Engineering digital monopolies The financialisation of Big Tech Rodrigo Fernandez & Ilke Adriaans & Tobias J. Klinge & Reijer Hendrikse December 2020 Colophon Engineering digital monopolies The financialisation of Big Tech December 2020 Authors: Rodrigo Fernandez (SOMO), Ilke Editor: Marieke Krijnen Adriaans (SOMO), Tobias J. Klinge (KU Layout: Frans Schupp Leuven) and Reijer Hendrikse (VUB) Cover photo: Geralt/Pixabay With contributions from: ISBN: 978-94-6207-155-1 Manuel Aalbers and The Real Estate/ Financial Complex research group at KU Leuven, David Bassens, Roberta Cowan, Vincent Kiezebrink, Adam Leaver, Michiel van Meeteren, Jasper van Teffelen, Callum Ward Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale The Centre for Research on Multinational Ondernemingen Corporations (SOMO) is an independent, Centre for Research on Multinational not-for-profit research and network organi- Corporations sation working on social, ecological and economic issues related to sustainable Sarphatistraat 30 development. Since 1973, the organisation 1018 GL Amsterdam investigates multinational corporations The Netherlands and the consequences of their activities T: +31 (0)20 639 12 91 for people and the environment around F: +31 (0)20 639 13 21 the world.
[email protected] www.somo.nl Made possible in collaboration with KU Leuven and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) with financial assistance from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), grant numbers G079718N and G004920N. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of SOMO and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of any of the funders. Engineering digital monopolies The financialisation of Big Tech SOMO Rodrigo Fernandez, Ilke Adriaans, Tobias J. Klinge and Reijer Hendrikse Amsterdam, December 2020 Contents 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................