d including all associated Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Works. The selection of the treatment plan was determined so as to: » Maintain the “flow by gravity” in all parts of the collection system to the treatment plant. » Locate the treatment site far from residential, agricultural

19 UN-Habitat State of Yemeni Cities 2020

FIGURE 55. Sewage system plan (Provided by local FIGURE 54. Charity distributing plastic water reservoirs to government) households 67

disputes over the location of the station and will require continued coordination between the concerned authorities to end deliberations and launch the project.

Challenge of expanding sewerage and water networks with urban expansion. According to our interviews with local officials , there is no realistic outlook on the expansion of potable water and sanitation networks, even though some plans are on the table for sewerage. In particular in light of the ongoing city expansion, this is a challenge and an opportunity. For example, the streets that are presently being developed in the northern expansion area do not feature underground networks, which could be planned from the onset to prevent the significantly higher costs of retrofitting networks after road implementation. Unfortunately, the adherence to a diligent planning process is challenged by the clear incentive to prioritize fast development of roads and housing units over a ‘future-proofing’ of the water and sewerage system. 68 Marib Urban Profile

HEALTH Health Sector 10 SECTOR

One of the most dramatic changes Marib has witnessed is Expansion of healthcare capacity post 2011 the rapid transformation from the essentially nonexistent Political changes around 2014 accelerated the healthcare sector in the city only a few years ago, to an transformation of Marib’s healthcare system. In March, ” Many doctors who are originally entire system of supplies, along with nascent efforts to 2014, Marib secured infrastructure and capacity financing from Marib (abna’a Marib or “children establish regulations, management and human resources. from LNG Yemen (a natural gas liquefaction company) of the tribes”) had seldom considered to provide YR 1.4 billion in financing for 40 community coming back to their small towns after Although Marib is one of Yemen’s largest governorates development projects, including ambulances and 8 health- finishing medical school in Sana’a, for whose rich natural resources make it one of the most related projects, including the construction of a cardiology example, but we now see many of them significant contributors to Yemen’s1 GDP , Marib’s health center within Marib General Hospital, training programs choosing to return and opening their system has historically been relatively weak. Before the for health workers, provision of medical equipment and medical practice closer to their homes war, local sources reported that less than 50 health-related ambulances.4 and communities. services were available for the entire governorate of Marib. This included medical dispensaries (clinics) and primary The arrival of hundreds of thousands of IDPs elevated the - Prominent local physician who has health care units, as well as a limited number of home-based health care needs to a new level, driving local authorities to been practicing medicine for over a private general practice clinics. Residents reminisced that act with greater local autonomy to improve health sector decade in Marib. as late as 2014, people who needed any level of health care capacity, under the management of the Governorate’s Office intervention beyond basic care for communicable diseases of Health and Population (OHP). Several new hospitals were had to travel for seven hours to Sai’oon, or even go as far established in 2014 along with a Hospital Administrative as Sana’a.2 A combination of factors undermined Marib’s unit, the Commission of Marib Hospital (CMH).5 health system, including: profiling team (operating under the administration of Marib » Brain drain of local medical professionals: the low However, arguably the largest increase in local healthcare University) has recently celebrated the graduation of the population density in the years before 2014 meant local capacity is attributable to the significant expansion of first nursing class in Marib (32 graduates, 21 of whom were medical professionals who left to pursue their medical private healthcare staff and services, made possible by females). professionals within the IDP community in Marib. According studies in Sana’a or Aden did not have local jobs to draw 6 them back.3 to the OHP Deputy Manager over 200 new health care This new cohort of healthcare workers has proved to facilities were opened in Marib between 2018 and August be essential in staffing the surge of frontline healthcare » A lack of national funding in Marib’s healthcare sector. 2020.7 These new services include 8 new private hospitals, workers as part of the city’s coronavirus preparedness plan. and a network of private clinics and dispensaries distributed There are multiple social dimensions of the emergence of across the Governorate. A majority of these services are the healthcare sector in the local workforce. A prominent located in the larger cities including Marib in the center of local figure explained how this increased sector capacity the governorate. A medical training center visited by the has meant the community has access to affordable local

1 In the aftermath of Arab coalition efforts to drive out Houthi-Saleh forces from southern territory under their control, many of the liberated provinces mirror microstates, including the Al-Mahra and Marib provinces, which refuse to supply revenue to the government. Muneer Binwaber, “Oil’s Impact on Tensions in Southern Yemen”, The Washington Institute, 9 August 2019, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/oils-impact-on-tensions-in-southern-yemen 2 Interviews with various community members in Marib, 2020. 3 Adel Aulaqi, On the Edge: The Challenges of Yemen’s Healthcare System. (London: Saqi Books, 2014). 4 LNG Industry, “Yemen LNG Helps Community Development Projects”, 5 March 2014, https://www.lngindustry.com/liquid-natural-gas/05032014/yemen_lng_helps_community_projects_247/ 5 CMH currently has 107 staff, of which 42 are healthcare professionals (including 18 specialist care physicians and 24 nurses). CMH also has 105 hospital beds, six ICUs, and 2 operating rooms. 6 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview with the Health Administrator for Marib Governorate. 7 WHO noted there are 88 operational health care centers throughout Marib as of August 2018, WHO, “Statistics and Themes”, accessed 23 February 2021, https://rho.emro.who.int/Set-of-themes. 69

MAP 8 - HOSPITALS healthcare services. These recently fight the spread of the virus. A smaller group (15%) of arrived “migrant” doctors have attained the respondents who were also critical of other urban a respected status in the community conditions, expressed less worry about the pandemic and and are welcomed as “key assets, strong disagreement with the idea that more measures lifesavers and helpers during this should be taken by the local authority in response. time of great adversity.”8 These new healthcare workers have helped reduce Access and Affordability the exceptionally long wait times Marib Another key aspect to the healthcare system is affordability: locals had to endure just a few years while health insurance options do not yet exist in Marib, ago for even the most routine doctor’s even for health care workers or other public government visit. To a large degree, the health care employees, the overall costs are low for public as well as system in Marib now relies on the private health options. Wait times are longer for public medical expertise and the specialization health care as is the case in other nationalized healthcare that the IDPs brought with them, and systems. Public costs were compared with inpatient or the treatment protocols offered by the outpatient services offered at a private hospital visited by dispensaries that they staff. the profiling team in Hareeb city (see box above).

By late fall, 2020, survey respondents The disparity in affordability between private and public reported that fears of contracting the healthcare provider options shows the degree to which the coronavirus were increasing as cases public option is subsidized, and the popularity of this option rose in Yemen. A majority of those despite its longer wait-times, limited intake capacity, and interviewed expressed some degree of dependence on humanitarian supply chains that are often fear of catching COVID-19 (58%), while outside of the control of local medical authorities. only 16% expressed that they’re not worried at all. Respondents generally Alternative Medicine expressed approval of the measures Some local residents as well as many rural societies in taken in their communities in response Marib still rely on alternative therapies and herbal medicine to COVID-19, although the measures (al-teb el-shaabi) for most illnesses. These therapies are that the local authorities have taken administered from the homes by well known “healers” and are limited to curfew in the afternoon sheikhs. However, the expanding prescription drug market hours (which in turn lasted for a short and the cultural cross pollination between the residents and period of time), restrictions in places of the incoming IDP communities are now shifting the norms worship, and several public awareness of how they see their healthcare options. Modern medicine campaigns. However, a majority (33%) and treatments are now becoming the preferred method of strongly agreed that the local authorities choice. One local leader mentioned for instance that a few in the city should be doing more to years back, a little boy with a bone fracture “would be taken FIGURE 56. Hospitals and health facilities in Marib (google maps) 8 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview (virtual), August 2020 70 Marib Urban Profile Health Sector

donors, and private sector: an interview with a local doctor a) Gap between official data and current capacity on that operates a private clinic demonstrated that these Healthcare cost comparison the ground. clinics are not formally registered at the health office Many assessments of capacity are based on the reported (OHP) and are still untaxed.10 Despite the fact that most Private Healthcare Costs capacity rather than accurate surveys of the “informal private commercial businesses in Marib pay taxes, health Outpatient doctor’s visit/medical consultation: health care marketplace” that is barely regulated or care offices are either exempted or allowed to operate 300 YR (approx. 1.2 USD), monitored by the local health care authorities. For under the radar, which results in an informal healthcare Lab work: Blood or urine analysis test 1500 YR example, according to WHO’s HeRAMS dashboard (last subsidy for patients as providers are able to keep the (approx. 5.99 USD) published in 2018), Marib had 7 doctors for each 10,000 costs of services lower. However, the unregulated nature habitants in the governorate. According to the health of the Marib healthcare marketplace often results in dire Outpatient doctor’s visit/medical consultation: experts interviewed in the governorate’s office and CMH, shortages of medicine and medical supplies, with life 2,000 YR (approx. 8 USD) this reported figure only includes the physicians operating threatening consequences.11 Lab Work: Blood or urine analysis test 3,000 YR under the official capacity of CMH, which implies that (approx. 12 USD) there is no way to evaluate the accuracy of this ratio given d) Harmonize local programming with the UN the large number of unregulated/unregistered medical Health Cluster. Donors need to mobilize for long-term service providers currently in practice. humanitarian health sector presence on the ground. » The Health cluster has improved its coordination with b) Lack of healthcare administration capacity. Marib health authorities especially during COVID-19 When asked about the lack of legal guidelines regulating response. the private health care system, the OHP informant to a reputable sheikh in Safer who would have operated indicated that officials had prioritized building capacity9 » Authorities are hopeful that the current health sector on the broken leg, masterfully repositioning the bones to meet exponentially increasing healthcare demand at coordination for the crisis will continue and carry over if dislocated, and set the injury with a homemade mixed the expense of developing a healthcare administrative into ongoing health coordination, so that Marib is treated cast. Instead, people today rush to get an X-Ray and to see capacity. The absence of updated data on the sector as a health priority given the strain on its services, its an orthopedist, and to put one of those pleasantly-looking outside CMH was noted to also undermine the capacity medical needs for vulnerable displaced households, plaster casts.” of OHP to plan and prioritize, as they are missing critical and the unpredictability of humanitarian supplies. data on existing services which further challenges » The ongoing security situation adds further pressure. administrators’ ability to manage the coordination Issues and Challenges For example, in February 2020, Houthi forces violated between the public and the private service provision. A number of emerging issues in the evolving healthcare international humanitarian law by attacking two landscape need to be incorporated into humanitarian hospitals about 75 kilometers north west of Marib City c) Medical services are under-regulated. programming to complement current initiatives to support (Al Jafra Hospital and Al Saudi Field Hospital) that serve The lack of healthcare regulation and oversight the system that is now coping with tremendous stressors. about 15,000 people - mostly displaced - in Majzer undermines coordination between the government, Challenges that were identified include: District, causing severe damage to the intensive care

9 In particular, they are focused on building capacity in areas ofburn treatment, dialysis, and oncology. 10 Process for registering as a service provider: the doctor interviewed by the profiling team mentioned that he was required to sign a few papers at the municipality before he could start his office, and he had to submit authorized versions of his diploma degrees along with the application. 11 According to OHP, CMH often suffers from shortages of medical supplies, and despite its overland access to border crossings (such as with KSA). When probed about the reason for these interruptions, CMH official attributed this situation to lack of coordination, and the unpredictability of assistance coming from the two main donors to the health care system: UAE Red Cross and Muhammad Ibn-Salman Humanitarian Centre. CMH is often uncertain when to place procurement orders for supplies and medications leading to frequent gaps in supplies, while private market suppliers already ignore many subsidized medicines leading to serious interruptions (specifically for cancer patients and diabetes). 71

unit, among other facilities. The challenges will likely further strain the health system and demand better coordination to weather the challenges.

FIGURE 57. Kidney Dialysis Center FIGURE 58. The Inauguration of Marib’s first Medical School in 2019 funded by KSA

FIGURE 59. Marib General Hospital 72 Marib Urban Profile Health Sector

Marib’s Coronavirus Conundrum recently received PCR testing equipment and thousands The response to the coronavirus pandemic consisted of of testing kits through WHO. a patchwork of piecemeal preparations and preventative ” These (Coronavirus) measures measures and an overall lack of social responsiveness. However, despite the restrictions, the response amounted came too early to follow the models in Since March 2020, news of the global pandemic became to a half-heartened lockdown, as it was accompanied by more connected societies in the West a headline story in major Arab media outlets and began inept enforcement measures outside of city centers. The and in the Arab Gulf. They did not seem to occupy a large part of the public discourse. Following net result of four weeks of the first lockdown and curfew justified for Marib’s context and people the lead of other Arab countries in adopting measures to measures were not taken seriously by the public. Due to did not relate to them.” counter the virus, the Legitimacy Government initiated the limited spread of the virus or reported deaths, people’s a National Committee for the Coronavirus Response, frustration mounted and few members of the public heeded - Local leader which remotely monitored the spread of the virus and the social distancing requirements or wore face masks. issued recommendations virtually, although with limited enforcement capabilities. Because Marib, like other According to law enforcement officials and other community ” The city curfew reminds me of how governorates, was proactive in taking early action to limit notables, a limited curfew was still being enforced in Marib calm and simple life was in Marib before the spread of the virus by enforcing several measures they as of November, 2020, strictly banning the entry to and the war.” were able to keep their curve relatively low. the exit from the city between 8 pm and 6 am. The curfew also restricts movement inside the city, and enforces the - Longtime resident of Marib Efforts to contain the virus closure of all businesses and markets with the exception of dispensaries and pharmacies. » A partial curfew was declared by the Governorate on ” This curfew has nothing to do with April 3, 2020. 2020 Flooding the coronavirus, but more with the » Public and religious gatherings, including weddings and During the past months of the COVID-19 response, other security fears as the battles with the other social events were banned. communicable and water-borne diseases such as cholera Houthi-Saleh forces are only a few miles have claimed many more lives than the pandemic. The two to the west of the city.” Markets were shuttered except for a few core hours » recent flooding events around Marib City have claimed the each day and businesses permitted to remain open lives of 103 people (July-August 2020), and displaced over - Marib resident were restricted to those selling essential items (mainly 5400 people including 2300 from collective IDP camps.13 fresh foods and basic groceries and pharmacies). Under these dire shelter and weather conditions, the risk » To date, reported COVID-19 cases in Marib are still very of COVID-19 is viewed as just one crisis among many. limited despite the high population density. The official The COVID-19 preparedness added pressure to an already reports speak of 32 cases, and 10 deaths as of August stretched medical infrastructure in Marib now dealing with a 21, 2020.12 This may indicate that Marib is beginning to surge in intensive care cases, which is beyond the capacity show signs of epidemic spike, but such speculation is of the Marib health system. The worsening health conditions hard to verify amidst the absence of adequate testing are beyond the resources available in the governorate’s measures. The profiling team learned that CMH has current operational, administrative, and financial capacities.

12 National Committee for the Coronavirus Response, on their Facebook news feed. 13 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/killed-yemen-floods-200805083059633.html

FIGURE 60. COVID-19 Public Health Volunteers in Training Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state

Cultural heritage DK/DWTA 3% 4% DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 13% If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Strongly Disagree Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face12% any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance8% from my friends andStrongly neighbours agree important issue official entity rather than to a local Stronglyleader or disagree mediators by demographic group No 27% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree More than 60 Females who live in my area IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 19% 13% Somewhat agree 38% 15% Somewhat agree 36-60 Males 16% 48% Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree 3% 22% 32% 12% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 20% Strongly agree 26% 25-35 49% 24%51% Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree 3% 18% 26% 21% StronglyStrongly agree disagree Strongly agree 21% Strongly agree Strongly agree 39% Marginalized and African migrants12% 7% 16-24 DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib Influence of extenral powersSomewhat agree Public Spaces General44% data Complaint and the state Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 34% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Somewhat80% 90% 100% agree 21% 19% 16% Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 31% Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods External powers (such as other government or corpora- There64% are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement orSomewhat an agree Participation in Focal Group DiscussionsSomewhat disagree People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills Somewhat agree tions) use their powers to the disadvantageStrongly of the livingdisagree their cultural or natural beauty (suh asStrongly parks, squares, disagree official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators Cultural heritage IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources,26% etc.) 39% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA RespondersThe by Marginalized age group and Afican migrants RespondentsArrived by in genderthe past 6 months only If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the26% city, I think that my voiceStrongly matters agree and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue Marginalized and African migrants official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group Marginalized and African migrants DK/DWTA IDPs living3% in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 who live in my area 0% 10% 4%20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%DK/80% DWTA90% 100% 6% Maybe 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%DK/DWTA80% 90% 100% Native resident of Marib 13% Strongly Disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict 12% 8% Strongly agree 3% 12% Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree 20% More than 60 Females 19% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 26%Native residents 24% 38% 15% 3% 13% SomewhatStrongly agree agree Can you access adequate informationSomewhat to help disagreeyou manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challengesYes in providing decent quality of services for all Somewhat disagree Strongly agree Somewhat agree 22% 36-60 Males 16% 48% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% 7% 32% services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? DK/DWTA 12% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib SomewhatSomewhat disagree agree Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- Somewhat agree 21% 25-35 49% 51% Strongly Disagree 56% Strongly disagree 34% I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an 16% Strongly Disagree 18% ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds 19% 26% 21% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree important issue Current occupation IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 21% Strongly agree DK/DWTASomewhat disagree 6% 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 39% 20% Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree 33% 16-24 64% Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA 64% CompletelySomewhat agreeunsatisfied Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree DK/DWTAStrongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44% 12% 22% Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods SomewhatStrongly agree unsatisfied 20% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 39%4% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 26% Strongly agree DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only Satisfied Somewhat disagree 26% Strongly agree 14% Marginalized and African migrants 22% Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat agree Cultural heritage Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 36% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 38% If I could not get my needs19% from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an RespondentsIDPs livingby target in the population city's traditional groups neighbourhoodsDisplacementResident status of Marib before the conflict Marginalized and African migrants If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that myStrongly voice matters agree and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps important issue Strongly agree official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group who live in my area Strongly disagree Native residents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all Marginalized and African migrants 27% DK/DWTA 3% 12% services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 20% You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- 0%I consider10% 20% the30% preservation40% 50% of60% Marib's70% 80% cultural90% heritage100% an 26% 24% ny regardless of tribal,3% cultural and social Stronglybackgrounds agree Strongly agree DK/DWTA important issue7% Current occupation DK/DWTA 6% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% NativeNative resident resident of of Marib Marib 6% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 12% Completely unsatisfied 6% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree DK/DWTA Strongly disagree 34% 21% 12% 22% Strongly disagree 10% 19% Somewhat unsatisfied 16% Strongly Disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Completely unsatisfiedSomewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree 33% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 31%73 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 18% 4% 20% Strongly agree 64% Somewhat disagree 64% Strongly Disagree SomewhatSatisfied agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 22% Somewhat unsatisfied 14% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps StronglyVery satisfied agree 20% SomewhatSomewhat agree agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 34% Strongly agree 39% DK/DWTA 26% DK/DWTA Somewhat agree 38% Satisfied somewhat disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 26% Strongly agree 32% 19% MarginalizedMarginalized and and African African migrants migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Very satisfied Strongly disagree IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 0%0% 10%10% 20%20% 30%30% 40%40% 50%50% 60%60% 70%70% 80%80% 90%90% 100%100% Safety and respsect 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Services 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Housing IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict Covid 19 city - per age group You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply 0%Perception10% 20% of30% improving40% 50% shelter60% 70%conditions80% 90% in 100%terms of affordability and PerceptionNative residents of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household DK/DWTA 16-24 servicesF through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 6% M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an DK/DWTA 10% F ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue7% DK/ DWTA Current occupation4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 DK/DWTASomewhat disagree 14%6% Completely unsatisfiedDK/DWTA DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib StronglyDK/DWTA disagree Native resident of Marib 18% Native residents 15% M Completely unsatisfied Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Not stable 15% 23% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 12% 22%36% Somewhat unsatisfied 15% 32% 36-60 F somewhatStrongly disagree disagree DK/DWTA 34% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods SomewhatStrongly unsatisfied agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 34% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Native resident of Marib M 4% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree 20% Somewhat disagree Satisfied Strongly Disagree F Satisfied Somewhat agree 32% Somewhat agree 14% Somewhat agree 21% FIGUREMore than 62. 60 Flooding in 22% Somewhat agree 19% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Stable 24% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Strongly agree IDPs living in camps 36% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 33% the city in 2020. (www.M 25% StronglySomewhat agree agree 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Safety and38% respsect Services somewhat disagree Housing Strongly agree Somewhat agree 26% Very stable Covid 19 Strongly agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 19% Marginalizedindependentarabia.com/) and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree SCORECARD / COVID-19 city - per age group Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcityStrongly supply disagree Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% You can access clean drinking water 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTA I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Fear of catching COVID-19 M As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and shouldStrongly be considered Disagree to form the future of the 5% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere I don’t leave my house often due to fear of COVID-19 FIGURE 63. Informal housing DK/DWTA Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply 7% DK/ DWTA Cost of accessing4% shelter over 50% of DK/household DWTA income 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 F city - per demographic group 100 14% DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA in the city (regardless of displacement status) Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city surrounding the hospitalM which Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents 6% DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 15% 15%2% 23% Native resident of Marib SomewhatDK/DWTA agree 80 Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Not stable DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 36-60 FF 36% 10% 15% 8% 32% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA makes parking or further site somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 34% 15% M StronglyStrongly agreeDisagree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Completely unsatisfied IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 16% Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable 16% Somewhat disagree M 60 20% 18% DK/DWTA 2% Absent IDPs living in theexpansion city's traditional neighbourhoods impossible. The Somewhat agree Very satisfactory Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree More than 60 FF Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree 21% Somewhat disagree Somewhat unsatisfied 19%17% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree M 40 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Completely unsatisfied IDPs living in camps 13% 27% Poor hospital needed to createM a Strongly agree Strongly agree Satisfactory Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% Somewhat agree 25% Strongly agree 34% 36% 26% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Satisfied Somewhat unsatisfied Strongly agree 26% Very stable 24% AverageStrongly agree quarantine ward during the 20 Somewhat satisfactory 28% 43% M Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants 32% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Satisfied 21% COVID-19 response but was Very satisfied 26% Marginalized and African migrants F 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Unsatisfactory 32% 17% Strong 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very satisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree Strongly agree unable to find spaceM due to SafetyFemale and respsectMale Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% DK/ DWTA local resident crowding.city - per age group Marginalized and African migrants Fear of catching COVID-19 Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply PerceptionPerception of of improving being welcomed shelter conditionsto rent a house in terms anywhere of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 100 0%You 10%can access20% 30% clean40% drinking50% 60% water70% 80% 90% 100% adequacyin the city comapred (regardless to ofprevious displacement year status) violence, or risk of eviction) household city - per demographic group DK/DWTA The COVID-19 crisis made it harder to generate income 16-24 F DK/DWTA I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 80 Strongly Disagree 2% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib MF StronglyDK/DWTA Disagree 5% DK/DWTA 8% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from 100 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 5% 15% DK/ DWTA 25-35 FM SomewhatStrongly Disagree disagree 14% DK/DWTASomewhat disagree DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA 16% coronavirus16% (such as masks, medical stations,Absent awareness campaigns)? 60 Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA Native residents 2% Very satisfactory Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable26% housing in Marib IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods MF Access to clean drinking water Strongly disagree 15% Strongly disagree 15% SomewhatSomewhat agree disagree 80 StronglySomewhat Disagree agree Native resident of Marib Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 17% Strongly disagree Not stable 23% Strongly disagree 36% Completely unsatisfied 13% in the15% city by demographic32% group 27% Poor 36-60 StronglyFM agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA 40 somewhat disagree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Satisfactory 34% Somewhat agree SomewhatStrongly agree disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree M Strongly agree 60 my skin or my social status) IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 36% Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F 20% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 20 Somewhat agree 28% 24% Average More than 60 F Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat satisfactorySomewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% Somewhat agree 3% 43% DK/ DWTA M Satisfied 21% 19% Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA 3% DK/Stable DWTA 24% Somewhat agree 40 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA IDPs living in camps Marginalized and African migrants StronglyMF agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree Strongly agree 4% Strongly agree Strongly agree Native residents 32% 26% 15% Strong 0 25% Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informalNative settlements resident orof campsMarib Very satisfied Unsatisfactory 26% 17% 33% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Female Male StronglyStrongly agree agree Strongly disagree 19% 26%34% UnsatisfactoryVeryStrongly stable agree 31%24% Strongly agree M 20 Strongly Disagree Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants 17% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 29%28% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in theMarginalized city's traditional and neighbourhoodsAfrican migrants Somewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactory 18% 0 Somewhat agree Female Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Somewhat100% disagree 28% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% Satisfactory II feel feel more safe andrespected welcomed in Marib in most than places the area in MaribI came from or other places I visit, by gender IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Strongly disagree 22% 34% 26% Fear of catching COVID-19 Strongly agree 23% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Very satisfactory The city has done a lot to find the resources needed to help pro- As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from 100100 Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supplyDK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income city - per demographic group DK/DWTADK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants in the city (regardless of displacement status) coronavirustect the people (such from as masks, the cornoravirus medical stations, (provision awareness of masks, campaigns)? social my skin or my social status) You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib distancing measures, awareness campaigns) 80 Access to clean drinking water 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2% DK/DWTA 80 StronglyStrongly Disagree Disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% in the city by demographic group DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 8% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 15% M Strongly Disagree 60 DK/DWTASomewhat disagree my skin or my social status) 16% 16% Absent Native resident of Marib 60 DK/DWTA 2% Very satisfactory 26% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F StronglySomewhatSomewhat Disagree agree agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 3% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree Native resident of Marib 17% 3% 40 Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, realCompletely estate registration, unsatisfied permits, etc.) 13% DK/ DWTA 27% DK/ DWTA Poor StronglyM agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 40 Strongly agree DK/DWTA Satisfactory Native residents 15% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods SomewhatStrongly agreedisagree Native resident of Marib 36% 4% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F Somewhat unsatisfied Strongly disagree 19% 34% 24% 20 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly Disagree 28% Unsatisfactory 24% 43%31% Average Strongly agree 20 Somewhat agree 29% 17%21% SomewhatSomewhat satisfactory agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree M Satisfied Economy IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Economy - females Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/DWTASomewhat disagree 26% Somewhat satisfactory 18% Strong Marginalized and African migrants F 00 IDPs living in slums, informalNative settlements resident or of camps Marib Unsatisfactory 32% Somewhat agree 17% Female Male VerySomewhat satisfied agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree Strongly agree 28% Somewhat agree M Female Male Completely unsatisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of IDPs living in campsOptimism due to improving economy Perception19% of impact of conflict on householdSatisfactory economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 28% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% SomewhatStrongly agree unsatisfied how easy) 26% Strongly disagree potential 22% 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in theMarginalized city's traditional and Africanneighbourhoods migrants 23% Very satisfactory 0% I feel10% I 20%can access30% 40% different50% 60% opportunities70% 80% 90% in Marib,100% regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Satisfied The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/ DWTA my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 0% 10% 7%20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%DK/80% DWTA90% 100% 4% DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% FIGURE 61. City response to COVID-19 6% DK/ DWTA 13% Has the city provided necessary resourcesDK/ to DWTA protect people from 100 Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 9% DK/DWTADK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 14% 24% 32%24% coronavirus (such14% as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Native resident of Marib 21%Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib Access to clean drinking water Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 80 Access to clean drinking water per demographic group StronglyStrongly Disagree Disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) in the city by demographic group 18% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 27% Somewhat disagree 29% 20% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods SomewhatSomewhat disagree disagree 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 60 my skin or my social status) 24% SomewhatSomewhat agree agree Somewhat agree 3% 34% DK/Somewhat DWTA agree 30% 33%3% 40 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Economy Strongly agree DK/ DWTA StronglyDK/ agree DWTA Economy23% - females Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps StronglyDK/Strongly DWTA agree agree DK/DWTADK/DWTA 4% Native residents 15% Native residents NativeNative resident resident of of Marib Maribcity 28% Strongly agree StronglyStrongly disagree agree Completely unsatisfied Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory 31%24% 20 Strongly disagree Strongly Disagree Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants 29% 17% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods potential Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPsIDPs living living in in the the city's city's traditional traditional neighbourhoods neighbourhoods DK/DWTASomewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactory 18% 0 Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree 0% 10%Female20% 30% 40% 50%Male60% 70% 80% 90% 100% StronglySomewhatSatisfied Disagree agree Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps 19% Satisfactory IDPs living in camps IDPsIDPs living living in in slums, slums, informal informal settlements settlements or or camps camps Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Strongly agree Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods SomewhatStronglyVery satisfied agree disagree Strongly disagree 7% DK/ DWTA places of work4% 22% DK/ DWTA 34% Strongly agree 26% 14% Very satisfactory Somewhat agree 23%6% DK/ DWTA 13% DK/ DWTA I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of DK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 9% The Marginalized and Afican migrants MarginalizedMarginalized and and African African migrants migrants 14% 21% 24% 32%24% 14% my skin or my social status) IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree DK/ DWTA 0%Access10% 20%to clean30% drinking40% 50% water60% per70% demographic80% 90% 100% group 0%0% 10%10% 20%20% 30%30% 40%40% 50%50% 60%60% 70%70% 80%80% 90%90% 100%100% 5% DK/Somewhat DWTA disagree 7% DK/Somewhat DWTA disagree 27%7% DK/ DWTA 29% 18% 20% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree 18% 16% Males Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA 28% 24% StronglySomewhat disagree agree 28% StronglySomewhat disagree agree Native resident of Marib 24% Strongly disagree 25% 24% Somewhat disagree Strongly Disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% 31%24% Somewhat agree 21% 34% Somewhat agree 30% Somewhat disagree 33% Satisfaction As a citizen within the the city, basic I think state that services my voice (mail, matters internet, and realshould estate be consideredregistration, to permits, form the etc.) future of the Strongly agree SomewhatStrongly agree disagree 23% Somewhat agree SomewhatDK/ DWTA disagree 28% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsNative residents city Strongly agree 24% Strongly agree Strongly agree 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree SomewhatStrongly agreedisagree 18% 28% Somewhat agree Females DK/DWTA Economy 28% Economy - females IDPs IDPsliving living in slums, in the informal city's traditional settlements neighbourhoods or camps StronglySomewhat agree disagree DK/DWTA Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree NativeNative resident resident of of Marib Marib 29% Strongly agree Somewhat agree CompletelyStrongly Disagree unsatisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How0% 10% easy20% for females30% 40% to50% access60% jobs70% 80% 90% 100% Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Marginalized and AfricanIDPs living migrants in camps Somewhat disagree Strongly agree IDPsIDPs living living in in the the city's city's traditional traditional neighbourhoods neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) potentialplaces of work 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% SatisfiedSomewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPsIDPs living living in in slums, slums, informal informal settlements settlements or or camps camps VeryStrongly satisfied agree Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs 7%5% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 7% 14% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 6% DK/DK/ DWTA DWTA Employment status 13% 9% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree MarginalizedMarginalized and and African African migrants migrants 14% 18%24% Strongly disagree 16%24% Strongly disagree Continuing education Males 14% 21% 24% Strongly disagree Native residents 32%24% Strongly disagree 14% StronglyStrongly disagree disagree 25% 21% Unemployed Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0%0% 10%10% 20%20% 30%30% 40%40% 50%50% 60%60% 70%70% 80%80% 90%90% 100%100% 31%24% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree DK/ DWTA 27% 8% ContinuingSomewhat educationdisagree 18% Somewhat disagree Native residents 20% Somewhat agree 7% DK/SomewhatSomewhat DWTA disagree disagree 29% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 28% 24% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 24% 28% UnemployedSomewhat agree 27% Strongly agree 13%28% 24% 28% Somewhat agree 34% Somewhat disagree 18% 24% StronglySomewhatSomewhat disagree agree agree 30% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsFemales Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 28% Strongly agree IDPs living in camps 33% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 36% 31% EmployedStrongly agree 30% Strongly agree 23% Somewhat agree city 28%29% SomewhatStronglyStrongly agree agree disagree Strongly agree Native residents 61% IDPs living in camps Strongly disagree 28% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 19% 28% Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 26% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender IDPs living in camps Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group 0%How10% easy20% for30% females40% 50%to access60% 70% jobs80% 90% 100% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree places of work Employment status Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Continuing education IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Native residents Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA Unemployed DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment 8%status - male / female Continuing education 7% DK/ DWTA Female employment status 7% DK/ DWTA Native residents Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 7% DK/ DWTA 18% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 16% Employed Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Males 100 24% Unemployed 24% Strongly disagree 14%13% 24% Strongly disagree 25% 24% Continuing education 21% SomewhatSomewhat disagreedisagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 31%24% Strongly disagree 90 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Continuing education Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps Native residents Somewhat agree 36% 80 31% UnemployedEmployed Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree SomewhatSomewhat disagree disagree Unemployed 6% DK/ DWTA 70 61%24% Strongly agree 28%28% Employed Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 18% 28% 60 The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 19% 28% SomewhatSomewhat agree agree Females 15% 23% Strongly disagree 50 28% 24% Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree 26%29% Strongly agree 40 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants SomewhatStrongly agree disagree IDPs living in camps 30 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 20 28% Somewhat agree 28% 29% 10 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 0 Agricultural activity is strong around the city Males Females Employment status per demographic group 0%How10% easy20% for30% females40% to50% access60% 70%jobs80% 90% 100% Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status Employment status Continuing education 100 Native residents Continuing education Unemployed 90 DK/Continuing DWTA education 8% Continuing education NativeNative residents residents 80 7% DK/ DWTA Unemployed IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed StronglyUnemployed disagree 6% DK/ DWTA 70 13% 24% EmployedUnemployed Employed 24% Strongly disagree 60 IDPsIDPs living living in in the the city's city's traditional traditional neighbourhoods neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 15% 23% Strongly disagree 50 IDPs living in camps 36%24% 31% Employed Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 40 61% IDPsIDPs living living in in camps camps Somewhat disagree 30 28% Strongly agree 19% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% Somewhat agree 20 28% Somewhat agree 10 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% TheThe Marginalized Marginalized and and Afican Afican migrants migrants 28% 26%29% Strongly agree Strongly agree 0 Males Females 0%0% 10%10% 20%20% 30%30% 40%40% 50%50% 60%60% 70%70% 80%80% 90%90% 100%100%

Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status

TRANSPORT SECTOR

Transport Sector Transport 11

Because Marib was long viewed as a marginal governorate Public and private transportation - both demographically and economically - Marib’s Private transportation dominates the options available to infrastructure has historically been neglected by Yemen’s locals. There are limited regional transportation options as successive governments. Upgrading Marib’s transport Marib does not have public bus terminals. A few private bus infrastructure was not considered a priority at the national companies offer small microbuses that shuttle passengers level until its recent economic growth and vital role as a between main roads and unpaved roads. Big coaches no domestic and international shipping hub with coastal ports longer operate on the national highways and regional roads, closed raised the stakes, and needs for an upgrade in the because the current road conditions are not favorable to road infrastructure in order to accommodate the transport heavy transport vehicles. of goods and individuals became apparent. Presently however, the isolated governorate still suffers from poor Locals have begun to rent out 4WD cars to take passengers road connections and disorganized mass transport through rough terrain to destinations such as Sana’a and solutions. According to a senior governorate transportation Shabweh. Because these routes require long detours, with FIGURE 64. Microbuses on “Sana’a” the main through the city official, the governorate has prioritized expansion of the high security risks on most roads, the cost of a regional roads and highways network, as this infrastructure upgrade trip per passenger has increased significantly. For instance, “will pave the way for Marib’s future image as a city and the trip between Marib and Sana’a (the most common economic hub, ensuring it goes beyond being seen as just destination for Marib City residents) now takes up to 12 a big temporary camp in the middle of the nowhere.” hours (increased three-fold from the previous four hours before the conflict), passing through over 29 checkpoints Transportation network which include two major personal property searches and The network of Yemen’s main roads is concentrated along individual inspection, where men are frisked and women the north-south N1 corridor, linking the capital Sana’a with often harassed. The cost of this trip per passenger increased Aden through Ibb, and is moving closer to the western, from 2000 YR (~USD 10) up to 15000 YR (~USD 30). While more populated governorates. Marib is located on the Marib residents continue to require key services that do not eastern N5 road which connects the capital with the eastern exist in the city (such as emergency and critical health care), governorates. The N5 is presently insecure and its linking the trip to the capital, Sana’a, and the closest nearby city is connector roads are only permitted to be used for military overwhelming and highly costly for the average Yemeni. purposes, thus forcing travelers to take long detours to reach Sana’a. As Marib is located between the populated The problems and hazards of degraded and poorly areas to the west of the republic, and the sparsely populated maintained roads is a critical issue. Hundreds lose their plains and desert regions of the east, the N5 was always a lives every year on these roads, as roads are not clearly FIGURE 65. Asphalting in progress (yemen-press.net) substandard national road viewed as low priority. Due to marked in many sections, and fallen rocks and craters fill the years of lack of maintenance, flooding has washed away paths. The road to Hadramawt is specifically deteriorated, most of its surfaces. Presently, most primary and regional infamously dubbed the “Road of Death” by locals. Locals dangerous potholes. Several social media campaigns were road connections are not asphalted though some efforts often organize demonstrations following major automobile organized to protest road conditions, as students coming are underway to resurface. accidents and deaths to protest current road conditions from Hareeb for instance need two hours to get to Saba’a and call for repairing specific sections of the road and filling University, a trip that should normally take just 50 minutes. 75 Transport Sector Transport

Such demonstrations only underscore the need to mobilize Transport in and around the City Center - Post-Conflict massive government investments. Status Public transportation within the city of Marib also faces The national road that connects Sana’a with Marib, and significant constraints. Despite the significant expansion the other road that links Sana’a with Marib through Sarwah in the city, and the creation of new businesses and jobs, have strategic military significance, as they represent two the city is still lagging behind in terms of transport different approaches to the environs of both cities, giving an upgrading. The city has no asphalted streets except for advantage to the Houthis especially as both roads descend the three main roads, no paved sidewalks, and no street into Marib. Perhaps this is what is making the reopening lighting. This is specifically problematic in high-density IDP of both roads a constant demand by the Houthis in all settlements, which are particularly vulnerable to security their meetings with the UN Special Envoy, Martin Griffiths. risks and the impacts of natural disasters such as flooding, Looking at the location of Marib, we can also include the particularly on sewer systems. Government management administrative borders that Marib shares with al-Bayda of urban growth in Marib has focused more on building and Governorate as a key entry point that the Legitimacy Forces construction and supporting private sector initiatives, and together with the Popular Resistance often use to approach less on managing basic public infrastructure and network - Sana’a, passing through the district of Rudman and through specifically upgrading public street networks. Zamar Governorate. This third approach to Sana’a made these frontlines prone to constant escalation since 2015. Motorcycle Restrictions and Minibuses Scrutiny and regulation of the use of motorcycles in Marib Even though the governorate has made significant City has increased following allocations to improve the road conditions, it focused several security incidents involving motorcycles. The use primarily on energy and security imperatives by prioritizing of this vital means of transportation is now restricted the link between SAFER Exploration and Production to soldiers and policemen. As the city expanded, the FIGURE 66. Flooding was particularly devastating in Jafeenah Operations Company oil field in Marib and where the most IDPs coming from larger cities began to operate minor Camp, Marib’s largest informal settlement (almasdaronline.com) strategic outpost of the Coalition Forces some 20 km east microbuses routes, and the municipality regulated their of Marib is located, the coastal ports in the south, and work and collected small taxes from the private operators. the Saudi borders in the north. The other roads that serve These microbuses only operate on the few asphalted routes, civilians and goods’ transport are still largely degraded. but they serve residents who need to reach the government Moreover, the implementation of several contracts to administrative center, the university, and the market areas. improve the road conditions on regional connections has This is especially important for those who live far from the either been slow or nonexistent. This highlights that the city centre. construction capacity of the local authorities to manage road construction and maintenance contracts is currently limited even if the financial resources were allocated.

FIGURE 67. Gas Station lines are a major source of grievances, only exacerbated by the lack of public transportation options and impacts of fuel shortages on both water supply and agriculture. Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state

10k barrels daily are refined for local consumption. An and even suburban areas with new accommodations and oil pipeline with an approximate length of 430 km links street names, traffic signage and traffic lights. This new Cost of electricity per kilowatt hour Marib with the port of Ras Issa.5 Other strategic natural vocabulary, which was alien to the locals only a few years gas discoveries and a rapid upgrade of production led to a ago, is a by-product of the demographic gift, the flip side Average price in Yemen: 300 YR. shift in the electricity production modality nationwide. The of the displacement coin and the underlying story of Marib In Marib, supply for industrial users is priced at Safer Exploration & Productions (SEPOC) thermal station, within Yemen’s protracted social conflict. 70 YR (the local exchange rate is averaging 800 Yemen’s largest electricity source, began production in YR for 1 US dollar), and for commerce at 30 YR. 2008, mainly to serve the capital and the northern, densely To accommodate the economic growth that the new As for households, the price is only 12 YR. It was populated governorates. Safer TS is only a few kilometers arrivals brought into the city, Marib needed a quick fix to also reported that most households do not pay away from Marib, and had a production capacity of its endemic electricity deprivation. The fact that the fossil- their electricity bills, a practice condoned by the nearly 250 megawatts, but neither the city, nor the entire fuel-rich governorate and its tribes were essential to the local authorities for various reasons including the governorate of Marib had access to the thermal-generated thwarting of Houthi-Saleh forces since 2015 enabled the limited bill collection capacity, and the revenue electricity generated by the plant. Locals viewed this ambitious local authority to obtain special treatment when insignificance, but this can also be viewed from large industrial installation in their area, along with mega it comes to sharing of oil products, and the Governor has the perspective of its significance in assuring pipelines to bring the natural gas and rising transmission been able to use the oil revenues to build the governorate’s public satisfaction. towers passing through their city to transport power to the water, electricity, and transport infrastructure, and to use west, with resentment as it did not benefit local households it for local economic development. However, operating who had a few hours of power each day. These grievances the damaged Safer TS was an overwhelming task that the might have factored into the destruction of both the fuel governorate officials weren’t prepared to take on its own, station and power grid which occurred a few years later.6 and they needed a tactical solution they could manage on their own without heavy involvement in national politics. Energy consumption increase with rapid urbanization The local government signed a concessionary deal with This significant loss did not have a direct impact on Marib a private company that pledged electricity generation to per se, but the city’s population and economic boom that most locales by importing and operating a mesh of small happened also around that period increased the demand, generation units distributed across the vast governorate. and electricity became a crucial necessity. The much- touted urban renaissance is best exemplified by the sharp Jerico increase in electricity consumption in the city. Prior to 2014, A group of Yemeni businessmen with ties to the Ministry Marib City literally had just one main street covered with a of Planning and International Cooperation launched an thin layer of asphalt. A traveler approaching the city from electric utility generation company by the name Jerico. The Sana’a could cross the entire city by car in just 7 minutes. company however needed secure diesel supplies, which had Visitors to Marib today can clearly recognize they are visiting been provided by the local authorities since 2016. Through a crowded and thriving urban center, with many streets this production agreement, the company was able to provide and numerous businesses. When asking for directions, a flexible generation solution that was also quick to evolve people would point to neighbourhoods, university campus and expand to accommodate any new urban expansion or

FIGURE 69. Ceremony to unload new power transformers to 5 Ras Issa is primarily an oil export port, located 60 km north of Hudaida commercial port on the Red Sea upgrade Marib’s gas-fired power station, December 2020, 6 The first acts of sabotage targeting Safer TS began in 2011, and ultimately brought TS to a complete production halt in 2016. source: https://www.sabanew.net/viewstory/69585 78 Marib Urban Profile Electricity sector

rise of demand on the spot. Although sub-optimal in net economic terms and less durable, this solution proved to be appropriate for both the unique pattern of economic growth and security in Marib. The central government had been pushing to restore Safer TS since 2016, which led to its re-operation in 2020 at 40% capacity proved to be less durable, as immediate sabotage attacks came after to cripple the production again. By contrast, Jericho’s model of smaller-scale, distributed power generation closer to urban locales was much easier to secure and made the supply less susceptible to damage and production interruptions. Jericho’s privately owned infrastructure fell under the protection of the locals who decided local power generation was worth safeguarding.

We have seen similar models of generation emerging across the republic, although less less common in Houthi-held areas, who favored centralized solutions and attempted to repurpose the old diesel stations to supply the northern governorates. Marib’s example is unique in that electricity as a utility is heavily subsidized, specifically for domestic consumption, in what constitutes a major component of the social contract struck between the local authority and the newly arrived society that the war brought International boundary Governorate boundary to Marib. The Marib government decided that it was in Pre-1990 North-South their interest to provide free diesel to Jerico as a subsidy boundary (approximate) for Marib residents of roughly 10% of the cost of service Capital city compared to other Yemeni governorates. Jerico relied on Governorate capital the existing network but expanded it when necessary, and Oil field on the increased operational capacity of the Fee Collection Gas field office at the governorate, to operate a full system. Oil pipeline Gas pipeline Due to the perceived party affiliation of Jerico and its business partnerships, the company fell under increased scrutiny and political pressures, and the local authority decided to FIGURE 70. Oil fields in the region. call for proposals to seek more neutral alternatives. Intrax Map adapted from Small Arms Survey, with updated information of US Energy Information Administration. company inherited the operation from Jerico and won the 79

conflict event January 2015 new government contract. This competition over generation

benefits did not affect the consumers, as the management of distribution was completely removed to the Commercial Office within the Department of Electricity.7 As stated earlier, the supply to citizens is heavily subsidized, especially for consumption, and less so for commercial and industrial users that are easy to monitor and to enforce tariffs on. But even for industrial and commercial users, electricity in Marib is much more affordable as compared to other major and small centers across the republic, which could be considered a major factor behind the competitiveness and the business-appeal of the economy of Marib.8

City Light value Change from January 2015 Aden 9,429 - 53.3% Zinjibar 438 - 55.1% Hodeidah 1,491 - 84.1% Sana’a 3,756 -86.8% Taiz 180 - 95.2% Sa’dah 418 - 76.2% 7 Interview with the Head of the Commercial Office. 8 Across most Yemen governorates, the price of one Kilowatt of electricity av- Al Hawtah 735 - 50.2% erages 300 YR. In Marib, supply for industrial users is priced at 70 YR [the local exchange rate is averaging 800 YR for 1 US dollar], and for commerce at 30 YR. As for households, Marib 2,221 +63.5% the price is only 12 YR. It was also reported that most households do not pay their electricity bills, a practice condoned by the local authorities for various reasons including the limited bill collection capacity, and the revenue insignificance, but this can also be viewed FIGURE 71. Nightlight in Marib in 2020 comparison to 2015. from the perspective of its significance in assuring public satisfaction. 80 Marib Urban Profile

EDUCATION SECTOR

Education Sector Education 13

Information about education in Marib is limited and shortage in schoolbooks are the major logistical incomplete. Developing a comprehensive picture for the challenges, and resources that are annually allocated Education in Marib education sector in Marib requires additional research for the education system can’t meet these needs, while and dedicated resources which exceeded the scope of aid from humanitarian institutions has been extremely The Ministry of Education1 provided the following the urban profile. The information we have was gathered limited. data: from interviews with the head of the Marib Governorate » The need to make the education system more Department of Education, several KIIs with school attractive to young people and to their parents, Schools: 41 public schools in the city, up from 18 principals, and through visits to three schools in the city which requires new methods to link the education and schools as of 2014. itself. certification process with the market demand. Although 19 new Private schools (private education the technical institutes in the city are expanding to fit institutions did not receive authorization to Two annual exams are supervised directly by the ministry the youth in the labor market, secondary education in operate until 2017 when local authorities began of education, the rest are run by the local department in Marib (and Yemen in general) does not offer technical issuing permits) the city. Both the preparatory and the secondary degrees and skill education to students, who see less interest rely on national supervision to receive certificates. As in continuing in any academic path following the Total School enrollment: 190,000 students schools had to close down last year due to the pandemic preparatory level. enrolled in K-12 public and private schools measures, exams for the preparatory and secondary Public schools: 106,635 students are currently degrees were canceled, and schools used previous year’s » Teachers receive their salaries from the Marib local registered in public schools. records to give students their scores, a process that administration instead of the Ministry of Education. wasn’t properly supervised by the ministry. » Gender: There are no official school enrollment Teachers: There are 2,016 teachers currently statistics breaking down numbers by gender. Our field in Marib City, employed by the governorate’s Through our conversation with local authority officials, inquiry helped us locate only two all-girls’ secondary education department in the public schools alone. community leaders, business owners, and average parents schools and identify that in local schools 49,372 of the The teacher/ student ratio is now 1:52, which of Marib, the following issues and concerns were raised: students are females (46% of the registered students) represents a huge increase from the decline in » Female drop-out is a major problem, prompted and 57,263 are males (54% of the registered students). teachers in the early years of the conflict when the both by social habits allowing early marriages, and city’s human resources were under pressure. » Dropout Rate: To estimate the school drop-out rate in tribal traditions, but also poverty and lack of female Marib, we have used the 2004 national census data participation in the labor force. Female education Salary: The local minimum salary is YR 50K per and age pyramid,1 and estimated that 269,297 school- in primary school is slightly better but drop-out in month (roughly USD 60) and salaries progressively aged children presently reside in the city alone. This secondary education is a serious problem. In the words increase based on the number of years of means that nearly 79,279 school-aged children are not of one key informant who participated in the interviews, experience up to YR 120K. By comparison, the registered in school (roughly 41% of children in Marib his main wish for Marib was to “wake up tomorrow and minimum teacher’s salary in Sana’a and Houthi- City), and the rate increases even more when the low find all women in Marib are educated.” Saleh controlled areas is about USD 90 per month. attendance rates (mainly in public schools) are also » Overcrowding, lack of school equipment including taken into account. Drop-out is specifically problematic basic lavatory and sanitary facilities, as well as the for the secondary school-aged students, and for female

1 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Population Bulletin Of The United Nations Economic Commission 15, 15 October 2012, sec. 1, https://www.unescwa. org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/uploads/bulletin15-section1-population_15_10_2012.xlsx

1 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview, August 2020. Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state

DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44%

Cultural heritage Influence of extenral powers If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I Public Spaces I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an General data Respondents by target population groups Displacement status Complaint and theIf stateI face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group External powers (such as other whogovernment live in my or area corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators 3% 20% 12% conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) 26% 24% Responders by age group Respondents by gender 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree 12% 7% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib 81 Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 3% 4% DK/ DWTA Strongly Disagree 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Strongly disagree 34% Native resident of Marib 21% 16% 13% 19% Strongly Disagree 12% Strongly Disagree Strongly agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 8% 20% Somewhat disagree More33% than 60 Females64% Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 19% 13% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree 38% 15% SomewhatStrongly agree disagree 36-60 Males IDPs living16% in slums, informal settlements48% or camps Somewhat disagree Yes IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree 22% 32% Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 26% Somewhat39% disagree DK/DWTA Strongly agreeDK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree 25-35 49% 51% 26% Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants 18%Marginalized and26% African migrants 21% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants IDPs16-24 living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 21% Strongly agree Strongly agree 39% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict

Native residents Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all Cultural heritage services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib'sI consider cultural the preservationheritage an of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue official entityNative rather resident than of to Marib a local leader or mediators by demographic group 6% DK/DWTA who live in my area Completely unsatisfied 12% 22% Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied students according to our key informant interviews, 4% Native3% resident of Marib 12% Strongly agree 20% Satisfied Somewhat disagree Strongly Disagree 26% 24% 22% although we could not identify the exact attendance/ 3% Strongly agree14% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional7% neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Very satisfied drop-out ratesSomewhat for thisagree education year. SCORECARD / Education DK/DWTA 12% Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 12% Somewhat agree 38% Somewhat agree somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 21% Strongly Disagree Strongly agree Strongly disagree 34% 19% Marginalized and African migrants 16% Strongly Disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements19% or camps Strongly agree » Teacher Training: Intensive professional development Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 20% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Of all of the services surveyed, there was the most 64% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagreecourses were arranged for uncredentialed paraeducators Somewhat agree Strongly27% disagree DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Strongly disagree dissatisfaction expressed with current education in Marib. IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agreeand teachers who mostly did not hold universityIDPs living degrees in slums, informal settlements or camps You are satisfied with the qualityStrongly of education agree services in the city 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Nearly half of the respondents to our survey (49%) were 39% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only in order to surge the capacity as of 2017. : 26% Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrantsnot satisfied with the quality of education services in the IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 6% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% » Overcrowding in classes was also reportedly a significant city.0% Only10% 20% 11%30% were40% 50% very60% 70%satisfied,80% 90%10%100% and another 34% were IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict concern. The average number of primary students per somewhat satisfied. 18% Completely unsatisfied Native residents class is 56 students. The majority of primary schools Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all When looking at the same indicator by demographicSomewhat unsatisfied have been forced to operate on two-shifts, including 34% services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? group and gender type, the male native residents Satisfiedof Marib Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an private schools. had the highest level of satisfaction32% with the quality of Very satisfied ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA 6% Native resident of Marib SafetyDK/DWTA and» respsectLack of Standardized School curricula: in Marib the the education services, whereas the males from the As a citizen in the city, I think thatCompletely my voice unsatisfied matters and should be considered to form the future of the Services Housing Covid 19 12% 22% Strongly disagree IDP community groups who live in camps and informal DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods city - per age group Somewhat unsatisfied national curriculum of the republic from the pre-conflict Native resident of Marib 4% Access to 12Strongly hours or agree less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel moreSomewhat respected disagree in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit shelters expressed the strongest level of dissatisfaction. Strongly Disagree Satisfied period is currently still being used. The administration You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 22% 14% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 16-24 F DK/DWTA 36% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Very satisfied Somewhat agreereportedly introduced several amendments in the M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 38% current educational year, but Marib schools still deliver FIGURE 72. New school in Mareb (UN Habitat) 19% 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 25-35 F Somewhat disagree 14%Strongly agree DK/DWTA DK/IDPs DWTA living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents M education using the school books used elsewhere in Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 36-60 F 36% 15% 32% the ‘Legitimacy’somewhat areas disagree and there has been a shortage Somewhat disagree 27% DK/DWTA Somewhat disagreeMarginalized and African migrants 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Satisfaction with the Quality of Education Services IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% of textbooks according to the Marib Department of YouYou are are satisfied satisfied withwith the the quality ofof educationeducation services services in in the the city city Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 21% More than 60 F Somewhat agree 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree M Education. IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 26% 33% 25% Strongly agree Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 6% DK/DWTA Marginalized10% and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants » Textbooks: This year alone, the local authority had Completely unsatisfied to procure the printing of over 1 million books. Books 18% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I feel more respected inare Marib reportedly than the area Ito came be from used or other by placesstudents I visit, byfor gender at least three Somewhat unsatisfied 34% Fear of catching COVID-19 Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the consecutive years, and are kept in the property of the Satisfied Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 100 32% in the city (regardless of displacement status) city - per demographic group DK/DWTA governorate. During this year’s seasonal floods, many You areVery satisfied satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 2% 80 Strongly Disagree DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA Safety and respsect books warehouses were affected, and losses were 8% 5% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Services Housing DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Covid 19 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 16% 16% Absent city - per age group 60 massive. However, as COVID-19 caused an early closure DK/DWTA 2% Very satisfactory 26% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Somewhat agree Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability andStrongly disagree Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, Strongly disagree COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the Somewhat disagree I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came fromof or schools, other places it I providedvisit the department of education with Native resident of Marib 17% M 40 You can access clean drinking water Completely unsatisfied 13% adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) 27% household Poor Strongly agree Satisfactory Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 16-24 F DK/DWTA Somewhat agree 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F enough lead time to recover the number of books it IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 20 28% 24% 43% Average M Strongly Disagree Strongly agree 5% DK/DWTA 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Somewhat agree M needed for this educational year. Satisfied 7% 4% 5% 25-35 F 14% DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA26% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants F Somewhat disagree 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Unsatisfactory 32% 17% Strong Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Very satisfied Native residents Strongly agree Strongly agree M Female Male Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 15% 15% 23% M Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Not stable Strongly disagree 36-60 F 36% 28% DK/ DWTA 15% 32% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% somewhatHigher disagree Education Development Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M 20% A public college was opened in Marib in 2006, and as of Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% More than 60 F Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree I feel safe and welcomed2015, ina most single places School in Marib of Education (Teachers College)IDPs living in slums,was informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree M 25% Strongly agree 26% 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 26% Very stable Has the Stronglycity provided agree necessary resources to protect people from 100 DK/DWTA Marginalized and AfricanFIGURE migrants 73. Satisfaction with the quality of education services The Marginalized and Afican migrants coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib Access to clean drinking water 80 Strongly Disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% in the city by demographic group I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree I feel more respected in Marib60 than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender my skin or my social status) Fear of catching COVID-19 Somewhat agree Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere 3% DK/ DWTA As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 3% 100 40 Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply DK/ DWTA Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income DK/ DWTA city - per demographic groupStrongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Strongly agree DK/DWTA in the city (regardlessNative residents of displacement status) 15% You are satisfiedNative withresident the of qualityMarib of education services in the city 4% Strongly agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 19% 34% Unsatisfactory 31%24% 80 20 Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree 2% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 17% Somewhat agree 29% IDPs living in the city's traditional8% neighbourhoods DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree 5% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactory 15% M Strongly Disagree 0 Somewhat disagree 16% 16% 18% 60 DK/DWTA 2% Somewhat agree Absent IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Female Male Somewhat agree Very satisfactory Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 26% Strongly disagree 28% Somewhat agree F Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 17% IDPs living in camps 19% Satisfactory 40 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Completely unsatisfied 13% Strongly agree 27% Poor M Strongly agree Strongly agree Satisfactory Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat22% disagree 34% Strongly agree Somewhat agree 36% 26% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 23% Very satisfactory 20 I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of The Marginalized and Afican 28%migrants 24% 43% Average Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants 21% Somewhat satisfactory DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Somewhat agree M my skin or my social status) Satisfied 26% Marginalized and African migrants F 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Unsatisfactory 32% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 17% Strong 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Very60% 70%satisfied80% 90% 100% Strongly agree Strongly agree M Female Male DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living inI thefeel city's safe traditional and welcomed neighbourhoods in most places in Marib Somewhat agree 100 Economy Has the city provided necessary resourcesEconomy to protect - peoplefemales from IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA Strongly agree DK/DWTA coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Native resident of Marib Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib Completely unsatisfied Access to clean drinking water 80 Strongly Disagree Conditions to start up a new business (perception of in the city by demographic groupOptimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) potential 60 my skin or my social status) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree Satisfied 3% DK/ DWTA 3% 40 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree DK/DWTA Very satisfied Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 15% Native resident of Marib 4% Strongly agree Strongly disagree 14% Strongly disagree 19% 34% 24% 20 Strongly Disagree 6% DK/ DWTA 13% Unsatisfactory 31% 9% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 29% 17% Somewhat14% agree 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 14% Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 21% Somewhat disagree 32% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Somewhat satisfactory 18% Strongly disagree 0 Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% SomewhatSomewhat agree disagree Somewhat disagree Female Male Somewhat agree 27%Somewhat disagree 18% 28% 20%Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps 29% 19% Satisfactory Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 28% Strongly Somewhatagree agree 28% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 26% Strongly disagree24% 22% 34% Strongly agree34% 23% Somewhat agree 30% Very satisfactory Somewhat agree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants DK/ DWTA 23% my skin or my social status) city 28% Strongly agree Strongly agree Native residents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender IDPs living in camps Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) Somewhat disagree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree places of work IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Economy Economy - females IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native resident of Marib 5% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Completely unsatisfied 7% DK/ DWTA Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy 18% Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants 16% Males Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) 24% Strongly disagree potential Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree 25% 24% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% 31%24% 21% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 7% 24% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA28% Somewhat agree 4% DK/ DWTA28% 27% Somewhat agree 18% 28% Somewhat agree 14% Females 6% DK/ DWTA 28% 13% 9% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 14% 24% Strongly disagree Strongly agree 24% Strongly30% disagree Strongly agree 14% 29% Strongly agree 21% 32% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree 18% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 27% Somewhat disagree 29% 20% Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree 24% 34% Somewhat agree 30% Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group 23% How easy for females to access jobs city 28% Strongly agree Strongly agree Native residents Employment status Strongly disagree Continuing education Native residents IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Unemployed Native resident of Marib DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree 8% Continuing education Native residents 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Strongly disagree IDPs living in camps Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 13% 24% Unemployed places of work 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps The Marginalized and Afican migrants 36% 31% Employed Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree 61% Strongly agree 5% IDPs living in camps DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/ DWTA28% The Marginalized7% and Afican migrants DK/ DWTA 7% 19%DK/ DWTA28% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 18% 16% Males 26% 24% Strongly disagree 24% 0% 10%Strongly20% 30% disagree40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 14% 31%24% Strongly disagree Strongly agree 25% 21% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% agree90% 100% Somewhat disagree 24% 28% Somewhat agree 27% Strongly agree 18% 28% 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 28% Females Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree 29% Market accessibilityStrongly agreeand availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 100 Continuing education 90 Continuing education Native residents 80 Unemployed Unemployed Agricultural activity is strong around the city 6% DK/ DWTA 70 Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs Employed 60 Employed Employment status IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 Continuing education 40 Native residents Unemployed IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 30 DK/ DWTA 8% Continuing education Native residents 7% 20 Employed DK/ DWTA28% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree 28% 10 Unemployed The Marginalized and Afican migrants 13% 29% 24% Somewhat disagree 24% Strongly disagree Strongly agree 0 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Males Females IDPs living in camps 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 36% 31% Employed Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 61% 28% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% 28% Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 26% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status

delivering a limited offering of classes (Arabic literature, trending across the republic, students became more Islamic and Quranic Studies) to 298 students 28 of which interested in this type of education when compared to Sab’a Regional College are females. 2 In 2016, President Hadi issued a decree to more conventional education institutes. The new legal authorize the development of the Sab’a Regional college framework that reflected the government’s interest in 11,000 students enrolled (of which 3,000 are to be based in Marib city, as the central city of the region. expanding the trained labour force in the society was female students, many of which are Maribi locals) Since the decree was issued in 2016, 17 different schools coupled with serious investments and government budget 234 professors and teachers offer courses at this 3 within the regional college network have opened in Marib, allocations. A student in any of these colleges would get public university, 92 of which have fixed tenure. offering higher education programs for engineering, free education for 2 to 4 years, graduating as building 57 new lecture halls were added in the last two humanities, science, and the newly added medical school and construction professionals, land surveyors, nurses years. as well as pharmaceutical studies. Existing school and health care delivery professionals, as well as human infrastructure was also expanded. resources needed for office duties. As of the time when the conflict started in 2015, the society college in Marib A huge expansion of Sab’a regional college was possible was still under construction. due to the local authority’s initiative and substantial budget allocations annually, while the higher education Since 2016, new steps were taken to support vocational administration capacity remains underdeveloped. To training, this time under direct influence and buy-in from date, the Ministry of Higher Education hasn’t authorized the provincial authorities, prompted by real needs in the an office in the region to issue certified degrees or to market for new human resources. The vocational training regulate private higher-education. According to local center reopened in 2017 after minor repairs, and later business leaders interviewed for this profile, investment expanded to include an industrial vocational training in private higher education is an area of potential growth, section fully equipped to receive 250 students yearly. but remains restricted due to regulations only permitting Demand also pushed the vocational training department public institutions. at the Governorate to open classes for commerce- related capacity development, as the labor market Vocational Education started to demand cashiers and staff to place orders Despite the rapid expansion of the vocational training and importation inventories, etc. During the educational sector throughout the republic during Saleh’s years in year 2019-2020, over 750 students graduated from the office, Marib was not regarded as a priority for this public vocational training center. funding. As of 2015, only one technical institute was opened in Marib, providing male students with basic When asked about the female participation in vocational training to become computer maintenance technicians skill development, the head of the department in the and electricians. governorate did not have a clear idea, for instance about the number of female students currently attending. When Another project was intended to build the first “community the profiling team checked directly with the vocational college” in Marib. As community colleges were training center management, they pointed out that they FIGURE 74. New girls school students lining up for class. (UN 2 UN Habitat Profiling Team Interview with Education Sector Expert, June 2020 3 For more on the legal framework that governs the vocational training and society colleges in Yemen, see the link: https://yemen-nic.info/db/laws_ye/detail.php?ID=11474 Habitat) 83

had a successful nursing training course in the past year. MAP 9 - SCHOOLS IN MARIB Budget shortfalls meant that not enough funding was Girls in Marib are determined to allocated to the nursing center this year, new expenses ” were directed to COVID-19 preparedness. Only a handful become active participants in all of women joined the inaugural classes of this first fields, and I am proud that three of the program offering female-only courses. The classes are outstanding students in my department usually limited in time and scope, and strictly focused are from Harib district.1 on traditionally accepted vocations such as nursing and sewing. According to a trainer we interviewed, females - Eman Mohamed, a mathematics “are hardly allowed to go to primary school, and while student the openness to female education brought about by the IDPs is improving female access to primary education, vocational training is still looked at unfavorably among the 1 On traveling over 2 and a half hours from Harib tribes as an unacceptable breach of gender norms, even district to Saba University, one students said that attend- if it is just catering to outsiders.” The community college ing university every day is a statement – a response to the negative perception many hold toward rural, tribal remained under construction, but the profiling team girls and their capabilities https://al-masdaronline.net/ observed that it was almost finished, but it is still occupied national/430 by displaced families who introduced many changes to the internal partitions and other facilities. New temporary structures were also added to accommodate for the needs of hosted IDPs around the main center, transforming the facility plot into a small informal settlement, and restoring it to its original educational use will probably require substantial resources. Several other training facilities in the city were also occupied by temporary hospitals to rescue soldiers wounded in combat, and others by command- and-control posts for the military or the tribal factions.4

FIGURE 75. Schools in Marib (google maps)

4 For more on this, see the recent study by Musaala Organization for Human Rights https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Cu3eCWvX6GBpt9sv5VXKXSuWmB042ZD-/ view?usp=drivesdk FIGURE 76. Bilqis Girls School, source: UN-Habitat Profiling team 84 Marib Urban Profile Economy 14 ECONOMY

Contextual Overview professional services, as new opportunities have been Marib has become the pass-through for all traffic, goods, created by new businesses started by professionals from travel between North and South to the degree that Marib’s the IDP community. This has been particularly true for the tribes are negotiating to become central mediators between healthcare sector (as further detailed in the profile’s health the North and the South. In Marib, there is the perception section). that the tribes were better able to preserve their neutral status, sparing their area from destruction and protecting Everyday customs and means of livelihoods in Marib have them economically, while trade and IDPs have brought new been analyzed under the four broad categories of: wealth and jobs to the region. These factors enabled the region to benefit from both the wartime and humanitarian » Employment Sectors; economies. However, this advantage is fragile and contingent on many factors beyond Marib’s control and will » Perceptions of Economic Opportunity; be compromised if the attacks on Marib’s mountain ranges » Gender disparities, and continue. Despite suffering from its own internal population displacement due to ongoing attacks from Houthi-Saleh » Urban Growth forces and from recent flood events, while other municipal governments are struggling to survive and sustain monthly From an economic standpoint, the fragile stability salaries, Marib was able to secure a budget surplus from oil achieved in Marib serves as a prototype for how a FIGURE 77. UN Habitat Profiling Team Photo of the and gas revenues. The city is now in a position of making functional decentralized system can evolve into a modern, Wholesale market, October 2020 strategic investments and updating the previous city plans heterogeneous society, specifically in Marib City. The to accommodate a five-fold increase in population. city itself is almost entirely run by members of the IDP community, including members of the IRG government, Since the 1980s, the oil industry has dominated Yemen as internal security and the majority of those serving public well as Marib governorate’s local economy. After the 2011 functions.1 The tribes themselves seem to be less keen to protests, Marib secured 20% of all oil and gas revenues. work in the bureaucratic institutions, and perhaps lack the Previously the entire amount went to the central government. interest and the training required for functional roles in state Discussions on Marib’s economy have focused on how it affairs. They have willingly accepted that the rising urban has diversified as a result of its population boom and the class of average Yemeni IDPs will fulfill these roles, who, as impact of its urban conditions on socio-economic inclusion. discussed earlier, find it less relevant to define themselves The interdependence between urbanization’s challenges by their tribe. This rise of an urban class of unaffiliated and opportunities have created unique conditions within citizens virtually did not exist a few years ago. Marib which include: large and rapid increases in the number of IDPs in the midst of a war; pressure on existing While the tribes have effectively decentralized the economy insufficient services but also bottom-up creation of new of Yemen by controlling local natural wealth, the bureaucratic economic opportunities; particularly within healthcare and middle class is leading the administrative decentralization. FIGURE 78. Qat Market in Marib: As of May, 2020, 1 UN-Habitat profiling team observation: According to one of the field research team members, while visiting a security administration in Marib, when the researcher met dozens of law enforcement the Ministry of Health in Marib and other IRG- officers, policemen, and emergency first responders inside the centre, and only one or two individuals were originally from Marib governorate. held governorates ordered the closure of all Qat markets as a COVID-19 precaution. (https://www. newsyemen.net/new/53264) Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state

External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) Responders by age group Respondents by gender DK/DWTA 3% 4% Native resident of Marib DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree 13% Strongly agree 12% 8% More than 60 Females Strongly disagree No 27% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 19% 13% Somewhat agree 38% 15% Somewhat agree 36-60 Males 16% 48% Somewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree 22% 32% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 25-35 49% Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree 51% 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree 21% 39% Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 Strongly agree Strongly agree DK/DWTA 44% Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% General data Complaint and the state Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like andCultural enjoy due to heritage If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy duetions) to use their powers to the disadvantage of the living InfluenceInfluencetheir cultural of ofor natural extenralextenral beauty (suh powerspowers as parks, squares, Public Spaces If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an General data Participation in Focal Group Discussionsofficial entity rather than to a local leader or mediators People in theComplaint city pay their taxes and and utility the bills state tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares,conditions for the residents. If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I mosques, water sources, etc.) I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Public SpacesRespondents by target populationofficial entity groups rather than to a localDisplacement leader or mediators status General data If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Complaint and the state As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue Responders by age group Respondents by gender official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group who live in myResponders area by age group RespondentsExternal by gender powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills Externaltions) use powers their powers(such as to other the disadvantage government or of corpora the living- DK/DWTA 3% Theretheir culturalare places or natural in the city beauty that (suhI like as and parks, enjoy squares, due to 4% Ifofficial I face anyentity problem, rather than I prefer to a to local resort leader to law or enforcementmediators or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills Native resident of Maribtions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, DK/ DWTA official entity rather than to a6% local leader or mediatorsMaybe DK/DWTA DK/DWTA conditions for the residents. 3% mosques, water sources, etc.) 12% 13% 3% conditions for the residents. Strongly Disagree mosques, water sources, etc.) 20% 4% DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe12% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 8% Strongly agree 26% 24% Responders by age group Respondents by gender Strongly disagree 13% No 27% Strongly disagree Strongly Disagree 3% Somewhat disagree More than 60 12% Females Responders by age group Respondents by gender 8% Strongly agree 19% Strongly agreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree 38% 15% 13% Somewhat agree More than 60 Females 12% 7% Strongly disagree No DK/DWTA 27% Strongly disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 12% Somewhat agree 36-60 DK/DWTA Males 3% 16% 48%Native resident ofSomewhat Marib disagree 4% Yes 6% Native resident of MaribSomewhat disagree 19% Native22% resident of Marib DK/DWTA 38% 15% DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA 13% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 32% 21% 3% Strongly Disagree 4% DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe Strongly disagree 13% DK/DWTA Somewhat agree Somewhat34% disagree IDPs living36-60 in slums, informal settlements or camps Males Strongly agree Native resident of Marib 16% 48%Strongly DisagreeSomewhat disagree Yes Somewhat disagree 16% Strongly Disagree 22% Strongly agree 19% 25-35 Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree 12% 56% Somewhat agree 13% 32%Somewhat disagree 8% 49% 51% More than 60 Females IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 12% Strongly disagree 31% IDPs living inNo the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 27% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% 8% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 33% Somewhat disagreeSomewhat agree64% SomewhatStrongly agree disagree 18% No 26% 27% Strongly disagree 21% Strongly disagree 25-35 49% 51%19% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree More than 60 56% Females 21% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 38% Strongly agree 15% 39% Marginalized and African migrants 19% 13% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 16-24 Somewhat agree 18% 26% Somewhat disagree 38% Yes Somewhat agree 15% Somewhat disagree 21% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 13% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 36-60 Males 16% 48% Marginalized and African migrants 21% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 22% 36-60 Males IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 16% Strongly agreeSomewhat disagree IDPs living in Yesslums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree 39% DK/DWTA 16-24 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44% 22% 32% Strongly agree 48% 20% Somewhat agree Strongly agree Somewhat disagree26% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 32% Somewhat agree 56% Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 39% 44% DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree DK/DWTAIDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps The Marginalized and Afican migrantsStrongly agree Arrived in the past 6 months only 25-35 49% 51% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 25-35 49% 51% 26% Strongly agree 56% 18% 26% 21% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 21% Marginalized and African migrants 18% 26% 39% 21% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 16-24 21% Strongly agree Strongly agree 39% Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 16-24 Strongly agree Strongly agree Cultural heritage DK/DWTA 44% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44% Cultural heritage 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%IDPs60% living70% in80% the 90%city's100% traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue Native residents official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered toCan form you the access future adequateof the city. information to help you manage your daily life andPeople to know in thethe citystatus pay of their taxes and utility bills - per demographic groupThe state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue who live in my area Cultural heritage official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group Cultural heritage services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? who live in my area 3% 12% Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- If I could not get my needs from the state institutions,I consider I the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an 20%I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group 3% ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds 12%can access assisstance from my friends andimportant neighbours issue 26% important issue Current occupation 24% DK/DWTA official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic6% group 3% Strongly agree 20% can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue Native resident of Marib official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group DK/DWTA 26% who live24% in my area Strongly agree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12%who live in my area 7% Completely unsatisfied DK/DWTA 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree 12% Native resident of Marib 6% 12% 22% Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib 7% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 21% 3% DK/DWTA 12% Strongly Disagree Somewhat unsatisfied DK/DWTA Strongly disagree 12% 34% Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTAIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Native resident of Marib 12% 4% 19%Native resident of Marib 3% 20% 12% 16% Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21%Strongly agree Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree26% 20% 24% Somewhat disagree Satisfied 31% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 34% 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% 64% 26% 24%IDPs16% living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsStrongly Disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 19% 14% 64% 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree Somewhat22% disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 3% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the7% city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 31% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditionalVery neighbourhoods satisfied Somewhat DK/DWTAdisagree Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 20% Somewhat disagree 33% 64%IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 12% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA Somewhat agree 6% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA 64% Strongly36% disagree 12% Strongly disagree 12% 7% Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA 12% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Native resident of Marib SomewhatSomewhat Stronglyagree agree38% Disagree IDPs living in slums, informal 6%settlements or camps Strongly agree Native resident of Marib Strongly disagree Strongly disagree somewhat disagree 34% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% 20% Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 39% 19% 34% 26% 19% Somewhat agree 21% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree 16% Strongly Disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or campsDK/DWTA The Marginalized andIDPs Aficanliving in slums, migrants informal settlements or camps Arrived in the past 6 months only Strongly agree Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agreeSomewhat disagree 16% Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 19% Somewhat disagree 33% 20% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 26% 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 26% 20% Somewhat disagree 64% Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods StronglySomewhat agree disagree Marginalized and African31% migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 39% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA The Marginalized andStrongly Afican disagree migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only20% 64% Somewhat disagree 33% 64% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps64% Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 26% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrantsStrongly disagree Marginalized and African migrantsStrongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 27% DK/DWTA Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 0% 10% 20%Somewhat30% 40% agree50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% You are satisfied with the quality of education servicesIDPs living in slums,the city informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Influence of extenral powers 39% DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods26% 0%Resident10% 20% of Marib30% 40%before50% the60% conflict70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 20% Somewhat agree Public Spaces General data 39% DK/DWTA0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 26% DK/DWTA Complaint and the stateThe Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 26% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict DK/DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 26% Strongly agree Native residents Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of Marginalized and African migrants The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all Marginalized and African migrants External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to Native residents If I face any problem, I prefer to resortIDPs to living law enforcementin camps or an Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 Participation in Focal Group Discussions 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%People60% in 70%the city80% pay90% their100% taxes and utility bills 6% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challengesservices in providing through decent websites quality (including of services through for allsocial media platforms such as Facebook)? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, official entity rather than to a local leaderIDPs living or mediators in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- services through websites (including through social media platforms suchIDPs asliving Facebook)? in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an 18% Completely unsatisfied ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds DK/DWTA Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Responders by age group important issue Respondents by gender Current occupation Native residents 6% DK/DWTA The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all Native residents Native resident of Marib Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all Somewhat unsatisfied ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA 6% Completely unsatisfied Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA services through12% websites (including22% through social media platforms such as Facebook)? 34% DK/DWTA 3% 4% Completely unsatisfied services through websites (including through socialStrongly media platformsdisagree such as Facebook)? Satisfied Native resident of Marib Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 6% Maybe Somewhat unsatisfied DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an 12% 22% Strongly disagree 13% 32% 4% StronglyStrongly agree Disagree Residentsny regardless in the of city tribal, today cultural are living and socialin peace backgrounds and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an 12% Somewhat disagree 8% Strongly agree DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree importantIDPs living issue in the city's traditional neighbourhoods SomewhatCurrent unsatisfied occupation Satisfied DK/DWTA 6% Very satisfied 4% Native resident of Marib ny regardlessMore than of 60 tribal, cultural and social backgrounds Females important issue CurrentStrongly occupation disagree No Native resident of Marib 22% 27% DK/DWTAStrongly disagree 6% DK/DWTA Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly Disagree14% Somewhat disagree Satisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or campsSomewhat disagree Native resident of Marib Completely unsatisfied DK/DWTA 19% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 38% Very satisfied 15% SomewhatSafety agree and respsect 14% 13% Somewhat agree 36% Services Housing Somewhat disagree Covid 19 22% YesAs a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the CompletelySomewhat unsatisfied disagree 12% 22% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 22% 36-60 Males IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA 16% 48% Very satisfied 38% Somewhat unsatisfied 12% 22% Strongly disagree 36% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods somewhat disagree 32% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree city - per age group IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 19% 4% Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agreeSomewhat unsatisfied Somewhat disagree Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree 38% SatisfiedSomewhat agree Somewhat disagree somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply 25-35 4% 49% Strongly51%Perception agree of improvingStrongly shelter agree conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the currentStrongly shelter Disagree(against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the 56% I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit Somewhat disagree 19% Strongly disagree 14% Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree Strongly agree 18% 26% Satisfied 22% You can access clean drinking water 21% Strongly disagreeIDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) Somewhat disagree household 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informalDK/DWTA settlements or camps Very satisfied 22% Strongly agree Influence of extenral powers 14% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 21% Strongly agree 16-24 F IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Somewhat agree Strongly39% disagree Marginalized and African migrants 16-2436% Somewhat agree Public Spaces SomewhatGeneral disagree data Complaint and the state Very satisfied Somewhat agree 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 36% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% M DK/DWTAInfluence of extenral powers 44% somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTA 38% Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Public100% Spaces General19% data Somewhat agree Complaint and the state Marginalized and African migrants 38% You are Stronglysatisfied agree with the quality of education services in the city 27% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% somewhat80% 90% 100% disagree7% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 4% 5% 25-35 F Strongly agree DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA 19% DK/ DWTA StronglyDK/ DWTA agree DK/ DWTA MarginalizedSomewhat and African disagree migrants 14% External powers (such as other government or corpora- Strongly disagree There areIDPs places living in in slums, the informalcity that settlements I like and or campsenjoy due to Strongly agree If I face any problem, I prefer to resort toYou law are enforcement satisfied with or thean quality of education services in the city StronglyParticipation disagree in Focal Group Discussions Native resident of Marib People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native residents 15% M 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly Disagree External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoytions) due use to their powersStrongly to the disagree disadvantage of the living Strongly disagree Stronglytheir cultural disagree or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, Not stable If I face any problem, I prefer15% to resort23% to law enforcementStrongly or an disagree Participation in Focal Group Discussionsofficial entity rather than toSomewhat a local leader agree or mediators0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% People36% in the city pay their taxes and utility bills conditions for the residents. 27% 15% 32% mosques, water sources,Marginalized etc.) and African migrants 36-60 F somewhat disagree 6% DK/DWTA tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living Cultural heritage their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 34% official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 27% DK/DWTA M 10% You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) Somewhat disagree RespondersSomewhat by age groupstable Respondents by gender Somewhat disagree 6% DK/DWTA 20% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10% Somewhat agree Completely unsatisfied Somewhat agree You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an RespondentsSomewhat by target agree population groups Responders byDisplacement age group status Respondents by gender 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 21%60% 70% 80% 90% 100% If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city,More I think than that 60 my voice mattersF and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group 18% 19% Somewhat agree Stable 24% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue IDPs living in camps DK/DWTA 3% official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group M 4% 18% Completely unsatisfied Strongly agree Strongly agree Native resident of Marib DK/ DWTA 25% Strongly agree 6% Maybe Somewhat unsatisfied DK/DWTA 6% who live in my area DK/DWTA 26% 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 13% DK/DWTA 3% Strongly agree Strongly Disagree 26% Very stable 4% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 6% 12%Maybe Somewhat unsatisfied DK/DWTA 34% 6% 10% DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 8% Strongly agree Strongly disagree No Marginalized and African migrantsSatisfied Strongly disagree 10% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly Disagree More than 60 Females 13% 27% 3% 12% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 12% 34% 32% 18% Completely unsatisfied 8% Strongly agree 19% 20% Strongly disagree No Satisfied 27% Strongly38% disagree 15% Completely unsatisfied Somewhat26%13% disagree Somewhat agree 24% More than 60 Females Somewhat disagree Yes Very0% satisfied10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree18% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree 22% 36-60 Males 16% 48% 32% Somewhat unsatisfied 3% Strongly agree 19% 13% Somewhat agree 32% 38% 15% Strongly agree Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 16% Somewhat disagree Yes Safety andVery respsectsatisfied I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came fromSomewhat or other places disagree I visit, by gender Somewhat unsatisfied 12% 7% Somewhat disagree 22% 36-60 Males Strongly agree DK/DWTA48% DK/DWTA Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 56% Somewhat agree 34% 12% Services Housing 32% Native resident of Marib 25-35 Covid 1949% 51% As a citizen6% in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Native resident of Marib 34% Satisfied Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Fear of catching COVID-19 Safety and respsect As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 18% 26% Services 34% Housing Somewhat agree 21% 21%Strongly disagree Perception25-35 Covid of being 19welcomed to rent a house anywhere As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future ofStrongly the Disagree Somewhat agree city - per age group 56% 21% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree 32% Satisfied 19% Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Marginalized and African migrants49% 51% Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 16-24 16% Strongly Disagreecity - per demographic group Strongly agree 100 Strongly agree 32% Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply 39% Perception of improving shelter conditionsin inthe terms city (regardless of affordability of displacement and status) Perception of stability in the current shelter (against naturalcity - hazards,per age group COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other18% places I visit26% DK/DWTA Very satisfied Somewhat disagree 21% Strongly disagree 33% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 21% Somewhat disagree 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree You can access clean drinking water You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Very satisfied 20% Marginalized and African Somewhatmigrants disagree DK/DWTA adequacy comapred to previous64% year 16-24 violence, or risk of eviction) 44% household Strongly agree Strongly agree Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply 39% Perception of improving shelter conditions64% in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic0% 10%hardship20% 30%for the40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2% I feel more respected in Marib16-24 than the area IF came from or other places I visitSomewhat disagree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree Safety and respsect Services Housing Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA Covid 19Native resident of Marib F You can Asaccess a citizen clean in drinkingthe city, waterI think that my voice matters and should be considered to form theSomewhat future of agree the Safety and respsect Strongly disagree DK/DWTAadequacy comapred to previous year Strongly 0%disagree10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%violence,70% 80% or risk90% of100% eviction) 44% household8% 5% DK/DWTA Services DK/ DWTA Housing 16-24 IDPs livingF in slums, informal settlementsDK/ DWTA or camps 15% M Covid 19 M Strongly Disagree IDPs living in slums,As a informal citizen settlements in the city, or campsI think5% that my voice matters andDK/DWTA should be considered to form the future of the Somewhat disagree Strongly agree16% 20% Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree city - per age group 60 Strongly agree 7% 16% 4% M 5% Absent 25-35 F city - per age group DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 39% DK/DWTA 26% 2% Very satisfactory Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity DK/supply DWTA Perception of improvingDK/ DWTAshelter conditions26% in terms of affordability and StronglyPerception Disagree of stability in theDK/ current DWTA shelter (against natural hazards, 5% DK/DWTAIDPsCOVID-19 living in the worseningcity's traditional the neighbourhoods economic hardshipF for the Somewhat disagree 14% Somewhat agree I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came fromNative or resident other of places Marib I visit DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 26% Somewhat disagree Native resident of Marib Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply 17% Cultural heritage Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, M COVID-19 worsening the economicStrongly hardship agree for the Strongly disagree I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit Completely unsatisfied You can access clean drinking water 7% Native DK/residents DWTA 13% 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 15% adequacy comapred to 25-35previous year F Marginalized and African migrants Somewhatviolence, disagree or risk of eviction) Poor 14% household M Marginalized and African migrants DK/DWTA40 DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree You can access clean drinking water DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree adequacy comapred to previous27% year 15%violence,23% or risk of eviction) household Somewhat agree Native resident of 16-24Marib F Strongly agree Cultural heritage Satisfactory IDPs living in camps Arrived after Stronglythe conflict disagree started in 2015 Somewhat disagree Not stable M Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 36-60 StronglyF disagree Somewhat16-24 agree F 36% DK/DWTA Native residents 36% 15% 32% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F M Stronglysomewhat Disagree disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Strongly disagree 15% If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I 15% 23% I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage34% an Respondents by target0% population10% 20% groups30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70%Displacement80% agree90% 100% status Strongly agree If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%20 60% 70% 80%Strongly90% 100% Disagree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voiceIDPs mattersliving in the and city's should traditional5% be neighbourhoods considered to form DK/DWTAthe future of the city. Somewhat disagreePeople in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsStrongly disagree Somewhat disagree Not stable Strongly disagree F 24% Average 36% M Strongly agree M Strongly Disagree 5% 15% 32% canSomewhat access assisstance satisfactory from my friends and neighbours Somewhat disagree 28% important issue Somewhat36-60 stable Somewhat disagree 43% somewhat disagree M official entity rather than to a local leader or mediatorsF by demographic20% group DK/DWTA Satisfied If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's21% cultural heritage34% an IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsRespondents by targetResident population of Marib groups before the conflict Displacement statusSomewhat agree 7% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Strongly agree If4% I face any problem, I preferDK/ to DWTA resort to law enforcement or an 5% AsDK/ a citizen DWTA in the city, I think that myIDPs voice living matters in the city's and traditional should neighbourhoods be considered25-35 to form the future of the city. SomewhatSomewhat disagree agreeSomewhatPeople disagree in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group 14% Somewhat agree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA 7% M 4% More than 60 F 5% 25-35 F Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours Somewhat disagree important issue who live in my area Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree 21% DK/26% DWTA official entity rather than DK/to a DWTAlocal leader or mediators byStrong demographic20% group Marginalized and African migrants DK/F DWTA 0 Somewhat disagree 14% IDPs livingStrongly in slums, informaldisagree settlements or camps Unsatisfactory Native residents 19% Somewhat agree32%DK/ DWTA Stable 17% 24% Somewhat agree M Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly disagree Very satisfiedNative resident of Marib Strongly Disagree IDPs living in camps Native residentsNative residents Strongly disagree Strongly agree More than 60 F Strongly agree 15% SomewhatM agree15% 23% M FemaleSomewhatMale agree Strongly agree Somewhat agree who live in my area Strongly agree21% Strongly disagree 15% Not stable The state is facing15% significant challenges in providingMStrongly decent disagree quality of services for all 36-60 F 25% Strongly agreeSomewhat agree 36% Strongly Disagree 19% Somewhat agree Stable 26% Strongly24% disagree Somewhat3% agree 15% 32% Strongly disagree Can you access adequate information to help33% you12% manage your daily lifeNot and stable to know the status of 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%23%50% 60% 70% 80%Strongly90% 100% disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps M 20% 34% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 36-60 F Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 28% DK/ DWTA Strongly agreeSomewhat disagree 26% 15% 32%Very stable services through websites (including through social media platformsStrongly such agree as Facebook)? 25% Strongly agree Strongly agree somewhatMarginalized disagree and African migrants 26% 3% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 33% 12% Somewhat disagree 26% 34%24% Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree M Strongly agree 20%Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% M Somewhat agree Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- Strongly agree 26% 3% Very stable Strongly agree 20% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat stable Somewhat disagree More than 60 F 20% Somewhat agree I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an 26% Somewhat agree 24% Strongly agree 21% Marginalized and African migrants DK/DWTA Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat agree 12% 7% 19% Somewhat agree 21% Stable 24% Somewhat agree More than 60 F DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds 3% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in camps DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib M 6% Native resident of Marib Strongly agree important issue Strongly agree Current12% occupation Strongly agree 19% Somewhat agree Stable 6% 24% DK/DWTA Somewhat agree I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib 25% Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 7% IDPs living in campsSomewhat agree Somewhat agree 26% Native resident of Marib 21% DK/DWTA 33% 0% 10% 20% M30% 40%Strongly50% 60% Disagree70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 12% 34% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTA 0% 10%I feel20% more30% respected40% 50% 60%in Marib70% than80% the90% area100%Native I came resident from of Marib or other places I visit, by gender 25% Strongly agree 12% 19% 26% Strongly agree 26% Completely unsatisfiedVery stable 33% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 16% Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 21% Strongly agree 26% Has the cityVery provided stable necessary resourcesI feel Stronglyto moreprotect respectedDisagree people from in Marib than the area12% I came from22% or other places I visit,Strongly by gender disagreeStrongly agree Somewhat disagree 100 31% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree 34% The Marginalized and Afican migrantsSomewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 33% Fear of catching COVID-19 As a citizen in the city, I think that myIDPs voice living inmatters the city's andtraditional should neighbourhoods be considered to form the future of the DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Marginalized and African migrants DK/DWTA19% 20% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% Somewhat unsatisfied 16% Strongly Disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 64% coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations,Somewhat awareness disagree campaigns)? 100 SomewhatSomewhat disagree disagree 4% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Native resident of Marib Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Somewhat disagree 33% PerceptionFear of of catching being welcomed COVID-19 to rent a house anywhere Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of householdAccess to income affordable housingAs a citizen in Marib in the city, I think that my voiceIDPs living matters in the city's and traditional should neighbourhoodsbe considered to form the future of the city - per demographic group 31% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsDK/DWTA 0% 10% 20%Somewhat30% 40% agree50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 20% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Strongly Disagree Strongly0% disagree10% in20% the30% city 40%(regardless50% 60% of 70%displacement80% 90% 100% status) 64% Satisfied Somewhat disagree 80 Strongly Disagree You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 64%Access to clean drinking water Strongly disagree 100 Somewhat disagree Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%in the city by demographic group city - per demographic group Somewhat agree 22% DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree SomewhatSomewhatI feel agree agree more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other placesIDPsI feel I livingvisit, I can in by slums, accessgender informal different settlements opportunities or camps in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the colorStrongly of agree 14% Strongly disagreein the city (regardless of displacement status) IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 2% Native resident of Marib Strongly agree SomewhatDK/DWTA agree Somewhat disagree StronglyYou disagree are satisfied withDK/DWTA80 the quality of education services in the city Strongly Disagree 20% Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 39% 26% VeryDK/ satisfied DWTA F Somewhat agree 60 I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other placesmy I visit, skin by or gender my social status) 36% DK/DWTA 8% DK/DWTA5% The Marginalized and IDPsAfican living migrants in slums, informal settlements or campsArrived in the past 6 months only Strongly agree 20% Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 26% Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 2% DK/Native DWTA resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 15% 80 M Fear of catchingStrongly COVID-19 Disagree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should beSomewhat considered disagree to form the future of the Strongly agree 39% DK/DWTA Somewhat26% agree DK/ DWTA Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere 16% Fear of38% catching COVID-19 Marginalized and StronglyAfrican migrants Disagree 60 Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants somewhat disagree 8% DK/DWTA5% Satisfaction with presentThe Marginalized level16% of electrcity and Afican supply migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Cost of accessing shelter overAbsent 50% of household3% income DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 26% Ascity a -citizen per demographic in the city, I groupthink that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 100 DK/DWTA 19% DK/ DWTA 2% Very satisfactory DK/ DWTA 15% in26% the city (regardless of displacement3% status)M Marginalized andDK/IDPs African DWTA living migrants in camps Arrived after the conflict started in 2015 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 40 100 DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supplyStrongly disagree16% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree MarginalizedStrongly and AfricanCost Disagree migrants of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 60 Strongly agree SomewhatSomewhat disagreeagree Somewhat disagree city - per demographic group Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat agree Strongly agree Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 16% Strongly agree Native residents Absent in the city (regardless of displacement status) 15% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA Native residentDK/DWTA of Marib 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2% Very satisfactory Strongly disagree 4% 26%Strongly agree 17% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Strongly disagree M 40 Completely unsatisfied You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Strongly disagree 13% Strongly disagree IDPs living in camps Arrived after the conflict startedStrongly in 2015 disagree27% 34% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%Somewhat70% 80% disagree90% 100% Poor 24% Somewhat2% agree Native resident ofNative Marib resident of Marib DK/DWTAStrongly agree 80 Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree Satisfactory 19% UnsatisfactoryIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident0% 10% of 20%Marib30% before40% the50% conflict60% 70% 31%80% 90% 100% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree F 20 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 80 Strongly Disagree 17% 36% Somewhat disagree 8% Somewhat disagree M 5% 40 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F 2% Native resident of Marib F Completely unsatisfiedDK/DWTA Somewhat unsatisfied 13% Marginalized and African migrants 17%27% Somewhat agree Poor DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly15% agree DK/ DWTA M IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Satisfactory27% DK/DWTA 29% IDPs living in theIDPs city's living traditional in the neighbourhoods city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before theSomewhat conflict disagree 8% DK/ DWTA 24%Somewhat agree5% Average DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree StronglyDK/DWTA agree 20 Strongly Disagree 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 36% Somewhat disagree Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat disagree 28% IDPs living in slums, informal16% settlements or camps F SomewhatNative residents satisfactory 43% M 16% 15% M Somewhat0 unsatisfiedStrongly Disagree Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA 21% 2% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 18% 16% Absent IDPs living in theIDPs city's living traditional in the city'sneighbourhoods traditional neighbourhoods You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city The state is facing significant challenges in 60providing decent quality of services for all Satisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very satisfactory24% Average Somewhat agree 16% Strongly disagree Strongly agree 26% Strongly disagree 20 Absent Can you access adequate information to help you manageF your daily life and to know the status of Female SomewhatMale disagree Somewhat agree SomewhatNative agree resident of Marib DK/DWTA Somewhat satisfactory 28% Somewhat disagree 2% Very satisfactory 43% M 26% 28% Somewhat agreeMarginalized and African migrants F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F 0 Somewhat agree 21% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 32%Native residents 26% 17% Strongly disagree Strong Strongly disagree The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all Satisfied Somewhat disagree IDPs living40 in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Native resident of Marib Completely unsatisfied Unsatisfactory 13% IDPs living in camps 17% 19% Satisfactory 27% Poor services through websites (including through social mediaM platforms such as Facebook)? IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps SatisfactoryStrongly agree Strongly agree 17% MarginalizedStrongly and African agree migrants Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of M Female Male Somewhat agree 40 Strongly agree Strongly agree Completely unsatisfied 26% 13% Strong SomewhatF disagree 27% Somewhat disagree 0 M Poor IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Unsatisfactory 32% 17% ResidentsStrongly in disagreethe city today are living in peace and harmo- 36% Satisfactory 22% services through websites (including34% through social mediaStrongly platforms agree such as Facebook)? IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F Very satisfied Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Strongly agree 26% Strongly agree 36% I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Female Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 6% DK/DWTA 28% DK/ DWTA M Very satisfactory 24% Average F I feel I can accessStrongly different agree opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such20 as theMarginalized color of and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- 23% ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds Somewhat satisfactory 28% Current occupation 24% 43% Average M DK/DWTA 10% 20 Satisfied I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritageDK/ DWTA an The Marginalized21% and Afican migrants important issue 28% Somewhat0% 10% agree20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree 43% M Strongly agree 6% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 28% DK/ DWTA 21% Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Marginalized and African migrants my skin or my social status) Satisfied ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds Current occupation 26% DK/DWTA Strong Marginalized and African migrants F Completely unsatisfied18% Completely unsatisfied 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps important issue Unsatisfactory 32% 17% 6% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants F Very satisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 32% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib 26% Strongly agree Strong 12% 22% Strongly disagree0 Female Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Unsatisfactory 17% Completely unsatisfied 0% 10% 20% 30%M 40%I feel50% safe60% and70% welcomed80% 90% 100%in most places in Marib DK/DWTA Strongly agree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods M Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat unsatisfied Female Male 28% DK/ DWTA Native resident of Marib I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib 12% 22% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA 4% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants DK/DWTA 28% DK/ DWTA Strongly Disagree IDPs living in the city'sHas traditional the city neighbourhoods provided necessary resources to protect people from Somewhat unsatisfied 100Satisfied Native resident of Marib34% Somewhat disagree Marginalized and African migrants Native resident of Marib SatisfiedDK/DWTA 4% Strongly agree 14% coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Somewhat disagree 22% Strongly Disagree Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from Somewhat disagree 100 Satisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 32% Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits,0% etc.)10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 36% Perception of being welcomed to rentIDPs a house living in anywhere the city's traditional neighbourhoods Access to affordable housing in Marib DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% Access to clean drinking water coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? 22% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Very satisfied Somewhat disagree I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib SomewhatPerception agree of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housingSomewhat in Marib disagree in the city by demographic group Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Somewhat agree 38% I feel safe and welcomed in mostI feel places I can in access Marib different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Access to clean drinking water 36% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods somewhat disagree 80 Strongly agree StronglySomewhat Disagree agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 19% Safety and respsect Marginalized and African migrants 60 Somewhat agree my skin or my social status) in the city by demographic group Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree SomewhatAs agree a citizen inSomewhat the city, I disagreethink that my voiceStrongly matters disagree and shouldDK/DWTA be considered to form the future of the Has the city provided necessary resources to protect38% people from I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 100 Services somewhat disagree Housing Covid 19 Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 100 DK/DWTA 19% Economy Marginalized and African migrants Economy - females 60 Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat agree Strongly agree DK/DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly disagree city - per age group 3% DK/ DWTA coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%my skin90% or100% my social status) DK/DWTA Strongly agree 3% Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib 40 Native resident of Marib Access to clean drinking water DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA I feel moreStrongly coronavirusrespected agree in (such SomewhatMarib as Somewhatthan masks, agree the area medical agree I came stations, fromSomewhat or awareness other disagree places campaigns)? I visit Strongly agree 80 Strongly Disagree DK/DWTA Completely unsatisfied Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Strongly disagree Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, Marginalized and African migrants COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship forPerception the of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable0% 10% 20%housing30% in40% Marib50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 80 Strongly Disagree 4% Strongly agree 27% NativeDK/DWTA residentsAccess to clean drinking water 3% DK/ DWTA in the city by demographic group 15% 40 You can access clean drinking water Native resident of Marib I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of adequacy comapred toDK/ previous DWTA year Conditions to start up a new business3% (perception of violence,DK/ DWTA or risk of eviction) Optimism due to improvingStrongly economydisagree household in34% the city by demographicPerception group of impact of conflict on household economic 24% StronglyHow disagree easy for females to access jobs Strongly agree MarginalizedSomewhat and agree African migrantsSomewhat DK/DWTA disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 19% Unsatisfactory Strongly agree 16-24Somewhat agreeF Somewhat disagree 31% DK/DWTA Strongly agree Strongly 20agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree Strongly Disagree You are satisfied withSomewhat the quality unsatisfied of education servicesI feel I can in the access city different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 4% Strongly agree 27% Native DK/DWTAresidents how easy) 15% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% potential Native resident of Marib 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsSomewhat disagree my skin or my social status) Strongly disagree17% Somewhat agree 34% 24% Strongly disagree Strongly Disagree 60 my skin or my social status) 29% 19% IDPs livingUnsatisfactory in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat31% disagree M SomewhatStrongly disagreeDisagree 20 Strongly5% disagree DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% You50% are60% satisfied70% 80% with90% the100% quality of education services in theIDPs city living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Satisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat satisfactory 18% 3% DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA 0 Somewhat agree 29% 17% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagreeDK/ DWTADK/DWTA F 3% DK/ DWTA 3% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree 40 DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 7% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree 4% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Somewhat5% disagree DK/ DWTA 25-35 28% 3% Somewhat disagree 14% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agreeFemale SomewhatMale agree Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA 40 IDPs living in slums, informal settlementsStrongly or camps agree Somewhat agree 6% Very satisfied DK/ DWTA Somewhat satisfactory 4% Strongly agree7%18% Native residents DK/ DWTA SomewhatDK/ agree DWTA 0 15% Strongly disagree StronglyNative agree resident of MaribSomewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree Native residentDK/DWTA of Marib DK/DWTA Native residents Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps 4% DK/ DWTA Native19% residents Satisfactory4% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree M 34% Female Male 15% 24% Strongly disagree Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 10% Native resident of Marib Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 15% Strongly agree 14%28%Strongly agree Somewhat15% agree23% 19% SomewhatUnsatisfactory agree 31% Strongly disagree 6% DK/DWTA 20 Strongly agree Strongly disagree Strongly disagreeStrongly disagree6% DK/ DWTA Not stable Strongly22% disagree Strongly disagree F 34%19% 34% Strongly agreeUnsatisfactory DK/ DWTA 36% 31%24% 20 Strongly Disagree IDPs living in camps 15% 32% 26% 19% Satisfactory 29% 17% Somewhat agree 13% 36-60 9% somewhat disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly disagree DK/DWTA 10% Marginalized and African migrants 18% Completely unsatisfied Strongly agree 34% 17% Strongly disagreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Very satisfactory StronglySomewhat disagree disagree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree 23% 14% 22% 29% Somewhat agree 24%34% 32%24% Somewhat disagree Strongly agreeSomewhat14% satisfactory Somewhat disagree Strongly disagreeI feel I can accessDK/DWTA different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 0 Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods26% Somewhat disagreeDK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat stable 21% StronglyIDPs living agree in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsSomewhat disagree M 20% 18% 18% Completely unsatisfied Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 23% Strongly disagree Very satisfactory Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat satisfactory StronglyI feel I can disagree access different opportunities in Marib, regardless18% 28% of my appearancesSomewhat (such agree as the color of my skin or my social status) Access to clean drinking water perSomewhat demographic agree group 0 Female Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat agree SomewhatThe agree Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat disagree MoreSomewhatSomewhat than 60 disagree agree F Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants Female Male Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA 21% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Somewhat80% 90% 100% disagree Satisfactory 28% Somewhat agree 19% Somewhat agree 27% Stable 29% 24% IDPs living in campsSomewhat agree 18% Strongly agree 19% 20% my skin or my social status) IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Somewhat unsatisfied 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in 34%slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree28% IDPs living in camps 28% Strongly agree M 19% 22% Satisfactory Somewhat disagree 25% 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlementsSatisfied or camps Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%26% 26% Somewhat agree 33% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 34% 32% 24% 23% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%22%100% Very satisfactory 34% Strongly agree DK/DWTA Satisfied I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Strongly agree Somewhat agree 26% Very stable 26% Strongly agree Very satisfactory34% Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 23% DK/ DWTA30% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 33% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 32% I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances As a citizen (such in the as city,the colorI think of that my voice matters and shouldMarginalized be considered and AfricanVery to satisfiedmigrants form the future of the The Marginalized and Afican migrants DK/ DWTA Strongly agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 23% Strongly Disagree DK/ DWTA my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants 28% Native resident of Marib Native residents Safety andVery respsect satisfied my skin or my social status) Satisfaction with the basic state servicescity (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) ServicesStrongly agree Housing 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% StronglyCovid agree 19 Strongly Disagree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered0% to form10% 20%the future30% 40% of the50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Somewhat100% disagree Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Safety and respsect IDPs living in the city's traditionalSatisfaction neighbourhoods with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the futureI offeel the more respected Somewhatin Marib than disagree the area I came from or other places I visit, by citygender - per age group Somewhat agree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against naturalcity hazards, - per age group COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in MaribNative than resident the area of Marib I came from or other places I visit Native resident of Marib Economy Fear of catching COVID-19 As a citizen in the city,Economy I think that my voice- females matters and should be considered to form the future of the Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree SomewhatNative agreeresident of Marib Strongly Disagree DK/DWTA You can access cleanStrongly drinking Disagree water Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of being welcomed to rent a housePerception anywhere of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards,adequacy comapred to previous year COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the violence, or risk of eviction) household I feel more respected in Marib than the areaF I came from or other places I visit DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Strongly Disagree Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income city - per demographic group IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 100 16-24 Economy in the city (regardless of displacement status) Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to accessEconomy adequate household - females income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Strongly agree DK/DWTA IDPs living in campsDK/DWTA You can access clean drinking water Somewhat disagree Completely unsatisfied Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household Native resident of Marib You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city IDPs living in theStrongly city's traditional agree neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How16-24 easy for females toF access jobs DK/DWTA M Marginalized and African migrants Strongly Disagree IDPs living5% in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsDK/DWTA Somewhat disagree places of work 80 Completely unsatisfied Somewhat unsatisfied 2% Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy how easy) Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs 857% potential DK/ DWTADK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA M Marginalized and African migrants Strongly5% Disagree DK/ DWTA 5% 25-35 Somewhat disagree 14% Somewhat agree DK/DWTA 8% 5% DK/ DWTA DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% The30% Marginalized40% 50% and60% Afican70% migrants80% 90% 100% DK/ DWTA EconomyDK/ DWTA 15% M Economy - females Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlementsStrongly or camps disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlementsStrongly or camps agree SatisfiedNative resident of Marib DK/DWTA how easy) 7% potentialNative residents 4% 5% 25-35 F Strongly Disagree 60 14% M IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or campsDK/DWTA Strongly agree DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA 16% DK/ DWTA Economy DK/ DWTA 16% Absent DK/ DWTA 15% 15%Somewhat 23%disagree Economy - females Somewhat agree DK/DWTA Strongly agree Native resident of Marib Strongly Disagree 2% Very satisfactory 26% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Not stable 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%DK/60% DWTA70% 80%Strongly90% 100% disagree StronglyF disagree Satisfied0%Native10% resident20% of30% Marib40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Native resident of Marib Completely unsatisfied Native residents Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 5% DK/ DWTA15% 32% 7% DK/ DWTA M Somewhat disagree Somewhat36-60 agree Native resident of Marib somewhatStrongly disagreeDisagree Very satisfied Conditions to7% start up a15% new business (perception of Optimism15% due to improving economy 34% Perception of impact of conflict on household economic Somewhat agree How easy for females to access jobs IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Completely unsatisfied Strongly disagree 17% 7% Strongly disagreeDK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree DK/ DWTA Not stable 4% DK/ DWTA23% Strongly disagree M Strongly disagree40 36% IDPs Mliving in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Completely unsatisfied Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants 13% 15%IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 27% Conditions to start 14%up a new business (perception of 18% SomewhatPoorOptimism disagree due to improving economy16% SomewhatPerception36-60 stable of impactF of conflict on household economic Somewhat disagreeHow easy for females to access jobs Strongly agree Very satisfied 20% Marginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Satisfactory 6% 32% how easy) Strongly disagree potential MalesSomewhat agree somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat unsatisfied 36% Somewhat7% disagree DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagreeDK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree 34% 24% 13% IDPs living in slums, informalStrongly settlements disagree or camps F 9% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat agreeMarginalized and African migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 14% SomewhatStrongly disagree disagree how easy)Somewhat agree Strongly25% disagreeSomewhat stable Strongly disagree 24%Somewhat disagree 21% potential M Somewhat disagree 20% More than 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied 14% 14% 24% 24% 24% Average24% 21% 14% Strongly agree 20 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 6% DK/ DWTA Somewhat satisfactory 28% 13%31% 21% 9% 19%DK/ DWTA 43% Somewhat32% agree M Stable 24% Somewhat agree SomewhatM agreeMarginalized and African migrants Somewhat agree Strongly agree Satisfied 21% Somewhat agree Strongly disagree Somewhat agreeStrongly disagree IDPs living in camps Strongly disagree StronglySomewhat agree 21%agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree More than 60 F Strongly disagree Somewhat agree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group Satisfied 25% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 14% 24% 24%Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 14% 26% Somewhat disagree 33% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 21% 19% Somewhat32% agree Stable 24% SomewhatMarginalized agree and African migrants F 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Strongly disagree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 32% 27% 26% 24% Strongly disagree 18% StronglyStrong agree 7% DK/ DWTA 26% Very 20%stable 4% M DK/ DWTA Access to clean drinking water per demographicStrongly agree group 25% Strongly agree IDPs 0%living 10%in slums,20% informal30% settlements40% 50% or60% camps70% 80% 90% 100% Very satisfied Unsatisfactory Somewhat disagree Strongly agreeSomewhat disagree Somewhat17% disagree Strongly agree29% 28% Somewhat agree 7% 14%33% 28%DK/27% DWTA 4% SomewhatDK/ DWTA disagree Strongly agree Female Male Marginalized and African migrants 26%The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28%6% 28% Somewhat agree M 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 27% 29% 24% 18% 28% 18% Strongly agreeSomewhat agree 26% SomewhatDK/ DWTA agreeVery20% stable 14%Somewhat agree Strongly agree 13% Females 9% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree 6% DK/ DWTA 28% Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 13%60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 9% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants 28%The Marginalized and Afican migrantsDK/ DWTA 28% 28% 14% Strongly agree 24% 30% 34%32%24% 14% Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%Somewhat50% 60% agree70% 80% 90% 100% 30% 14% 21% 24% Strongly disagree Strongly agree 24% SomewhatStrongly agree disagree 14% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 24% 29% Strongly agree StronglyStrongly agree disagree 33% 21% Strongly agree 32% Strongly disagree DK/ DWTA Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 34% Somewhat disagree 23% Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 30% Somewhat agree As a citizenNative in residents the city, I think that my0% voice10% matters20% 30% and40% should50% be60% considered70% 80% 90%to form100% the future of theI feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, bycity gender Strongly agree 28% Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree 27% 29% Somewhat disagree 18% StronglySomewhat0% agree10% 20% disagree30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 20%DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree23% 18% I feelSomewhat more respected disagree in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit,city by gender Strongly disagree 28% 27% Somewhat disagree 28% 29% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree Native residentsFear of catching COVID-19 I feel safe and welcomed20% in most places in Marib Somewhat disagree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree 24% PerceptionStrongly of being agree welcomed to rent a house anywhere28% 28% Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Somewhat agree Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income Somewhat agree 34% city - per demographicIDPs living group in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree100 SCORECARD / Economy affected by the displacement status as per the survey’s economy of Marib24% is improving.Somewhat Only agree 14% of respondentsin the city (regardless of displacement status) Fear of30% catching COVID-19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Somewhat agree DK/DWTANative resident of Marib Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Somewhat agree Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree 100 34% Somewhat agree DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services As a citizen in the cityin the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 30% 33% city - per demographicIDPs living in thegroup city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 100 DK/DWTA Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA Strongly Disagree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Strongly agree Strongly agree 23% NativeDK/DWTA resident of Marib 80 DK/ DWTA city key demographicin theAgricultural city (regardless activity groups. of is displacement strong Some around status) the83% city of the marginalized expressed28% optimism. coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)?Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs 2% 23% Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education servicesNative in the residents city Strongly Disagree Perception ofImporving being welcomed agricultural to rentprospects a house and anywhere market demand Access to affordable housing inAbility Marib to access adequate household incomeStrongly agree Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender DK/ DWTA Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly Disagree Native residents city Access to clean drinking water 28% Strongly agree 8% 5% 80 Somewhat agree Strongly agreeStrongly Disagree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree in the city by demographic group groups and African migrants are unemployed, which • 15% of the respondentsEmployment status also expressed DK/ DWTA 2% DK/ DWTANative resident of Marib F DK/DWTA15% 80 M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand The Marib scorecardAbility tosurvey access adequate data shows household that income the majority Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender places of work DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagreeIDPs livingDK/DWTA in camps 16% Strongly DisagreeI feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of60 my appearances (such as the color of 8% 5% 16% Continuing education Absent Strongly agree Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA 2% DK/ DWTA 26% 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Somewhat disagree my skin or my social status) IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/DWTA speaks to the realityplaces of IDPs of work in camps as 76% of which Very satisfactorydissatisfaction with markets accessibility and the Strongly disagreeNative residents 15% Strongly disagree M Strongly Disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Native resident of Marib Native resident of Marib of those who identify themselves as employed work in 16% 60 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Native resident of Marib 16% 17% Absent Unemployed DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 40 DK/DWTA Somewhat agree Strongly agree Completely unsatisfied Strongly Disagree 2% Very satisfactory 13% 26% 27% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Poor M Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree Satisfactory 8%Strongly disagree Continuing education3% DK/ DWTA Native residents The MarginalizedDK/ and DWTAAfican migrants Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly agree Somewhat agree group identified17%DK/ DWTA themselves as unemployed, compared 3%to ImporvingaffordabilityDK/ agricultural DWTA5% of prospectstheir household and market demand needs, while 23% expressed SomewhatAbility disagree to access adequate household income SomewhatResidents disagree satisfied with the proximity of residence to 40 How easy for females to access jobs per gender IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA IDPs livingCompletely in camps unsatisfied unidentified sectors (51%), mostly as daily labourers 7% DK/ DWTA36% DK/ DWTA IDPs living 7%in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsDK/ DWTA EmployedStrongly agree Somewhat agree SomewhatM disagree Strongly disagree 40IDPs living in slums,Strongly informal agreesettlements or camps F Strongly agree Strongly agreeIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied Somewhat disagree 13% Native residents Imporving agricultural27% prospects and market demand 15% Ability to access adequate household incomePoor Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Strongly agree Native resident of Marib IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 4% Strongly agree Satisfactory 7% DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA places of work Strongly disagree0% 24%10% Somewhat20% 30% 40% agree50% 60% 70% Average80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 20 Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 5% DK/ DWTA 42% among native residents, 50%Somewhat among disagree IDPs hosted in satisfaction.18% As the business environmentSomewhat was disagree worseningUnemployed 28% Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 43% M 36% (moyawem) or in simple and random occupations Strongly13% disagree 7% DK/ DWTA19%21% 34%Somewhat satisfactoryUnsatisfactory 24% 31%24% Somewhat16% agree MalesSomewhat places agree of work F Somewhat 20disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly Disagree Somewhat unsatisfied Satisfied Somewhat agree 7% DK/ DWTA 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 20 Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat agree 17% 18% 28% Strongly disagree24% Average Somewhat disagree Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants F The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 29% Somewhat agree Somewhat satisfactory 14% 24%the city’s neighbourhoods.StronglySomewhat disagree disagree 16% due25% to COVID-19 impacts, pricesMales of goods were climbing 32% 21% IDPs living in camps 43% Strongly26% disagree DK/DWTA M Strong Somewhat0 disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrantsSatisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree depending21% on IDPs market living in the city's demand traditional neighbourhoods (fawael).Strongly Other disagree key 31% 36% Somewhat agree Unsatisfactory 31% Somewhat agree Employed Somewhat disagree 17% Somewhat agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 24% 24%Somewhat disagreeStrongly disagree Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat disagree 18% SomewhatStrongly disagree agree Strongly agree 0 DK/ DWTA Female Male Strongly agree 14% Strongly disagree 25% 21% 26% 5% Somewhat disagree Strong Marginalized and African migrants F Somewhat agree 0 M 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%IDPs living100% in slums, informal settlements or camps 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 31%24% Unsatisfactory Somewhat32%Somewhat disagree agree while the value of the currency was dipping.61% It is still difficult DK/ DWTA 7% IDPs living in camps DK/ DWTA Female Male DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree Very satisfied Somewhat disagree employment sectors include education (12%), building Strongly agree 7% 24%17% 28%Strongly agree 28% Somewhat agree5% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Female Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree 19% 28%Somewhat disagree DK/ DWTA Satisfactory28% DK/ DWTA SomewhatThe Marginalized agree and Afican migrants 7% M DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps • 51% ofStrongly the agree28% respondents to ourSomewhat survey agree expressed19% for 55% 7%of the residents toSomewhat DK/start DWTA a business,agree while only 15% 28% 27% 18%Somewhat agree 16% Males Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants 24% 18% 28% 18% Strongly disagree 16% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly disagree 28% and constructionDK/ DWTA (8%), public services and local state Somewhat agree 22% 34% Strongly agreeStrongly agree 24% Females 24% Strongly disagree Males Somewhat disagree Marginalized and African migrants 26% 28% Somewhat agree 26% 28% 27% Somewhat agree 14%28% 24% Strongly disagree 25% 24%0% 10% 20% 30%Strongly40% 50% disagree60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 21%The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 18% 28% Somewhat23% agree their dissatisfaction with the economicStrongly situation, agree of which thought14%Very satisfactoryit was31% easy to startStronglyStrongly aFemales business agreedisagree at the time when 30% 25% Strongly agree 21% 24% I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearancesSomewhat (such disagree as the color of 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% employees (9%), and The commerce Marginalized and Afican and migrants finance, insurance, 29% Strongly agree 31%24% Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrants I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib DK/ DWTA 28% 0%Somewhat10% 20% disagree30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% my skin or my social status) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 29% 21% strongly disagree with the general perception that the the survey was conducted.Somewhat disagree 24% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib Strongly agree real estate (FIRE) jobs (6%). 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% Somewhat agree Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 24% 28% 27% Somewhat agree Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from Strongly agree 100 18% 28% Somewhat agree0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree Females DK/DWTA 18% 28% Somewhat agree Has the28% city provided necessary resources to protect people from coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations,Females awareness campaigns)? 100 DK/DWTA Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere28% Strongly agree Access to affordable housing in Marib 30% Strongly agree DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree Access to clean drinking water 29% Strongly agree coronavirus (such as masks, medicalStrongly stations, agree awareness campaigns)? 30% Strongly agree Native resident of Marib A majority of those interviewed identified themselves as Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere 29%Access to affordable housingStrongly in agree Marib in the city by demographic group Strongly Disagree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Access to clean drinking water Agricultural activity is strongAre around you thecurrently cityMarket employed? accessibility and availabilityof household needs Are you currently employed? Employment status - male / female Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs Female employment status 80 Strongly agree StronglySomewhat Disagree agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate60 registration, permits, etc.) my skin or my social status) unemployed (61%), in addition to students (8%), while only in the city by demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Somewhat100% disagree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group Employment status How easy for females to access jobs Strongly agree Somewhat agree SomewhatIDPs livingdisagree in the city's traditionalStrongly neighbourhoods disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 100 Continuing education 60 my skin or my social status) 31% of the respondents identified themselves as employed. Continuing education 3% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree 40 Employment status 90 Native residents DK/ DWTA 3% DK/ DWTA Continuing education Somewhat agree DK/DWTA Native residents Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 4% Continuing education Native residents 3% UnemployedDK/ DWTA IDPs living in15% slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Economy This can help us estimate a dependency rate of 6.56 among Native residents DK/ DWTA Strongly agree 3% 80 DK/ DWTA Unemployed Economy - females DK/ DWTA Unemployed Strongly disagree 40 Strongly agree Agricultural activity8% is strong around the cityContinuing education Strongly disagree 19% 34% Native residents Employment statusStrongly per demographic agree groupSomewhat agree Somewhat disagree 24% How easy for females to access jobs Strongly agree Native resident of Marib 20 DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree Native residents 6% DK/ DWTA UnemployedAgricultural activity is strong around the 70city 15% UnsatisfactoryEmployment status per demographic group 31% How easy for females to access jobs Native resident of Marib 4% Strongly agree 7% DK/ DWTA EmployedIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/ DWTA EmployedStrongly disagree Strongly disagree Completely unsatisfied the city residents (every8% income generatingContinuing individual education in 29%Strongly17% disagree Somewhat agree 34%60 Employment status 24% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 20 Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic19% NativeIDPs residents living in theUnsatisfactory city's traditional neighbourhoods How easy for females to access jobs Somewhat disagree31% Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 7% DK/ DWTA 13% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree Employed 24% Unemployed Strongly disagreeEmployment status Somewhat satisfactory Continuing education18% 0 17% Somewhat agree Strongly15% disagree 23%24% 50 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsNative residents SomewhatContinuing disagree education IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) 29% Marib is providing for at least 5 other dependents).IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods24% Somewhatpotential disagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Female Male Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Unemployed Somewhat disagree 40 IDPs living in camps Native residents 28% Somewhat agree 13% 24% 36% Employed Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat disagree 18% SomewhatUnemployed agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%0 DK/ DWTA Satisfied 24% Strongly disagree SomewhatSomewhat disagree agree 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in camps 8% Continuing education 19% Satisfactory IDPs living in camps Unemployed Female Male Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree SomewhatIDPs living in campsdisagree 30 Strongly28% agree Somewhat agree Native residents DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Employed Strongly disagree 7% 61% DK/ DWTA 8% Continuing education IDPs living in the22% city's traditionalIDPs living neighbourhoods in camps Employed 34% Native residents IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% 31% IDPs living in camps 28% 19% 20 Satisfactory Somewhat agree Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied Somewhat disagree 28% SomewhatStrongly agree agree26% 7% DK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoodsVery satisfactory Employed Strongly disagree Strongly agree By looking atStrongly other disagree aspects 61%of the employment7% status,19% 28% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree 23% 4% DK/ DWTA 10 Unemployed I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 28% 14% 28% 13% 22%IDPs living in campsThe Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree 34%24% UnemployedStrongly agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat disagree Marginalized and African migrants 6% 26% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 29% DK/ DWTA 13% 24% Strongly disagreeVery satisfactory 24% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods my skin or my social status) 19% 28% Somewhat agree DK/ DWTA 23% the data suggests that 30% of the employed are females, 13% 0 Strongly disagree 9% 0% 10% 20% 30%DK/40% DWTA50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and AficanIDPs living migrants in camps IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods I feel I can access different Somewhatopportunities disagree in Marib, regardless of my appearances (suchMarginalized as the color and African of migrants The Marginalized26% and AficanStrongly migrants disagree Strongly agree Strongly disagree 24% Employed Marginalized and African migrants 14% DK/ DWTA 24% Strongly agree 24% 36% Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 14%50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 31% IDPs living in camps 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% my skin or my social status)Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 21% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 32% 36%The Marginalized and SomewhatAfican migrants disagree 31% Employed Somewhat agree 26% Strongly disagree indicating an increased level of female participation in Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 61% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPsAccess living in to camps clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree Somewhat0% disagree10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree 28% 61% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 19% 28% The Marginalized and Afican migrants IDPs living in camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA 27% the labour force despite the low employment rate across29% 18% 28% Somewhat agree0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 20%80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree 19% 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat agree DK/DWTA Strongly Disagree 24% 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Native resident of Marib Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) all groups. Moreover, the employment status is directly FIGURE 79. Employment status by vulnerability group, gender and total. 26% Strongly agree 34% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly Disagree Somewhat agree 30% Strongly agree Somewhat agree As a citizen in the city, I thinkIDPs living that in my the city'svoice traditional matters neighbourhoods and should be considered to form the future of the Somewhat disagree Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%DK/100% DWTA Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female 23% Female employment status 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Somewhat disagree city 28% Strongly agree Strongly agree Native residents IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat agree Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status Strongly disagree You can access enough income through The economy is imporving and I am EconomyIt is easy for me to start a new 100 Markets are accessible in my area and most Economy - females Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA Continuing education DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib Field % decent means to provide for yourself and optimistic about the future business 90 of the households needs are avaialble Continuing educationIDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Economy 100 Economy - females Native residents Strongly agree Native resident of Marib Completely unsatisfied Continuing education 80 Native resident of Marib 90 Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Unemployed Optimism due to improving economyContinuing education Perception of impact of conflict on household economic Unemployed How easy for females to access jobs Somewhat agree Marginalized and African migrantsStrongly Disagree your family Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status Completely unsatisfied Somewhat unsatisfied Other 51% 6% DK/ DWTA how easy) 70Market accessibility and availabilityof householdNative residents needs Employment status - male / female potential Female employment status IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Imporving agricultural prospects and market demandConditions to start up a new business (perception80 of UnemployedAbility to access adequate household income Optimism due to improving economy Residents satisfied with the proximity of residencePerception to of impactEmployed of conflict on household economic How easy for females toUnemployed access jobs per genderHow easy for females to access jobs IDPs living in camps Marginalized and African migrants Somewhat disagree 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Somewhat100% unsatisfied 6% DK/ DWTA how easy) 70 places of work potential 100 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Satisfied Education 12% Employed 15% 23%24% Strongly disagree 50 Employed100 Continuing education Continuing education Somewhat agree 60 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 90 Continuing education 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly disagree 40 90 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Native residents Continuing education Very satisfied 15% 23%24% 50 7% DK/ DWTA80 Unemployed 4% IDPs living DK/in camps DWTA Native residents IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Public services 9% Somewhat disagree 30 80 Unemployed Unemployed IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 40 6% DK/ DWTA 14% 70 DK/ DWTA Unemployed Very satisfied Somewhat disagree 5% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 6% DK/ DWTA20 6% 4% IDPsDK/ living DWTA in campsDK/ DWTA 70 Employed 13% 9% 0%DK/10% DWTA20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants Building and 30construction 8% 28% Somewhat14% agree 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly60 disagree Employed Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 7% DK/ DWTA 14% 10 24% 60 Strongly disagree The Marginalized24% and Afican migrants IDPs living14% in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Marginalized and African migrants 6% DK/20 DWTA 18%28% 16% 15% 13%23%24% Strongly disagree Males21% 50 9% DK/ DWTA 32% Marginalized and African migrants 28% Somewhat agree 29%Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly0 disagree15% 23% Strongly disagreeStrongly disagree 50 Strongly disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14% 10 24% 24% Strongly disagree 24%The Marginalized24% and Afican migrants Somewhat40 disagree 14% Somewhat disagree 28% Strongly disagree Intellectual professions 6% 21%Strongly agree 24% 32% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 29% 14% 24% Strongly disagree 25% 27% 21% Males Females Somewhat disagree 40 Strongly disagree 18% 20% IDPs living in camps Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 31% 0 Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree SomewhatSomewhat disagree disagree 29% 30 IDPsSomewhat living in camps disagree Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 28%80% 90% 100% 30 Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat disagree27% Commerce and MalesFIREFemales 5% 29% 24% 18% Somewhat20 agree 20% Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree 24% 28% Somewhat agree 20 Somewhat disagree 34% 28% 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 28% 28% SomewhatSomewhat agree agree 30% 10 Strongly agree The Marginalized andSomewhat Afican migrants agree 24% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat28% agree 29% 10 33% The Marginalized and Afican migrants As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 18% 28% Somewhat agree Agriculture, livestock and 4% 28% Females Strongly0 agree 34% Strongly agree 23% DK/ DWTA Somewhat agree 30% 29% Strongly agree 0 Somewhat agree Native residents city 28% Strongly agree 28% 30% Strongly agree 33% Strongly agreeStrongly agree Males Females Strongly agree0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the fishery Strongly agree Strongly agree Males Females23% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/ DWTA Strongly disagree 29% Strongly agree 28% Native residents city Strongly agree Strongly agree Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Transport 4% Native resident of Marib IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat agree Strongly Disagree Native resident of Marib Communications 1% IDPs living in camps Strongly Disagree Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender Somewhat agree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree places of work IDPs living in camps Agricultural activity is strong around the city Imporving agricultural prospectsMining and and market energy demand 1% Ability to access adequate household income Employment status per demographic group Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs How easy for females to access jobs per gender Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree places of work The Marginalized and Afican migrants Employment status FIGURE 84. Market accessibility and Somewhat agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree FIGURE 81. Household income FIGURE 82. Optimism due to FIGURE 83. Perception as to how Continuing education The Marginalized and Afican migrants FIGURE 80. Employment by DK/ DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native residents availability of households needs 5% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Strongly agree improving economy easy it 7%is to start a businessDK/ DWTA Unemployed DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants economic sector 5% DK/ DWTA 18% 16% Strongly disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 8% Continuing education 7% DK/ DWTA Native residents Strongly disagree Males 7% DK/ DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA Employed 24% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants 18% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods14% 24% Strongly disagree 16% 25% Males Strongly disagree 21% 24% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 13% 24% Unemployed 24% Strongly disagree 31% Strongly disagree Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 25% 24% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 24% 14% 31%24% Somewhat disagree 21% SomewhatIDPs disagree living in camps 24% 36% 31% Employed Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree Somewhat agree27% Strongly agree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagree 18% 28% 28% Somewhat agree 61% 24% Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree Females 28% 28% Somewhat agree 28% 27% Somewhat agree 28% Strongly agree 19% 28% 18% 28% Somewhat agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agreeFemales 30% Strongly agree Somewhat agree 28% 29% Strongly agree Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 30% Strongly agreeThe Marginalized and Afican migrants 26% Strongly agree 29% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0%100%10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group Employment status How easy for females to access jobs Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status Continuing education Employment status Native residents Continuing education Unemployed DK/ DWTA 100 Native residents 8% Continuing education Continuing education Unemployed Continuing education Native residents 90 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods DK/ DWTA Employed Strongly disagree 8% Continuing education Native residents 80 Unemployed UnemployedNative residents Unemployed 6% 7% DK/ DWTA 13% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 24% Strongly disagree DK/ DWTA 70 24% Strongly disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Employed Unemployed Employed IDPs living in camps 13% 60 24% 36% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly disagree 24% Strongly disagree 31% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 15% 23%24% 50 SomewhatIDPs living disagree in camps 61% 36% 31% Employed Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree Somewhat disagree 40 28% The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat disagree 61% 19% 28% IDPs living in camps 30 Somewhat agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 28% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 19% 28% 20 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree 26% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 10 Strongly agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 29% Strongly agree 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status 100 Continuing education 90 Continuing education 100 Native residents Continuing education 80 90 Unemployed Continuing education Unemployed 6% DK/ DWTA 70 Native residents 80 Unemployed Employed 60 Unemployed Employed 6% DK/ DWTA 70 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed 15% 23% Strongly disagree 50 60 24% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed Strongly disagree 40 15% 23%24% 50 IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagree 30 40 Somewhat disagree 20 IDPs living in camps 30 28% Somewhat agree 10 20 28% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% Somewhat agree 29% 0 10 Strongly agree The Marginalized and Afican migrants 28% 29% Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree 0 Males Females 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 86 Marib Urban Profile Economy

SCORECARD / SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Access to The tribes, on their part, are also increasingly worried about and training of Yemeni nationals. Prior to 2015, Marib’s Adequate Income the increased authority in the hands of newcomers. inhabitants were primarily tribesmen working in the Through Decent agricultural sector. The oil refinery does not appear to have Means Post-Conflict Economic Changes been a source of direct livelihoods, as local labor was not Changes to Marib’s economy since 2015 include the considered to possess the necessary capacity and skills. establishment of a large number of small and medium sized business enterprises. Fuel and gas prices have risen According to research conducted on informal commercial considerably since 2015 throughout Yemen but have activities in Sanaa leading up to 2010 3 qat trade in urban remained significantly lower in Marib due to the proximity areas is controlled by large producers or regional investors of Safer sector 18. who belong to prominent tribes. They have been able to invest large sums in developing transportation networks During the past five years, the economic activity in Marib from the countryside where qat is grown, to urban markets Perception of massively expanded, and capital and businesses moved to where it is sold. Easiness of take advantage of the fairly stable business environment, Starting New specifically due to the rapidly expanding real estate and trade With an increase in women-headed households witnessed Business sectors to keep up with the population increase.2 According due to male heads having experienced death, disappearance to a local group observing economic activity in Marib or migration without remittances, women have been placed reporting to the profiling team, over 800 new businesses with a double burden according to recent research by opened up in Marib between March and May 2020, despite international development agencies. In addition to becoming fears of COVID 19 and the few lockdown measures taken. the primary provider, they remain primary caregivers. These Confidence in the local authority was also a driving factor conditions appear to have facilitated increased openness to this boom, despite security setbacks and frequent rocket to women working outside of the home in factory jobs, food and drone attacks on the surrounding military settings. production, education, and even in police jobs in Marib and beyond. Access to Job Smaller investments expanded into new markets in the Opportunities for city, mainly through makeshift and temporary structures as Women revealed by the profiling team’s interviews with several of them, to “increase supply but to minimize investments in fixed assets at the same time.” Whether these businesses Electricity station will permanently become part of Marib’s urban rise or be Airport forced to relocate will determine the fate of this unlikely Main hospital economic gift the war presented. Agree / The oil industry and hotels are primarily staffed by Somewhat agree 1 Marib city centre expatriates, despite Yemeni laws requiring employment 2 South new development area Somewhat disagree 3 East Marib Strongly disagree 4 North Marib مأرب-اليمنية-مدينة-خلف-جبهات-القتال-أرض-سد-مأرب-وملكة-سبأ-المدينة-الملجأ-في-حرب-اليمن/April 2020, https://ar.qantara.de/content ,”أرض سد مأرب وملكة سبأ - المدينة الملجأ في حرب اليمن“ ,Qantara 2 3 Roman Stadnicki. 2014. "The Challenges of Urban Transition in Yemen: Sana'a and Other Major Cities." Journal of Arabian Studies 4(1): 115-133. 5 North-East Marib Masterplan area 87

1 Marib city centre 2 South new development area 3 East Marib 4 North Marib 5 North-East Marib

FIGURE 85. New girls school students lining up for class. (UN Habitat Profiling Team) Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state Influence of extenral powers Public Spaces General data Complaint and the state External powers (such as other government or corpora- There are places in the city that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators conditionsExternal powers for the (such residents. as other government or corpora- mosques,There are placeswater sources, in the city etc.) that I like and enjoy due to If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an Participation in Focal Group Discussions People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills tions) use their powers to the disadvantage of the living their cultural or natural beauty (suh as parks, squares, Responders by age group Respondents by gender official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators conditions for the residents. mosques, water sources, etc.) DK/DWTA Responders by age group Respondents by gender 3% 4% DK/ DWTA 6% Maybe DK/DWTA Native resident of Marib 13% DK/DWTAStrongly Disagree 12% 8% Strongly agree 3% 4% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 6% MaybeNo 27% DK/DWTAStrongly disagree Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree More than 60 Females 13% 19% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly Disagree 12% 15% 8%13% StronglySomewhat agree agree 38% Somewhat agree 22% More36-60 than 60 FemalesMales 16% 48% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree NoYes 27% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 32% 19% 13% Somewhat agreedisagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 38% 15% SomewhatStrongly agree agree 36-6025-35 49% Males 16% 48% Somewhat disagreeagree 56% Yes Somewhat disagreeagree 22% 32% 51% 18% 26% 21% SomewhatStrongly disagree disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 21% 39% Marginalized and African migrants 25-3516-24 49% SomewhatStrongly agree agree 56% SomewhatStrongly agree agree 51% 18% 26% 21% StronglyDK/DWTA disagree 44% 21% 39% Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 16-24 Strongly agree Strongly agree

DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 44% Cultural heritage

If I could not get my needs from the state institutions, I I Culturalconsider the preservation heritage of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group whoIf I could live innot my get area my needs from the state institutions, I I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Respondents by target population groups Displacement status If I face any problem, I prefer to resort to law enforcement or an As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the city. People in the city pay their taxes and utility bills - per demographic group can access assisstance from my friends and neighbours important issue official entity rather than to a local leader or mediators by demographic group who live in my area 3% 20% 12% 26% 24% 3% 12% 3% Strongly agree Strongly agree 20% 12% 7% 26% 24% DK/DWTA DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 12% Native resident of Marib 6% Native resident of Marib 3% StronglySomewhat agree agree 34% 7% StronglySomewhat agree agree 21% DK/DWTAStrongly Disagree DK/DWTAStrongly disagree 12% 19% Native resident of Marib 16% 6% DK/DWTAStrongly Disagree Native resident of Marib 12% Somewhat disagree 31% Somewhat disagree 34% 20% Somewhat agreedisagree Somewhat agreedisagree 33% 21% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly Disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree 64% 19% 16% StronglySomewhat Disagree disagree Somewhat disagreeagree 31% Somewhat disagreeagree 20% SomewhatStrongly disagree disagree SomewhatStrongly disagree disagree 33% 64% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 64% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% Somewhat disagreeagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 39% 26% Somewhat agree Somewhat agree StronglyDK/DWTA disagree StronglyDK/DWTA disagree The Marginalized and Afican migrants Arrived in the past 6 months only 26% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 20% SomewhatStrongly agree agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree 39% 26% Marginalized and African migrants Marginalized and African migrants DK/DWTA DK/DWTA TheIDPs Marginalized living in camps and Afican migrants Arrived inafter the the past conflict 6 months started only in 2015 26% Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPs living in campsthe city's traditional neighbourhoods ArrivedResident after of Marib the conflict before started the conflict in 2015 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% IDPsNative living residents in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Resident of Marib before the conflict Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all Native residents services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? Can you access adequate information to help you manage your daily life and to know the status of The state is facing significant challenges in providing decent quality of services for all Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an services through websites (including through social media platforms such as Facebook)? ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA 6% Residents in the city today are living in peace and harmo- Native resident of Marib DK/DWTA I consider the preservation of Marib's cultural heritage an Completely unsatisfied ny regardless of tribal, cultural and social backgrounds important issue Current occupation DK/DWTA 12% 22% Native resident of Marib 6% DK/DWTAStrongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods CompletelySomewhat unsatisfied unsatisfied 4% Native resident of Marib 22% Strongly agree Strongly Disagree Satisfied 12% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 22% 4%14% Native resident of Marib IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 36% StronglySomewhat agree agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods StronglySomewhat Disagree disagree SatisfiedVery satisfied Somewhat disagreeagree 14% 22% 38% Somewhatsomewhat disagreeagree Somewhat disagreeagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 36% 19% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Marginalized and African migrants SomewhatStrongly agree agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree somewhatStrongly disagree disagree Somewhat agree 38% 19% Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Strongly agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree 27% StronglyDK/DWTA disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 27% DK/DWTA Marginalized and African migrants You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 6% 10% DK/DWTA 6% 18% 10% DK/DWTACompletely unsatisfied 18% CompletelySomewhat unsatisfied unsatisfied 34% SomewhatSatisfied unsatisfied 32% 34% SatisfiedVery satisfied Safety and respsect 32% Services Housing Covid 19 As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the Very satisfied city - per age group Safety and respsect AccessServices to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply PerceptionHousing of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19Covid worsening 19 the economic hardship for the As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit city - per age group You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTA Access to 12 hours or less of daily electrcity supply Perception of improving shelter conditions in terms of affordability and Perception of stability in the current shelter (against natural hazards, COVID-19 worsening the economic hardship for the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit M Strongly Disagree 5% You can access clean drinking water adequacy comapred to previous year violence, or risk of eviction) household 16-24 F DK/DWTA DK/DWTA 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA 5% DK/ DWTA 25-35 F Somewhat disagree 14% DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA M Strongly Disagree 5% DK/DWTAStrongly disagree Native resident of Marib Native residents M Strongly Disagree Strongly disagree 7% 15%4% 15%5% 23% 25-35 F Somewhat agree DK/DWTA DK/ DWTA DK/Strongly DWTA disagree DK/Not stableDWTA DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 36-60 F Somewhat disagree 14% 36% 15% 32% M Stronglysomewhat disagree disagree Native resident of Marib Somewhat disagree Native residents Somewhat disagree 15% 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly Disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree StronglySomewhat disagree disagree NotSomewhat stable stable 15% 23% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree M Somewhat agree 20% 36% 36-60 F Somewhat agree 15% 32% More than 60 F somewhatSomewhat disagreeagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat disagreeagree 21% 34% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods 19% Somewhat disagreeagree SomewhatStable stable 24% Somewhat disagreeagree M 20% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps IDPs living in camps M SomewhatStrongly agree agree Strongly agree More than 60 F 25% SomewhatStrongly agree agree Somewhat agree 26% 21% 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 19% SomewhatStrongly agree agree 26% StableVery stable 24% SomewhatStrongly agree agree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree IDPs living in camps Strongly agree M 25% Strongly agree Marginalized and African migrants The Marginalized and Afican migrants 26% 33% Strongly agree 26% Very stable Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Fear of catching COVID-19 Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the I feel more respected in Marib than the area I came from or other places I visit, by gender 100 Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income city - per demographic group DK/DWTA in the city (regardless of displacement status) Fear of catching COVID-19 You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 100 Satisfaction with present level of electrcity supply Cost of accessing shelter over 50% of household income 2% Native resident of Marib F city - per demographic group DK/DWTA 80 Strongly Disagree in the city (regardless8% of displacement status) 5% DK/ DWTA DK/DWTA You are satisfied with the quality of education services in the city DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree 16% 16%2% Native resident of Marib F DK/DWTA 6080 Strongly Disagree DK/DWTA 2% DK/Absent DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Very satisfactory 8% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 5% 26% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree F Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib 17% 15% M Strongly Disagree Somewhat disagree Completely unsatisfied 13% 16% 27% 16% AbsentPoor M 4060 DK/DWTA 2% VerySatisfactory satisfactory 26% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods F Somewhat agree SomewhatStrongly agree agree 36% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree StronglySomewhat disagree disagree IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F Somewhat disagree Native resident of Marib Somewhat unsatisfied 17% 40 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Completely unsatisfied 13% 28% 27% 24% 43% PoorAverage M Strongly agree 20 Strongly agree 21% SatisfactorySomewhat satisfactory Somewhat disagreeagree Somewhat disagreeagree M Somewhat agree Satisfied 36% IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps F IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied 26% 24% Strong Marginalized and African migrants F 200 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps SomewhatUnsatisfactory satisfactory 32% 28% 17% 43% Average M Strongly agree Very satisfied 21% SomewhatStrongly agree agree SomewhatStrongly agree agree M Female Male Satisfied 26% Marginalized and African migrants F 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 28% UnsatisfactoryDK/ DWTA 32% 17% Strong 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very satisfied Strongly agree Strongly agree M Female Male Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% DK/ DWTA Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 100I feel safe and welcomed in most places in Marib Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from DK/DWTA coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib 100 Access to clean drinking water Has the city provided necessary resources to protect people from 80 DK/DWTAStrongly Disagree in the city by demographic group coronavirus (such as masks, medical stations, awareness campaigns)? I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of Perception of being welcomed to rent a house anywhere Access to affordable housing in Marib Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat disagree Access to clean drinking water 6080 Strongly Disagree my skin or my social status) in the city by demographic group Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA Somewhat agree I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of 3% DK/ DWTA Somewhat disagree 3% 4060 my skin or my social status) DK/ DWTA DK/ DWTA Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree DK/DWTA Native residents 15% Somewhat agree 4% Strongly agree 3% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree Native resident of Marib Strongly disagree 19% 3% 34% 24% 2040 Strongly Disagree DK/ DWTA DK/Unsatisfactory DWTA 31% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly agree DK/DWTA 4%17% Somewhat agree Native residents 15% Native resident of Marib 29% Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree StronglySomewhat disagree disagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree 19% 34% UnsatisfactorySomewhat satisfactory 18% 31%24% 200 Strongly Disagree 17% Somewhat agreedisagree Somewhat agree Female Male Somewhat agree 29% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 28% Somewhat disagreeagree Strongly disagree DK/DWTA IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree IDPs living in camps 19% SomewhatSatisfactory satisfactory 18% 0 IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps SomewhatStrongly agree agree Female Male SomewhatStrongly agree agree 26% SomewhatStrongly disagree disagree 22% 28%34% SomewhatStrongly agree agree 23% IDPs living in camps 19% SatisfactoryVery satisfactory I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree Strongly agree 26% StronglyDK/ DWTA disagree 22% 34% Strongly agree my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants 23% Very satisfactory I feel I can access different opportunities in Marib, regardless of my appearances (such as the color of The Marginalized and Afican migrants0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/ DWTA my skin or my social status) Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DK/DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Native resident of Marib DK/DWTAStrongly Disagree 88 Marib Urban Profile Native resident of Marib Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods StronglySomewhat Disagree disagree Somewhat agree Satisfaction with the basic state services (mail, internet, real estate registration, permits, etc.) IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree Economy Economy - females IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/DWTA Somewhat agree Native resident of Marib Completely unsatisfied Economy Economy - females IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps DK/DWTA Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants Strongly agree Native resident of Marib Somewhat unsatisfied how easy) potential IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Completely unsatisfied Conditions to start up a new business (perception of Optimism due to improving economy Perception of impact of conflict on household economic How easy for females to access jobs Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Satisfied IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat unsatisfied ENVIRONMENT how easy) potential IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very satisfied Environment 7% DK/ DWTA 4% DK/ DWTA Satisfied 14% 6% DK/ DWTA 13% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Very satisfied 7% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 4% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 9% Marginalized and African migrants 15 14% 21% 14%24% 32%24% 14% 6% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 13% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree StronglySomewhat disagree disagree 9% Marginalized and African migrants 27% 14% 21% 24% 18% 32%24% 20% 14% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree 29% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree Access to clean drinking water per demographic group 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% Somewhat disagreeagree 28% Somewhat disagreeagree 27% 24% 29% 18% 20% 34% Somewhat disagreeagree 30%28% 28%33% Somewhat disagreeagree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the 24% SomewhatStrongly agree agree SomewhatStrongly agree agree 23% DK/ DWTA 34% Native residents city 28% SomewhatStrongly agree agree 30% SomewhatStrongly agree agree As a citizen in the city, I think that my voice matters and should be considered to form the future of the The environmental challenges in Marib are a microcosm Agriculture Strongly agree 33% Strongly agree DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 23% Native residents city 28% Strongly agree Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree DK/DWTA of the severe ecological risks in the country, as Yemen’s Marib has historically been one of the top-five producing Strongly disagree Native resident of Marib Somewhat agree DK/DWTAStrongly Disagree ecological degradation has become even more acute governorates in Yemen for fruit and cash crops but its IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree SCORCECARDImporving agricultural -prospects Agricultural and market prospectsdemand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender IDPs living in camps Native resident of Marib Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods StronglySomewhat Disagree disagree on farms and natural resources. The combination of agricultural regions are exhibiting signs of distress and lost places of work Somewhat agree Imporving agricultural prospects and market demand Ability to access adequate household income Residents satisfied with the proximity of residence to How easy for females to access jobs per gender IDPs living in camps Somewhat disagreeagree 3 The Marginalized and Afican migrants Strongly agree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods population growth and displacement, climate change, and crops and livelihoods, with about 41% of croplands in Marib Agriculture and livestock activities are improving in and places of work IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps SomewhatStrongly agree agree around Marib due to market demand DK/ DWTA the inability to respond to or mitigate natural disasters in in distress. To understand the changes in agriculture areas 5% DK/ DWTA The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 7% 7% DK/ DWTA IDPs living in slums, informal settlements or camps Strongly agree DK/ DWTA 18% Strongly disagree Marginalized and African migrants an active conflict may pose greater risks than the current pre- and post-crisis, a Normalized Difference Vegetation 5% 16% Males DK/ DWTA 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 24% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 7% 24% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 14%7% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 25% 21% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree Marginalized and African migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% military conflict. The environment has been described as Index (NDVI) analysis conducted by UNH (2013-1019) 31%24% 18% 16% Males 1 24% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree 24% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree Somewhat agree a “silent victim” of armed conflicts; analysts in Yemen revealed that the total agricultural area decreased in Marib 14% 31%24% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree 25% 24% 21% Somewhat disagree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 28% Somewhat disagreeagree 27% Strongly agree now predict that the looming environmental crisis poses over the past 6 years by almost 40% for a total of 30km2 18% 28% 28% Somewhat disagreeagree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagreeagree 28% 24% Females 2 28% SomewhatStrongly agree agree 30% 27% Strongly agree an even greater risk than the current civil war. Marib is lost. Imagery also suggested a significant shrinking of 18% 28%29% 28% SomewhatStrongly agree agree SomewhatStrongly agree agree 28% Females no exception to this environmental tragedy, with limited water bodies, indicating an increasing trend of draught. Strongly agree 30% Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 29% Strongly agree entry points for programming solutions in the midst of 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% deteriorating conflict and the need to give more attention to Climactic stressors notwithstanding, Marib’s agricultural short-term humanitarian responses (as of late 2020). production has increased relative to the other major Agricultural activity is strong around the city Employment status per demographic group How easy for females to access jobs Employment status producing governorates, possibly as a result of Marib ToAgricultural my knowledge, activity agricultureis strong around is presently the city thriving Employment status per demographic group Continuing education How easy for females to access jobs Native residents Employment status The year 2019 was a turning point for Marib, in which being outside of the active conflict frontlines prior to the ContinuingUnemployed education DK/ DWTA 8% Continuing education Native residents 4 7% DK/ DWTA Native residents Employed it went from a hosting city success story to a city with a escalation of Houthi attacks around Marib in 2020. This IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Unemployed DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 8% ContinuingUnemployed education 13% 24% Native residents Somewhat disagree hosting crisis. The environmental factors underlying the is also reflected in the urban scorecards, where 62% 7% 24% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Strongly disagree IDPs living in camps fragility of the city have become serious priorities for future of respondents somewhat or strongly agree with the 13% 36% 31% 24% UnemployedEmployed Somewhat agree 24% StronglySomewhat disagree disagree 61% IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Somewhat disagree 28% IDPs living in camps IDPs living in camps Strongly agree government and international organizations recognizing statement that agriculture is currently thriving. Nevertheless, 19% 36% 31% Employed The Marginalized and Afican migrants Somewhat agree 28% Somewhat disagreeagree 61% that food and water shortages, floods, locusts, and other agricultural production remains an area of grave concern, 28% IDPs living in camps Strongly agree 19% 28%26% The Marginalized and Afican migrants0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants climate change-related disasters will require top-level as food insecurity remains an acute risk in the governorate, SomewhatStrongly agree agree 26% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% coordination and response in 2021 and beyond. This is with the IDP community being particularily vulnerable. Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% especially relevant as Marib city is the only city within the In the governorate as a whole, the food insecurity has

governorate of Marib with significant agricultural resources, progressively worsened; where in 2019 outright famine was Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs Employment status - male / female Female employment status and an important reliance the Marib dam. There is now a averted by high levels of international support, a projection FIGURE 87. Perceptions of prospects of agriculture Market accessibility and availabilityof household needs 100 Employment status - male / female Female employment status Continuing education growing sense of crisis and strain as a result of shrinking for 2021 by the Integrated Phase Classification for food 90 Continuing education Native residents 100 80 ContinuingUnemployed education Unemployed water bodies and the rapid decline in agricultural output seen insecurity is that over 60% of the population in Marib will 6% DK/ DWTA 7090 Continuing education Employed Native residents by Marib’s farmers. Furthermore, as a primary destination fall under “Phase 3” (crisis) or higher (See FIGURE 88 on 6080 Unemployed IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods UnemployedEmployed 6% DK/Strongly DWTA disagree 70 15% 23%24% 50 Employed for IDPs, the adverse effects of climate will continue to put page 90). As Yemen now enters into the worst famine 4060 IDPs living in the city's traditional neighbourhoods Employed StronglySomewhat disagree disagree IDPs living in camps destabilizing pressures Marib and its capacity to manage conditions yet5 seen, ensuring the sustainability of the 15% 23%24% 3050 related to food insecurity. 2040 28% Somewhat disagreeagree IDPs living in camps the displacement crisis on its hands. agricultural production will be critical for programming 28% 1030 The Marginalized and Afican migrants 29% 20 28% SomewhatStrongly agree agree 0 1 UNEP, Protecting the environment during armed conflict. An inventory and analysis of international law. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2009. 28% 29% 10 Males Females The Marginalized and Afican migrants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2 Helen Lackner, Abdulrahman Al-Eryani, “Yemen’s environmental crisis is the biggest risk for its future”, The Century Foundation, https://tcf.org/content/report/yemens-environmental-crisis-biggest-risk-future/?session=1 0 Strongly agree 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 3 Darbyshire, Eoghan, (2020) Yemen’s agriculture in distress. Conflict and Environment Observatory. Available from: https://ceobs.org/yemens-agriculture-in-distress/ Males Females 4 Ibid. 5 IOM Concerned about Impact of Yemen Famine Predictions on Displaced Persons, Migrants.” 2020. International Organization for Migration. December 4, 2020. https://www.iom.int/news/iom-concerned-about-impact-yemen-famine-predictions-displaced-persons-migrants.https://www.iom. int/news/iom-concerned-about-impact-yemen-famine-predictions-displaced-persons-migrants 89 Raghwan

MAP 10 - AGRICULTURE IN MARIB Vegetation (NDVI Class 2, 4, 5) in 2013 Vegetation (NDVI Class 2, 4, 5) in 2019.

MedgWaterhal bodies in 2013 To understand the changes in agricultural areas pre- and Water bodies in 2019 post the crisis, a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis was done for Marib region for March 2013 and March 2019 with Landsat-8 imagery 2013 and 2019. The analysis results showed differences in agricultural areas both in area size and crop type.

The analysis illustrated 5 classes: Class 1 ( -1 – 0): Water Bodies Class 3 (0.18 – 0.3): Vegetables, the NDVI is less than 0.20. Class 4 (0.3 – 0.6): Olives or Fruit trees as they have a stable profile with nearly constant value (>0.50) while new farms of olives will have a stable NDVI that is in the range of 0.20 to 0.30

Marib The initial analysis suggests that the total agricultural area decreased from 2013 on 2019 by almost 40% for a total 30 km2.

Furthermore, the imagery suggests a significant shrinking Sirwah of the water bodies from 2013 to 2019 with almost 47%, Marib City likely indicating an increasing trend in drought. This could cause major challenges to food security in the region.

Over the last thirty years, Yemen experienced four periods of drought, 1979-1981, 1983- 1984, 1990-1991, 2007- 2009 which have caused severe damage to the Yemeni economy, which largely relies on agricultural resources.

Yemeni researcher Dhaifallah (Dhaifallah, 2018), has earlier shown that there is a gradual transition of agricultural areas from mild to moderate drought by 64% and from moderate to severe drought by 26% from 1985 to 2015, and suggests that this will cause a major threat and challenges to both food security and overall development of the country. (https://www. researchgate.net/publication/326727607_Drought_ Risk_Assessment_Using_Remote_Sensing_and_GIS_in_ Yemen) Al Jubah

0 3 6 12 18 24 Kilometers 90 Marib Urban Profile Environment

and irrigation density.7 Marib is also increasingly vulnerable The loss of agricultural land is attributed in large part to to flooding. Analysis of the past twenty years reveals the rising temperatures in Marib’s desert regions, combined that of the environmental crises facing Marib, flooding with decreased sunlight in the uplands. In response, Marib’s now far outweighs the other environmental risks. 2020 local planners must recognize the city faces some of the was marked by unprecedented flooding and downpours greatest vulnerabilities to climate change,6 and in addition causing significant damage. Furthermore, the swelling of to voicing determination to make the environment a priority, the reservoir of the Marib dam, built in 1986, have raised they will also have to take the lead in adjust local plans to concerns it might collapse and requires “quick solutions to protect its own natural and agricultural resources. face potential dangers.”8 Flooding is a crisis that also can Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Higher than present an opportunity for Marib, supporting an argument Minimal Stressed Crisis Emergency Phase 3 Water resources that the area is not necessarily “running out of water” but in 2019 27% 29% 27% 17% 44% 9 Water scarcity has been identified as one of the most critical need of better systems to manage its water. 2020 15% 35% 35% 14% 49% threats to Marib, and is exacerbated by the higher population 2021 10% 29% 42% 19% 61%

6 https://gain-new.crc.nd.edu/country/yemen 7 UN Habitat, Rapid City and Neighborhood Profiling for Yemen - State of Yemen Cities , 2020 FIGURE 88. IPC Classification 2019 - 2021. 2021 is a projection. 8 “Several Killed in Yemen Floods | Climate News | Al Jazeera”, n.d., accessed March 4, 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/5/several-killed-in-yemen-floods. 9 Stephen Caton, “The paradox of Qat”, Al Jazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2010/9/20/the-paradox-of-qat

2019 2020 2021

Majzar Majzar Raghwan Raghwan Majzar Raghwan Medghal Medghal Marib Marib Medghal Marib City Marib Sirwah Sirwah Marib City Marib City Harib Al Qaramish Sirwah Harib Al Qaramish Harib Al Qaramish Al Jubah Al Jubah Al Jubah Jabal Murad Jabal Murad Harib Jabal Murad Harib Rahabah Rahabah Harib Rahabah Al Abdiyah Phase 2 - Stressed Al Abdiyah Mahliyah Al Abdiyah Mahliyah Mahliyah Phase 3 - Crisis

Phase 4 - Emergency

FIGURE 89. IPC Acute Food Insecurity Analysis 2019-2021. IPC gives an indication of the level of stress, with caveats, experienced regarding food security. Mapped from http://www.ipcinfo.org 91

Environment and stress on human health. national and local ability to respond to current and projected Water-borne diseases such as cholera have been on the changes in climate. Yemen has been a signatory to the United rise10 due to a number of factors contributing to groundwater Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change since contamination. These include the lack of consistent WASH 2009, but it will now be incumbent upon local authorities such services-- particularly sewage networks-- as well as the lack as Marib’s government to take the initiative in developing its of solid waste removal and recycling programs. In addition own climate adaptation plan. An international consortium of to water pollution, Marib residents are also at greater risk scientists and policymakers recently proposed that efforts of air pollution due to living in proximity to hydrocarbon to tackle the environment need to begin with coordination of extraction areas.11 People in nearby settlements complain of local stakeholders from the government and tribes. unusually high rates of cancer and other previously unknown To support better knowledge sharing and harmonization or rare diseases.12 Additionally, widespread use of pesticides of efforts related to water and environmental management, increases a wide range of documented health risks--from type programs would ideally include a combination of the following 2 diabetes13, childhood poisonings14 to other comorbidities stakeholders:15 that put communities at risk of worsening COVID-19 effects » Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and branch . Prior to the conflict, there were renewed efforts to tackle the offices problem – for example in discussions at the National Dialogue Conference. However, in 2019 it was reported in Yemen’s sixth » National Water Resources Authority (NWRA) and branch national report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) offices that ‘weak law enforcement related to pesticides and fertilizers » Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project (UWSSP) use’ remains one of the key obstacles preventing sustainable agriculture. » Urban Local Corporations FIGURE 91. Young sweet orange tree (FAO) » General Authority for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Current governments capacity to manage the environmental challenges » Project (GARWSP) and branch offices From a technical-managerial perspective, Marib’s government » General Directorate of Irrigation (GDI) and branch offices must overcome economic challenges (weak capacity, security and regional coordination constraints, lack of reliable data » Improved Irrigation Project (IIP) and monitoring and a range of other factors that hamper the » Groundwater and Soil Conservation Project (GSCP) 10 ReliefWeb. 2021. Fighting Cholera in Yemen - Yemen. [online] Available at: [Accessed 4 March 2021]. » Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), 11 https://www.google.com/url?q=https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/6831/ impact-of-oil-wells-drilling-process-on-human-health-in-hadhramout-yemen.pdf&sa=D&- » Women’s groups, and student and youth groups source=editors&ust=1614287284206000&usg=AOvVaw09XqmIRJFRWIjMyCxeFO9Y 12 Saleh Mohammed Altamimi, Radieah Mohd Nor, and Mohd Sayuti Hassan, “Impact of Oil Wells Drilling Process on Human Health in Hadhramout, Yemen,” International Journal of Phase 2 - Stressed Academic Research in Business and Social Studies 9, no. 12 (2019): 924–39, https://hrmars. com/papers_submitted/6831/impact-of-oil-wells-drilling-process-on-human-health-in-hadhramout-yemen.pdf. See, Helen Lackner, Abdulrahman Al-Eryani, “Yemen’s environmental Phase 3 - Crisis crisis is the biggest risk for its future”, The Century Foundation, https://tcf.org/content/report/ FIGURE 90. Spraying for locust infestation, Spring 2020. yemens-environmental-crisis-biggest-risk-future/?session=1 13 http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life150118/10_33260lsj150118_56_59.pdf 15 https://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ Phase 4 - Emergency 14 https://ijshr.com/IJSHR_Vol.5_Issue.2_April2020/IJSHR0036.pdf Water-Management-in-Yemen.pdf 92 Marib Urban Profile

LOOKING AHEAD FOR MARIB 16 CONSIDERATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Marib has been transformed by the conflict and plays an landscape from one that relies on the polarity of Sana’a in increasingly significant role in Yemen as a bridge between the north and Aden in the south, by adding a third pole with Considerations and implications the divided regions of the country. Marib's ability to defy significant population weight. This state of tripolar centrality the odds of the war in Yemen by remaining an island of serves as an asset to test Yemen’s constitutional reforms relatively functional governance and prosperity will require of 2015, which rightly pointed out to a decentralized Yemen, proactive and careful policymaking to manage this growth. and to decentralization as an end-state solution to the Civilians in Yemen face increased hardships on the horizon. conflict. While Sana’a will always rely on its capital status, With about 24 million of Yemen’s 30 million people needing and Aden in the south on its vibrant trade relations and some form of humanitarian aid, the country is now on the fertile land fortunes, Marib has leveraged the oil resources brink of a full-scale famine. Localism has its limits and to restore its status as a city-state which was lost centuries Marib’s ability to remain an island of relative stability is at back. The unsustainability however stems from multiple least partly dependent on its ability to maintain revenue. competing factors that may determine the future of Marib However, there is a chance for Marib to use its current as a city-state. It is difficult to conceive how Marib will be relative wealth and prosperity to act proactively in shaping able to maintain its privileged access to oil revenues should future urban development outcomes. a national unity be reestablished, and the distribution of natural resources become in the hands of central powers The socio-economic development of the city is inextricably again. Moreover, should the Houthi-Saleh forces eventually tied to its security environment. If the breakthroughs control Marib, they have already issued laws that would achieved in the fall of 2020 with the prisoner release and take the control of natural resources completely out of the steps towards a peace deal can be sustained and built hands of the peripheries or the decentralized authorities. upon, then an improved Master Plan has a foundation and window of feasibility. With the visit of the UN Secretary The following needs are also offered for consideration: General’s envoy Martin Griffiths to Marib in March of 20201 and subsequent statements, the UN has already strongly urged all parties to halt actions which perpetuate the deteriorating security environment. All future urban development is contingent on a mutual agreement between all sides on this and a commitment from national actors in Yemen and stakeholders within the region come to realize that Marib’s role as a safe haven and potential engine of economic growth is too vital to fail, planning for the city and peri-urban areas can be implemented.

This model in Marib is both significant and unsustainable. It is significant because it is changing Yemen’s political

1 In March of 2020, the UN Secretary General’s Envoy visited Marib in an attempt to urge parties to halt the deteriorating security environment.# Armed attacks had escalated in the wake of the assassination of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani in January, 2020 (viewed as retribution by the Iranian proxy forces believed to be responsible for armed incursions in the Marib region such as attacks on the oil pipelines in the governorate). Griffiths’ visit was considered a historic moment in Marib as it marked the first time a UN envoy visited Marib since the conflict broke out in 2014. 93

Demography and displacement:

Considerations Implications conflict socio-economic model. Marib’s status as a hosting magnet is significant on many » Population boom and the ‘wet cement’ of Marib’s » Give special attention to Marib’s most marginalized levels, and should urge policy makers to: currently undefined population, which is still forming groups (specifically al-Muhamasheen and African and reshaping the identity of the city. migrants). The protection of their rights must be » Understand the nation and the world is watching Marib. advocated for and affirmed in any humanitarian and » Marib has already challenged negative stereotypes The city represents an asset for Yemen and for the resilience response which cast tribalism as reactionary to progressive ideals entire conflict resolution discourse, by showing a model of pluralist and inclusive societies. Instead, Marib’s tribal of tolerance and hospitality akin to the true nature of committees have maneuvered skillfully by avoiding Yemeni history and culture. many pitfalls of the conflict. » Plan that the population boom is likely irreversible. The » There is an urgent need to consider trends related to the nearly half a million new residents in Marib are not just a likelihood of communities to stay in Mareb according transient population but likely here to stay (even though to different political and economic scenarios, and to we don’t predict new major displacement waves having ensure that needs for all the population are met. direct impact on the city itself), and push/ pull dynamics » New IDP Managerial Class, encouraged by tribal elite: in similar protracted displacement situations indicate the city is now almost totally run by the IDPs, including the majority of the IDPs in Marib will likely settle and are the internal security and the entirety of the public already in the process of establishing long-term roots. functions.2 The local tribes prefer to have the IDPs staff » Marib will constitute a new demographic and economic the bureaucracy, and demonstrate a lack of interest and pole in Yemen. This will have a positive impact on the training roles in the state affairs, but many in the IDP post-conflict governance model, as rising poles with community have the necessary skills. IDPs have eagerly an undeniable historic weight and living tradition can filled the roles in Marib and those who came from urban further stress the movement to a decentralized, multi- regions are less inclined to define themselves by their polar administration in the republic. tribal affiliation. » The city’s accommodative capacity in terms of urban » New IDP Middle Class: The rise of the IDP urban middle systems and services key functions must transform class as unaffiliated members of this newly created to durable solutions. Forward looking planning that host-IDP hybrid community is a key building block of a considers investment in fixed infrastructure assets sustainable future for Marib. capable to serve the current population will play an » Decentralization in a nutshell: While the tribes have important part in this. effectively decentralized the economy of Yemen by » Build on the existing emergency-propelled environment controlling local natural wealth, the bureaucratic middle of tolerance and solidarity to support inter-communal class is leading the administrative decentralization. The dialogue during the transition to an inclusive post- tribes on their part are also increasingly worried about the increased authority in the hands of foreign influence.

2 According to the observations by one of the field research team who contributed to this section, and while visiting a security administration in Marib, the researcher met scores of law enforcement officers, policemen, and rescue first responders inside the centre, and only found one or two individuals who are originally from Marib governorate. 94 Marib Urban Profile

Governance and growth of technical capacity

Considerations and connected policing force, for example mirroring management of high-profile urban growth projects the social structures and community groups, including ahead of addressing the basic housing and livelihood

Considerations and implications » Local government has the greatest visibility on its the tribal alliances and marginalized groups. Such needs of the majority of the city. There is a need to residents’ needs and now the city is best positioned to mirroring is essential in structuring a policing force that rapidly focus on small-scale planning and management manage crucial services. can gain the confidence of the residents regardless of capacity that Marib needs. » Marib is Yemen’s most advanced model of provincial their background, and to ensure the independence of » Rapidly support capacity development to deal with and regional administration, as envisioned in the the force from external influences. camps and spontaneous hosting neighbourhoods proceedings of the National Dialogue Conference in » Delegate more authority to the municipal level to lead turning into slums, and to make affordable housing 2015. In fact, Marib is leading other, less-advantaged daily functions, to manage part of the local budget, solutions and shelter transformation (preferably reviving and less-populated regions in their calls for further and to promote a conversation over the urban and traditional housing techniques and organic materials). decentralization and subsidiarity reforms. The UN-led economic future of the city. While a full-fledged These actions will determine whether public institutions peace process is invited to give greater attention to municipal administration in Marib remains unrealistic retain public support and maintain legitimacy by turning these bottom-up transformation processes as a key and lacks legal grounds, the governorate authority can the informal settlements into zones of opportunity and component to conflict resolution. significantly benefit from expanding localized authority engines of the city’s growth. » The lack of technical and scientific skills in Marib and accountability. » Build awareness among local authority officials and represents the greatest governance challenge, as the » Support with capacity development initiatives focusing planning entities of the importance and value of institutions are struggling to attract adequate skills for on leadership programmes such as: information protecting the city’s cultural and natural legacies, which their purposes, leading major capacity-development technology and e-services, integrated civil and property might be at jeopardy. This holds the keys to the city’s programmes, or expanding its bureaucracy and policing services, one-stop-shop, procurement and PPP, building sustainable economic growth and sense of identity and force commensurate with the growth of its functions. regulations oversight and adherence to structural ownership. safety codes, and emergency response and disaster Implications » Conduct environmental feasibility and water management. assessments before large infrastructure commitments » Expansion of bureaucracy to only the bare minimum » Avoid the traps of urban growth that only benefits a are made considering the sensitive area the master level of demand will ensure institutional effectiveness. privileged elite minority. With rapid growth and myriad plan covers. Systematically increase the “thickness” of institutional of economic opportunities emerging, the local authority capacity and their positive engagement in the daily will be under increasing pressure to adopt a modernist lives of the residents.3 Capable institutions can urban agenda leading to rapid, unsustainable urban have transparent and written laws and procedures, growth, exemplified by the city’s new master plan. manage budgets and taxes, transparently manage investments and procurements, create jobs and » Formulate the urban priorities of Marib around the involve the private sector. Priorities to this end include: management of the looming informal housing crisis. Marib officials need to rapidly revisit assumptions driving the city’s master plan which currently places » Support the development of a credible, accountable 3 By ‘thickness’ we suppose that large and adequately resourced institutions tend to have an advantage in coordinating and managing large-scale projects, challenging agile or lean theories of management. In public institutions a critical mass is needed to run the bare minimum of state or local authority functions. While thickness and resources alone is no guarantee of effectiveness, coordination and leadership and some evidence shows that agile and slim institutions (small government) can lead to better effectiveness so balance is needed based on how essential capacities are locally defined. Examples of empirical research: Beer, A., & Lester, L. (2015). Institutional thickness and institutional effectiveness: developing regional indices for policy and practice in Australia. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 2(1), 205-228, Zukauskaite, E., Trippl, M., & Plechero, M. (2017). Institutional thickness revisited. Economic Geography, 93(4), 325-345 95

Economy

Considerations Implications those nascent agencies can play a critical role in the area of civic engagement and expanding the interest » Marib’s rentier economy serves the few, but many » Conduct market and employment assessments of and participation in public affairs. opportunities to create job opportunities are left out, current businesses to better determine what is serving causing deprivation and widespread poverty. the population and generating the most value (revenue, employment, prestige) for Marib and for the various » Oil as a mixed blessing. The discovery of oil in Marib demographic groups. in 1984 provided new opportunities for exploitation but also became a new source of grievance for the » Access to cheap energy sources and reliable electricity marginalized populations of the North and the midlands. supply (which is improving to date as the local authorities are making substantial and timely investments in this » As it is unlikely for Marib to maintain the present level critical sector) is serving as a positive indicator for an of consolidation of oil revenues, political dialogue over economy that is offering opportunities for all. The local natural wealth rights must be included in the political authority, by readily ensuring such state-run supplies, peace process before it evolves into a driver to conflict. is succeeding where many regions and countries in Acknowledging the role of the formerly marginalized conflict have faltered. The promotion of Marib asa governorate in sustaining oil and electricity supplies heaven for small and medium businesses should be should not mask the problematic nature of the further supported by a capable local authority that can exploitation of natural wealth as the basis of future issue permits, give incentives to business start-ups, and stability. collect taxes to improve other critical services (such as » Even though anecdotal information on the growth transportation, water and sanitation, and vocational of businesses suggests an explosion of economic education). activity, there is a lack of sufficient data on economic » While sectors such as tourism, banking and fundamentals to determine how the city’s local economy communications are facing overwhelming conflict- is functioning, its overall health and what is needed to induced challenges in the foreseeable future, other make the economy more robust and inclusive. sectors have real chances of success and can be promoted through resilience and non-humanitarian interventions. Support to agriculture, livestock and fishery has serious potentials and direct food-security benefits, if sustainable water management and irrigation solutions are adequately supported. The real estate and construction sector will continue to grow, and skills development specifically on indigenous and climate- conscious practices will seed invaluable knowledge in support of a transition to sustainable urbanisation of the city. The non-governmental sectors and the CSOs in Marib have been expanding given the space that the local authorities and security actors are offering, and 96 Marib Urban Profile

Cultural Heritage - past is present

Considerations Implications preservation responsibility of the state institutions.

Considerations and implications » All powers involved or intervening in Yemen militarily must » The responsibility to preserve the cultural and natural » The master plan and the enforcement of building take all necessary measures to ensure the safety and heritage in Marib lies in the hands of all concerned regulations should provide for the protection of integrity of Marib’s heritage, as the deliberate decimation authorities, whether local or central, civil or military. cultural and natural assets. Organizing events of the country’s past undermines Yemen ancient history. Degrading and undermining Marib’s heritage not and seminars jointly with the local authorities can only hampers future economic opportunity and local create the space to discuss the challenges and » The near-destruction of Marib’s Sabean-era ancient dam revenues when cultural heritage tourism can gradually the various sources of risks, and to determine was decried as a deliberate attack on one of Yemen’s recover. Marib’s heritage as the former capital of feasible short-term fixes to stop the deterioration. most celebrated heritage sites. The same ideologies the oldest Arabian Peninsula kingdom (Kingdom of by which the Islamic State justified its destruction of Saba) is also directly tied to the prestige and legacy cultural heritage sites may have influenced such attacks of Yemen as the cradle of Arab-speaking sedentary/ against precarious physical evidence of Yemen’s great urban civilization. Because many of the most besieged ancient civilizations, as that detracted from the deficit countries in the Arab world (Syria, Iraq, Yemen) are also narrative with which various powers have sought to home the richest repositories of archaeological as well undermine Yemen’s cultural legacy.4 Preserving cultural as living cultural heritage, Marib’s ability to resist the ‘fog heritage from all sorts of violations, including due to of war’ from obscuring the urgency of cultural heritage wear and tear, human indifference and infringement, is protection can set a precedent for other regions. an immanent source of threat as well. The absence of central or local oversight in this regard is both unjustified » Cultural heritage protection should be prioritized at and bears future implications. many levels, and should include the following actions: » Marib’s history is preserved not just in its ruins but also » Drive institutional capacity development, adequate through its “political DNA”: while many have noted the staffing and equipment as the most serious priority, paradox of Marib as a “Switzerland” in a sea of conflict, specifically as lines of responsibilities are presently the underlying causes and social systems which blurred between local and central agencies. contributed to this outcome have been under examined. » Prioritize building capacity among youths to preserve, While many commentators have explained the causes as document and defend their heritage as a focal area for circumstantial (neutrality as a byproduct of geographic civil society empowerment. location just outside of conflict lines while still accessible to IDPs, or to “Great Man Theory” about Marib’s leadership » Build public awareness during the process of a step- being responsible for deft maneuvering between blocs), up of institutional presence and protective safeguards. historical social trends in Marib related to tribe-state The future economic benefits from heritage tourism relations, cultural heritage, and historic standing of the should help mobilize public opinion and build a critical city should also be considered as important factors in mass of responsible citizens in Marib, to shoulder the creating this status.

4 Leverage culture as a defense of Marib’s fragile success: Cultural heritage was “weaponized” in Marib which experienced attacks on its historic dam among other damages in Yemen’s civil war was has seen “cultural crimes (proliferating) in the vacuum of political instability following the 2011 Arab Spring”, (Frederick Deknatel, “Tearing the Historic Fabric: The Destruction of Yemen’s Cultural Heritage”, Los Angeles Review of Books, 21February 2017, https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/tearing-the-historic-fabric-the-destruction-of-yemens-cultural-heritage) This dynamic can be reversed as there is widespread public support in Marib as our polling revealed for cultural heritage as a great asset to protect the area and draw in much needed tourist economy as well as international funding for further preservation. 97

Health sector

The health response in Marib requires much greater group hosted in Marib. international attention given the hosting strain and the » Supporting all additional components of the Minimum several health hazards emanating from an under-resourced Service Package including child and maternal health and unprepared urban and health infrastructure. care, non-communicable disease prevention and care, mental health and psychosocial services. Healthcare Sector Recommendations » Strengthening Coordination: » Minimum Service Packages Needed to Enhance Core Health Sector Components: » Training for doctors, nurses and midwives. » Procuring and positioning essential services at PHC » Upgrading drug supply and health information system. across the governorates in high density neighbourhoods » Capacity-building to health administration, specifically within Marib City. in terms of monitoring medicine quality and pricing, » Focus on bolstering trauma care capacity, specifically registration and taxation for the private suppliers and for the newly arriving IDPs and those affected by natural services, and data maintenance and upgrade. disasters. » Inpatient care for people suffering from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). » Initiate specialized units at CMH for cancer renal failure patients. » Support vaccination supply and delivery chains for vulnerable IDP groups against OCV, diphtheria, OPV, and measles. » Communicable disease prevention and control capacity needs enhancement, including through public services and infrastructure upgrade measures. » Supplies to CMH and PHC need to be ensured (including fuel), as well as incentives to staff. » Highly Vulnerable People Need to Have Access to a Range of Services that are Affordable, Reliable and Accessible: » Expanding the capacity of the public option in collaboration with OHP is essential for a wide population 98 Marib Urban Profile

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104 Marib Urban Profile

16-24 53-52 ANNEX - MARIB SCORECARD 25-35 06-63 أكثر من 06 36-60 INSTRUCTIONS Over 60 الجنس: 2. أنثى - Your gender .2 ذكر - Female Male التعليمات الخاصة بملئ استطالع واقع الخدمات والظروف المعيشية في مأرب MARIB: Scorecard Instructions ومحيطها أي من العبارات التالية تصف إقامتك الراهنة في مأرب ومحيطها؟ Purpose of Survey and Instructions: .3 أنا من سكان مأرب قبل الوضع القائم حالياً في اليمن. - Which best describes your current “presence” in Marib .3 ?today الغرض من االستطالع والتعليمات األساسية: وصلت مأرب بعد تطور األوضاع القائمة في العام 5102 This urban scorecard will serve to help the government --- يساعد هذا االستطالع الجهات العامة المحلية الموفرة للخدمات، وبرامج - Annex - Scorecard instructions Annex - Scorecard وصلت لتوي لمأرب أو من مدة تقل عن 6 أشهر - I have been a resident of Marib since before the current .situation began األمم المتحدة الداعمة من فهم الواقع واالحتياجات of Marib and the UN better understand the current needs of residents. I arrived in Marib after the current situationstarted in 2015. .I just arrived in Marib in the past six months هذا االستطالع تطوعي بالكامل، ونحن نشكر كل من سيساهم في تعبئته - The survey is completely voluntary and we are grateful-- والوقت والجهد المبذولين. يتألف االستطالع من 05 سؤال مبسط، ويستغرق ما بين for you time in this critical effort. It consists of 50 very brief حدد لنا المنطقة التي تعيش فيها في مأرب )التزويد بخريطة عليها 4. Select which best describes where you live in Marib .4 01 وحتى 02 دقيقة إلنهائه. .questions and should take 10-20 minutes of your time تموضع األحياء التقريبي والريف في محيط المدينة. يمكن اللجوء للوسيلة التقنية The survey is open to anyone currently living in Marib ((Programmers: Need to include best image of Marib here-- األفضل لتحديد الموقع التقريبي( ((with shape files for key neighborhoods يمكن لكل من يعيش في مأرب أو في محيطها المشاركة باالستطالع، - .over the age of 16 --There are no right or wrong answers. Only answer على أال يقل سنه عن 61 عاماً. ً مثال الحي »أ« أو غير ذلك ..…from your experience and know that your needs, and Neighborhood A, etc ideas matter which is why we are asking for your views. عملي الحالي هو في مجال يقع ضمن قطاع )يمكن اختيار عدة إجابات(: 5. التوجد إجابات صحيحة أو خاطئة في االستطالع. تفضل باإلجابة - --Thank you for making a difference. By rating your الزراعة - :My current work is in the general field of .5 بحسب معرفتك باالحتياجات وشاركنا بآرائك كلما كان ذلك متاحاًفي متن االستطالع. satisfaction with services in the city, you are supporting تربية الحيوان - Agriculture شكراًلك لسعيك لخلق الفارق. من خالل تقييمك ألداء الخدمات ومدى - الثروة السمكية - a new effort to identify new ways to improve Marib for Animal husbandry رضاك عنها، أنت تسهم في تحديد خيارات الجهات المعنية في وضع الحلول التي all and reach the global Stability Development Goals for البناء والتشييد - Fishing ً ستؤدي لتعزيز النهضة في مأرب، وصوال ألهداف التنمية المستدامة. إجاباتك ستدل sustainable, safe, and inclusive cities. Your answers will المعلوماتية واالتصاالت - Building and Construction المدينة على أفضل التوجهات الملبية الحتياجات سكانها وتأمين ازدهار مستقبلهم. التجارة - guide city upgrading efforts to best support its residents IT services and Communications المهن الفكرية )محاماة، طبيب، مهندس( - need now and into the future. Trade and Commerce التعليم - ,Highly skilled professional (Medical physician, engineer ))تعليمات الصفحة الرئيسية للمطورين: عندما يفتح األشخاص »صفحة البداية« الخدمات العامة لدى الجهات الرسمية - (.Home page Instructions for developers: When people etc)) الخاصة باستطالع بطاقة النقاط على األجهزة المحمولة أو أجهزة سطح المكتب ، open the scorecard survey “splash page” on mobile or النقل - Education سيرون هذه الشاشة أوالًتطلب موافقتهم وتوضح أنه ال يوجد سؤال مطلوب ، وستتم desktop devices, they will see this screen first asking for التعدين والطاقة - Public Sector Service provider حماية بياناتهم ، وهم الحق في إلغاء االشتراك في أي وقت.(( their consent and stating that no question is required, their غير ذلك - Transportation data will be protected, and they have the right to opt out at Mining/ Energy شكرا ًالنضمامك معنا في خلق مستقبل أفضل لمدينة مأرب، ولتحسين فهمنا جميعاً any time.)) Other لالحتياجات بغية تقديم خدمة أفضل لعموم سكانها. كل شيء يبدأ معك! ً هل تعاني حاليا من البطالة؟ Thank you for joining the effort to help Marib City better .6 نعم - ?Are you currently unemployed .6 understand and serve the real needs of its residents. It all Yes ال - !starts with you أتابع تعليمي حالياً - No I am still a student القسم 1 من 01 Section 1 of 10: Section 3 of 10 مدينة مأرب وبرنامج الموئل سيعمالن على تحليل نتائج هذا االستطالع وتوضيح Marib City and UN Habitat will convene community focus القسم 3 من 01 COVID-19 Public Health النتائج من خالل جلسات نقاش تتبع االستطالع. هل تود المشاركة بتلك الجلسات groups to discuss the findings of this poll and identify الصحة العامة وفايروس كورونا )كوفيد 91( I do not leave my home often now for fear of getting .1 النقاشية؟ needs and solutions. Would you like to participate in a ال أغادر المنزل كثيراً مؤخراً لخوفي من التقاط فايروس كوفيد 91 1. .COVID-19 نعم ?future focus group أتفق بشدة Strongly Agree ال Yes أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ربما No ال أتفق لحد ما Maybe Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Strongly Disagree If you selected “Yes,” or “Maybe” please include the best ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion إذا كانت اإلجابة على السؤال السابق بنعم أو ربما، يرجى تزويدنا بأفضل طريقة way (Phone/Email) the Focus Group organizers can follow يمكننا بواسطتها التواصل معكم الحقا،ً سواء عبر الهاتف أو البريد االلكتروني. لقد قامت المدينة بالكثير لتوفير الموارد الالزمة لمساعدة الناس وحمايتهم up with you. 2. The city has done a lot to provide resources to help .2 من فايروس كوفيد 91 )من قبيل توفير الكمامات في األسواق، نقاط طبية، حمالت ,people stay safe from COVID-19? (face masks, new clinics توعية، إلخ( (.Section 2 of 10: training, etc القسم 2 من Identity 01 أتفق بشدة Strongly agree التعريف بالمشارك في االستطالع أتفق لحد ما Consent and Personal Information: This survey is optional. Somewhat Agree الموافقة على المشاركة والمعلومات الشخصية: هذا االستطالع اختياري. بمقدورك .Only answer the questions you feel comfortable with ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Disagree اإلجابة على األسئلة التي ترغب بها. يمكن لبعض األسئلة أن تكون حساسة أو تخرج ال أتفق بشدة Some of the questions in this poll may be of a personal or Strongly Disagree عن إطار خبرتك الخاصة، ولهذا يمكنك التوقف عن ملئ االستبان عند الرغبة وفي sensitive nature and you may choose to opt out of the poll ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion أي وقت أحببت. ً ً .at any time أعتقد بأن على المدينة أن تتغير كثيرا استجابة لفيروس كوفيد 91 3. عمرك الحالي: 1. )المحال التجارية، الخدمات العامة، النقل، العناية الصحية وسوى ذلك( I believe the city needs to change a great deal of its .3 1. Your current age is: 42-61 105

ال أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree أتفق بشدة ,current structures (stores, services, transportation ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Agree أتفق لحد ما .healthcare, etc.) in response to COVID ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Agree Don’t know/no opinion ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Disagree القسم 5 من Strongly Disagree 01 االقتصاد وفرص العمل Don’t know/no opinion Section 5 of 10 تأثر نشاطك االقتصادي سلباً بسبب الوضع القائم في اليمن Pillar 2: Economy+Jobs .1 أتفق بشدة Your work has been impacted by the current situation in .1 القسم 4 من Section 4 of 10 01 أتفق لحد ما .Yemen السكان Pillar 1: Housing ال أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree إلى أي مدى تلبي مأرب الحاجة لتوفير المسكن الرخيص لقاطنيها؟ The overall survey is weighted towards housing-related .1 ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Agree مرضي للغاية questions as a reflection of UN-Habitat mandate and profiling objectives. Somewhat Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي مقبول 1. How satisfied are you with options for finding affordable Strongly Disagree غير مقبول لحد ما housing in Marib? Don’t know/no opinion غير مقبول بتاتاً Very satisfied بإمكانك أسرتك الحصول على دخل ٍكاف عبر وسائل مرضية تكفي 2. ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat satisfied 2. You are able to find good ways of earning enough to إلعالتك وأسرتك .Somewhat dissatisfied support yourself and your family أتفق بشدة Very dissatisfied Strongly Agree أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Disagree يكلفني البقاء في مسكني الحالي ما فوق 05% من دخلي الشهري بصورة Don’t know/no opinion .2 ال أتفق بشدة Strongly Disagree وسطية. ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي The cost of staying in your current residence/home takes Don’t know/no opinion .2 أتفق بشدة .up more than 50% of your current income/earnings األزمة الصحية األخيرة صعبت من واقع العمل والنشاط االقتصادي The health crisis has made the conflict even more .3 .3 أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree أتفق بشدة .difficult for local business ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree أشعر باألمان بمكان إقامتي الحالي من مختلف المخاطر )الطبيعية منها Don’t know/no opinion .3 ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree أو العنف من صنع اإلنسان، أو خطر اإلخالء( Don’t know/no opinion أتفق بشدة You feel safe in your current home from dangers (natural .3 االقتصاد في حالة من التحسن وأنا متفائل بمستقبل أفضل 4. أتفق لحد ما .(manmade violence /risk of eviction/ أتفق بشدة The economy is getting better and you have more hope .4 ال أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree أتفق لحد ما .for the future ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Strongly Disagree Somewhat Agree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Disagree يشعر الجميع بما في ذلك الوافدون اليوم بالترحيب وإمكانية استئجار Don’t know/no opinion .4 Strongly Disagree المسكن في أي موقع كان في المدينة. Don’t know/no opinion أتفق بشدة Everyone feels welcome to rent a residence in any .4 هنالك الكثير من فرص العمل للنساء 5. أتفق لحد ما .location in the city including the IDPs أتفق بشدة .There are many opportunities for women to work .5 ال أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Don’t know/no opinion Strongly Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي تشعر بالرضى لقرب مسكنك من مكان عملك أو من نشاطك االقتصادي 5. Don’t know/no opinion أو التعلمي 5. You are satisfied with how close your home is to job األسواق متوفرة في منطقتي وتتوفر فيها غالب احتياجات الناس 6. أتفق بشدة opportunities. 6. Markets are open in your area, offering most of what أتفق بشدة .people need أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion Strongly Disagree Don’t know/no opinion تزداد صعوبة توفير المسكن المالئم والرخيص في مأرب مقارنة بالعام 6. المنصرم. It has been getting more difficult to find affordable places .6 على حد علمي، فإن الزراعة الحالية نشطة في الوقت الراهن As far as you know, local agriculture is doing well at the .7 .7 أتفق بشدة .to live in Marib in the past year أتفق بشدة .present time أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree الناس في الحي الذي أقطن به تبني عشوائياً، أو تتجاوز ضوابط البناء Don’t know/no opinion .7 Don’t know/no opinion المعمول بها. الزراعة وتربية الحيوان تشهد تحسناً في محيط مأرب نتيجة ازدياد 8. أتفق بشدة People in the neighborhood are building randomly, and .7 الطلب المحلي في األسواق Agriculture and animal husbandry has been improving .8 أتفق لحد ما .many are violating building rules and norms 106 Marib Urban Profile

أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree أتفق بشدة in the surrounding areas of Marib as a result of increasing ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree أتفق لحد ما .local demand ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Agree Don’t know/no opinion ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Disagree الخدمات تتحسن بشكل عام Strongly Disagree .8 أتفق بشدة .Don’t know/no opinion 8. Services are generally improving Strongly Agree أتفق لحد ما إذا رغبت في البدء بمشروع فإن من السهل ّعلي القيام بذلك 9. ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree أتفق بشدة .If you want to start a business it is easy for you to do so .9 ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree Don’t know/no opinion ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree هل تستطيع الحصول على معلومات وافية تحتاجها في إدارة شؤون 9. ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Annex - Scorecard instructions Annex - Scorecard Don’t know/no opinion 9. Are you satisfied with the information you can access حياتك ومعرفة واقع الخدمات عبر المواقع االلكترونية )بما يشمل وسائط التواصل about the city on local websites (including social media االجتماعي مثل صفحات فيس بوك(؟ القسم 6 من 01 Section 6 of 10 such as Facebook pages) to answer any questions you مرضي للغاية ?have about city services البنية التحتية والخدمات Pillar 3: Infrastructure and Services مقبول Very satisfied تشعر بالرضى عن عدد الساعات التي تتزود بها بالكهرباء خالل اليوم You are satisfied with your daily access to electricity. .1 .1 غير مقبول لحد ما Somewhat satisfied مرضي للغاية Very satisfied ً غير مقبول بتاتا Somewhat dissatisfied مقبول Somewhat satisfied ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Very dissatisfied غير مقبول لحد ما Somewhat dissatisfied Don’t know/no opinion غير مقبول بتاتاً Very dissatisfied أعرف إلى أين علي التوجه أو االتصال في حال حدوث الطوارئ 01. ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion )حصول جريمة أو نزاع، حوادث طبيعية، المرض( ,I know where to go in an emergency (security incident .10 .(natural disaster, illness يمكنك التزود بالكهرباء لفترة ال تتجاوز 21 ساعة أو أقل You can only access electricity for half of the day or less. .2 .2 أتفق بشدة Strongly Agree أتفق بشدة Strongly Agree أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Strongly Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Strongly Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion يقوم السكان في المدينة بدفع الضرائب والرسوم المترتبة عليهم 11. بإمكانك الحصول على مياه شرب آمنة بصورة سهلة 3. أتفق بشدة .People in the city pay taxes .11 أتفق بشدة .You can easily access safe and drinkable water .3 أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree Don’t know/no opinion Don’t know/no opinion من السهل التقدم بالشكاوى )إما باالتصال الهاتفي، أو عبر االنترنت 21. هل تشعر بالرضى حيال نوعية ومستوى التعليم الذي تتلقاه أو يتلقاه أي 4. أو شخصياً( في المدينة عندما تتعطل خدمة ما أو عندما تحتاج تلك الخدمة للتحسين It is easy to make a complaint (In person, over computer .12 من أفراد أسرتك حالياً؟ Are you satisfied with the quality and type of education .4 والصيانة or phone) in the city when a service or area needs to be مرضي للغاية ?children in your family can receive أتفق بشدة .improved مقبول Very satisfied أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree غير مقبول لحد ما Somewhat satisfied ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree غير مقبول بتاتاً Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق بشدة ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion Strongly Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion ما مدى رضاك عن الخدمات المدنية األساسية المقدمة في المدينة )مكتب 5. 5. How satisfied are you with basic civic services (post البريد، السجالت المدنية والعقارية، التراخيص وسواها( القسم 7 من o f fi c e , r e g i s t r a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n a l l i c e n s e s ) ? Section 7 of 10 01 الحوكمة Pillar 4: Governance مرضي للغاية Very satisfied مقبول Somewhat satisfied أشعر بالرضى حول الطريقة التي تتطور بها ظروف الحياة في مدينة I am satisfied with how the city of Marib is improving life .1 .1 غير مقبول لحد ما Somewhat dissatisfied ً مأرب، بالرغم من كل التحديات التي تواجه اليمن في الوقت الراهن in the city, despite the many challenges facing Yemen at غير مقبول بتاتا Very dissatisfied أتفق بشدة .this time ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree أدى الوضع القائم إلى تعثر الكثير من الخدمات في المدينة The current situation has damaged or interrupted a lot of .6 .6 ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree أتفق بشدة .services in the city ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree Don’t know/no opinion ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree إذا كانت لدي مشكلة، أفضل اللجوء لألجهزة الحكومية والرسمية بدالً 2. ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree للوسطاء والشخصيات المحلية If I have a problem, I am more likely to go to the .2 ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree أتفق بشدة .Don’t know/no opinion government than to a tribal council أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree تواجه الحكومة الكثير من التحديات لتأمين الخدمات األساسية المالئمة 7. ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree لجميع المواطنين The government faces a lot of pressures to provide .7 ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree أتفق بشدة .adequate services in the city for all of the people 107

Don’t know/no opinion ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree أشعر بالترحاب واأللفة في أكثر األماكن في مأرب Don’t know/no opinion .5 أتفق بشدة .I feel welcome to go to most places in Marib .5 إذا فكرت بأفضل نمط حوكمي في مأرب، فأنا أفضل الدولة المدنية طبقاً 3. أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree لدستور الجمهورية اليمنية عن أي نموذج آخر. If I think of an ideal model for government in Marib it .3 ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree أتفق بشدة would be the civil state the way it is described in the current ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree أتفق لحد ما constitution of Yemen Republic, rather than any other form ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree ال أتفق لحد ما .of government Don’t know/no opinion ال أتفق بشدة Strongly Agree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Agree القسم 9 من 01 بوصفي مواطناً في المدينة، أعتقد أن رأيي وصوتي يمكن أن يصنع فارقاً Somewhat Disagree .4 البيئة Section 9 of 10 .6 في مستقبل المدينة. Strongly Disagree الواقع البيئي أسوأ مما كان عليه من حيث أثر التبدالت المناخية، مما Pillar 6: Environment .1 أتفق بشدة Don’t know/no opinion 1. The environment is worse than it used to be because of يصعب ظروف العيش في المدينة أو محيطها أتفق لحد ما 4. As an average citizen, I believe that my voice and opinion climate change, and is making life in the city more difficult. أتفق بشدة ال أتفق لحد ما can make a difference in the city. Strongly Agree أتفق لحد ما ال أتفق بشدة Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree ال أتفق لحد ما ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Agree Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree Don’t know/no opinion Don’t know/no opinion المعالم الطبيعية كاألشجار وضفاف األنهار تحظى باالحترام والحماية. Natural assets such as trees and riversides are respected .2 .2 ثمة جهود تبذل للمحافظة على البيئة وحمايتها من التعديات العمرانية. here. There are efforts to preserve the environment and القوى الخارجية )كالشركات والحكومات األخرى( تستخدم قدرتها أحياناً Outside powers (such as other governments, .5 .5 أتفق بشدة .protect it from buildings and development بما يصعب من شروط الحياة في المدينة. corporations, etc.) use their power to make life more أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree أتفق بشدة .difficult in the city sometimes ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree Don’t know/no opinion ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree الناس في المدينة يقومون بإيجاد الحلول للمشاكل البيئية كالتعامل مع شح Don’t know/no opinion .3 المياه، أو تحسين طرق استهالك الوقود، أو استعمال سبل البناء الجديدة أو التقليدية In our city people are finding local solutions to address .3 المحور 8 من 01 التي تحمي البيئة environmental problems, such as solutions to water المجتمع والترابط االجتماعي Pillar 8 of 10 أتفق بشدة Pillar 5: Civil Society and Social Cohesion shortages, improving energy usage, and exploring new أتفق لحد ما .building methods إذا عجزت عن الحصول على مساعدة من الجهات الرسمية، فبإمكان 1. ال أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree محيطي االجتماعي أو جيراني في الحي تقديم المساعدة الالزمة. If I can’t get help from the government, I can get help .1 ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Agree أتفق بشدة .from others in my neighborhood or my social network ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Disagree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree Don’t know/no opinion ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree القسم 01 من 01 ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree التراث الثقافي Don’t know/no opinion Section 10 of 10 Pillar 7: Cultural Heritage الناس في مأرب متالئمة ومتعيشة بغض النظر عن خلفياتها االجتماعية 2. أعتبر أن حماية إرث مأرب واليمن الثقافي هام بالنسبة لي 1. والثقافية والعشائرية People from different groups and backgrounds generally .2 أتفق بشدة Protecting Marib and Yemen’s cultural and .1 أتفق بشدة .get along in Marib Strongly Agree archaeological heritage is important to me. أتفق لحد ما أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree Strongly Agree ال أتفق لحد ما ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree ال أتفق بشدة ال أتفق بشدة Strongly Disagree Somewhat Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion Strongly Disagree Don’t know/no opinion أشعر باالحترام في مدينة مأرب أكثر من المكان الذي قدمت منه، أو في I feel more respected in Marib than where I lived before I .3 .3 ً هنالك مواقع بالمدينة محببة لدي نظرا لقيمتها الثقافية وجمالها األخاذ There are places in the city that you value because they .2 .2 األماكن األخرى التي أزورها. .came here, or more than when I visit other places )كالحدائق والمقاهي والساحات والجوامع ومناهل المياه( ,are historic or beautiful (such as parks, plazas, oases أتفق بشدة Strongly Agree أتفق بشدة (.mosques, or water sources أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Disagree ال أتفق لحد ما Somewhat Agree ال أتفق بشدة Strongly Disagree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Disagree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Don’t know/no opinion ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Strongly Disagree أشعر أنني قادر على الحصول على فرصتي في مأرب بغض النظر عن 4. Don’t know/no opinion سماتي الشكلية )كلون البشرة أو االنتماء( أو خلفيتي األسرية I feel there is opportunity for me in Marib regardless .4 أتفق بشدة of my appearance (skin color or ethnicity) or family أتفق لحد ما .background ال أتفق لحد ما Strongly Agree ال أتفق بشدة Somewhat Agree ال أعلم\ ال رأي لدي Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree UN-Habitat seeks to provide up to date, holistic documentation and analysis of the impact of the crisis in key cities, through City Profiles, synthesising information and insight from existing sources and priority sectors, supplemented by direct field research by UN- Habitat teams based in each city. This profile is part of a regional urban profiling exercise that aims to develop urban profiles for the cities of Basra, Sinjar, Derna (Libya), Marib (Yemen) Deir-ez-Zor and Dar’a (Syria). UN-Habitat’s expertise in urban analysis, community approaches and crisis contexts have informed the development of the City Profiling process. All City Profiles are developed in close association with the concerned governorates and municipalities.

The structure of the City Profile provides a pre-crisis baseline and data from the current situation to understand the impact of the crisis accompanied by narrative description and analysis. Furthermore, City Profiles review the functionality of the city economy and services, understanding of capacities and coping mechanisms and the identification of humanitarian or development priorities. They do not provide comprehensive data on individual topics, but seek to provide a balanced overview. The City Profile affords an opportunity for a range of stakeholders to represent their diagnosis of the situation in their city, provides a basis for local discussions on actions to be taken and helps to make local information and voices accessible to external stakeholders seeking to assist in development response.

Marib Urban Profile Regional Office for Arab States ROAS 87 Tahrir st, Dokkie, Giza, Egypt Telephone: +2(02) 37618812, Fax: +2(02) 37618813 www.unhabitat.org