Index

Afroasiatic, 17n, 41n, 46, 65, 72-75 Canaanite shift (of ii too), 46, 49-50, 56, Akkadian,5,6,9, 14n, 16, 17n, 18n, 19, 78 28,33,40,43,44,45,47,55,56, Carthage, 21-22 68n,80,81 commerce: between Egypt and the Levant, 'Anat (Canaanite goddess), 13n, 47 10-14, 78 aleph, triple (333): miswritten by copyists, 7-8, 77,83-84 dating alphabet, 82 of sound changes, 41, 62, 63n, 66, 72 Amarna letters, 36, 38n, 45, 49n, 57 of texts, 1-3, 21n, 80-82 dama-usum(-gal-an-na) (Sumerian divine Dep, 11 name) 31-32, 80 dirt: as food of snakes, 25, 38 Arabic, 22, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38n, 40, dissimilation, 41n, 61n, 64n 42,43,44,46,47,49,55,56,68n, divine identifications, 50 69, 71, 73-75 Djer (Egyptian king) , IO Aramaic, 6, 9, 15, 17n, 21n, 28, 29, 30, 32, Dumuzi (Sumerian god), 31 33,36,38n,42,43,44,45,46,48, 50,53,55,56n,57,58,68n, 71-72, Eblaite, 10, 17, 19-20, 33n, 46, 55-56, 74n, 77-78. See also Aramaic text 80-81 in Demotic script. Egypto-Semitic, 63n, 72, 73, 74, 75 Aramaic text in Demotic script (Papyrus ejective(s), 12, 54, 68, 71 Amherst 63), 9n, 15n, 35, 42, 49n, Elamite, 9 50n,63n, 72 Epigraphic South Arabian, 55. See also assimilation, 30, 54-55, 56n, 77 Minaic, Qatabanian, and Sabaic augmentation, 18n, 43-44, 50n Eshmun (Phoenician god), 8-9 Geb (Egyptian earth-god, father of all 46,51,52,53,54,57, 78,80,82n snakes), 25, 27, 38, 39, 40

100 Index 101 genitalia, reptilian, 25, 39, 40, 44, 45 lion: as epithet for snake, 28, 33-34, 53 Genizah, Cairo, 19n London Medical Papyrus, 8-9, 29 glottal stop(s), 34, 42, 48, 62 glottalic. See ejective(s). Maadi, 11 Gold of Jubilation (epithet of ljHorus (Egyptian god) 39, 50, 82n reduplication in, 16, 18 Narmer (Egyptian king) , 10 Ibn Ezra, Abraham, 44n, 69 Navajo, 60 ltru)at Necropolis, 18 Ng3(w) (Lebanon), 12-13, 78 imperfect, 57-58, 77 Ninazu (Sumerian god), 6 Inana (Sumerian goddess), 31 Nootka, 68-69 interdental fricatives, asymmetrical treat• Nut (Egyptian sky-goddess), 27, 31, 39 ment of, 48, 71n, 77-78 onomatopoeia: and imitation of snake Khafre/Chephren (Egyptian king), 10 sounds, 40-41 king ophidiophobia, 4-5 identified with Geb, 40 identified with Rfr-Rfr, the mother palatalization and de-palatalization, 61-62 snake,25,35,39,40,50 Pepy I (Egyptian king), 10, 49, 57, 77, 78, identified with Sobk, 40, 50 81 protected by Rzr-Rfr, 25 Pepy II (Egyptian king), 54, 57, 62, 77, 78 as snake charmer, 24, 26 perfume, 25, 39, 47, 48 speaking language of baboons, 40 Philo ofByblos: on Egyptian and Byblian speaking language of snakes, 39, 40 views of snakes, 78-79 Phoenician, 35, 43, 46, 48, 54, 56, 58, 60, lateral fricative(s), 12, 54, 71-72 61, 64 lead rolls: as messages to deities, 21 phonetic complement(s), 25, 28n, 35, 49, leech, 20-21, 61 lenition (weakening), 68-70 poison: as epithet of poisonous snake, 24, letter-names, Greek, Hebrew, and Syriac, 26,37 61 priests: and snake charming, 5, 52, 57, 78