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Pdf 231.83 K DESERT Desert Online at http://desert.ut.ac.ir Desert 22-1 (2017) 97-105 The impacts of different land use changes on groundwater level using quantitative model WEAP (Case study: Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, Iran) Gh. Mortezaii Frizhandi* Institute of Development Studies and Research Tehran (ACECR)Tehran, Iran Received: 12 June 2016; Received in revised form: 30 January 2017; Accepted: 12 February 2017 Abstract Reduction of water resources limits the ability of farmers for food production and subsistence. Nowadays the quick growth of population has been the most important factor in the decline of renewable water. In many parts of Iran, including region of interest, the major factor in water resources decline was land use change, that may cause to ecological destruction and disruption. Sustainable development can be achieved with proper management of watersheds. This study tried to determine the effect of land use type on water resources the Chaharmahal Bakhtiari plains. TM images in May of 1982, 2000 and 2012 were used to prepare the land use maps for 8 plains. The resulted maps for 2012 were reviewed using topographical maps (1:25000) and field observations. The water level measurements during 2002 to 2012 in different plains were used for calibration and validation of WEAP model. The quantitative model used to determine the effects of land use changes on groundwater level. The extent of Agricultural land use have increased from 1982 to 2002 and 2012 from 28.8% to 35.6% and 38.7% accordingly. The results revealed that except of Farsan, Shalamzar and Gandoman the other plains have negative groundwater balance. The model simulation showed that continuing the current harvesting cause to critical situation in the near future. To compensate the negative water balance of Shahreh Kord, Borojen, Sefid dasht, Kiyar, Flared and Khan mirza, it would be necessary to reduce the consumption of groundwater resources of these plains up to %48, %32, %66, %30, %13 and %12, respectively. The change of land use from grasslands to agriculture was the main reason of reduced the groundwater reserves. Keywords: Rangeland; Land use; WEAP models; Satellite imagery; Chaharmahal Bakhtiari 1. Introduction been the most important factor in the decline of renewable water. In many parts of Iran, Water is the most important component of including Region of interest, the major changes natural resources and human’s life, industry, on water resources occurred due to large agriculture sections. However, human being changes in land uses; it can cause to eco logical can’t live without water but it can be a danger destruction and disruption. Sustainable for health peace and welfare. Therefore, the development can be achieved with proper accurate research in different aspects and management of watersheds. (Dehkordi, 2014). effective management of water resources is There is a primary study on Chessmeh Ali necessary (Mortezaii, Shahbazi, 2012). area of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province in Iran, Reduction of water resources limits the ability which is used as the initial information for the of farmers for food production and subsistence. research. According to this information there are Nowadays the quick growth of population has four different land uses including approximately good pasture (> 20%), poor pasture (< 10%), Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 66977800 dry land farms and abandoned dry land farms. Fax: +98 21 66977800 Soil samples were collected from depth of 0-10 E-mail address: [email protected] cm in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The data analysis showed 98 Mortezaii frizhandi / Desert 22-1 (2017) 97-105 that the contents of soil organic matters and stakeholder driven scenarios with a trans available phosphorus decreased during land use boundary water planning tool for IWRM in the change in rangeland and maximum decrease Jordan River basin. These scenarios suggested was observed in rain fed cultivated land (50% that the positive effects of large scale water and 68.8%, respectively). In general it can be management options such as the increased use said that land use change from natural land like of treated wastewater and sea water desalination rangeland to other land uses tends to reduce the can be strongly limited by insufficient water soil quality and soil surface becomes sensitive transport infrastructure and a lack of to erosion (Yousefifard, 2007). cooperation. Over the past years and for several reasons The main objectives of this study are as such as excessive and irrational exploitation of follow: water resources, particularly groundwater, 1: Determine the land use changes in the study causing problems such as drought and disregard period (From May 1982 to May 2012) and of conservation principles in water resources projected future changes (in three periods of at utilization, some of water resources in Iran were least 30 years) destroyed or are at risk of destroy. This 2: Using WEAP quantitative model towards allocated to agriculture more than 90 % of land use planning related to groundwater Iranian consumptive water volume, causes resources so determined to prevent instability more critical conditions, and the element of over natural resources. water has been transferred to one of the most important limiting for water resources 2. Materials and Methods (Ahankob, 2013). Most of the effects of natural areas 2.1. The study area management is on the basis human activities. The impacts of land use change reflect human Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, is one of the effects. Also land use as a central part of the 31 provinces of Iran, geographical coordinates earth, systems function a little raises complete, 31°9' - 32°48' north latitude and east of the interactions of humans and environment at central Zagros 51° 25' - 49°28' and along the local to global scales (Guner et al., 2010, Zagros fold and thrust belt is situated (Figure1). Abusaada, 2011). According to the study of The Province is located in west center of the demand management effects partially, in country and Share Kurd is its capital. The agriculture sector in south of Africa"olyqan province is divided to five Counties includes River" watershed model WEAP In one of the Ardle, Borojen, Share Kurd, Farsan, and sub stain of this river named "Steel port “By this Ardakan. Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, software showed that in some parts of the basin, consist of two parts first, Chaharmahal means (4 in cannot be provided with WEAP software cities), of Lar, Kiyar, Mizoj, and Gandoman, the rapid assessment of decisions for water second part Bakhtiari where Bakhtiari Tribe allocation suitable. But hydrological cannot lives and named after the Tribe, this tribe model drastic changes of South Africa (Levite et historically is a branch of Great Lur Trib used to al., 2003). Collaboration with communities for move between two states of Khuzestan and creating new and sustainable ways to reduce Shiraz. The state has mild semi dry climate, pressure on the land in arid and marginal desert colourful and charming nature with high areas can be a powerful tool to overcome mountains and slopes covered with flowers, poverty and struggle desertification and its ponds, lakes, lagoons, and water streams. resiliency (Kavandi et al., 2014). Shahreh Kord with an area of 294212 Gunkel, Lange, (2012) studied new insights hectares enjoys a cold semi-arid climate, with into the natural variability of water resources in hot summer days, mild summer nights, cool the Lower Jordan River Basin and three rainfall winter days and cold winter nights. The annual seasons are simulated: a drought, an average average temperature in Shahreh Kord is about season and a wet extreme. Simulation results 5.1°C but the minimum and maximum absolute emphasize the non-linear behavior of (semi-) temperatures recorded in Shahreh Kord during arid systems and resulting impacts on the spatial the last 30 years have been -32°C and 42°C, and temporal variability of water resources. respectively. December is the coldest month and Basin averages of seasonal water balance July is the hottest month. Although the humidity components ranged between 65 and 489 mm level is moderate or high in winter, the amount (rainfall), 53 and 270 mm (evapotranspiration), of rainfall is close to zero in planting seasons, 7 and 87 mm (overland flow), 4 and 129 mm except for April and May. (percolation). Bonzi et al., (2016) analyzed Mortezaii frizhandi / Desert 22-1 (2017) 97-105 99 Lord Egan county with an area of 342110 Borojen with an area of 251300 hectares has hectares is a county in Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari a semi humid climate. The annual average Province in Iran. The capital of the county is temperature in Borojen is about 4°C but the Lord Egan. At the 2006 census, the county's minimum and maximum absolute temperatures population was 175,289 in 34,603 families. The recorded in Borojen during the last 30 years county contains four districts: the Central have been -36°C and 36°C, respectively. The District, Manj District, Flared District, and amount of rainfall is close to 360mm. Khan mirza District. The county has three cities: Flared District or Flared District is a district Lord Egan, Mal-e Khalifeh, and Aluni. in Lord Egan County, Chaharmahal and Ardle has a mild semi cold -arid climate. The Bakhtiari Province, Iran. The District has one annual average temperature in Ardle is about city: Mal-e Khalifeh. The District has two rural 11°C but the minimum and maximum absolute districts: Flared Rural District and Poshtkuh temperatures recorded in Ardle during the last Rural District. 30 years have been -7°C and 35°C, respectively. Khan mirza with an area of 102300 hectares The amount of rainfall is close to 500mm. has a semi humid climate. The height of this Farsan with an area of 55922 ha has a semi area is 1880 of sea level.
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