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Les Mythes Et Les Rites (La Déesse Anahita)

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Les Mythes Et Les Rites (La Déesse Anahita) UNIVERSITE DE LIMOGES ECOLE DOCTORALE : Lettres, Pensée, Arts et Histoire [ED525] Equipe de recherche [EHIC] EA 1087 Thèse pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LIMOGES Discipline / Spécialité : Sciences de l’Antiquité présentée et soutenue par Tayyebeh REZAEE-TAFRECHY le 18/12/2015 Thèse de doctorat L'eau : les réalités (les qanât), les mythes et les rites (la déesse Anāhitā) De l'Iran préislamique à certaines coutumes et traditions conservées dans l'Iran contemporain Thèse dirigée par Monsieur le Professeur Jean Pierre LEVET JURY : Président du jury Monsieur Yves LIÉBERT, Professeur à l’Université de Limoges, EHIC Rapporteurs Madame Françoise SKODA, professeur émérite à l’Université de Paris IV-Sorbonne UMR 8133 Monsieur Elyas SAFFARAN, professeur à l’Université Payam Noor (PNU) à Téhéran, Iran Examinateurs Madame Valérie FARANTON, HDR, PRAG à l’Université d’Artois (Arras), Themam et ARSCAN (Paris-Ouest-Nanterre-La Défense) Monsieur Jean-Pierre LEVET, Professeur émérite à l’Université de Limoges, EHIC Monsieur Yves LIÉBERT, Professeur à l’Université de Limoges, EHIC A mon père et à ma mère REZAEE-TAFRECHY Tayyebeh | Thèse de doctorat Sciences de l’Antiquité | Université de Limoges | Année 2015 2 Par l’aide d’Ordibehesht, Moi qui suis à vous, ô Ahura-Mazda (Seigneur de la Sagesse et créateur de la vie) ! Je viens vous implorer, avec une intention droite, pour que (vous me) donniez les biens appartenant aux deux mondes, au monde corporel et à celui de l'esprit ; (ces biens qui proviennent) de la pureté et par lesquels (celle-ci) donne la félicité à ceux qui se complaisent (en elle). GÂTHÂ AHUNAVAITI YAÇNA XXVIII REZAEE-TAFRECHY Tayyebeh | Thèse de doctorat Sciences de l’Antiquité | Université de Limoges | Année 2015 3 Remerciements Je souhaite remercier en premier lieu mon directeur de thèse, M. Jean-Pierre LEVET, qui m’a accueilli chaleureusement et a accepté de diriger mon travail de recherche. Il a accordé son temps, sa confiance, ses conseils et son encouragement très précieux tout au long de cette recherche. Je remercie également mon mari Réza TAFRECHY qui n’a eu de cesse de me soutenir moralement au cours de ces années. Enfin, un grand merci à mes parents et à ma famille, qui m’ont toujours apporté leur précieux et affectueux soutien, et plus particulièrement lors de cette thèse lorsqu’il fallait avoir la force d’avancer et le courage de surmonter les moments de tristesse. REZAEE-TAFRECHY Tayyebeh | Thèse de doctorat Sciences de l’Antiquité | Université de Limoges | Année 2015 4 Droits d’auteurs Cette création est mise à disposition selon le Contrat : « Paternité-Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale-Pas de modification 3.0 France » disponible en ligne : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/fr/ REZAEE-TAFRECHY Tayyebeh | Thèse de doctorat Sciences de l’Antiquité | Université de Limoges | Année 2015 5 Sommaire Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 Première Partie : La situation géographique du plateau iranien et l’histoire de qanât............. 18 1. L’évolution historique de l’irrigation ............................................................................... 19 2. L’origine du qanât ............................................................................................................ 33 3. Le côté linguistique et technique de la question .............................................................. 42 Deuxième partie : Le Mythe de la Déesse Mère ...................................................................... 62 Préambule ................................................................................................................................. 63 1. Les mythes anciens........................................................................................................... 64 2. Des écoles de mythologie................................................................................................. 73 3. Des mythes ....................................................................................................................... 85 Troisième partie : Anāhitā, la déesse des eaux....................................................................... 118 Préambule ............................................................................................................................... 119 1. La dénomination d’Anāhitā............................................................................................ 120 2. Anāhitā et des croyances avant Zarathustra ................................................................... 124 3. Anāhitā dans lens croyances zoroastriennes (la période des sassanides)....................... 149 4. Niloufar (Nénuphar) le symbole d’Anāhitā ................................................................... 157 5. Les temples d’Anāhitā.................................................................................................... 160 Quatrième partie : Les rites de l’eau : Ses particularités et ses fêtes ..................................... 165 Préambule ............................................................................................................................... 166 1. Les qualités de l’eau ....................................................................................................... 167 2. De la propreté dans la religion zoroastrienne ................................................................. 174 3. Āb-Zōhr .......................................................................................................................... 178 4. Les fêtes et les cérémonies d’eau ................................................................................... 182 Cinquième partie : Le folklore des Eaux................................................................................ 217 Préambule ............................................................................................................................... 218 1. Des precisions globales .................................................................................................. 219 2. L'expression de l'eau dans les allégories, les contes, les proverbes, etc......................... 223 3. Des croyances sur l’eau .................................................................................................. 235 4. Le folklore de qanât........................................................................................................ 252 5. Les rites relatifs à l’eau à Tchâhârshanbeh Souri (la Fête du Feu) ................................ 263 6. Tirmā-Sizze-Šu............................................................................................................... 267 7. Classification des traditions de Bârân Khâhi (traditions d’appel de la pluie) ................ 273 8. Diverse scérémonies folkloriques liées à l’eau en Iran .................................................. 291 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 296 Bibliographie .......................................................................................................................... 304 Ouvrages/articles en persan................................................................................................ 304 Ouvrages/articles en français ............................................................................................. 312 Ouvrages/articles en anglais et en allemand ...................................................................... 314 Sites Internet....................................................................................................................... 316 Table des matières .................................................................................................................. 317 Table des illustrations............................................................................................................. 321 REZAEE-TAFRECHY Tayyebeh | Thèse de doctorat Sciences de l’Antiquité | Université de Limoges | Année 2015 6 Compliment pour l’eau L’Homme a fait la première rencontre avec soi-même, Dans la surface lisse et claire des étangs, De là, l’eau s’est mêlé avec les secrets cachés. Il a appris de l’eau le reflet, Et il a construit le miroir. L’eau et le miroir sont devenus les symboles de la pureté et de la clarté. Tous les deux se sont assis sur la nappe de l’union pour la vie, Sur la nappe du nouvel an, Sur la nappe des croyances. Et c’est ainsi que l’eau est devenue sacrée Et elle a trouvé des incarnations célestes. REZAEE-TAFRECHY Tayyebeh | Thèse de doctorat Sciences de l’Antiquité | Université de Limoges | Année 2015 7 Introduction Dans de nombreuses civilisations et beaucoup de religions, l’eau est considérée comme un élément sacré et indispensable pour purifier le corps et l’âme. Elle a été également citée comme l’origine première de la création dans beaucoup de mythes antiques. Pour toutes les espèces vivantes, l’eau est la source de la vie et la création de l’Homme et sa survie en dépendent. Dans le mythe de la création de Babylone, nous pouvons ainsi lire : « L’eau est un élément éternel. De l’union entre Apsû, le monstre des eaux douces et Tiamat, le monstre ou le dragon féminin des eaux salées naissent toutes les créatures. Apsû était la personnification d’un canal rempli d’eau qui faisait le tour de la Terre. La Terre était un terrain rond limité par les montagnes et couvert par une tente
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