Index Afroasiatic, 17n, 41n, 46, 65, 72-75 Canaanite shift (of ii too), 46, 49-50, 56, Akkadian,5,6,9, 14n, 16, 17n, 18n, 19, 78 28,33,40,43,44,45,47,55,56, Carthage, 21-22 68n,80,81 commerce: between Egypt and the Levant, 'Anat (Canaanite goddess), 13n, 47 10-14, 78 aleph, triple (333): miswritten by copyists, 7-8, 77,83-84 dating alphabet, 82 of sound changes, 41, 62, 63n, 66, 72 Amarna letters, 36, 38n, 45, 49n, 57 of texts, 1-3, 21n, 80-82 dama-usum(-gal-an-na) (Sumerian divine Dep, 11 name) 31-32, 80 dirt: as food of snakes, 25, 38 Arabic, 22, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38n, 40, dissimilation, 41n, 61n, 64n 42,43,44,46,47,49,55,56,68n, divine identifications, 50 69, 71, 73-75 Djer (Egyptian king) , IO Aramaic, 6, 9, 15, 17n, 21n, 28, 29, 30, 32, Dumuzi (Sumerian god), 31 33,36,38n,42,43,44,45,46,48, 50,53,55,56n,57,58,68n, 71-72, Eblaite, 10, 17, 19-20, 33n, 46, 55-56, 74n, 77-78. See also Aramaic text 80-81 in Demotic script. Egypto-Semitic, 63n, 72, 73, 74, 75 Aramaic text in Demotic script (Papyrus ejective(s), 12, 54, 68, 71 Amherst 63), 9n, 15n, 35, 42, 49n, Elamite, 9 50n,63n, 72 Epigraphic South Arabian, 55. See also assimilation, 30, 54-55, 56n, 77 Minaic, Qatabanian, and Sabaic augmentation, 18n, 43-44, 50n Eshmun (Phoenician god), 8-9 <ayin, Egyptian and Semitic, 63-72, 75-76 Eve,21n,29-30 Execration Texts, 48, 63, 64 Ba'alat (Byblian goddess), 13, 14, 78 backformation(s), 43-44 fallacy of overspecification, 74 Balaam, 35 foreign elements: in magic, 8-10, 79-80 Bible,snakesin, 5,6,26,38,41 foreign land: as epithet of foreign snake, Book ofAm-Duat, 18, 27n 24,26,51,80 Byblian (dialect), 35, 36, 42, 45, 46n, 54, foreigners: in Egypt during Old Kingdom, 56 62 Byblites (snakes), 14, 24, 38, 52-53, 80 Byblos, 10-14, 24, 25, 27, 33, 36, 38, 45, Geb (Egyptian earth-god, father of all 46,51,52,53,54,57, 78,80,82n snakes), 25, 27, 38, 39, 40 100 Index 101 genitalia, reptilian, 25, 39, 40, 44, 45 lion: as epithet for snake, 28, 33-34, 53 Genizah, Cairo, 19n London Medical Papyrus, 8-9, 29 glottal stop(s), 34, 42, 48, 62 glottalic. See ejective(s). Maadi, 11 Gold of Jubilation (epithet of lj<y-t3w), Mafdet (Egyptian goddess), 50-51, 58 38, 51 markedness, 70 group writing, 8, 62, 77 matres lectionis, 33, 50 grs (snake species), 14 mimation, 19-20 guardians: of the threshold of the door, 19, Minaic, 56. See also Epigraphic South 23.28,32 Arabian mother snake, 15, 20-21, 23-24, 27, 28, h, elision of, in hiphil imperfect, 57-58, 77 29,31-32,34,36,50,52n,80.See ijwt ( Carthaginian goddess), 21 also Rfr-Rfr 1j<y-t3w (Byblian god), 13, 14, 24, 25, 38, mouths, reptilian, 19, 25, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45 50,51,52,53,66, 78,80 b3stlb3zt. See foreign land. n, total assimilation of, 45, 46, 77 HalJHab, 20 names, divine Hecate triprosopos (Greco-Roman god- absence of mimation and case endings dess), 22 in, 19-20 Horus (Egyptian god) 39, 50, 82n reduplication in, 16, 18 Narmer (Egyptian king) , 10 Ibn Ezra, Abraham, 44n, 69 Navajo, 60 ltru)at Necropolis, 18 Ng3(w) (Lebanon), 12-13, 78 imperfect, 57-58, 77 Ninazu (Sumerian god), 6 Inana (Sumerian goddess), 31 Nootka, 68-69 interdental fricatives, asymmetrical treat­ Nut (Egyptian sky-goddess), 27, 31, 39 ment of, 48, 71n, 77-78 onomatopoeia: and imitation of snake Khafre/Chephren (Egyptian king), 10 sounds, 40-41 king ophidiophobia, 4-5 identified with Geb, 40 identified with Rfr-Rfr, the mother palatalization and de-palatalization, 61-62 snake,25,35,39,40,50 Pepy I (Egyptian king), 10, 49, 57, 77, 78, identified with Sobk, 40, 50 81 protected by Rzr-Rfr, 25 Pepy II (Egyptian king), 54, 57, 62, 77, 78 as snake charmer, 24, 26 perfume, 25, 39, 47, 48 speaking language of baboons, 40 Philo ofByblos: on Egyptian and Byblian speaking language of snakes, 39, 40 views of snakes, 78-79 Phoenician, 35, 43, 46, 48, 54, 56, 58, 60, lateral fricative(s), 12, 54, 71-72 61, 64 lead rolls: as messages to deities, 21 phonetic complement(s), 25, 28n, 35, 49, leech, 20-21, 61 lenition (weakening), 68-70 poison: as epithet of poisonous snake, 24, letter-names, Greek, Hebrew, and Syriac, 26,37 61 priests: and snake charming, 5, 52, 57, 78 .