MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (MARD) PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT (PPU) E1102

Public Disclosure Authorized v1

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized

FOR NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT (WB4) WWWOOORRRLLLDDD BBBAAANNNKKK PPPRRROOOJJJEEECCCTTT

Public Disclosure Authorized

VOLUME 1

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Public Disclosure Authorized

PREPARED BY ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER

June 01, 2005

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (MARD) PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT (PPU)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT (WB4) WWWOOORRRLLLDDD BBBAAANNNKKK PPPRRROOOJJJEEECCCTTT

VOLUME 1

FINAL OVERALL REPORT

Investor EIA Consulting Agency Project Preparation Unit Environmental Research Center Director

Dr. Duong Hong Son

June 01, 2005

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report is a final EIA for the whole Natural Disaster Mitigation Project (Wb4), hereafter refer as the Project. The report was prepared with the configurations of the Project as conceived, designed and described in documents provided by the design-consultants HQI up to 30/12/2004 as well as the obtained study results from environmental consultants of the Environmental Research Center, hereafter refer as CENRE. Accumulated and studied documents, data, reports as well as site investigations focus on environmental resources, environment quality, socio-economic, living standard, opinions of local authorities and affected local people in the Project area. This EIA report has been performed in accordance with the national legal, policies, regulatory requirements for environmental management and protection in Vietnam as well as the various relevant WB operational safeguard policies.

Scope and Objectives of the Project

The Project will support the implementation of the stated government policies of saving lives and protecting property in case of natural disasters. The objectives of the proposed Project are to: (i) save lives and protect the economic assets of communities living in hazard prone areas; and (ii) improve the efficiency of medium-term reconstruction and recovery efforts. This would be achieved through support for: (a) Provision of structural and non-structural measures to prevent and mitigate the impact of natural disasters; (b) Restoring infrastructure damaged and providing assistance to poor communities affected to quickly restore their livelihood and income; and (c) Strengthening national and local institutions in natural disaster preparedness, response, and medium term recovery. The Project is comprised of four separated but integrated components that proposed to implement broadly in 17 provinces namely Thanh Hóa, Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên Huế, Quảng Nam, Quãng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận, Bình Thuận, Long An, Đồng Tháp, An Giang and Bến Tre.

‰ Component 1: Structural and Non-Structural Measures

The component 1 encompasses structural and non-structural subprojects in order to mitigate natural disaster. Subprojects of the component 1 being implemented in years 1-5 are list in the following table.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Table i: Subprojects of component 1

No. Project area (Province) Name of subprojects/River basin 1 Thanh Hoa Cau Khai drainage pumping station Rehabilitation and upgrade of Bang river Dyke Ninh Phu Sea Dyke 2 Nghệ An Rehabilitation of Vuc Mau reservoir in Hoang Mai river 3 Hà Tĩnh Rac & Tri river irrigation system Or: Left & right Nghen river dike 4 Quảng Bình Canh Duong and S.Don sea bank protection Gianh river bank protection Natural disaster warning and management system 5 Quảng Trị Hydraulic works for flood prevention in Hai Lang and S. Nhung Or: Da Mai-Tan Kim reservoir cluster in Cam Lo river Natural disaster warning and management system 6 Thừa Thiên Huế Thuan An sea dyke training and Hai Duong, Hao Duan sea bank protection Or: Tu Hien seaport training and Vinh Hai-Vinh Hien sea bank protection Training for both sides of embankment of O Lau river basin Flood warning system for Huong river basin Equipment for rescue 7 Quảng Nam Developing erosion prevention embankment in Thu Bon, Vu Gia rivers and coastal areas. Or: Development of resettlement areas for villagers living in flooded areas (4 areas) 8 Quãng Ngãi Ve river bank Or: Rehabilitation and upgrade dam and reservoir cluster in downstream watershed of Tra Bong River Natural disaster warning and management system 9 Bình Định An Du estuary training in Lai Giang river Or: Dong dike completion Kon river bank protection 10 Phú Yên Sea bank protection Or: My Lam Reservoir 11 Khánh Hòa Channel training of the downstream Dinh river Or: Tien Du reservoir 12 Ninh Thuận Flood control on the South Dinh river 13 Bình Thuận Outer dike and Vo Xu pumping station Or: Doi Duong – Thuong Chanh bank protection 14 Long An Tan Hung Canal Canal number 28 Song Trang cannel Cai Sach cannel 15 Đồng Tháp Hong Ngu outer-dyke Strengthening of Sa Rai outer dyke My An outer-dyke 16 An Giang Tinh Bien and Tri ton reservoirs cluster Long Xuyen city outer dyke 17 Bến Tre Ba Tri sea dyke Binh Dai sea dyke 18 Hanoi – HCM city Rehabilitation of drainage system along the railway line of Ha Noi - HCM City

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT No. Project area (Province) Name of subprojects/River basin Or bridge reinforcement in railway line of Hanoi - HCM City 19 Cuu Long Delta River Revetment and planting for wave break in Cuu Long Delta River 20 Mekong Delta River Warning and monitoring system in Mekong Delta River 21 North Middle country Capacity strengthening for flood forecast and observation in North Central area (Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh). 22 South Central area Capacity strengthening for flood forecast and observation in South Central area. 23 Red River Delta Flood warning and monitoring system in Red River Delta 24 Thanh Hóa, Hà Tĩnh, Sea port for boat protection Quảng Bình

‰ Component 2: Disaster Community-Based Management The component 2 will be implemented at 100 communes. In the first year, it was planed to put into practice in 10 provinces. This component will provide a wide range of small-scale Natural Disaster Mitigation measures with both structural and non-structural subprojects such as rehabilitate/construction of rural roads, sanitation facilities, water wells, small-scale earth reservoirs, stabilization of river banks, local flood control, local flood plain and hazard mapping, community early warning systems, land use planning, etc.

‰ Component 3: Contingency Fund The component 3 is a contingency fund that will be used to finance reconstruction of natural disasters damaged priority infrastructure such as bridges and roads, irrigation systems, schools, health clinics, etc. The funding could also be used to help restore economic and social livelihood of poor communities affected by natural disasters. ‰ Component 4: Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building In the large scale of the component 4, it can ensure better coordination among the various government agencies and levels responsible for actual disaster prevention, preparedness, relief and recovery, provide training courses in mitigation and preparedness measures to provincial Committees for Flood and Storm Control and to communities most vulnerable to natural disaster hazards. Main Conclusions:

Among the first – year – subprojects, Ba Tri sea dyke construction subproject will affect Binh Dai and Ba Tri IBAs. However, these adverse impacts are mitigable. The completion of Ba Tri sea dyke subproject will bound the aquacultural areas of Ba Tri District also posed a potential threat to the wildlife within the Ba Tri IBA and the rich-biodiversity areas nearby due to an increased in access if any, creation of a barrier preventing the movement of the wild animal, especially the aquatic species (fish, shrimp, etc.) and also bird species etc.. In order to mitigate the adverse impacts, every effort should be made to ensure the infrastructure development that accompanies it, such as new roads or settlement, does not put more pressure on the remaining natural habitats. There should be mitigation measure such as (i) Shorten the construction duration. Most intensive period should be designed to avoid the wintering season (September to April); (ii) Agreement with the construction company on the

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT forest protection. The Company has to prove their source of timber and fuel (no fuel wood collection in the construction area); (iii) Agreement with the construction company on hunting; (iv) Increase control by District FPD, strictly fine to any violation, awareness arising for the decision-makers and the company's workers as well as local people on wildlife protection; (v) Commitment by the Provincial and District People Committees and their planning sectors on the introduction of new settlements along the new dyke if any. Complying with the proposed mitigation measures will mostly mitigate the impacts of the subproject on the IBAs. The NDMP is environmentally feasible. Besides the economic benefits, the Project will induce valuable socio-economic values in the respect of: • Preventing and mitigating natural disasters, as a result, lives and economic assets of communities living in hazard prone areas could be saved. • Enhancing human capacity in solving disaster, disaster preparedness, stabilizing living condition as well as cultivation condition of disaster affected people after disaster. • Augmenting local people awareness and contribution in disaster prevention and mitigation activities. • Enhancing human capacity of local authorities and agencies as well as the relationship between disaster management and substantial development plan.

Environmental management plan of the Project:

The NDMP Environmental Management Plan consists of an environmental mitigation program and an environmental monitoring program. The environmental mitigation program consists of:

• Proper management and disposal of dredged and excavated soils to minimize degradation of water quality; • Proper environmental management of construction worker camps, including minimization of disruption to local residents from construction activities to limit localized environmental degradations and disturbance to local communities; • Implementation of comprehensive resettlement and compensation action plan; • Implementation of risk from unexploded ordnance prevention action plan; • Planting trees in the local nature reserve. • Implementation of environmental action plans to mitigate incremental effects of incremental coastal aquaculture that arises as a result of NDMP implementation; • Implementation of program for strengthening environmental effects of incremental industrial pollution control in selected priority provinces to help mitigate negative environmental impacts of incremental industrialization as a result of increased water supply to industrial sector under the NDMP; • Maximization of employment opportunities for local residents to take full benefit of the employment opportunities created by the Sub-Project; • Implementation of an Emergency Preparedness Plan for managing dam flood safety risk;

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT • Extension of the local provincial for IPM to command area beneficiaries to prevent possible degradation of aquatic resources from increased use of fertilizer and pesticides. • Prevention of disruption to designated cultural and historical sites; The recommended environmental monitoring activities are:

• Compliance monitoring of the environmental mitigation program; • Surface and ground water quality monitoring program to assess incremental effects of sedimentation, erosion, and fertilizer and pesticide use; • Effects monitoring for effectiveness of complied mitigation measures, such as reforestation success in local protective forest, coastal aquaculture mitigation program etc. The estimated total cost of EMP for each subproject, which is classified as category A, is US $159,436, in which cost for mitigation measure compliance is US $13,493 and cost for monitoring is US $145,943 that consisting of:

ƒUS $47,647 for the environmental monitoring;

ƒUS $25,921 for the environmental mitigation compliance monitoring and environmental effects monitoring programs; and

ƒUS $72,375 for Consultant Environmental Specialists. Organizations/agencies responsible for EMP implementation:

The EMP of the Project will be implemented within a comprehensive organizational framework under the overall of the Project. The Project will engage several ministries, departments, and institutes, it will create a project management unit (PMU), sub-project implementation office (SIO) in each province, and there will be numerous linkages between these organizations and numerous other existing agencies/organizations at the national, provincial, district and commune levels. The institutions are responsible for the successful implementation of the Project’s EMP include: ƒ PMU (or project preparation unit) is responsible for overall Project implementation management and will contain environmental safeguard staff. PMU will be responsible for overall quality assurance of EMP implementation. ƒ Provincial SIU (Subproject implementation unit) will be responsible for daily implementation activities of the Project. Consequently, they will supervise and control the quality of construction and physical implementation of the individual subproject EMPs. ƒ EIA Appraisal Department of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment will be responsible for all regulatory and scientific reviews and approvals the EIA report of the Project. ƒ Provincial and city organizations will have important responsibilities such as implementing specific components of the mitigation program (IPM), ensurering their particular safeguards are being properly implemented and providing supplementary and secondary data to assist in the implementation of the sub- projects (e.g. land use and commodity production data).

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ƒ Environment monitoring organization/agency will be selected from the numerous national environmental consultant organizations in Vietnam. The environment monitoring organization/agency or environmental safeguard contractor will act as general contractor for primary data collection surveys and for preparation and submission undertaking some of the specific mitigation measures for the Project. ƒ Environmental Specialist Consultant will be a group of environmental specialist selected and employed by PPU. A part of the expenditure for the Project design and technical supervising will be used to pay for environmental consultants. Recommended training and capacity building It is expected that the budget for the recommended training and capacity building, below, will be provided by the training and capacity building fund of the Project. Provincial SIUs will receive training and capacity building in the following areas: • Preparing and working with terms and conditions to be included in construction contracts. These terms and conditions will include as required responsibility for mitigation and compensation for non-compliances. • For technical supervision staff training on how to conduct civil works monitoring and supervision to ensure environmental mitigation measures are being properly implemented (monitoring frequency, type of works to be supervised, assessment and reporting). • Preparation of compliance monitoring reports in accordance with the Project reporting requirement. Also, construction contractors may require training on the proper implementation of the environmental mitigation measures in order to meet the terms and conditions included in their contracts and on the preparation of site environmental management plans. This training will need to be conducted at field locations with demonstrations of mitigation measures as required. The training will be designed so that technical supervision staff from the construction supervision entities will be able to deliver such training to additional contractors as they area engaged for construction works. Environmental monitoring contractors Training and capacity building will be provided in environmental monitoring. This training will focus on detailed design of environmental monitoring system, including: • Specification of environmental impacts, • Clear set of indicators or criteria, such as water quality standards, or species richness indices, for example, which are used to evaluate changes in environmental conditions, • Preparation of environmental baselines for environmental conditions in the Project against which changes in environmental conditions may be assessed, • Spatial and temporal controls for environmental monitoring to make it possible to ascribe changes in environmental conditions to the Project effects rather than changes in factors unrelated to the subproject,

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT • Design for the data gathering or data analysis, • QA/QC, • Analysis and presentation of data and results, • Development of database information systems, • Reporting structures and formats in accordance with the WB requirement. PMU: Technical assistance will be provided to environment staffs in PMU in incorporating the results of environmental management programs (such as the Project management plan) into water resources project management decision-making. Considerable on the job training will be provided through implementation of the environmental components of the design and supervision technical assistance. Policy guideline for detailed design: Second phase of investment Preparation of the detailed design of the EMP of the Project for the second phase of investment will be preceded as follows: • While no separate and additional assessment on the environment is required for the second phase, SIO and PPU will confirm formally this conclusion prior to the detailed design of the engineering works for the second investment phase and will obtain approval for this form of MONRE, MARD and WB. • SIO and PPU: with the assistance of the environmental specialist consultant, will be responsible for preparing a detailed design document for the Project: second investment phase. Lessons learned from the results of the EMP in the first phase will be considered and applied for this detailed design. This detailed design will be prepared consider the use for the second phase, • While no separate and additional environmental assessment is required, further consultation with affected group and communities will be required. This consultation will includes but not be restricted to: - Presenting the results and finding of the environmental management of the first phase of the Project investments to affected groups and communities, - Description of engineering works to be implemented in second investment phase, expected environmental effects, and scope of proposed environmental management plan, - Receipt of comments and suggestions from affected groups and communities on environmental issues associated with second investment phase and scope of proposed environmental management plan. • The results of the consultation will be used to prepare a final detailed design document got the environmental management plan for the second phase, • SIO and PPU will submit and obtain approval for the final detailed design document for the second investment phase from MARD, and WB, • Upon receiving the necessary approval, SIO and PPU will be responsible for ensuring that the detailed design documents.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT CONTENT Page

1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE EIA REPORT...... 1 1.3 LEGAL AND PLANNING CONTEXT FOR THE PROJECT EIA...... 1 1.4 GENERAL APPROACH TO EIA PREPARATION ...... 3 1.4.1 Sources of Information Used in the Preparation of the EIA ...... 3 1.4.2 Relevant master plans and strategies consideration ...... 3 1.4.3 EIA Methodology...... 4 1.4.4 Project Affected Area...... 5 1.4.5 Scope of Environmental Management Plan for the Project ...... 5 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ...... 5 2 CHAPTER 2: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 6 2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT...... 6 2.1.1 Project’s Name ...... 6 2.1.2 Management Agency ...... 6 2.1.3 Executing Agency ...... 6 2.1.4 Agency Compiling EIA Report...... 6 2.1.5 Objectives of the Project ...... 6 2.1.6 Location of the Project ...... 6 2.2 SUMMARY OF ACTUAL SITUATION OF THE STRUCTURAL AND NON- STRUCTURAL SUBPROJECTS ...... 8 2.2.1 Component 1 ...... 8 2.2.2 Component 2 ...... 12 2.2.3 Component 3 ...... 12 2.2.4 Component 4 ...... 12 2.3 ENGINEERING REQUIRED OF THE PROJECT...... 12 2.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN...... 16 2.5 REQUIREMENT FOR RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION FOR LAND ACQUISITION ...... 17 3 CHAPTER 3: PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION ...... 18 3.1 NATURAL RESOURCES...... 18 3.1.1 Climate ...... 18 3.1.2 Hydrologic Features...... 23 3.1.3 Current Status of Natural Calamities ...... 25 3.1.4 Current Status of Land Quality ...... 27 3.1.5 Surface Water Quality...... 27 3.1.6 Under Ground Water Quality...... 31 3.1.7 Air Quality ...... 32 3.1.8 Mineral Resource ...... 34 3.1.9 Biological Resource ...... 34 3.1.10 Natural Reservers and Protected area...... 38 3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION...... 43 3.2.1 Livelihoods...... 44 3.2.2 Ethnic Minorities...... 48 3.2.3 Land Use Situation...... 50 3.2.4 Cultural and Historic Resources...... 50 4 CHAPTER 4: IMPACT ASSESSMENT...... 52 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 52

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 4.2 APPLICATION OF WB OPERATIONAL POLICIES ...... 53 4.3 ACTIVITIES WITH CONSISTENT IMPACTS ON ALL ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES ...... 54 4.3.1 Repairing and Upgrading Existing Civil Works and Facilities...... 54 4.3.2 Modernization of Irrigation Management System ...... 54 4.3.3 Construction Activities Associated with Subproject Implementation ...... 54 4.3.4 Environmental Impacts of Resettlement and Land Acquisition...... 55 4.3.5 Water Supply for Domestic, Municipal, and Industrial Use...... 55 4.3.6 Provision of Increased Water Supply to Aquaculture...... 55 4.3.7 Impacts on Population and Communities...... 56 4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL RESOURCES RECEIVING CONSISTENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ...... 57 4.4.1 Impacts on Environmental Resources in the Project Reservoir Catchments ...... 57 4.4.2 Impacts on Rare and Endangered Species...... 57 4.4.3 Impacts on Employment ...... 58 4.4.4 Impact on Economic Activities, Income, and Incidence of Poverty...... 58 4.4.5 Impacts on Mineral Resources ...... 59 4.4.6 Impacts on Air Quality, Noise and Vibration ...... 59 4.4.7 Impacts on Production Forests...... 59 4.4.8 Impacts on Human Health...... 59 4.4.9 Impacts on Nature Reserves, Protected Areas, or Protection Forests ...... 60 4.5 PROJECT IMPACTS OF PRE-CONSTRUCTION...... 60 4.5.1 Impacts of the Legacy of Conflict...... 60 4.5.2 Requirements for Resettlement and Land Acquisition ...... 60 4.6 PROJECT IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION...... 61 4.6.1 Soil ...... 61 4.6.2 Surface Water Hydrology ...... 62 4.6.3 Sedimentation and Erosion ...... 62 4.6.4 Surface Water Quality...... 64 4.6.5 Groundwater Resources ...... 65 4.6.6 Impacts on Biological Resources...... 65 4.6.7 Impacts on Socioeconomic Resources ...... 67 4.7 PROJECT IMPACTS DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE ...... 68 4.7.1 Impact on Surface Water Quality...... 68 4.7.2 Groundwater Resources ...... 69 4.7.3 Impacts on Biological Resources...... 69 4.7.4 Nature Reserves And Protected Areas ...... 71 4.7.5 Impacts on Socio-economic Resources...... 72 4.8 MAIN CONCLUSIONS OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 73 4.9 SUMMARY OF BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES IN REGARDS TO NDMP ...... 73 5 CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 76 5.1 VIETNAMESE LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 77 5.1.1 The Legal Framework for Environmental Management...... 77 5.1.2 The Administrative Framework for Environmental Management...... 78 5.1.3 Vietnamese Environmental Requirements...... 79 5.2 WORLD BANK’S ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS...... 79 5.3 OVERALL APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTATION...... 79 5.4 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE NDMP EMP ...... 80 5.5 NDMP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PROGRAM...... 81 5.6 NDMP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION COMPLIANCE MONITORING PROGRAM ...... 81 5.7 NDMP ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING PROGRAM ...... 81

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 5.8 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR NDMP EMP...... 81 5.9 ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING THE NDMP EMP ...84 5.9.1 Key Features of Organizational Framework ...... 84 5.9.2 Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation during Pre-Construction Phases .. 84 5.9.3 Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation during Construction Phases.....87 5.9.4 Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation during Operational Phase ...... 90 5.9.5 Policy Guidelines for Detailed Design: Second Phase of Investments...... 92 5.10 TRAINING AND CAPACITY UPGRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION ...... 93 5.10.1 Evaluation of Environmental Management Capabilities...... 93 5.10.2 Recommended Training and Capacity Building ...... 93 5.11 REQUIREMENTS FOR FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY IN EMP IMPLEMENTATION ...... 94 5.12 COSTS OF NDMP ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 96

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT LIST OF TABLE

Page Table 2-1. Main information of the subprojects proposed to be implemented in the first year .8 Table 2-2. Actual situation and condition of capacity and facility in the 10 selected communes ...... 12 Table 2-3. Civil works and engineering required...... 13 Table 3-1. Climate conditions of Northern Central...... 18 Table 3-2. Monthly average temperature in the last 9 years at Quynh Luu station...... 19 Table 3-3. Climate conditions of the Southern...... 19 Table 3-4. Climate conditions of the South East region...... 19 Table 3-5. Comparison of climate characteristics of the CLD and tropical region standards..20 Table 3-6. Ratio of seasonal rainfall to annual rainfall at 24 stations of Mekong Delta...... 20 Table 3-7. Ratio of seasonal rainfall and yearly rainfall in Mekong Delta ...... 21 Table 3-8. Monthly average temperature ...... 21 Table 3-9. Monthly average humidity ...... 21 Table 3-10. Monthly average evaporation...... 21 Table 3-11. Sunny time in months ...... 22 Table 3-12. Underground flow and modul of natural water reserves...... 23 Table 3-13. Surface water quality of Vuc Mau reservoir...... 28 Table 3-14. Heavy metal concentration in 4 big rivers in Ben Tre province ...... 30 Table 3-15. Water quality in Cuu Long river delta ...... 30 Table 3-16. Underground water quality in Ba Tri district...... 32 Table 3-17. Air quality in Quynh Luu district...... 32 Table 3-18. Name of nature reserves and protected areas in the 17 provinces of the project area ...... 39 Table 4-1. Relevance of WBSP to the Project...... 53 Table 4-2. Relevant of WB OP to the Project ...... 73 Table 5-1. Reporting requirements for the Project Environmental Management Plan ...... 82 Table 5-2. Detailed costs and schedule for Environmental Mitigation Program for category A subproject ...... 98 Table 5-3. NDMP environmental mitigation program ...... 101 Table 5-4. Environmental Effects Monitoring Sub-Program for NDMP...... 106 Table 5-5. Dam Safety Monitoring for NDMP ...... 109

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT LIST OF FIGURE

Page Figure 2-1. Proposed project area...... 7 Figure 3-1. Rainfall distribution in Vuc Mau subproject area...... 18 Figure 3-2. Monthly average temperature at measure-stations in the Project area ...... 22 Figure 3-3. Yearly average sunny hours at measure-stations in the Project area...... 23 Figure 3-4. Average rainfall measured in the Project area...... 23 Figure 3-5. Main river basin in the Project area...... 24 Figure 3-6. Existing flashflood area ...... 26 Figure 3-7. Ba Tri sea dyke subproject ecosystem...... 36 Figure 4-1. Vegetation coverage in upstream Vuc Mau reservoir (photo 15/9/2004) ...... 57

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ABBREVIATION

BPBank Procedure CPC Commune People’s Committee CPO Central Project Office (of MARD) DARD Department of Agricultural and Rural Development DoCIDepartment of Culture and Information DoFi Department of Fisheries DoI Department of Industry DONRE Department of Science, Technology and Environment DSADaily Subsistence Allowance EIAEnvironmental impact assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EMD Environmental Management Department EMDPEthnic Minority Development Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan EPP Emergency Preparedness Plan FPD Forest Protection Department FS Feasibility Study GoVN Government of Viet Nam HEC Hydraulic Engineering Company IMC Irrigation Management Company IPM Integrated Pest Management IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NDMP Natural Disaster Mitigation Project NEA National Environment Agency NGO Non-governmental organization NLEP National Law on Environmental Protection O/MOperations and Maintenance OPOperation Policy PAH Project Affected Households PMUProject Management Unit PPC Provincial People’s Committee RAPResettlement Action Plan SIOSub-Project Implementation Office SIUSub-Project Implementation Unit TOR Terms of Reference UXOUnexploded Ordnance VND Viet Nam Dong WBWorld Bank

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION In several worldwide instances, the implementation of various project categories was the main development thrust with little sensitivity to adverse social or environmental impacts. Even, in some cases, decisions for project implementation have led to an adverse impact on the local environment at costs, which are much higher than the benefits actually accrued. In view of the deteriorating environmental conditions in and around project-affected area, it has become necessary to account for the environment while making decision for project implementation. For thousands of the years, natural calamities have taken many lives away, caused more loss to economy, and badly affected to the living of hundreds of people in Vietnam. Although disasters are unavoidable, the society can still moderate their harm, consequently, reduce risks and prevent them become real disasters. Thus, Natural Disaster Mitigation Project (NDMP) has been proposed to research and carry out. However, NDMP including a number of construction and non-construction subprojects will result in some form degradation. It is necessary to determine the acceptable level and to compensate for the degradations. These degradations may extend both upstream and downstream of the Project area. The impacts may be both to the natural, physical environment and to the human environment. Therefore, the major donor considers the Project to be environmentally sensitive. This report is concerned both with impacts of the Project on the environment and with the sustainability of the Project itself. Clearly an EIA will not resolve all problems. There will be trade-offs between economic development and environmental protection as in all development activities. However, without an objective EIA, informed decision making would be impossible.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE EIA REPORT The main objectives for EIA of the project are: - Comprehensive description of current natural environment and socio-economic conditions in the project area. - Identification the potential impacts of the project on natural environment, socio- economic conditions as well as on the health of the population. The EIA concentrates on analysis and scientific assessment of the physical, chemical, biological and socio- economic impacts of the project when it is implemented and put on operation - Recommendations for technically feasible and management measures to minimum negative impacts of the Project on natural environment during construction and operation phases to ensure that the Project is go along with the Vietnamese regulation on environmental protection as well as WB requirement. 1.3 LEGAL AND PLANNING CONTEXT FOR THE PROJECT EIA The EIA report has been prepared according to Vietnamese legal, policy and regulation framework for environmental impact assessment; key legal instruments in Vietnam for environmental protection and natural resource management; WB’s directives and guidelines

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT for EIA and natural resources. Additionally, a number of international environmental conventions; national environmental and natural resources programs and plans were considered in the preparation of the EIA.

‰ Vietnamese legal, policy and regulation framework for environmental impact assessment includes: - National law on Environmental Protection (1994), - Decree 175/CP/1994 on implementation of the Environmental Protection Law, - Decree 26 CP 1996 on fine for breaking down the Environmental Protection Law, - Decree 12/CP issued in 2/1997 provides detail regulations on Abroad Investment Law implementation, - The Government Decree of 22/1998/ND-CP on 24 April 1998 on the reimbursement of losses when land is withdrawn by State for national defense, national benefits and public benefits, - Circular N490/1998/TT-BKHCNMT on 29 April 1998 where the Ministry of Science Technology and Environment made guidance to make EIA report and its appraisal for investment project.

‰ WB’s directives and guidelines for EIA and natural resources: - Operational Policy 4.01 (and accompanying annexes) – Environmental Assessment. - Operational Policy 4.04 – Natural Habitat; - Operational Policy 4.36 – Forestry; - Operational Policy 4.13 – Culture Property; - Operational Policy 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement; - Operational Policy 4.20 – Indigenous People; - Operational Policy 4.12 – Dam safety; - Operational Policy 4.03 – Pesticide Management; - Operational Policy 7.50 – International Waterways;

‰ Key legal instruments in Vietnam for environmental protection and natural resource management: - TCVN 5592 - national surface water quality standards, - TCVN 5944 - national under-ground water quality standards, - TCVN 6980 (2001) standard for industrial effluents discharged into rivers used for domestic water supply, - Decree 18/1986 – the ordinance on conservation and management of living aquatic resources, - 1991 united framework on forestry resource protection, - 1171, 1986 on Forest protection, particularly on protected areas.

‰ Considered international environmental conventions: - 1972 convention concerning the protection of the world natural of international and cultural heritage (the World Heritage Convention), - 1973 convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (CITES convention), - 1992 united nations framework convention on climate change,

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT - 1992 convention on biological diversity. In this context, the 2002 IUCN red list of threatened species was a main sourcebook for considering biodiversity resources within the sub-project’s area of influence.

‰ National environmental and natural resources programs and plans: - National strategy for environmental protection for 2001 to 2010, - National biodiversity action plan (1995), - Forest protection department 1998 protected area plan of Vietnam to 2010, - National aquaculture development program (1999-2010). 1.4 GENERAL APPROACH TO EIA PREPARATION 1.4.1 Sources of Information Used in the Preparation of the EIA Information used in preparing the EIA report was obtained from a number of sources: - Project preparation report and its annexes, - FS of the 3 sub-projects intended to implement in the first year: Vuc Mau reservoir, Ba Tri sea dye and “Mekong River Delta Flood Warning and Monitoring System”. - Further information provided by organization performing the FS for the above 3 sub- projects, - Social Assessment report of the social study group completed in 2003, - Current environment situation report of some province in the project area, - Data on environmental quality and natural conditions in the area of each subproject of the component 1 that are proposed to be implemented in the first year and some other areas in the project area, - Stakeholder meeting and public hearing carried out during the EIA report preparation period, (Appendix), - Results of socio-economic investigation and assessment in the project area done by the environmental consultant, - The gathering of secondary data and information from various sources in government departments at the provincial, district, and commune level in provinces in which the sub- projects are located in, - Guidelines and regulations of WB as well as of Vietnamese government on EIA and Environmental Screening report performing. 1.4.2 Relevant master plans and strategies consideration The EIA considered several master plans, strategy and action plan documents relating to water resource management, disaster management, reforestation etc. in the NDMP area. Adapted from the "Resource Management in the Vietnam Mekong Basin", the Sub-Institute of Water Resources Management and Planning has formulated water resource development plans (WRDP) for the Mekong river delta outlining the short to long term option with the ultimate objective of moving from temporary to permanent flood control. Drainage measures are proposed with consideration of water management requirements in dry season and the need to prevent salinity intrusion. WB has financed the implementation of the WRDP under the Mekong Water Resources Project. The project includes sub-projects for improve of freshwater supply through the rehabilitation and upgrading of canals have begun in Quan Lo-

NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 3 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Phung Hiep in Bac Lieu, Ca Mau and Soc Trang provinces, and the area of shallow flooding in Tien Giang, Vinh Long, Dong Thap, Can Tho, parts of Long An, Ben Tre and Kien Giang. The short-term option of the WRDP is to introduce year-round flood prevention primarily through the upgrading of the dyke system and sluice gates. In this standpoint, the NDMP, which aims to save lives and protect the economic assets of communities living in hazard prone areas; improve the efficiency of medium-term reconstruction and recovery efforts through support for providing structural and non-structural measures to prevent and mitigate the impact of natural disasters; restoring infrastructure damaged and providing assistance to poor communities affected; strengthening national and local institutions in natural disaster preparedness, response, and medium term recovery, goes well with the WRDP. Other important relevant resources management policy in the NDMP area is Watershed Management and Reforestation Program, which aims to reforest an area of five million (5,000,000) hectares by 2020. This program will improve the environment in general, and will contribute significantly to the improve of water resources and flood control in Vietnam, especially in central Vietnam. The NDMP will also reforest about 3.1 ha mangrove in order to substitute the deteriorated mangroves caused by the construction of Ba Tri sea dyke. Besides, the introduction of Ba Tri sea dyke will allow more shrimp crops and expansion of shrimp cultivation area. Generally, there is a conflict between mangrove reforestation and shrimp cultivation. The increase in both shrimp crops, and expansion of shrimp cultivation area might cause further reduction of mangrove forest coverage along the Ba Tri sea dyke. These negative impacts could be mitigated by an appropriate shrimp cultivation such as feeding an adequate food, treating wastewater from the farm before discharging into surrounding etc. Within the NDMP area, there are some other relevant projects such as afforestation in Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen provinces supported by KFW; central region water resources sector project financed by ADB, Vietnam water resources assistance project funded by WB...etc. As these projects and NDMP are in MARD, there would be no conflict among these.

1.4.3 EIA Methodology Methodologies used to perform the EIA report was based on the World Bank’s Environmental Assessment Sourcebook. The consultant has primary responsibility for meeting World Bank and Go.VN policies on in voluntary resettlement, indigenous people and dam safety, the contents, conclusions and recommendations of this EIA are intended to support the Consultant in the preparation of resettlement action plan and ethnic minority development plans for the subprojects is they are required. The methodologies have been used to perform the EIA as follows:

•Reviewing •Checklist method •Method of comparison •Method of expert consultation •Method of site survey and investigation

NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 4 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT •Statistical method •Method of mathematical modeling •Method of environment matrix •GIS method: using the MAPINFOR and MICROSTATION software to build the special map for the studied area. 1.4.4 Project Affected Area For this EIA, the subproject-affected area is defined as: - The area that sub-projects will be constructed or upgraded. - The adjacent of the construction area, where will be affected by the subproject implementation. For instance surface and under-ground water resources in the downstream of the command area, air quality outside of the command areas, and natural habitats and ecosystems that may be located at downstream of the command areas. There are considered on a case-by-case basis in the impact assessment as possible cumulative effects of the subprojects on environmental resources. 1.4.5 Scope of Environmental Management Plan for the Project The environmental management plan for the Project contains the following components: - Mitigation and monitoring requirements to minimum adverts impacts for the 3 subprojects of the component 1 and subprojects of the component 2 that are proposed to be done in the first year, including cost estimates, - Implementation arrangements and implementation schedule for the overall environmental management plan, - The programmatic framework which specifies how the specific mitigation and monitoring activities associated with the second phase are to be designed in detail and implemented during overall Project, - Requirements for technical assistance to support implementation of the environmental management plan including supervision and training, - Detailed work-plan for each phase of the Project implementation (for example during the pre- construction phase). 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT The EIA report for the Natural Disaster Mitigation includes the following sections: Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Brief description of the Project Chapter 3:Present environmental condition Chapter 4:Impacts assessment Chapter 5: Environmental management plan

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT

2 CHAPTER 2: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2.1.1 Project’s Name Natural Disaster Mitigation Project-WB4 (NDMP) 2.1.2 Management Agency Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development A 10 block – No2, Ngọc Hà Street, Ba Đình district, Hà Nội 2.1.3 Executing Agency Project Preparation Unit (PPU) A 10 block – No2, Ngọc Hà street, Ba Đình district, Hà Nội Tel. number: 04 8253921/ 04 8249638, Fax: 04 8242372 2.1.4 Agency Compiling EIA Report Environmental Research Center 5/62 Nguyễn Chí Thanh – Hà Nội Tel. number: 04 8359494, Fax: 04 8355993 2.1.5 Objectives of the Project The NDM project will support the implementation of the stated government policies of saving lives and protecting property in case of natural disaster. The objectives of the proposed project are to:

- Save lives and protect the economic assets of communities living in hazard prone areas. - Improve the efficiency of medium-term reconstruction and recovery efforts. This would be achieved through support for ƒ Providing structural and non-structural measures to prevent and mitigate the impact of natural disasters. ƒ Restoring infrastructure damaged and providing assistance to poor communities affected to quickly restore their livelihood and income. ƒ Strengthening national and local institutions in natural disaster preparedness, response, and medium term recovery. 2.1.6 Location of the Project The Project will be implemented in 17 provinces in the first year and will be expanded in the whole country in the following years. The proposed locations for the Project implementation in the first year are illustrated in figure 2-1.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT

Figure 2-1. Proposed project area

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 2.2 SUMMARY OF ACTUAL SITUATION OF THE STRUCTURAL AND NON- STRUCTURAL SUBPROJECTS 2.2.1 Component 1 Sub-projects of component 1 concentrate to solve the natural calamities such as: flood, storm, landslide, drought, cyclone and salinity. These calamities cause serious damages during the past decade. For example, amount of the dead increased from 355 to 824 a year in the period 1997-2002. 2% GDP was cut down due to natural calamities. List of priority sub-projects are chosen to invest from the first year to the following year mentioned in Table i. 2 constructional sub-projects and 1 non-constructional subproject are proposed in the first year, summarized in the following table 2-1:

Table 2-1. Main information of the subprojects proposed to be implemented in the first year Name of Sub-Project Location Short Description Cost No. (Mil. USD) 1 Vuc Mau Reservoir Nghe An Embankment dam rehabilitation and 5,0 Province spillway capacity upgrade for flood protection 2 Ba Tri sea dyke Ben Tre Construction of a tidal surge flood 9,0 protection 3 Mekong river flood Mekong Delta Modernization of hydro- 7,0 forecasting system Provinces meteorological forecasting network

¾ Vuc Mau Reservoir subproject: Vuc Mau reservoir is situated on Hoang Mai river of Quynh Trang commune, Quynh Luu district, Nghe An province, and was built in 1978. This reservoir, the big reservoir of Nghe An has been put into use since 1986. The reservoir has basin area of 215 Km2, and the capacity of 75,053*106m3 with the following tasks:

‰ Reducing flooding of Hoang Mai river lower section

‰ Resist again drought, provide irrigation water for 3786 ha of agriculture cultivation and aquaculture cultivation.

‰ Supply clean water and provide water for industrial production. The reservoir was built under poor economic situation, therefore, it was much limited. After around 30 years operating, due to not be regularly repaired/maintained and suffering from natural disaster, it was notably deteriorated and cannot ensure designed tasks in term of flood control, irrigation and safety for dam during the operation. Present dam and cannels are earth and soil with the actual situation as follows: a) Earthen dam: • The dam slope has been very sharp since elevating the height of the dam. • The dam has been permeable through its body and foundation, water runs into flow at some places. • Filtering layers at the up and down stream are not thick enough. • Stone revert at upstream was peeled off at many places.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT b) Spillway: • The extended wall at upstream was in poor quality. • Opening and closing system is operated by hand very difficult, especially in the windy and typhoon. • Valve is not watertight and rusty • The slop protection at downstream was peeled off at many places • Spillway span is not wide enough compared with checking flow in the new regulation. c) Sluice: • The section behind the valve of the sluice was pock-marked. • Valve is not water tight. • The opening and closing machine was old and difficult to operate. d) Cannel: • Irrigation canals were earth canals, had not been consolidated, water loss and much permeable. • Many sections of canal were slide. • Many works on the canal were missing or broken down. ¾ Ba Tri sea dye subproject : Ba Tri sea dye subproject is to protect coastal communes such as Tan Xuan, Bao Thanh, Tan Thuy, An Thuy, An Hoa Tay with the nature area approximately of 14,153 hectares. These communes often suffer with human and property for the effects of strong tide and hurricane, the losses from which makes influence in the living of the local. For instance, the 5th hurricane in 11/1997 caused strong tide and flooded thousands of rice, vegetables; hundreds of aquarium hectares were heavily calamitous, many fishing boats were damaged and sunk; all lost up to dozens of billion VND. The available outer-dyke system is now along Ham Luong River, running along the seaside of An Hoa Tay, An Thuy, Tan Thuy communes and ends at Rach Ruong Muoi of Bao Thuan commune. However, the dyke system is not completed and closed; dame top is not high enough; unprotected natural area outside the dyke is still large; some of irrigation ditches have no regulation sewers; water which was salted by strong tide and flood from the sea and other river branches from Ba Lai and Ham Luong Rivers to the project area has not been controlled. The ditch system in the project area is hardly invested into in term of irrigation; the irrigation is not solved completely. ¾ Mekong river flood forecasting system: Existing technical equipments and facility at meteorology and hydrology stations in the Cuu Long rive delta includes:

‰ Existing meteorological stations

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT There are 14 meteorological stations in operation in the Cuu Long River Delta. The parameters observed are air temperature (Tk), ground surface temperature (Td), air humidity (U), air pressure (P), rainfall (R), sunshine hours (Sh), wind (W) velocity and direction, evaporation (Z), radiation (B), rainfall quality and dust deposited. The equipments/ instruments used are obsolete, old fashioned like: ordinary mercury thermometer, psychrometer, Wild meter measuring velocity and direction of wind, pluviometer of container type, etc. The ordinary observation frequency is 4 times a day (at 1:00, 7:00, 13:00 and 19:00 hour).

‰ Existing hydrological stations There are 40 hydrological stations, among which five stations are measuring discharge (Q): Tan Chau (Tien river), Chau Doc (Hau river), Vam Nao (Vam Nao river), Can Tho (Hau river), My Thuan (Tien river). The other stations measure water level (H), rainfall (X), river water temperature (T); some of them observe water quality (Cn), salinity in river water (S). The water level recorders are of Valdai (Russian daily recorder), American weekly, Stevens recorder, French Tital, Switzerland Eobar, Russian GR38. The current meters are usually of propeller type, cup type; only at Tan Chau station (Tien river) the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) is used. Their data are recorded on paper and may be read out after a day (Valdai) or a week (Stevens), etc. Therefore, the data cannot be timely transmitted to the Ho Chi Minh City forecasting unit, to other provincial Hydro-meteorological forecasting centers, to other potential users/ beneficiaries.

‰ Existing investigation posts in flooding areas At the present, there are in total 87 investigation posts distributed in the flooding areas of the CLD. These posts were established at different times for independent projects with the main purposes of investigating the water flowing in and out of the DTM and TGLX areas. Only at 21 posts discharge measurements were sometimes made in various projects, at the remaining posts only water levels were measured.

‰ Meteorological radar At the moment, a radar system (Doppler DWSR from the US EEC Co.) is in the process of installation, experimental operation in Ho Chi Minh City, which is yet to produce valuable rain information.

‰ Current database and flood modeling system In general, hydrological models may be divided into: - Flood forecasting model for upstream stations; - Flood forecasting model for the delta mainstream station; - Routing model for forecasting/ warning of flooding in the CLD. Some of existing hydrodynamic models used in the CLD are listed below: 1) The SSARR (Stream Flow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation) model. It was developed in 1959 by US corps of engineers and used to study Mekong runoff in 1967. 2) The SOGREAH model was developed by French scientists in the years of 1960(s) by the contract made by UNESCO.

NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 10 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 3) The MASTER model has been developed on the basis of WENDY (Water Environmental Dynamic) software and suitable for purposes of watershed management, to build hydraulic structures on the channel and is composed of river model delta flood model and delta tidal model. 4) VRSAP (Vietnam River Systems and Plains) was developed by Vietnamese modelers in the years 1978-1984 and widely used in the Vietnam CLD for planning, designing purposes. 5) The SAL model was developed by Dr. Nguyen Tat Dac in 1987 to study salinity intrusion in the Vietnam’s CLD in 1990 and the Red river delta in Northern Vietnam. 6) The MEKSAL model was developed by V. Pareeren in 1974 and modified by Le Huu Ty to study salinity intrusion in the Vietnam’s Cuu Long River Delta. 7) The HEC – RAS/UNET model was developed by US Corps of Engineers and based on HEC-2. 8) The HYDROGIS model was developed by Dr. Nguyen Huu Nhan in SVRHMC. 9) The ISIS model is jointly developed by Halcrow and Hydraulics Research Wallingford and widely used in UK and Europe. 10) The KOD model is developed by Dr. Nguyen An Nien from the Southern Institute of Water Resource Research in 1974 to be applied in Red river basin planning (1975- 1993); it has links with water quality and 2D components. 11) The Mike 11 model is developed by Danish Hydraulics institute and has been applied for large number of projects in different parts of the world. It was used to study the Mekong - Cambodian part. 12) The multivariate regression software. It may be applied to get regression between water level at station in forecast and some nearby water level stations. To develop and run models, the following data have been available The channel sections data after historical flood in 2000, flooding areas, topographic data, the roads constructed, the canals, dykes, flood control structures built recently, the regulation rules of spillways, the drainage systems, and especially good, timely collected and transmitted hydrologic, meteorological data, including data collected and stored in various agencies.

‰ Existing data communication system • 3 channels linking Hanoi with Global Telecommunication System (75 baud) at the Central Center for Hydro-meteorological forecasts, • The MSS system with automatic switch on mechanism for automatic data collection, transmission, and storage, • The WAN system is for transmission observation data, the operational outputs of the Central Center for Hydro-meteorological forecasts to provincial HMF centers via Dial- up Networking with the transmission speed of 28800bps. • The transmission system is to send data from Central Center for Hydro- Meteorological Forecasts to regional HMC (s) via satellite. In summary, we may see that the available hydrological, meteorological stations do not meet the requirements in flood warnings and forecasting. Therefore, the upgrading flood forecasting in Cuu Long rive delta are absolutely necessary. Moreover, training and practicing

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT are required for specialist and major staffs. More practices should be provided for local people to help them get more knowledge about the characteristic of the hydrology and meteorology in CLD as well as using effectively provided data and information on flood warning and forecasting.

2.2.2 Component 2 The component 2 will be implemented at 100 communes. The 3 communes, which located in the 3 different typical geography of Vietnam such as mountainous, coastal and plain areas, were selected to exam the disaster management community based in the first year. The actual condition of structure and non-structure facilities and abilities in the collected 3 communes are summarized in table 2-2.

Table 2-2. Actual situation and condition of capacity and facility in the 10 selected communes

No. Location Condition Commune District Province 1 Sơn Thịnh Hương Sơn Hà Tĩnh -Poor, limited experience in planning 2 Quảng Lợi Quảng Điền Thừa Thiên Huế and implementing project management as well as facilities, measures to 3 An Đức Ba Tri Bến Tre prevent and against storm and flood, -Deteriorated infrastructures that unable to ensure community transportation demand and local people needs. -Life safety facilities are sparse even not be available, Deteriorated dykes, dams and irrigation that cannot ensure their tasks. Some structure and non-structure of the Project have not been existed. 2.2.3 Component 3 Component 3 is a contingency fund. The fund will be stet up in 2005 and be used to finance reconstruction infrastructures, in which the natural disaster destroyed one will be prior such as bridge, road, irrigation, school, sanatorium, hospital…Fund also may be used for recovering socio-economic condition of natural disaster affected communities.

2.2.4 Component 4 This component will focus on strengthening government institutions to ensure better coordination among the various government agencies and levels responsible for actual disaster prevention, preparedness, relief and recovery. Besides, it will provide training in mitigation and preparedness measures to provincial Committees for Flood and Storm Control and to communities most vulnerable to natural disaster hazards. At the present, some programs/training like the proposed one is available such as management capacity training courses. However, these are not enough; therefore, it is actually feeble ability on disasters solving and management. Their awareness of disaster and its influence and effect are limited.

2.3 ENGINEERING REQUIRED OF THE PROJECT The Central Project Office (CPO) will prepare a plan to assist techniques for each part of the project, in which basic of service, cost and time are estimated clearly. Ministrial and

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT provincial PMU will also plan to assist sub-projects with capital and submit to CPO for approval. CPOs have to supervise plans supporting techniques to generate the latest data from different PMUs. "Calamity Reduction" is a large sized project with the total capital over 150 million USD. Services consulting PMU in ministry, province and central level will be for assisting techniques, providing services to carry out the project at work and training programmes as followings:

• Project Management • Surveys on mechanics, maps, geology and hydrography • Environmental estimations • Trainers of calamity management based on community • Highly expertized training • Communication technology • Site clearance and resettlement In term of size, the project set up to build important infrastructures like: maintaining and upgrading dykes, dames, Watergate, main transportation way considered as project components. Besides, the project will upgrade and enrich equipments to conduct and measure hydrographic data such as numbered model, water estimating method … which are considered as non-constructional measures. All technical components control different parts of the cycle (solution, prevention, reduction, recovery and reconstruction) and plan to carry out widely with the available labour and materials of the local. Based on recently owned research results, the technical volume of the sub-projects is briefed in table 2-3.

Table 2-3. Civil works and engineering required

Component Civil works and engineering required A. Component 1 A.1 Vuc Mau Rervoir A.1.1. Dam reparing •Upper dam talus has been removed the stone paving, reshape the talus by filling with reinforced concrete M200 20cm thick on a layer of broken stones and gravel for filtering 20cm thick and coarse sand 20cm. Allocate reinforced concrete bracing frame M200 with 40cm thick and 25cm wide in the form of net cell 5m x 5m which keep the concrete sheets joint together for wave resistance when there is storm. • Lower talus of dam is removed the rip rapped stone, 60cm deep weathered tree root, re-fill dam talus as design follows: + From dam crest to mechanics 18.00 spread of m = 3.5 + From mechanics+ 18.00 to mechanics + 10.00 spread of m = 3.75 + From mechanics+ 10.00 to dam foot spread m =3.75 + From mechanics + 18.00 to dam foot joint with 10cm drainage hole concrete sheets. Underneath is a 20cm filtering layer of broken stones and gravel, 20 cm thick filtering sand. • The dam face is 5m wide, filled with 30cm thick crushed stones and soil and spread with crushed stones 15cm.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Component Civil works and engineering required • Concrete wave retaining wall with reinforced concrete M200. Level of wave retaining wall crest: 26.40m. • At the lower mechanics + 18.00 allocate to combine operating road to spillway, width of dam mechanics is 6m wide, asphalted with bitumen 5m wide with standard 5kg/m2. • Build drainage ditch in lower talus with brick of 22cm thickness, reinforced concrete bottom M200 15cm thick. Width b x h = 0.4m x 0.3m at mechanics + 18.00, foot and dam talus. • Col-grouting drilling to resist seepage at the connection of between layers of stone and body of dam. The left bank section is 70m long; the right bank section is 200m long, total 270m long. A.1.2. Spillway • Build one more opening in the right bank of existing spillway. Site wall of new reparing spillway is far away from right site wall of existing spillway 8.5m. • Level of spillway lip is 15.50, followed by water slope and distilling by jet, • Demolish part of division wall in upper section of right bank of existing spillway, re build a appropriate with structure of 4 overflow doors • Rebuild upper wall of dam from the level of 24.70 up to leveling of crest of wave retaining wall of dam is 26.40(m) • Replace newly arch valve door, open/close driver, hydraulic piton system and electrification of open/close system. • Build covering house for open/close driver, hand rail, stairs, rails, wire guard dropper, and wire guard. • Reinforce entrance door, jointing part between site wall and 2 mountain shoulders. A.1.3. Water intake • Re build operating house, perron from operating house to lower section of the reparing culvert. • Extend culvert to lower section more 11.5m, M200 reinforced concrete distilling tank. • Replace 2 valve lock, open/close driver and install electric engine to open/close valve lock. A.1.4. Management • Leveling to create site of 500m2. house upgrading • Build boundary wall, perron • Rebuild 2 management houses with use area of 200m2. A.1.5. Road •Upgrade operating road with the width of 6.5m. The asphalted surface is 3.5m wide rehabilitantce made of composition of 3 grade medium asphalt and concrete, subject to grade V standard road to ensure transportation in flooding season. •In the wall section of the begin of dam, road surface is connected with dam mechanics with 6m wide, asphalted surface is 5m wide at the level of dam mechanics +18.00 running into spillway. •Re build 38 irrigating sluices running through operating road with span of Φ 40cm to Φ150cm. • Build drainage pitch insulating water in sections next to hillside. A.1.6. Lighting system •Setting electric line 10KV from Quynh Trang to the dam with length of 7.5km. and communication •Arrange a transforming station 35/0.4KV-100KVA in management premises. construction •Installing communication system to connect with those in Post and telecommunication in order to keep contact with Enterprise, Company authorized Department and Provincial Committee for Flood Control. •Arranging lighting system to protect the earth fill dam, spillway, and water intake and management house. •Arranging water meter pillar, settlement driver, seepage current means of transporting like canoes to protect reservoir bed and provide secure in case of emergency.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Component Civil works and engineering required •Arranging to install hydro-meteorology forecasting equipments to ensure the safety of Vuc Mau reservoir and other construction work in the area. A.2. Ba Tri sea-dye A.2.1 Sea dyke •Embanking dyke of 31.581 km with the spot soil •Covering dyke surface with red gravel 20cm thick and the width of gravel coverage of B = 4m •Growing grass on dyke slope •Afforesting on the sea-oriented berm (at the foot of dyke) for protective purpose B≥ 20m, R = 150 - 300m for tide prevention and dyke base protection, and ecological improvement for the project zone. A.2.2. Sea dyke culverts 1) Dyke box culverts •Constructing 11 reinforced concrete culverts with anti-corrosion steel valve, two directions automatic opening. According to TCXDVN 285-2002 Norm, works of category IV. 2) Opening dyke •Constructing 9 reinforced concrete culverts with anti-corrosion steel valve, two culverts directions automatic opening. According to TCXDVN 285-2002 Norm, works of category III. 3) Fresh water •Constructing 6 reinforced concrete culverts with anti-corrosion steel valve, two distribution culverts directions automatic opening. According to TCXDVN 285-2002 Norm, works of category IV. A.2.2. Bridges •Constructing 5 bridges with weight restriction of less than 8 tons on dyke road at the locations of fresh water canals leading to aquatic farming area across dyke road. A.3. CLD flood -Constructing 132 hydrology stations in the flood area. warning system -Improving and upgrading facilities at hydrology-meteorology stations. A.4 Red River Basin -Improving and upgrading stations of hydrology and meteorology system. Flood Forecasting A.5.Central Provinces -Improving and upgrading stations of hydrology and meteorology system Flood Forecasting and Huong river basin A.6.Natural Disaster -Constructing 3 rain-measurement stations at Trường Sơn, Sơn Thạch, Ngư Hoái. Management and Warning System at Quảng Bình province A.7. Cau Khai -Constructing pump station at Cau Khai and drainage culvert Drainage System -Repairing and upgrading drainage culvert at the old Cau Khai -Improving and upgrading constructions on the main drainage canal -Constructing the canal system and constructions on it at level 2. A.8.Hai Lang -Upgrading, repairing and strengthening 70.638m slope of the dyke. Drainage System -Upgrading, repairing and constructing constructions underneath the dyke, pump station and water separating canal. A.9.O Lan River Dyke -Constructing and strengthening slope of the dyke along 2 sides of the Ô Lâu river. Upgrading -Constructing and repairing culverts underneath the dyke, bridges over the canal. A.10.Am Du Estuary -Widening river, dredging riverbed. Trainings -Constructing dam to against wave, sand and embanking riverbank. Construction A.11.Vo Xu Dyke and -Repairing, upgrading outer dike, pump station and irrigation. Pumping Station

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Component Civil works and engineering required Upgrading A.12.Tan Hung Canal -Digging Tân Hưng canal and completing the construction of structures on the canal. B. Component 2 B.1 Irrigation B.1.1Canals -Concreting and enlarging over 13km B.1.2 Sewers -Upgrading more than 47 sewer gates -Constructing 3 new sewers. B.1.3 Embankments -Concreting 588m seawalls for anti-erosion, -Building a river-wall with 1.5 km long and 4m high, stones set for 8 steps (0.5m high for each) at Lương Sơn- Lương Binh –Lương Sơn commune, Binh Thuận province. -Building 550m river embankment, -Upgrade 1.5km of Nga Pho river project. B.1.4 Dams -Building 100m Ma Ha Dam B.1.5 Cisterns -Building 5 ones, -Upgrading 81 family cisterns B.1.6 Water reservoir -Upgrading 3 small ones B.2 Infrastructure and health service B.2.1 Rural road -Concreting and spread asphalt on over 40km village road B.2.2 Bridge -Building 3 bridge with and over 65m long, 3m – 5m wide -Upgrading bridges with and over 15m long , 3m -4m wide B.2.3 Medical station -Rebuilding 2 medical stations with 144 m2 B.2.4 School -Upgrading 1 primary school (14 classrooms), 7 two-store kindergartens B.2.5 Latrine -Upgrading 5 public latrines, and 153 household latrines B.2.6 Market -Building 2 new store market (500 m2) B.2.7 Water station -Building and upgrading more than 3 houses to protect pumps and their stations

C. Component 3, 4 -So far, constructions of component 3 and 4 have not been researched and expounded in details. 2.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The Project was plans to be implemented in early 2005. Apart from experiences of the current ODA projects, activities before implementing the project officially will promote the project process more efficiently. WB agreed to choose consultants before Loan Agreement takes effect, consultants can assist the project, avoid wasting time in choosing consultants and commercial contracts. • Component 1 Two sub-projects and 1 other non-structural subproject of this component were proposed to be carried out in 6 years from 2005, in which Vuc Mau subproject will be implemented in 4 years, Ba Tri sea dyke project will be implemented in 6 years and Mekong Delta will be completed in 2 years. Implementation - Plans for the other sub-projects of component 1 have not been reported.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT • Component 2 From 2005, structural and non-structural sub-projects in 10 communes listed in Table 2-2 will be carried. Other sub-projects of the component have not been in plans. • Component 3 Planned preventative fund will be set up and work in 5 years, from 2005 - 2009. Each year the fund will appear in one province, however, there has been the list of 5 provinces up to October 2004. • Component 4 The component will start in 2005 and end in 2010.

2.5 REQUIREMENT FOR RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION FOR LAND ACQUISITION Lan use plan: + Temporary land use: Most sub-projects have requirements for land use. Temporary land use is probably for different proposes such as material site, way for vehicles to get in, tents for workers… Temporary land use certainly affects on living of the people and the environment around the project area. Therefore, when filing sub-projects, it is necessary to point out detail calculations on effects as well as solutions for this matter. + Permanent land use: permanently acquisited land will be used for almost sub-projects, mainly for building and upgrading. However, according to proposals of sub-projects from provinces, most of these are invested into basing on upgrading current constructions. Thus, acquisited land for Project is not much. Acquisited land for Project is detailed in Research Economic Report for each sub-project Resettlement Plan: Standard of compensation for resettlement is based on principle that households affected by the project or able to prove that their settlement was before the deadline will receive full compensation and benefit from the recovery method of the project. Compensation rate is that land, buildings and trees will be compensated with their actual price, crops will get replaced price. For the above reasons, the policy for project compensation must be discussed submitted to the Government to correct some contents, and allow provinces (a) to compensate by replaced price, not to count the deduction for equipment, household tools, land, houses and other property acquisited by the project; (b) to compensate and aid resettlement for those who affected from the project although they have or not to have their legal right to their property.

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3 CHAPTER 3: PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION 3.1 NATURAL RESOURCES 3.1.1 Climate Project site is in monsoonal region divided into 4 parts with significantly different characteristics. 1) Northern Central includes Thanh Hoá, Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị and Thừa Thiên Huế. This area is of course in the monsoonal region, and affected changeable weather between North and South. It results in two different seasons: dry and rainy seasons - Dry season from January to August: it dry and hot, and effected of wind from the West (Lao wind) regime. - Rainy season prolongs from September to December: it often effected by East-North son moon with drizzle. The annual average figures of the climate parameter are shown in table 3-1.

Table 3-1. Climate conditions of Northern Central

No Climate parameter Average 1 Annual temperatures in dry season 26.5 0C ÷36 0C 2 Annual temperatures in rainy season 20,1 0C 3 Annual rainfall 1500 ÷ 1700mm 4 Annual humidity 85 % ÷ 88 % 5 Total sunny time in a year 1159.8 h Source: Present Environmental Condition Report of Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Trị and Thua Thien Hue provinces.

450 Annual average rainfall 400 (from 1994 to 2002) in 350

Vuc Mau reservoir region ) 300

is mentioned in Table 3-1, (mm)

mm 250 a ( according to the source of − The Material Centre – The 200

National Hydro and îng m 150 − Rainfall L Meteorology Centre. The 100 lowest rainfall is about 20mm/month in January 50 and rises gradually in the 0 following months. It 123456789101112

reaches 410mm/month in Th¸ngMonth September. Figure 3-1. Rainfall distribution in Vuc Mau subproject area Monthly average temperature in Vuc Mau reservoir region is mentioned through average values in the last 9 years at Quynh Luu station in Table 3-2.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Table 3-2. Monthly average temperature in the last 9 years at Quynh Luu station Month

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Factor

Rainfall 15,8 25,8 37,2 58,7 138,0 109,4 118,4 195,7 406,4 223,7 82,5 50,5 1462,2 Evaporation 46,4 38,0 40,8 48,5 80,7 115,4 105,6 79,6 66,5 81,6 73,1 62,1 838,5 Temperature 18,2 18,4 20,6 24,4 27,3 29,3 29,1 28,2 26,7 25,2 22,0 19,0 24,0 Moisture 87,0 88,7 90,6 90,5 86,1 81,4 81,0 84,5 86,9 84,4 83,7 84,2 85,8 Sunny hour 88,1 57,9 61,7 134,4 197,5 189,2 180,7 174,6 141,3 153,6 124,0 89,0 1591,8 Source: The Material Centre - The National Hydro and Meteorology Centre 2)The Southern Central includes Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Đinh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa. In this area, rainy season lasts from September to December and there is the Northern- East wind with rain. Figures of the area climate parameter are shown in Table 3-3. Table 3-3. Climate conditions of the Southern

No. Climate parameter Average 1 Annual average temperature 26,3 0C ÷27,5 0C 2 Annual average rainfall 1320 ÷ 1590mm 3 Annual average humidity 80% ÷ 86 % 4 Total of sunny time 2000 - 2400 hours 5 Annual average evaporation 1200 ¸ 1500 mm Source: The Material Centre - The National Hydro and Meteorology Centre 3) The South East region includes Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan. According to the report ‘‘Tasks of environmental plan construction and research for stable development of the Southern East region’’, annual average temperature is not very changeable. The lowest temperature is slightly rising. Humidity in rainy season is 85- 88% more than dry season. Climate conditions of the project area in the South East region are shown in Table 3-4. Table 3-4. Climate conditions of the South East region

No. Climate parameter Average 1 Annual average temperature 26,4 0C ÷27,2 0C 2 Annual average rainfall 1768 ÷ 1868,4mm 3 Annual average humidity 66% ÷ 90 % 4 Total of sunny time 2200 - 2400 hours

Source: The Material Centre - The National Hydro and Meteorology Centre 4) Cuu Long river delta includes Long An, Đồng Tháp, An Giang, Tiền Giang, Vĩnh Long, Bến Tre, Kiên Giang, Cần Thơ, Trà Vinh, Sóc Trăng, Bạc Liêu, Cà Mau provinces. The CLD is characterized by the tropical monsoon climate, although cold air from Siberia and China occasionally penetrates the CLD. The general circulation is dominated by two monsoon flows: the northeast in winter and southwest one in summer periods. The southwest monsoon or the rainy season, normally affects the basin from mid-May to early October and the northeast one lasts in dry season from early November to mid-March. The boundary zones between the two flows are called Equatorial Through Zone (ETZ). Transitional period is characterized by variable winds that occur in the intervals between these

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT two dominant patterns. The main characteristics as temperature, humidity, sunshine and radiation are rather stable year round and favorable for agricultural development. The mean annual temperature is above 270C, total annual temperature is from 9,700 to 10,000 0C. Annual solar radiation is about 150 kcal/cm2.year, varying less than 2.5% over the months in the years. Maximum sun-shine hours in a month are 10–12 hour/day, in average 5–8 hour/day. Average daily vapor-transpiration recorded by Piche tube is about 2-3mm/day in the rainy season and 3-4 mm/day in the dry season. Average humidity of the Mekong Delta is about 85% in the rainy season, and about 80% in the dry season. The rainfall is rather abundant and mostly concentrates in the rainy season (up to 90% of the annual values) and makes massive excess of water causing water logging in rainy season but scarce fresh water situation in dry season, especially in the places far away from the Mekong river. In the CLD, the rainfall has clear temporal and spatial distribution patterns. In the south-west area of the Delta (Ca Mau, Rach Gia, Ha Tien, Dai Ngai and Soc Trang) the rainfall (of 2400 mm) is much higher than that (1200 mm) in the coastal area of East Sea (Go Cong, My Tho and extended to central of Dong Thap Muoi, Tan Chau and Chau Doc). In the early months of rainy season, sometimes there is either no rain or evaporation higher than precipitation, which causes a drought situation (named meteorological drought) in the remote areas of CLD. Rarely do storms occur in the CLD. However, when they occur in adjacent areas they cause heavy rains. These factors are the main hindrances for the socio-economic development of the CLD. Characteristics of the climate in CLD are presented in Tables from 3-5 to 3-7.

Table 3-5. Comparison of climate characteristics of the CLD and tropical region standards

Climate characteristics Tropical region standards Cuu Long River Delta Annual total temperature 7500-95000C 9700-100000C Mean annual temperature >210C 26,8-26,90C Months with temperature < 200C < 4 months 0 The lowest temperature > 180C > 250C Temperature fluctuation 1-60C Approximately 30C Annual rainfall 800-1800 mm 1200-2200 mm Source: Walker, 1974, Climate Characteristics of the Cuu Long River Delta

Table 3-6. Ratio of seasonal rainfall to annual rainfall at 24 stations of Mekong Delta Rainy season Dry season Rainy season Dry season No Stations No Stations (mm) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (%) 1 Ca Mau 2152 91 224 9 13 Go Cong 1190 96 52 4 2 Bac Lieu 1599 95 87 5 14 Cai Lay 1169 97 35 3 3 Vinh Long 1328 93 99 7 15 Tra Vinh 1410 96 53 4 4 Can Tho 1588 94 95 6 16 Chau Doc 1164 88 160 12 5 Soc Trang 1714 94 115 6 17 Long Xuyen 1345 91 135 9 6 Cao Lanh 1264 93 92 7 18 Cho Moi 1288 93 103 7 7 Ben Tre 1388 96 60 4 19 Tan Chau 1075 90 113 10 8 Moc Hoa 1453 92 119 8 20 Vi Thanh 1656 94 108 6 9 My Tho 1298 94 84 6 21 Dai Ngai 1775 96 74 4

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Rainy season Dry season Rainy season Dry season No Stations No Stations (mm) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (%) 10 Rach Gia 1878 91 176 9 22 Tan Hiep 1666 94 103 6 11 Tan An 1443 94 93 6 24 Ha Tien 1711 88 235 12 12 Ben Luc 1490 95 82 5 25 HCM City 1807 94 125 6 Source : Trieu Thi Sam, 1992, Meteorological Characteristics in the Mekong Delta

Table 3-7. Ratio of seasonal rainfall and yearly rainfall in Mekong Delta Wet Dry Wet Dry No. Station No. Station (mm) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (%) 1 Cà Mau 2152 91 224 9 13 Gò Công 1190 96 52 4 2 Bạc Liêu 1599 95 87 5 14 Cai Lậy 1169 97 35 3 3 Vĩnh Long 1328 93 99 7 15 Trà Vinh 1410 96 53 4 4 Cần Thơ 1588 94 95 6 16 Châu Đốc 1164 88 160 12 5 Sóc Trăng 1714 94 115 6 17 Long Xuyên 1345 91 135 9 6 Cao Lãnh 1264 93 92 7 18 Chợ Mới 1288 93 103 7 7 Bến Tre 1388 96 60 4 19 Tân Châu 1075 90 113 10 8 Mộc Hóa 1453 92 119 8 20 Vị Thanh 1656 94 108 6 9 Mỹ Tho 1298 94 84 6 21 Đại Ngãi 1775 96 74 4 10 Rạch Giá 1878 91 176 9 22 Tân Hiệp 1666 94 103 6 11 Tân An 1443 94 93 6 24 Hà Tiên 1711 88 235 12 12 Bến Lức 1490 95 82 5 25 TP HCM 1807 94 125 6 Source: Triệu Thị Sâm, 1992, Characteristic of climate in Cuu Long river delta Climate features in the subproject area of Ba Tri sea dyke are shown by parameters measured at Ben Tre, Ba Tri and My Tho stations in Tables from 3-8 to 3-11. Table 3-8. Monthly average temperature Unit: oC Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Bến Tre 25,4 26,3 27,5 28,6 26,6 27,9 27,6 27,2 27,2 27,1 26,6 25,5 27,1 Ba Tri 25,2 25,9 27,1 28,6 28,5 27,6 27,2 27 26,9 26,8 26,4 25,5 26,8 Mỹ Tho 25,3 25,7 27,1 28,6 28,4 27,5 27 26,8 26,7 26,5 26 25,2 26,7 Source: Feasibility study report of Ba Tri sea dyke sub project

Table 3-9. Monthly average humidity Unit: % Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Ba Tri 81 81 80 80 83 85 86 87 88 88 86 82 84 Mỹ Tho 79 79 79 79 83 85 85 86 86 87 85 82 83 Source: Feasibility study report of Ba Tri sea dyke subproject

Table 3-10. Monthly average evaporation Unit: mm/month Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Ba Tri 114,7 117,6 124 123 93 90 83,7 77,5 69 68,2 78 96,1 113,5 Mỹ Tho 111,6 120,4 145,7 129 96,1 90 93 93 78 68,2 72 89,9 118,7

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Table 3-11. Sunny time in months Unit: hour Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Ba Tri 277 273 312 283 233 189 212 178 180 179 218 251 232 Mỹ Tho 270 272 313 229 229 192 208 196 186 183 210 243 232 This area is in monsoonal region with hot and wet climate. Monthly and yearly average temperature is slightly changeable due to space and quite stable. The average temperature is 27oC. The hottest months are April and May with average temperature from 28oC to 32oC, the coldest is January with average temperature from 22oC to 25.7oC. Amplitude DT = 6oC – 7oC. In rainy season, average humidity is 82% and it reaches 79.2% in dry season. The highest humidity is in August about 82.5%, the lowest humidity is in Match and April about 74.1%. In dry season (from December to April) average evaporation is about 3.3mm/day. In rainy season, average evaporation is about 2.3mm/day. Annual average evaporation is 2.8 mm/day. Due to locating near equator, total of sunny time is quite high about 2660 hours/year. Daily average sunny time is 7 hours/day. It is 8 – 9 hours/day in dry season and 6 – 7 hours/day in rainy season. According to result measured by Institute of Meteorology and Hydro, meteorology conditions at stations in the project area are shown in figures from 3-2 to 3-4.

0C 30 25 20

15

10

5

0 Vinh Đồng Hới Đà Nẵng Quy Nhơn Nha Trang Cần Thơ

Figure 3-2. Monthly average temperature at measure-stations in the Project area

Hours/year 3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 Vinh Đồng Hới Đà Nẵng Quy Nhơn Nha Trang Cần Thơ

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Figure 3-3. Yearly average sunny hours at measure-stations in the Project area

mm/year 3000 2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 Thanh Vinh Đông Huế Quảng Nha Cần Cà Hóa Hà Ngãi Trang Thơ Mau

Figure 3-4. Average rainfall measured in the Project area 3.1.2 Hydrologic Features The project area includes some large river basins such as Ma Chu (Thanh Hoa), Ca (Nghe An), Hương (Thua Thiên Hue)… Area of basin and speed of water-flow belong to main rivers in the project site shown in Table 3-5. Total of annual water-flow is over 20 km3 in Ma Chu River in Thanh Hoá with over 28.000 km2 in basin area. In Mekong Delta, Mekong river is 795.000 km2 in basin area and total of annual water-flow reaches 520.000 km3. Underground flow and modul of natural water reserves in the project area are shown in Table 3-12.

Table 3-12. Underground flow and modul of natural water reserves No Area Flow (m3/s) Modul (l/s/km2) 1 Northern Central 467,0 8,0 2 Southern Central 318,8 3,7 3 Southern East 158,2 3,3 4 Mekong Delta 162 3,4 Source :’’Features of river water in dry season’’- Agriculture Publishing House - 2004

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Figure 3-5. Main river basin in the Project area

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 3.1.3 Current Status of Natural Calamities There are two kinds of popular calamity in the project area. They are flood and flashflood.

3.1.3.1 Current status of flashflood Flashflood is one kind of big flood. It happens unexpectedly, exists in a short time (up and down quickly) and has big ravage. In the estimated 17 province area of sub-projects, Ha Tinh (1980) and Quang Binh (1992) happen many consecutive flashflood , causes serious damages. Results of interviewing district and commune officials in Duc Hoa commune, Tuyen Hoa district, Quang Binh province, (subproject area of component 2) in April 2003 revealed that over the last 20 years, the commune has lost about 10 hectares of arable land because it has been heaped with rocks and soil by flash flood. In the past, a flash flood would occur after it had been raining continuously for 2 or 3 days, but now they can occur only after a few hours of rain, the flow of water is now much faster and can therefore cause more damage. A rush of water from 1-2 meters deep can come down from the hills at this time. According to research of Environmental Techniques and Hydrologic Application Centre, communes in Binh Thuan where implement sub-projects in component 2 are a place to happen flashflood with low frequency. Sub- project areas of Vuc Mau reservoir, Ba Tri sea dyke, Mekong Delta and communes in Phong Dien -Thua Thien Hue have no flashflood. Frequency of flashflood in provinces of the project area is shown in Figure 3-6. 3.1.3.2 Current status of flood According to research of a national level theme ‘‘Flood survey and warning for preventing from natural calamities at Central river basins ’’, floods often happen at the lower section of rivers due to floods from higher section, rain and tide. Because area of delta is small (only 10% basin area), amount of flood water is very great and is prevented by sites in infrastructure, especially national highway No 1A and North- South railway so depth of flood rises quickly. It is serious danger for inhabitants and socio-economic organizations at lower section. In Thanh Hoa, there are 5 or 6 floods on annual average, there are even 10 ones a year and there are 2 or 3 ones a year at least. Flood can happen in every months in flood season and causes significant damages for inhabitants. In Quynh Luu there are unexpected rain which cause serious flood. The highest rainfall in Quynh Luu is 710mm on 8/9/1993. According to research, on the day happening the rain, in Hoàng Mai river – the lower section of Vuc Mau reservoir, water level rises highly that causes flood in many hours for regions of Quynh Thien, Quynh Di, Quynh Loc (218 ha of tenth month rice in flood, field dams are broken, vegetable is crumpled in tens of ha area...). In national highway No 1A, the section from Quynh Thien to Kem slope is in water with 1 - 1,5 m depth, causing traffic-jam and landslide on roads. Rainfall is high and drainage is not quick enough, thus the section from Hoang Mai railway station to Kem slope belonging to the South- North station is divided into 3 sections with total of 60m length. The problem spent over one day to repair. (Lever of floodwater +2.85). Floods in Mekong Delta depend on floods at the higher section. About 70-80% total of floodwater flow through Tien and Hau river, other part goes from Cambodia through border to Đong Thap Muoi and Tu Giac Long Xuyen. Đong Thap Muoi and Tu Giac Long Xuyen are two depressed areas so they are the most serious flood areas in Mekong Delta. Flood area may be from 1,5 to 2 million ha, flood time is from 3 to 5 months, usual from August to November.

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Vực Mấu Reservoir

C2-pilots

C2 - pilot

C2-pilots

Ba Tri sea dye and C2-pilots

Figure 3-6. Existing flashflood area

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Beside flood, drought is one of natural calamities causing damages to agriculture, forestry and life of inhabitants, etc... According to research, provinces in the Central have severe climate. In last years, it changes unusually, has not any rules, serious drought happens constantly in a wide area with a long time. Temperature reaches 40oC with broiling sun and Southern West wind that makes water on rivulets exhausted, a lot of reservoirs are empty, many river mouths are salty, agricultural fields are chapped. Drought causes seriously lack of water in tens of thousand ha agricultural area. Specially, in Quynh Luu district, deficiency in water causes decrease in productivity of crops, even complete loss in many fields. Rice productivity may reach 60 quintal/ha in fields which have enough water but 25 quintal/ha in lack of water fields; it is complete loss in drought fields. The North of Quynh Luu district is a serious area, in there, communes of Quynh loc, Quynh Vinh, Quynh Thien, Quynh Di, Quynh Van, Quynh Xuan, Quynh Lam...are seriously affected by drought. In 1998, 1999 drought happened in a wide area, Vuc Mau reservoir didn’t reserve enough water. According to report of the exploitation management unit, in the most serious period, water lever in Vuc Mau reservoir is under standard lever (12.80m) so we have to use water pump to have water from the reservoir through water inlet sluice to irrigation canal. Under summation in years, Vuc Mau reservoirs reaches only 49,3% capacity of existing design in irrigation at present (irrigation area is 4690 ha in existing design). In many places, inhabitants have to decant each bucket of water or buy water from tens of kilometer far with the cost of 30.000 or 40.000 VND /m3.

3.1.4 Current Status of Land Quality There are many kinds of soil in the project area such as: sandy soil, halogenic soil, acid soil, alluvial soil, grey soil, red soil… In there, acid soil contains latent hazards to environment. This soil is bone-dry in dry season so it breeds a large amount of ion hydrogen oxydating in air and moving into water at the beginning of rainy season, causes lower pH level in surface water. There is not any subproject affected by acid soil like Mekong Delta. According to survey in 9/2004 of an environmental research group, the project area of Vuc Mau reservoir does not contain acid soil, the area after the dam has a stratum of source rock. This is a strong point to prevent from erosion. Ba Tri subproject area has about 2.500 ha of soil with low topography, always sinks into salty water. As water goes down, a strip of alluvial sandy land lasts along the beach.

3.1.5 Surface Water Quality According to a surface water quality survey implemented in preparing the EIA report, current researches and environmental status reports of some provinces in the project area… surface water quality in the project area has not polluted seriously yet. Vuc Mau reservoir has good water quality with many parameters in the Viet Nam standard for surface water quality (Table 3-13). There is not any hard metal in the reservoir. In general, surface water quality in the reservoir area is good, safety for polluted level of coliform and bacterium. It is necessary to have an opened drain system for inhabitants living near irrigation canals, especially in irrigation area with high population density like the lower

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT section of Vuc Mau reservoir.

Table 3-13. Surface water quality of Vuc Mau reservoir

No. Parameters Unit Concentration M1 M2 M3 M4 1 pH - 8.5 8.38 8.56 7.75 2 Turbidity 33 8 6 39 3 DO mg/l 9.1 7.6 6.9 7.3 4 Temperature 0C 31.5 31.3 30.2 30.6

5 BOD5 mg/l 4.3 3.8 3.0 4.2 6 Fe mg/l 0.17 0.10 0.24 0.16 + 7 NH4 mg/l 0.31 0.25 0.33 0.44

8 NO2 mg/l 0.039 0.0275 0.018 0.0309 - 9 NO3 mg/l 1.34 0.80 0.52 0.80 10 Si mg/l 6.54 6.07 4.79 4.40 11 EC mg/l 149.3 140.7 130.7 11630 12 SS mg/l 15 0 0 22.2 13 TDS mg/l 134 127 118 10458

14 COD-KMnO4 mg/l - - - 5.4

15 COD-K2Cr207 mg/l 16.7 18.7 14.6 16 Total P mg/l 0.027 0.021 0.02 0.011 17 Cr mg/l 0.0007 0.0042 0.0036 <0.0001 18 Total N mg/l 1.035 0.742 0.496 1.525 19 Ca2+ mg/l 19.2 18.3 18.3 116.8 20 Mg2+ mg/l 3.5 1.5 1.5 192.2 21 Pb mg/l 0.000305 0.000046 0.000051 0.00905 22 Cu mg/l 0.00234 0.00124 0.00120 0.00186 23 Hg mg/l 0.00027 0.00031 0.00032 0.00018 2- 24 SO4 mg/l 4.02 5.38 8.52 183.8

25 H2S mg/l 0.012 0.015 0.018 0.025 26 Cl- mg/l 4.9 6.2 7.1 1529 27 Salinity o/oo 0.01 0.01 0.01 2.52 28 Total coliform MPN/100ml 120 92 93 450 Source: Environmental research center – Institute of meteorology and hydrology M1: Sample at upstream of the reservoir, near the Ben Nghe Bridge. M2: In the middle of the reservoir M3: Near the dam of the reservoir M4: downstream of the reservoir on the Hoang Mai river, where is near the national highway 1 A. In the Ba Tri sea dye subproject area, in dry season, the water quality is rather like the sea water. The salty water at the estuaries prevails and is not affected by alum. The chemical and physical composition of the water changes within the relevant scope. Salinity merely reaches high proportion and fluctuates from 22‰ to 30‰ (40‰ in some exceptional years). Littoral alluvium ground is not only fertility and enrich of organic content but also is

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT frequently consolidated. This feature results in increasing nutrient and organic content into water-body and inducing a favorable condition for shrimp and aquatic plants cultivation. In rainy season, for the reason that fresh water from Ham Luong river intrudes into the downstream in a big amount, salty water in the subproject area are diluted and becomes brackish water, especially in flood season, salinity (S) may decreases to 3-16‰. As such, it still corresponds to the second shrimp-breeding crop. Moreover, the flow through Ba tri drain is limited, time of salinity intrusion will extend Due to at the end of water supply, the river water quality of Ben Tre province is affected by activities on the upstream. Surface water supply is polluted by microorganism and ammonia. The results of recent surface water quality survey in Ba Tri District in October, 2004 are showed in Table 3.14. The results show that the water source is not polluted by organic matter or insignificantly polluted. Along proposed sea-dyke, there are no industrial or ships repairing factories so surface water is not polluted by heavy metals. Measured heavy metal contents (Cu, Cr, Ni, Ag, Zn) are smaller or close to allowable limits. During survey process, we did not observed oily film along the route so water quality has met the standard in TCVN 6774/2000 for aquatic farming and other agricultural activities in the project area. Total oil of 4.0mg/l is 10 times the standard in TCVN 5942/1995 due to sampling site just near to fish port. If comparing with Surface water quality Standard 5974/1995, measured Coliform value are smaller many times (in TCVN 5947/1995, Coliform = 10 000MPN/100ml).

Table 3-14. Surface water quality of in Ba Tri Station STT Parameter Unit K1 K2 K3 K4 1 pH 7.13 7.48 7.57 7.08 2 Salinity %o 0 4.8 3.9 0.8 3 Turbudity NTU 204 79 161 84 4 DO mg/L 6.7 6.4 6.6 6.8 5 COD mg/L 20.2 35.9 17.3 14.4 6 BOD5 mg/L 15 24 13 11 7 Ca++ mg/L 3.3 46.1 28.1 20.0 8 Mg++ mg/L 4.9 166.6 153.2 41.3 - 9 N-NO2 mg/L 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.05 - 10 N-NO3 mg/L 0.16 0.18 0.15 0.08 + 11 N-NH4 mg/L 0.22 0.36 0.20 0.17 12 Cr mg/L < 0.0003 < 0.0003 < 0.0003 < 0.0003 13 Cu mg/L 0.00251 0.00312 0.00216 0.0027 14 Ni mg/L 0.00025 0.00035 0.00023 0.00031 15 Ag mg/L < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 16 Zn mg/L 0.00561 0.00505 0.00631 0.00612 19 CN mg/L < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 17 Total oil mg/L 4.0 - - - 18 Coli MPN/100mL 900 2300 900 900 Source: Environmental research center – Institute of meteorology and hydrology K1: Khem arroyo, nearby Fish Port; K2: Trang Nuoc Culvert, Frontier Post No 598; K3: Đuong Xuong Arroyo;

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT K4: Ten doors Culvert. The results of analyzing the contents of micro-elements (mg/l) on 4 big rivers: Ba Lai, Ham Luong, Tien, and Ben Tre Rivers shown in Table 3-14 indicate that surface water in Ben Tre province, generally, have not been polluted by heavy metals.

Table 3-15. Heavy metal concentration in 4 big rivers in Ben Tre province No. Heavy metal Concentration (μg/l) 1 Cu 12,8 2 Pb 2,4 3 Zn 5,05 4 Hg 2,32 5 Cd 1,92 6 As 2,24 7 Cr < 20 Source: Report on Ben Tre present environmental condition, 2003 Surface water in the subproject areas in Cuu Long river delta contains the average turbidity with suspended sediment in early months of flood season (July - September) fluctuates from 500 g/m3 to 1660 g/m3 at Tan Chau and 250- 1200 g/m3 at Chau Doc. It decreases to 100- 550 g/m3 in late and middle months of flood season (October - November). Down to Vam Nao, because the water from Tien River flows through Vam Nao River into Hau River, the turbidity of Hau River below Vam Nao River (at Long Xuyen) is sometimes bigger than the one at Chau Doc In the canals, the turbidity is rather small, often below 50 g/m3, at some places 70- 100 g/m3. Especially, the sediment often settles down in around 10- 15 km at the beginning of the canal, therefore the turbidity at the end of the canal decreases significantly. Physical and chemical characteristic of surface water in Cuu Long river delta in general could be evaluate as shown in Table 3-15.

Table 3-16. Water quality in Cuu Long river delta No. Parameters Concentration 1 Mineral content 100- 150 mg/l 2 pH 6.7- 7.7 3 Stiffness 1me/l 4 Total Fe 0.2- 0.45 mg/l

5 SiO2 2- 5mg/l 6 COD 2- 3mg/l 7 DO 5- 8 mg/l 8 Zn 0.02mg/l 9 Cd 0.009 mg/l 10 Pb 0.04 mg/l 11 Cu 0.09mg/l 12 Nts 0.24- 0.54 mg/l 3- 13 PO4 0.012- 0.052 mg/l 14 Total P 0.024- 0.106 mg/l Source: Vietnam water resource, 2003

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT The mineral content of the river water is about 100- 150 mg/l, and changes not much along the river, it is lower in flood season than in dry season. The river water belongs to hydro-carbonic class of calcium group, type I; ion HCO3- often occupies 75- 80% total equivalent of anions; ion Ca2+ often occupies about half of total equivalent of cations. Other ions have low contents. The contents of toxins such as alkaline, Cu, Pb, cadmium are often low. On the whole, the water quality of Tien and Hau Rivers are rather good quality and meets the requirements of production and life. However, acidity and salinity are 2 big problems in the Mekong River Delta. Every year, the area affected by acidity in the Mekong River Delta is about 1- 1.2 million ha with pH <5. 3 areas under rather serious acidity are Dong Thap Muoi, Long Xuyen Quadrilateral and Ca Mau peninsular. The duration of acidity is about 3 months, i.e. from late dry season to early rainy season (late April to June). Because most of the Mekong River Delta is lower than 3m, the tide amplitude is rather big, and the river and canal system is dense, the salinity can intrude deeply into rivers and canals, especially in dry season when the water flowing into the Mekong River Delta decreases significantly. Every year, the area with salinity intrusion amounts to 1.7 million ha. There are 4 areas with different salinity intrusion: Long Xuyen Quadrilateral, Ca Mau peninsular, Dong Thap Muoi and the area between Tien River and Hau River. The limit of salinity of 4 ‰ can be 5- 7km beyond My Tho on the Tien River, beyond My Hoa on the Ham Luong River, up to Tra Vinh on the Co Chien River, 7- 8km beyond Dai Ngai on the Hau River. The time of deep salinity intrusion is April in Long Xuyen Quadrilateral, in March and April in Ca Mau peninsular, in April and May in the coastal area of the West Sea, in April in Dong Thap Muoi. On branches of the Mekong River of the Mekong River Delta, the salinity has high value in January - April (over 32‰) and comes down to 29‰- 30‰ in September and October. The water qualities in some provinces in the Project area are shown in appendix.

3.1.6 Under Ground Water Quality The under-ground water in the Project area were evaluated based on the available data published in reports on present environmental condition of some provinces in the Project area, and reported data in scientific publications. The under-ground water quality in the central area of the country (in 2002) is illustrated in appendix. According to the studied results of Northern Hydro-geological and Engineering Geological Division, 2002, mineral concentrations in under-ground water in Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh are in the range of 1- 1.5 g/l, 1.5 – 3 g/l and more than 3 g/l, respectively. The analyzed results of under-ground water quality in the provinces in the Project area are shown in appendix. In Ba Tri sea dye subproject area, the source of under-ground salt water in the lower layers is abundant for prawn farming in the project area. The water level is found at 0.50 m as compared with the natural ground surface. The underground fresh water is rare or brackish in term of quality and consists of rather high content of iron, which can be used as neither clean water supply source nor agricultural cultivation water supply source. At present, salinity intrusion is widespread in coastal sand bars. In accordance with the published results in Ben

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Tre present environmental condition report, 2003, the under-ground water in Ba Tri district is not chemically polluted yet, as shown in Table 3-16. Table 3-17. Underground water quality in Ba Tri district Ion components Other components Ion Me/l Mg/l Me% Ca2+ 1.933 38.741 18.2 pH 7.4 Mg2+ 1.179 14.337 11.1 Total rigidity (me/l) 3.112 K++Na+ 7.525 188.125 70.7 Contemporary rigidity 0.4 - HCO3 1.200 73.224 11.3 Permanent rigidity 2.71 - Cl 8.800 312.048 82.7 Free CO2 (mg/l) 13.2 2- SO4 8.637 30.605 6.0 Introduced CO2 (mg/l) 26.4 Source: Report on present environmental condition in Ben Tre province Groundwater quality in Cuu Long river delta, in general, is good for domestic and drinking water, stated in Viet Nam Water Resources book, 2003. However, in some places, there are some compositions higher than that of the safe criteria, such as iron (Fe) in the Plain of Reeds, sulfate (SO4-2) in Can Tho provinces…. At present, the groundwater exploitations are strongly developing, especially in household scope when inhabitants use this water source for domestic purposes. Consequently, domestic wastes are easier to be infiltrated into underground water if without the appropriate underground water controlling, exploitation management and utilizing plans.

3.1.7 Air Quality None of the air quality monitoring stations in the national Environmental Monitoring system maintained by the National Environment Agency of Viet Nam is located in the Project area. Notwithstanding this lack of information, since most of Project area located along the coastal area, air quality is generally good. In general, there have not been any large-scale industrial factories in the area of the subprojects of the component 2. The area almost surrounded by paddies, and other agricultural/forestry cultivation land, hence, the air quality is fairly fresh. Conversely, local air pollution has been recorded in the Cuu Long river delta, where many factories located in. The air quality in Vuc Mau subproject area has not yet polluted and considered a clean environment. The reservoir with its large surface plays an important role in making the regional climate equable for the communities in Quang Thắng, Tân Thắng and Quỳnh Trang communes. Widely consideration on the whole district, the air quality still has no sign of pollution even thought there are some factories such as Hoàng Mai brick manufactory, Hoàng

Mai A quarry, Lam River paper-mill, Cửa Lò plastic factory. The measured CO, CO2, NO2, SO2 concentration are shown in Table 3-17.

Table 3-18. Air quality in Quynh Luu district

Unit: mg/m3

No. Factories CO NO2 SO2 TSP 1 Cửa Lò plastic 2,57 0,075 0,082 0,208 2 Hoàng Mai A quarry 1,16 0,019 0,021 0,217 3 Hoàng Mai brick manufactory 5,56 0,028 0,189 0,376 4 Lam River paper-mill 2,3 0,03 0,17 0,28 Source: Report on Nghe An present environmental condition

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In Ba Tri sea dyke subproject area, the air quality is not yet chemically polluted because there is none of large-scale factories or manufactures. However, the air contains alum; salt those evaporate under sunshine from fields caused by lack of spraying water on fields. The air quality in the Project area in Cuu Long river delta elaborated from Provincial reports on Present Environmental Condition could be summarized as follows: - In Dong Thap province: The air environment in urban area and production places is still polluted, without signs of improvement compared to recent years, especially in dust and noise. The dust levels in most of towns exceed the allowed criterion (the allowed criterion < 0.3 mg/m3). In traditional trade villages (which produce refined flour and keep livestock) there are still smell pollution and pollution due to smoke from brick producing villages. Apart from industrial areas under construction and industrial centers, the air environment in rural area in general is still clean. The results of air environment observations in some points of Dong Thap province are presented in appendix table. - In Long An province: The data of investigation and survey in populated district towns in the province (see appendix) show that the air environment in vicinity and at urban areas is polluted by dust in both rainfall and dry seasons. Other pollution parameters (CO, SO2, NO2,

H2S) are in the allowed criteria, only Pb content around national road 1A exceeds that. - In Kien Giang province: the air quality at urban areas is polluted mainly by bust and 3 noise. The concentration of suspended dust fluctuates from 0.235- 0.46 mg/m , SO2 – 0.037- 3 3 3 0.079 mg/m , NO2 – mg/m , CO – 7.12- 16.86 mg/m , noise level during 6- 18 hr is 55- 80 dBA. The concentration of suspended dust at Rach Soi T-junction fluctuates from 0.227- 0.46 mg/m3 in dry season. At industrial areas, dust is the main pollution. The air environment in rural areas in general is good, apart from places of trade villages with kilns where pollution increases, especially smoke and dust. - In Tien Giang province: The air pollution evaluated at 17 measurement points of 4 surveys exceeds the allowed criteria; the average dust content is 1.76 mg/m3. The contents of

CO, SO2, NO2 are in the allowed criteria.

- In An Giang province: The concentrations of SO2, NO2 in urban area of Long Xuyªn city and Chau Doc town are in the allowed limits. The average dust content slightly exceeds the allowed criteria. The average concentrations of SO2 and NO2 in general exceed the allowed limits. At industrial areas of province such as stone exploitation, rice mill, and construction material production, the air pollution is mainly by dust. - In Vinh Long province: The air in urban and industrial areas of the province in general is polluted by dust, other elements such as CO, NO2, SO2 are below the allowed criteria (see appendix). The air in rural area is not yet polluted, apart from some areas around national road with high traffic density have the sign of dust and noise pollution. - In Can Tho province: Because the industrial production here is not yet developed, the industrial sources are not yet the main cause of decrease in air quality. The important cause is the daily communication means and the activities of building roads, houses and other structures. The observation data of air quality in industrial areas, urban and rural areas in the

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT province show that there is dust pollution (the dust concentration is equivalent or more than 0.3 3 mg/m ), the concentrations of NO2, SO2 in general have not exceeded the allowed limits. These facts have indicated that in general, the air quality over the Mekong Delta has no problem in the rural areas. However, in cities, towns, due to industrial development, high urbanization rate…dust pollution is occurring, and we should face with the air pollution problem in the near future.

3.1.8 Mineral Resource There are a number of mineral resources in the Project area such as: Nghe An: there are fuss fuel resources in Nghe An province such as: Xuoc mountain anthraxes coal, Van Trinh iron mine. Currently, Nghe An cement factory is planning to exploit ores to make additive for cement processing at Hoang Mai cement factory. Furthermore, along the Nghe An coast areas are other fuss fuel resources such as peat, phosphoric at Quỳnh Lộc – Quỳnh Lưu to produce fertilizers. There are also construction mine/quarry like limestone, clay, and stone. Mineral resources in the Nghe An coastal are significantly abundant and variety with a rather small scale, which are appropriate with the province. Quang Binh: It was found 119 mines, in the province, containing 40 different minerals, which are divided into 5 main groups: fuss fuel, ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal, rare mineral, non-ferrous mineral and mineral water. Nevertheless, all these mines have low capacity, and are dispersed, consequently, it could not be industrially exploited. Barely limestone resource and some others have huge reserves and economic value. Quang Ngai: There are numerous mineral resources such as graphite, peat, and mineral water. Besides, there are unidentified gold and copper mines dispersing in the province. Investigation results indicate that there are mineral resources including: graphite, kaolin, siliminat in Son Tinh, boxit ore and peat at Binh Son, iron-mine at Van ban, Nui Doi iron-mine at Mo Duc granite stone at Tra bong, granite stone at Duc Pho, Thach Bic mineral stream at Tra Bong…Additionally, there are copper-mine at Ba To, gold-mine distribute in Binh Son, Son Tinh, Tra Bong, Son Ha and Son Tay districts... Provinces in Southeast country: Hundreds of mines were exposed. Minerals in this area are listed accordingly to the present classification for mineral resources including the main types such as: metal mineral, fuss fuel mineral, non-metal mineral. Cuu Long river delta: Mineral mines found in this area mainly are peat and clay mines such as clay mines in Tràm Sập, Kền Tây – Tiền Giang province, Tân Lập, Tân Hoà, Mỹ Quý Tây - Long An province, clay and kaolin mines Tân Lập-Tiền Giang province and some other zones in Long An provinces etc.

3.1.9 Biological Resource Based on the characteristics of local environmental conditions (climates, water, soils, topography, etc.) and the existence of natural biological flora and fauna in the project area, the following types of natural ecosystem may be identified. Each type has the distinct features of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT - Coastal wetland ecosystems with mangrove ecosystem as typical representative in the coastal fringe in Quang Nam, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, Soc Trang ... provinces. - Inland wetland ecosystem. - Coastal and estuarine ecosystems. 3.1.9.1 Terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity Plant Based on the investigation and published documents about terrestrial ecosystem in the relevant Project area, it could be divided into four main styles with their distinct features of plant biodiversity as report hereafter: a.Mountainous terrestrial ecosystem Belonging to this style, terrestrial ecosystems comprise both natural forest and grown- forest. It is found mainly in the high mountains of the upper catchments area of subproject areas. As a rule, plantation-forest in the upper watersheds is more simplified biodiversity and were established as part of various national and annual provincial forest development programs. b.Hilly terrestrial ecosystem All subprojects located in hill-area have poor vegetation cover and soils in this area are generally affected by erosion. Terrestrial ecosystem in these areas is largely simplified agricultural systems, consisting of gardens with a mix trees planted for agricultural production. Trees and plants raised for wood, light industrial materials such as: acajou, mallee, akasia, wattle were found in the subproject areas in Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Hue…Following is some other species grown for construction wood, fruit and for daily needs such as: jack tree, pineapple, mango, longan, litchi, tea, and bead-tree. In addition, there are many wild species such as: hazelwort, fragrant thoroughwort, conyzoid floss-flower, wild pineapple. c. Irrigated and plains ecosystem Most of subprojects area have this terrestrial ecosystem styles such as constructional subprojects of the component 1, 2, 3. These areas contain high-simplified agricultural ecosystems that produce annual crop. Plants and vegetables are basically grown for food of human, cattle, and poultries. A majority of them are short day plant occupying the largest area such as: rice, maize, been, pea, tobacco and groundnut. The annual area crop areas are interspersed with fruit trees and trees planted for shelter and fuel wood purpose. The subproject areas consist almost entirely of this type of terrestrial ecosystem. d.Coastal wetlands The proposed Project area contains mangrove forest region, which is one of the main primary producers in the coastal and estuarine regions, providing nutrients, food, shelter and habitat to many species of fish and shellfish. The mangrove forests in some subproject areas were wealthy and in strong growing with the intermingling of young trees creating a dense mangrove forest such as in Ben Tre and in Cuu Long delta river.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT There were natural mangroves along the Ba Tri sea dyke subproject area long time ago but they were all destroyed during the American war so at present the mangrove forest in these areas is secondary forests and it has been heavily exploited by local people for timber. Living in this mangroves are both true mangroves as well as associated mangroves. The project area is in between two estuaries (Figure 3-7) with very much different flow regimes affecting to the composition of mangrove. Diversity of mangrove here is relatively good with Sonneratia spp, Avicenia, Kandelia, Ceriops, Acanthus, Cryptocoryne, Nypa,. This is about 20 year old-mangroves, with an average canopy’s height of 2-2.5m.

Figure 3-7. Ba Tri sea dyke subproject ecosystem

Animal From worldwide review and site survey results, the diversity of animals in the Project area is rather high, that could be seen through the present of animal species in different biotopes in the Project area, however, there are no precious and rare animal in the area of the subprojects of component 1 (first year subprojects). a. Vegetable and rice field biotope The often seen species in these area are Java evening bat, brown evening bat big ground rat and small field mouse. These species live largely on rice fields and disperse during

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT the harvest periods. In the other season, especially in winter, they live in caves along the edge of rice-fields. The dominant bird species living in this biotope style are the families such as heron, dotterel, calidris, kingfisher, warble, kingcrow. The amphibian species frequently be seen are green agama, skink, racer, copperhead, small tree toad, marsh frog, field frog and hyla. b.Plantation-forest on hills combined vegetable and rice fields The animals distributing in this biotope style are mainly the species that active in a wide area. Habitually, the area, where these species find for food is larger than the vegetable and rice field biotope area. The popular species are reddish mouth squirrel, forest mouse, and big ground rat, tailless kalong. More than 51 bird species engaged in 69% total species were recognized in the Project area. This high species diversity is a result of the multiform terrain. However this biotope style is comparatively sensitive. It is strongly affected by the human activities as well as forest fire, consequently, it could be changed dramatically. Reptiles and amphibian species are mainly lizards, which live on ramie bushes or in dry grass-plot. The specific species are grey agamas (calotes mystaceus), green agamas (calotes vesicolor), long tail skink (mabuyalongicaudata), green frog (rana livida) and tree snake (dendrelaphis pictus). c. Residential biotope Some small animals and species, which routinely search for food in the nearby residential area, were found in the study area such as mouse, lizard, amphibians, insects, the most popular one in residential area are domestic animals such as dog, cat, poultry and livestock. The specific reptile and amphibians are lumpy tail house gecko, gecko, house toad, bull-frog…. Living in milpas or wet place around the residential area are the species such as house toad (bufo melanostictus), marsh frog (rana limnocharis) and peerper (microhyla pulchara).

3.1.9.2 Aquatic fauna and flora ecosystem Generally, there are essentially 4 types of aquatic ecosystems in the Project area as follows: - The aquatic ecosystems of the major rivers running through subproject areas, - Inland swamps, - Rice fields, irrigation, drainage systems and pounds, - Delta brackish water and coastal zone. In such ecosystems, the Project area has a wide biodiversity. Generally, Plankton species density in the rivers running through subproject areas is regularly higher than in stagnant water-body where the typical species develop promptly and tend to infringe upon the others. The density of the species that prefer to live in the high organic concentration

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT environment such as wheel-bearers, blue alga, euglena often present in the water-body breeding fish, shrimp (ponds, lagoon). From the site investigation results, it was found that the density of zooplankton in drainage channels for fields is higher than it is in field irrigational channel. This trait is due to the higher organic concentration in the irrigational channel. However, the diversity index increased insignificantly. This highlight designated that the organic concentration in the water was in the resisting range of zooplankton, in other words the water is not organically polluted. As reported in the “EIA report of the project for rehabilitation of bridges on NH 1- July 2002 for Can Tho – Nam Can section”, Mekong silt is singularly nutrient-deficient, however, the river water is supplemented by high amounts of organic matter from terrestrial and aquatic plan is still good (neutral, pH, high concentrations of DO, low concentrations of toxic materials etc.) for fish development. It results in plenty of fish species and high fishery production. The Delta brackish water and coastal zone is the most fish productive zone due to good water quality, rich in nutrient from mangrove swamps and inland runoff, especially seed stock and feed in the mangrove are. It was reported that in the project area in Cuu Long delta river, over 300 fish species of about 30 common groups contribute to the fishery; they comprise fresh water, euryhaline and marine forms. Dominant groups are the herrings (Clupeidea), mackerels (Scombidae), threadfins (Polynemidae), Leiognathidae, seasonally ascent the river, spawning in the gradient or fresh water zone of the estuary. Beside finfish, many shellfish, mussels, clams, especially shrimps (over 20 species), including the giant fresh water Macrobrachium rosenbergli and the Pennaeus monodon and Penaeus merguiensis, are abundant.

3.1.10 Natural Reservers and Protected area Regarding to the available feasibility studies of the 2 subprojects of component 1 (Vuc Mau and Ba Tri) and information of subprojects in 10 communes of component 2 that will be implemented in the first year, there are no natural reserves or protected areas within these subproject-area but Vuc Mau and Ba Tri. The exact sites to implement component 3 have not been decided yet, therefore this report cited the nature reserves and protected areas in the 17 provinces where are proposed to implement the Project in appendix, that could be summarized in Table 3-18. Many of these protected areas contain a high biodiversity or precious species such as A Vuong Proposed Nature Reserve, Cu Lao Cham Nature Reserve, Nui Ba Proposed Nature Reserve, Quy Nhon Proposed Marine Protected Area, Ba Tri IBA, Thanh Phu Nature Reserve etc... In total, there are 36 species were recorded at IBA Ba Tri during the survey in March 2005. Combine with the results from Moores and Bao Hoa (2001), the total number of species recorded at the site is 55 species. Two bird species recorded are species of global concern: Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes (VU), and Malaysian Plover Pluvialis squatarola (NT) (BirdLife International 2004). The most abundant species counted in early March 2005 were Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii (248), Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT (212), and Common Tern Sterna hirundo (193). However, this number was much lower than the number recorded by Moores and Bao Hoa (2001), this fact may be reflected the less effort for ornithological work of this survey and/or the seasonal characteristic of bird fauna of the site. Cu Lao Cham Nature Reserve is situated in Tan Hiep commune, Hoi An town. The nature reserve comprises an archipelago of one large island and several smaller islands. To date, 265 vascular plant species have been reported from the nature reserve. Swiftlets Collocalia sp. are also reported to occur on the islands (ADB 1999). The main forest type remaining at the Nui Ba Proposed Nature Reserve in Binh Dinh province is secondary forest. Binh Dinh Provincial FPD (2000) report the occurrence of a number of mammal species at the site, few of which are of high conservation importance. The Quy Nhon lagoon supports both seaweed and sea-grass beds. Seaweed beds cover about 35 ha and are dominated by Gracilaria verrucosa and G. blodgeltii. Seagrass beds cover about 200 ha. Past surveys have recorded 185 phytoplankton species, 58 zooplankton species, 100 mollusc species, 71 crustacean species and 116 fish species (ADB 1999). The lagoon is a spawning area for the shrimp Penaeus merguiensis, and the area is important for shrimp production. Even though these significant biodiversity values in the participating provinces will not be affected by the NDMP implementation due to a far distance between each to the project site, contractors should pay attention on protecting these valuable nature reserve areas. Table 3-19. Name of nature reserves and protected areas in the 17 provinces of the project area No Province Name of nature reserves No Province Name of nature reserves and protected area and protected area 1 Thanh Hoa Ngoc Trao 7 Quang Nam Nui Thanh Tam Quy Phu Ninh Ba Trieu 8 Quang Ngai Ba To Rung Thong Dong Son 9 Binh Dinh An Toan Ham Rong Qui Nhon - Ghenh Rang Lam Son Vuon Cam Nguyen Hue Sam Son Nui Ba Xuan Lien 10 Phu Yen Cu Mong 2 Nghe An Vuc Mau O Loan Hon Me Deo Cao - Hon Nua Nui Chung Krong Trai Pu Huong 11 Khanh Hoa Nhu Phu - Hon Heo 3 Ha Tinh Vu Quang Thuy Trieu Ke Go 12 Ninh Thuan Phuoc Binh 4 Quang Binh Khe Net Rung Kho Han Nui Chua Khe Ve Minh Hoa Nai Lagoon Phong Nha 13 Binh Thuan Ta Kou 5 QuangTri Dakrong Binh Chau - Phuoc Buu 6 Thua Thien Tam Gia - Cau Hai Kalon Song Mao Hue Bach Ma Hon Cau - Vinh Hao Bac Hai Van 14 Long An Boi Loi Hai Van - Hon Son Tra 15 Dong Thap Lang Sen Nam Hai Van 16 An Giang Tram Chim Ba Na - Nui Chuong Nui Cam Chau Doc 17 Ben Tre Thanh Phu

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Vuc Mau Proposed Cultural and Historical Site In 1995, the former Ministry of Forestry approved the establishment of Vuc Mau Watershed Protection Forest, with a total area of 24,842 ha (Dao Hai Au, Nghe An Provincial FPD pers. comm.). In 1997, Vuc Mau was included on a proposed list of Special-use Forests prepared for discussion at the Cuc Phuong conference on protected areas (MARD 1997). However, the site was not included on the 2010 list (FPD 1998). In 1998, the status of the site was changed to cultural and historical site, and the name was changed to Bac Nghe An (northern Nghe An province), following Decision No. 4304/QD-UB-NN of Nghe An Provincial People's Committee, dated 17 November 1998. The area of the site remains unchanged. An investment plan for the proposed cultural and historical site has recently been prepared by North-central Sub-FIPI (Dao Hai Au, Nghe An Provincial FPD pers.comm.).

Vuc Mau Proposed Cultural and Historical Site (Cont.) Biodiversity value Vuc Mau proposed cultural and historical site supports 4,211 ha of natural forest, equivalent to 17% of the total area of the site, and a further 732 ha of plantation forest (Dao Hai Au, Nghe An Provincial FPD pers. comm.). The natural forest at the site is evergreen lowland forest. To date, 147 plant species, 33 mammal species, 72 bird species, 27 reptile species and 12 amphibian species have been recorded at Vuc Mau. These include several valuable timber species, such as Erythrophleum fordii, Sindora tonkinensis and Burretiodendron tonkinensis (Dao Hai Au, Nghe An Provincial FPD pers. comm.). Conservation issues A management board has been established for the proposed cultural and historical site, with six members of staff based at two guard stations. In the past, the main causes of forest loss at Vuc Mau were fuel wood collection and clearance of forest for agriculture. Reportedly, however, these activities have now ceased, and the remaining forest is well protected (Dao Hai Au, Nghe An Provincial FPD pers. comm.). Other documented values Forest at Vuc Mau proposed cultural and historical site protects the watershed of Vuc Mau reservoir, which provides irrigation water for Quynh Luu, Dien Chau and Yen Thanh districts, Nghe An province. In addition to watershed protection, the site has recreational and amenity values for the residents of northern Nghe An province (Dao Hai Au, Nghe An Provincial FPD pers. comm.). Related projects In the buffer zone of Vuc Mau proposed cultural and historical site, there lies North Quynh Luu New Industrial Zone, which includes a new cement factory built with Japanese investment. Also in the buffer zone, there is Ben Nghe Agricultural Enterprise (Dao Hai Au, Nghe An Provincial FPD pers. comm.).

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Natural reserves and protected areas in the area of subproject “Mekong River Delta Flood Warning and Monitoring System” Vietnamese Name Province Style Features Vo Doi Ca Mau Inland Indigo forest and grasslands Bai Boi Ca Mau Coastal Warp, emigrated birds Dat Mui Ca Mau Coastal Warp, emigrated birds Dam Roi Ca Mau Coastal Deteriorating Mangrove Forest San Chim Ca Mau Ca Mau Bird sanctuary Large bird sanctuary Ha Tien Kien Giang Inland Grasslands, threaten birds U Minh Thuong Kien Giang Inland Indigo forest and grasslands, large bird sanctuary Tra Su An Giang Inland Indigo forest and grasslands, large bird sanctuary Tinh Doi An Giang Inland Indigo forest and grasslands Binh Minh An Giang Inland Indigo forest San Chim Bac Lieu Bac Lieu Bird sanctuary Large bird sanctuary Lung Ngoc Hoang Can Tho Inland Indigo forest and grasslands Hoa An Can Tho Inland Laboratory, Indigo forest and rice field San Chim Thoi An Can Tho Bird sanctuary Large bird sanctuary Tram Chim Dong Thap Inland Grasslands, threaten birds Xeo Quyt Dong Thap Inland Indigo forest, traditional revolution education place Lang Sen Long An Inland Indigo forest near river Bau Bien Long An Inland Lagoon San Chim Tra Cu Tra Vinh Bird sanctuary Large bird sanctuary Duyen Hai Tra Vinh Coastal Composes of natural and plantation forest San Chim Duyen Hai Tra Vinh Bird sanctuary Large bird sanctuary San Chim Chua Hang Tra Vinh Bird sanctuary Large bird sanctuary Thanh Phu Ben Tre Coastal Planted mangrove forest San Chim Ham Vo Ben Tre Bird sanctuary Large bird sanctuary Bao Thuan Ben Tre Coastal Planted mangrove forest Can Gio TP HCM Coastal Planted mangrove forest (adult) Tan Phuoc Tien Giang Inland Small area of Indigo forest and grasslands Go Cong Dong Tien Giang Coastal Planted mangrove forest Long Phu Soc Trang Coastal Planted mangrove forest Source: Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources

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Thanh Phu Nature Reserve in Ben Tre province Thanh Phu is a site of both biodiversity and historical value. For these reasons, Ben Tre Provincial People's Committee initially intended to establish Thanh Phu as both a nature reserve and a cultural and historical site. This request was submitted to MARD on 20 December 1996 by Directive No. 1931/CV-UBT. However, the following year, MARD approved an investment plan to establish a nature reserve only, following Decision No. 1928/NNKH-QD, dated 9 August 1997 (Pham Trong Thinh 1998). In 1998, Ho Chi Minh City Sub-FIPI repaired a revised investment plan for Thanh Phu Nature Reserve, for the period 1999 to 2003. The total area of the nature reserve stated in this investment plan is 8,825 ha. However, as this area includes a buffer zone of 4,315 ha, the area of the nature reserve should be considered to be only 4,510 ha, comprising a strict protection area of 1,788 ha, a very critical coastal protection area of 949 ha and a scientific research area of 1,773 ha (Pham Trong Thinh 1998). The revised investment plan was approved by government Decision No. 1026/QD-TTg, dated 13 November 1998. Following this decision, Ben Tre Provincial People's Committee established a nature reserve management board on 20 October 1999 (Ben Tre Provincial DARD 2000). Thanh Phu Nature Reserve is under the management of Ben Tre Provincial DARD (Ben Tre Provincial DARD 2000). Thanh Phu Nature Reserve is included on the 2010 list with an area of 4,510 ha (FPD 1998). Topography and hydrology Thanh Phu Nature Reserve comprises a narrow strip of coastline between two of the mouths of the Mekong River: the Co Chien and Ham Luong estuaries. As is the case with other sites on the eastern coastline of the Mekong Delta, Thanh Phu Nature Reserve is strongly affected by erosion as well as accretion. The coastal landscape at Thanh Phu is made up of the following elements: sandy belts, tidal mudflats, saline tidal swamps and toxic acid- sulphate swamps. Biodiversity value The coastal mangroves at Thanh Phu are dominated by Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Excoecaria agalloccha and Sonneratia spp. The most extensive mangrove type is Rhizophora apiculata mangrove. These mangroves are an important habitat for a number of aquatic organisms, including some with high economic value.

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Ba Tri and Binh Dai IBAs and Thanh Phu Nature Reserve position

3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION Social profile of the Project areas including seventeen provinces in the north central coastal region and the south central coastal region and four provinces in the Mekong Delta such as An Giang, Dong Thap, Long An and Ben Tre had been studied including livelihoods, ethnic minorities and land use situation.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 3.2.1 Livelihoods a.Upland farmers In recent decades, population growth and influx, diminishing resources, and environmental degradation have pushed these traditional upland-farming systems to their limits. Upland livelihoods at present have been shaped very much by these pressures and by the influence of the government sedentarisation programme (dinh canh dinh cu or ‘fixed cultivation, fixed settlement’) which began from the 1960s to try to address them . This programme continues to provide support to resettle upland communities to lower-lying and less remote areas, restrict sloping land cultivation and use of forest resources, and encourage more intensive farming methods (through agricultural inputs, extension, and, as seen in some upland areas of the central regions, leveling of large tracts of land to form flat paddy fields). Depending on the location, upland communities may have had any combination of these activities implemented in their communities. Some upland farmers have been relatively successful in adapting to new farming methods, but the transition has been more difficult for poorer farmers who cannot afford the inputs required, are daunted by the risks of cash crop cultivation, and tend to have trade links that are disadvantageous at best. Some farmers in the uplands feel that restrictions on upland cultivation have created insecurity by restricting their means of subsistence without providing viable alternatives. Because of shortfalls in the new forms of production, poorer households may retain, or return to, cultivating staple crops on hillsides, and are still dependent upon the forest. The links between over-exploitation of forest resources and environmental degradation and the increased severity of natural disasters is well understood by people in the uplands, but they have not they are not currently able to completely break their dependency on forest resources. One village leader described the vicious circle that many families are caught in the uplands: “Crops get lost in flooding, the father goes to the forest to cut down trees to make up for this loss, and then the children suffer from further flooding.” Another important programme which has influenced the shape of the uplands in the past few decades has been the movement of ethnic Vietnamese from the lowlands to populate and develop upland areas. Until the 1990s movements to the uplands were government sponsored. Some of these in-migrants are now well-established within the communes where they live. Many have developed commercial interests to supplement their agricultural production and are concentrated in commune centers, where they are the proprietors of shops selling basic necessities such as oil and salt and purchasing products from the uplands which are sold down in the plains. They often play an important role in extending informal credit to upland ethnic minority people. Despite evidence that terms of credit and trade often disfavour the minorities, many minorities consider the forms of credit supplied by these traders to be essential in sustaining them through times of hardship. More recently the central highlands areas have experienced an influx of spontaneous migrants, both lowland Vietnamese and minorities from the northern provinces, eager to clear land for cash crop cultivation. Migrants from this new wave of spontaneous immigration may also be found in the upland areas of the coastal project provinces bordering the central

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT highlands. These movements have resulted in some tensions in the highlands over land use (see the section on land tenure). One of the biggest influences on life in the uplands of the central coastal regions in coming years is expected to be the completion of the Ho Chi Minh Highway. This project, nearing completion, consists of a second national highway cutting through upland communities from north to south through the north central and south central project in the central region. b.Lowlands of the north and south central coastal regions Livelihoods in the plains and lowlands areas centre on irrigated rice cultivation, cultivation of secondary crops and livestock rising. While these patterns are broadly similar to other lowland areas of the country, low living standards in the lowland and coastal parts of these regions are generally attributed to the extreme weather and frequent occurrence of natural disasters. Agricultural production is limited by poor, insufficient tracts of land, and inadequate irrigation. Unlike the fertile Mekong delta, farmers here struggle to harvest two crops of rice. Those interviewed at the field study sites continue to plant two rice crops but report losing part or the entire second crop on an annual basis. Even farmers who have made relatively successful investment in agriculture and livestock rising acknowledge that they do not “get ahead” by agriculture alone. Having capital to invest has been one of the keys for households to improve their livelihoods in the last decade. Those who have been able to diversify sources of household income have been at an advantage. For example, the ability to make investments in aquaculture (households the length of the coast) or to increase livestock herds and to commercialise handicraft production (as seen for example among some Cham communities in the dry plains of Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan), have been important factors in improving household well being. However, the poorest farming households in lowland and coastal areas lack the resources to improve their economic well-being. Poorer households are particularly vulnerable to economic shocks and struggle to meet the costs of education and healthcare. Expenditures to treat sudden illness, or chronic ill health in the family, are a severe drain on the resources of such households. The poorest households in lowland areas are likely to be indebted, and to resort to strategies such as land mortgaging to cope, thus reinforcing the cycle of debt. An increasingly common strategy for young people in the central regions is migration. They go to Ho Chi Minh City, other urban centres, or the Central Highlands, and nowadays even take up overseas labour contracts. Some moves are temporary; others are longer-term. Such is the extent of these movements that central coastal and northern central regions have the highest national rates of out-migration (see the table in Annex 3, showing net migration rates by region to other parts of the country). In general, lowland communities tend to have been long established at the sites where they live. Many of these communities, which have experienced outward movements of population now have wide networks of relatives. However, the communities themselves continue to be made up of related families who have lived in the areas for generations. Unlike the situation in the uplands, the site on which the village is located may not have changed for

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT centuries. More comment is made on the movement of people and establishment of new households within villages in the section on disasters at local level. c.Inland communities in the Mekong Delta Compared to land holdings in the central region, farmers in the Mekong Delta work large tracts of land, and produce a surplus of rice to sell. A land market is now very evident in the Mekong Delta, with successful farmers enlarging their holdings through private transfers of land. There has also been a rapid uptake of new economic activities, as part of the state’s economic restructuring of the area. In recent years both shrimp cultivation and fruit production have been expanded greatly, with government providing subsidised credit in support of these activities. The pace of these developments in some areas is staggering. In Dam Doi district, Ca Mau, for example, the main economic activity in the district in 1993 was rice cultivation. In 1994, 20 000 ha were changed over to shrimp farming. By 2001 paddy land had been turned over entirely to aquaculture. Many of those who can afford the inputs for these activities have done very well. Intensive shrimp farming requires high levels of investment to ensure that the ponds do not become polluted and the shrimp diseased. People who have managed to invest on a scale to do this properly and efficiently have, in some cases, become very wealthy. In Cai Be district, Tien Giang, the better-off orchard owners were those who several years ago had invested in private dykes to protect their orchards from flooding. However, while some poor households may have become better off, the new economic activities have also created insecurity. Khmer farmers in Tan Duyet commune, Dam Doi district, said that local people have no capital to raise shrimp industrially so their yields are low, and the risk of disease is high. Shrimp raising was quite productive in the first year but it has already declined. Now they cannot grow rice because the land has been made too saline by the shrimp farming. In this area they can cultivate grasses which they use to make ‘chieu’ mats, but they now have the same problem as with the rice, the land is now too saline to grow the grasses. In addition, landlessness has become increasingly commonplace in the last decade. Reasons for this are collapsed investments and demands on the household from ill health or other economic shocks which led them to mortgage out and eventually lose their land holdings. Landlessness is particularly prevalent among the Khmer minority. Another reason given for landlessness among the Khmer is that they come from large families and land has been subdivided as the children grow up and leave home, leaving some people with no land. Landless people rely on wage labour on the farms of the better off, or venturing farther to Ho Chi Minh City, but this is not long term, stable work, and they tend to earn only enough to cover a few days’ expenses at a time. Some places within the project area are frontier areas recently opened up to rice production, but agriculture has been hampered by excessive acid sulphates in the soil. This includes many areas in the project provinces in the Plain of Reeds (An Giang, Dong Thap and Long An). This area consisted of marsh and melaleuca (tram) forests before the American war

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT where local people cultivated native ‘floating rice’ varieties and fished. But heavy bombing, razing of forests and draining of swamps during the war, all permanently changed the landscape and damaged the environment by releasing acid sulphates from below the soil layer. A programme of canal building since 1975 attempted to turn the Plain of Reeds into a rice cultivating area. People were moved in to settle this new zone from the late 1980s onwards. Although two or three crops of rice have been made possible in some places, in other areas the venture has not been so successful and people have turned to alternatives such as planting melaleuca , pineapple and cashew nut (all of which fair better in acid soils). While fishing is another source of income it is limited by the high acid content in some canals. The movement of people to newly developed areas, land sales and landlessness mean that many villages are located on sites that did not exist a decade ago. While some people are living in villages where their families go back for generations, it is common to find communities of people who have very recently acquired (or lost) land and moved and do not have strong attachments to the area. In one example (in My Loi B commune in Cai Be), a woman was interviewed who was just bringing in the last of her rice harvest. Although she has a small shack to live in next to her rice fields, she and her family spend little time here unless there is work to do. They bought the land here three years ago but have kept their house in a nearby commune where they are cultivating fruit trees. “We are just here for business”, she said, “and in the future, when the orchard is more mature, we will go back to our home village.” d.Coastal fishing communities Although the overall economic conditions in the regions where they live may be quite different, the livelihoods of coastal fishing families in the central regions and the Mekong delta are in many ways similar. One of the most important factors in the livelihoods of offshore fishermen is the reliance on male labour for the family income. Everywhere else in the country, whether among upland minorities or in the lowland plains, women are the main agricultural laborers and tend to form the backbone of the household economy. Among coastal fishing families, however, men are the main income earners, spending most of their time out at sea. Women stay on shore and undertake activities such as raising pigs, making fish sauce, and repairing fishing nets. These activities bring in relatively little in comparison to incomes from fishing. In all areas along the coast there has been a change in the last decade to catching fish for export. This can be quite a lucrative business. In a coastal commune of Quang Binh (Quang Phuc commune, Quang Trach district) farmers living in villages adjacent to fishermen showed a keen interest in learning to fish offshore, because the earnings are so much better than incomes from farming. The captain of a squid boat in U Minh district (Ca Mau province) claimed to be able to take home 2 million dong from each 20 day journey. However, there are also indications that the earnings from export-led offshore fishing are beginning to decline. Fishermen in Ca Mau expressed concerns that fish stocks were becoming poorer while overheads had risen in the last five years.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT The more commercialised nature of sea fishing has also exposed fishermen to greater financial risks and resulted in them traveling longer distances away from home than they did in the past. In both study sites there were few fishermen who owned their boats outright. Most have borrowed money or mortgaged other assets (such as land) to upgrade to larger boats, which can go further offshore. In Quang Binh, fishermen reported traveling as far as Cat Ba Island in the north. Although they claimed to travel less frequently to the south, fishermen in Ca Mau said that they fish alongside boats coming from points all along the central coast. It is reportedly common (in particular for boats from Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan provinces) to fish off of the Ca Mau peninsula. Fishermen in Quang Phuc reported not only traveling further distances out to sea to better fishing grounds, but also said they travel farther along the coast now, seeking out places to sell their catch where higher prices may be obtained. There are also clear gaps in the well-being of richer and poorer fishermen, especially in the Mekong delta. Some fishermen in the Mekong Delta own two or three big boats and now have other people crew them while they stay on land and engage in other related businesses. By contrast, some of their neighbours do not own their own boats outright and compromise on safety equipment and insurance because they say they simply cannot afford any additional overheads. Coastal fishing communities interviewed in the field sites were long-standing, closely- knit communities bound by kinship ties, even though men may be frequently away at sea.

3.2.2 Ethnic Minorities Thirty of the 54 officially recognised ethnic groups in the country live within the project area, mainly in the uplands in the central coastal regions, and three minority groups inhabit the plains of the Mekong Delta. Ethnic minorities enjoy full legal and citizenship rights but they continue to be disproportionately represented among the poor, and despite many improvements in the provision of health services and education in recent years, most ethnic minorities are still relatively disadvantaged. Literacy levels for minorities are generally low compared to the national average. a. North Central and Central Coastal Provinces Some of the same ethnic groups and settlement patterns typical of the north west mountainous area of Vietnam extend southwards into the upland areas of Thanh Hoa and Nghe An. A typical feature is the great diversity of ethnic groups, with smaller groups settled amongst larger populations of larger and culturally dominant ethnicities. Thai and H’mong are the main ethnic groups living in the upland areas of Thanh Hoa and Nghe An. There is also a small population of Dao in Nghe An. They live alongside smaller pockets of Kh’Mu, Odu and Khang. These smaller groups are all Mon-Khmer speaking peoples who would in the past have been vassals of the more dominant Thai and H’Mong minorities. The Thai continue to maintain a strong cultural influence over other ethnic groups living near them. In areas where they are in the majority, Thai often serves as a common language between ethnic groups.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Tai speaking groups (this includes the Thai, Tay, and Tho) traditionally inhabit the valleys and lower reaches and have sophisticated irrigated rice traditions. Many Tai speaking groups live quite similarly to the Kinh, but this varies dependent upon the region. The H’mong and Dao tend to inhabit the higher elevations. Living on high mountain slopes, they are the most reliant of the upland ethnic groups on swidden cultivation. Many H’mong communities once cultivated opium as an important source of income, but this activity has been banned and virtually eradicated since the early 1990s (with support, in Nghe An, from a large UNDCP project). The H’mong are noted for their proud, independent nature and the men have a reputation as skilled blacksmiths and hunters. The Muong, upland cousins of the Kinh, retain a language that is mutually comprehensible with Vietnamese, but an upland culture influenced over many generations by the Thai. They live in midland areas of both Thanh Hoa and Nghe An. The Tho live in small communities in these two provinces and have been influenced by both Muong and Viet cultures. The Chut, another ethnic group who are very close culturally to Muong, Viet and Tho. They live in small communities in the uplands of Ha Tinh and Quang Binh. From Quang Binh, settlement patterns more typical of the centre and Central Highlands appear, with territorial divisions clearly delineated (although they are not as clearly marked as they once were). Ethnic groups living in the uplands from this point down in the central coastal provinces belong either to the Mon Khmer or Austronesian language groups. Mon Khmer groups of the Truong Son cordillera include the Bru-Van Kieu in Quang Binh and Quang Tri; and the Ta Oi and Pa Co in Thua Thien-Hue. Co Tu territory extends across the provincial boundary of Thua Thien-Hue, into high and isolated mountain areas of Quang Nam. The Co group straddle the border of Quang Nam and Quang Ngai provinces, and the Hre inhabit upland areas of Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, and Binh Dinh. Mon Khmer groups typical of the Central highlands, but also found in project provinces bordering the highlands, are the Gie Trieng, Xe Dang and Mnong, (in Quang Nam and Quang Ngai) and the Ba Na in the uplands of Binh Dinh and Phu Yen. Small Co Ho communities live in the uplands of Khanh Hoa, and Co Ho and Chu Ru live in Ninh Thuan where the Lang Biang Plateau drops down to the plains. Austronesian groups in the project areas include the Ede (concentrated in the upper half of Dak Lac in the Central Highlands, but also in upland areas of Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa) and the Rac Glai (who inhabit inland parts of Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan and border Chu Ru territory in eastern Lam Dong). Small pockets of Gia Rai also live in the uplands of Binh Thuan. Although the two main languages groups are distinctly different, Mon Khmer and Austronesian ethnic groups in the uplands of the coastal provinces share many similar cultural traits and a common modern history. They continue to hold strong animist beliefs (that spirits - Yang - attach to specific locations in the natural environment, and must be respected in order to guard against misfortune or ill health). Many ethnic groups in the uplands of these coastal provinces, particularly those located near the former demilitarised zone (DMZ) in Quang Tri and bordering the Central Highlands, experienced severe dislocation as a result of fighting and internal resettlement forced upon them during the American war. The presence of some northern minorities in the project provinces bordering the central highlands, (Tay, Muong, Nung and Dao) is a reflection of the spontaneous movements of migrants from northern provinces in the last decade.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT The Cham are the ethnicity whose forebears made up the Champa kingdom in central parts of Vietnam in ancient times. They are a coastal people who rely both on fishing and wetland farming. They are also known as traders, particularly of traditional medicine and cloth. Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan are the main provinces they inhabit, though sizeable communities also live in Binh Dinh and Phu Yen. They practice forms of Islam and Hinduism. Cham communities can also be found in the Mekong Delta (see below). Although they were settled in the area before the founding of the Champa kingdom, the close proximity of the Rac Glai and Chu Ru to the lowland Cham means that they have been influenced to some extent by the Cham. It is thought that the Chu Ru intermarried with Cham and that their wet rice cultivation was borrowed from the Cham. Rac Glai ties to the Cham are evident in religious rites which continue to this day. They are the guardians of sacred objects belonging to the Cham, and the two groups jointly participate in some ceremonies and festivals. b. Mekong delta Three minority groups live alongside the ethnic Kinh majority in the Mekong Delta. The Hoa are relatively well-off traders, living in towns throughout the Delta (they also make up part of urban populations throughout the country). The Khmer (who are ethnically the same as the majority population in Cambodia), are (often poor) rural farmers and fishermen. They are Theravada Buddhists and their temples can be seen dotting the landscapes of Tra Vinh, Soc Trang and Kien Giang provinces where they are concentrated. Some Cham Muslims communities live in Chau Doc near to the Cambodian border.

3.2.3 Land Use Situation The 1993 Land Law gave long-term land use rights to individual households over residential, production and forestry land. Most families in lowland areas now have ‘red books’ proving their legal land use rights over residential and agricultural land. A very active land market has developed in the Mekong delta; a land market is less evident in the central coastal region. Many upland families do not as yet have ‘red books’ for their agricultural land, or if they do, actual use may not always correspond to the area allocated. Because of uncertainties over recognised land tenure, particularly in the uplands, any loss of land or assets under the project needs to be carefully monitored to ensure it complies with World Bank requirements on compensation. The detailed land use situation in Quynh Luu province cited in the Vuc Mau FS report is shown in the next box.

3.2.4 Cultural and Historic Resources There are a number of designed cultural and historic sites in the province, which form the subprojects areas and in the vicinity of the subprojects. For instance in Nghe An, there are Kim Lien village – where is Uncle Ho’s hometown, Thanh Dam festival, Nguyen Xy, Nguyen Su Hoi, Hong Son, Cau Linh, Trang Can, Con temples, Quynh Phuong beach…

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Land use condition in Quynh Luu province No. Land use situation Area (ha) 1- Agricultural land: 7.851 1 ƒ Land for annual crop cultivation 5.692 2 ƒ Land prone for rice cultivation 5041 3 -Paddy rice (two crops) 4.141 4 -Paddy(1 crop) 900 5 ƒ Land prone for sub-crop and industrial plant 651 6 -Land for perennial plant 67 7 -Land in household garden 1.770 8 ƒ Water surface area for aquaculture production 322 9 2- Forest land with covering 5.982 10 3- Land for special use 3.625 11 4- Land for residence 608 12 5- Unused land 15.527 13 ƒ Unused land is sort out 14 -Low flat land 1098 15 -Hilly land 13.176 16 -Water surface area 398 17 -River, springs 416 18 -Mountain 304 19 ƒ Other land 135

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 4 CHAPTER 4: IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY The potential impacts of the Project on each environmental resource are assessed as being one of the following seven categories: a. No impact This assessment is made when there is no impact of the Project in the environmental concern, this assessment is made if the Project activities of concern are to be spatially or temporally removed from the environmental resource. b. Significant and immitigable impact This assessment is made when there is expected to be an impact of the Project on the environmental resource of concern and:

ƒThe time scale of the impact is equal to or longer than the life span or time scale of the resource of concern or

ƒThe area over which the impact may occur is equal to or larger than the area over which the resource of concern occur or

ƒThe magnitude of the impact is equal to or larger relative to the abundant or quality of the resource of concern or,

ƒEnvironmental resource of concern: (i) is important to local human populations, (ii) requires compliance with national, provincial, or district environmental protection laws, standards, and regulations, (iii) requires compliance with Vietnam’s international commitments, triggers one of the WB operational policies on environment; And any one of the following:

ƒThere area no known mitigation or

ƒIt is uncertain whether the significant impacts can be effectively mitigated with available mitigation activities. c. Mitigable impact The impact is significant, as described above, but it can be effectively mitigated by one of the following methods:

ƒImpact avoidance: some aspect of the Project design, construction, or operation is changed, as such the impact no longer occur.

ƒImpact minimization: measures are taken to reduce impacts to acceptable levels (e.g. ensuring that TCVN emission standards are met or a canal lining program the minimizes disruption to water users).

ƒImpact rectification: the impact is allowed to occur, but mitigation measures are subsequently taken to rehabilitate the environment to a level whereby the impact is within acceptable limits, such as restoring and re-vegetating borrow sites, or

ƒImpact compensation: the impact is allowed to occur but non-monetary compensation (first priority) or monetary compensation (second priority) are provided for losses created by the impact, such as the case of resettlement or reforestation of an equivalent amount of forested land permanently lost through construction of a new spillway. d. Insignificant impact

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT This assessment is made when there is expected to be an impact of the Project on the environmental resource of concern but the impact is assessed to be too negligible to require intervention in the form of either mitigation or monitoring. This type of impact would occur when any one of the criteria for impact significance, above, are not met. e. Unknown impact This assessment is made when one of the following apply:

ƒThe presence of the Project activities of potential concern is uncertain,

ƒThe occurrence of the environmental resource within the Project area is uncertain,

ƒThe spatial scale over which the impact may occur is unknown, or

ƒThe magnitude of the impacts cannot be predicted. f. Positive impact This assessment is made when one of the effects of the proposed Project will improve the condition and integrity of the environmental resource of concern. g. Combination impact This assessment is made when more than one of the above assessments (i.e. some positive and some negative impacts) apply to the effect of the Project activities on an environmental resource of concern. 4.2 APPLICATION OF WB OPERATIONAL POLICIES Most of the operational policies are used in detailed assessment of environmental impacts for the Natural Disaster Mitigation Project (WB4). In accordance with the ten safeguard policies stated in World Bank Safeguard Policies (WBSP), their relevancies to this Project are tabulated in Table 4-1. Table 4-1. Relevance of WBSP to the Project Bank’s policies Relevance to the project Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01) Very Likely Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) Likely Forestry (OP 4.36) Possible Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) Very Likely Pest Management (OP 4.09) Unlikely Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP/GP 4.12) Possible Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) Likely Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) Unlikely Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) Unlikely Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) None The OP 7.60 is not relevant to the Project and are not considered further in this EIA because none of the Project affected area is part of a territory whose jurisdiction is disputed by another country.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 4.3 ACTIVITIES WITH CONSISTENT IMPACTS ON ALL ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES There are majority of the Project activities that are assessed to have the same impacts for all environmental resources they will affect, whatever phases of the Project they will occur and in whichever phase of investments they will occur-first, second, or both. Rather than present these individual for each environmental resource in this chapter, they are presented synoptically below and not analysed and presented further in the detailed assessment that begins with section 4.5. 4.3.1 Repairing and Upgrading Existing Civil Works and Facilities A large number of Project activities involve the repairing of existing civil works and facilities, the actual repairing of existing civil works and facility of the component 2 and component 3 are assessed as having insignificant impacts and even no impact on any of the environmental resources of the Project area, for instances, all non-structural subprojects such as institutional strengthening and capacity building capacity strengthening, supporting local flood plain and hazard mapping, community early warning systems, land use planning, etc.. 4.3.2 Modernization of Irrigation Management System Among the 4 components of the Project, there are many subprojects proposed to modernizing irrigation management system, consisting of upgrading the technical capacity of irrigation management personnel, improvement of water user fee policies, upgrading irrigation management system equipments, management facilities will have no impacts directly on the environmental resource of the Project area. There will be indirect positive effects, however, from institutional development and capacity building on improved water management resulting in increasing crop production and socio-economic condition of beneficiaries. 4.3.3 Construction Activities Associated with Subproject Implementation The major engineering civil works of the Project will create the need for temporary construction worker camps. These construction camps will have negative impacts on the environment through land disturbance, waste generation, use of heavy vehicles and other machines (increasing noise level, particularly in areas of residential habitation), and requires for domestic and drinking water supply. Despite the pact that the size and proposed location of the construction camps is unknown at this time, all these impacts are mitigable through good construction camp practices. In addition, there will considerable disturbance of soils in all aspects of headwork and canal system upgrading. Therefore, there will need to be effective handling of soils so that they cause minimal disturbance to the environment, particularly with respect to sedimentation of water courses, and degradation of water quality. These impacts are assessed as mitigable. Among subprojects implemented in the first year, only the construction of Ba Tri sea dye will result in loss of coastal wetland. Permanently, Ba tri sea dye construction will result in loss of up to 12ha, approximately, of mangroves along a 3.1 km section. The sea dyke will be built right at the landward rear of mangroves and this construction itself will take away a band of 10 to 20 m (maximum 50m depend on how much cares taken during construction period) wide of mangrove, that is an area of 3.1 to 6.2 ha (up to maximum 15.5 ha) of mangroves will be lost. This area of wetland has been provincially under protection since 1986-1987 (pronounced by the Aquaculture Office of Ba Tri district community). Even the impact of the sea dyke is assessed to be significant to the community in the littoral area and sea water adjacent project area, it is considered as of possible mitigation by rehabilitation of mangrove in seaward side of the dyke.

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4.3.4 Environmental Impacts of Resettlement and Land Acquisition No Environmental Impact of Resettlement: All subprojects of component 2, 3, 4 Insignificant Environmental Impact of Resettlement: Ba Tri sea dye sub-project Mitigable Impacts of Temporary Land Acquisition: All constructional Sub-Projects Large-scale resettlement can cause environmental and social impacts if not implemented carefully implemented such as occurred as a result of resettlement during the construction of the Hoa Binh Dam in northern Viet Nam. Impacts of resettlement on the environment can include forest cutting or wetland encroachment, adoption of unsustainable agricultural practices and livelihood patterns, and land tenure issues. This is not the case with the Project. The environmental impacts from the resettlement of almost 30 and 70 PAHs in Vuc Mau and Ba tri sea dye subprojects, respectively will be small and limited and are assessed as INSIGNIFICANT. No mitigation or monitoring is required for the environmental impacts of resettlement. As estimated, about 195.05 ha and 1.32 ha of land will be permanently acquired for sub project Ba Tri sea dye and “Mekong River Delta Flood Warning and Monitoring System”, respectively. No information and investigation for land acquisition for the other subprojects are available at the time being. Compensation will be paid and there will be no impact of permanent land acquisition on environmental resources of the Project Area. There would be thousands ha of land would be temporally acquired for construction site. The effects of temporary land acquisition are assessed as mitigable by restoring the landscapes to their original condition after it has been used. While there may be PAHs as a result of the project implementation , these cases would almost certainly all involve compensation for land acquisition rather than resettlement, given the small size of the construction involved and concomitant land acquisition required. 4.3.5 Water Supply for Domestic, Municipal, and Industrial Use No Impact: All non-constructional subprojects of component 1, 2, 3, 4 Insignificant Environmental and Mitigable Impact: All constructional Sub-Projects The non-constructional subprojects of component 1, 2, 3 and 4 will not be providing incremental water supply for municipal and industrial uses and so the effects is assessed as no impact. The Project will increase water supply for non-commodity production uses, primarily municipal domestic and drinking water supply and industrial activities. The environmental issue concerning incremental environmental impacts of municipal and industrial water use is largely with the industrial sector; increasing the supply of water for domestic use will have substantial human health and other benefits. An expanding industrial sector will also provide many incremental socioeconomic benefits but will create incremental environmental impacts that will be difficult to control and manage. However, an insignificant increase in water supply for industry as a result of NDMP probably will not lead to an expansion of industrial sectors. 4.3.6 Provision of Increased Water Supply to Aquaculture No Impact: All non-constructional subprojects of component 1, 2, 3, 4. Insignificant Environmental and Mitigable Impact: all subprojects that repairing or upgrading or newly construction reservoir/dam/irrigation.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT All non-constructional subprojects of component 1, 2, 3, 4 will not be providing incremental water supply for coastal aquaculture and so the effects of this type of water allocation in these three cases is assessed as no impact. The Project will increase water supply to brackish water aquaculture both within and downstream of the command areas of a number of subprojects of the component 1 and 2 and 3 in order to support expansion of this economic activity in the coastal zone of the provinces in which these Sub-Projects are located and this impact is assessed as insignificant environmental and mitigable. Water Pollution As reported in “Coastal and Marine Environmental Management in the South China Sea, Phase 2 “ - GEC Ltd. 1999, in general, aquaculture in coastal Viet Nam has not been sufficiently carefully planned. The result in some cases is increased water pollution, largely from unregulated flushing of pond sediment wastes into water systems that have not been planned to ensure separation of aquaculture pond intake and effluent. Freshwater supply to brackish water aquaculture to be provided from the Project is needed to achieve the correct salinity levels in the ponds at various stages of prawn development. Without the Project, it is doubtful that aquaculture development will be able to proceed at the same rate it will be able to with the Project, and so there may in fact be incremental environmental effects of the Project related to expansion of brackish water aquaculture. While Decree 175/CP requires overall strategies for regional and national development to be assessed for their environmental impacts, no EIAs were prepared for the provincial aquaculture plans. It would be prudent, as part of the pre-construction phase of the Project Environmental Management Plan, to implement the following mitigation measures:

ƒConduct an environmental review of those parts of the respective Provincial Aquaculture Programs that will benefit from improved water supply from the Project to ensure proper pond arrangements, wastewater management, and pond sediment management are put into place and to determine the additional amount of coastal wetlands that will be lost as a result of the expansion of coastal aquaculture;

ƒIf possible, restore and/or rehabilitate an area of coastal wetlands as compensation for loss of coastal wetlands from aquaculture expansion; and

ƒProvide resources to educate aquaculture households on best environmental practices to minimize environmental impacts of their activities. 4.3.7 Impacts on Population and Communities There are four potential impacts on the population and communities of the Irrigation Sub- Projects, all of which are assessed elsewhere in this Chapter: • Mitigable effects of disturbance to households and communities caused by construction activities (Section 4.3.3,); • Mitigable effects of resettlement and compensation for land acquisition (Section 4.3.4); • Positive effects of increased employment (Section 4.4.3); and • Positive effects on household income and overall level of economic activity (Section 4.4.4). There will be a number of very positive effects in the Project are. For instance, the residents and communities downstream in the many River basins such as Hoang Mai river basin will once again enjoy a secure supply of freshwater during the dry season for their socioeconomic livelihoods.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL RESOURCES RECEIVING CONSISTENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT There are a number of environmental and social resources of the Project that are predicted to be affected in the same way from all Project activities (i.e., all positive or all negative impacts) for whatever phases of the Project (pre-construction, construction, and operation) they will occur and in whichever phase of investments they will occur - first, second, or both. Rather than present these individually for each Project activity in this chapter, these environmental resources are presented synoptically below. 4.4.1 Impacts on Environmental Resources in the Project Reservoir Catchments The Project will have insignificant environmental and mitigable even no impact on the Project Reservoir Catchments. There are no Project activities that will affect any environmental resources in the catchments of the Project Reservoir:

ƒThe height of the Project Dams and the associated saddle dams is not being increased and there will therefore be no land alienation from increased Reservoir height;

ƒThe operation of the Project Reservoirs will be basically the same with the Project as under current conditions;

ƒAccess to the catchment area above the Project Reservoirs will not change. New roads into the catchment will not be built, there will be some repairing and upgrading works for existing roads in the catchment only; Among the first-year-subprojects, Vuc Mau reservoir in Nghe An province, after repairing, it will maintains water level regime of 21m as the initial design, which is higher of 1-2 m than present level. The present inundated area, which is mainly grass cover and shrubs will be permanently submerged account for 5-6 ha. As reported in section 2.2.1 (p.8), the reservoir has basin area of 215 km2 and water surface of 1382 ha (at the water height of 21m) and the 6 3 capacity of 75,053.10 m , so vegetation decomposition will slightly influence water quality of the reservoir. However, the project should clear these areas of grass and shrubs before repairing the dam.

Grass and shrubs will be permernently submerged

Water level at 20m

Figure 4-1. Vegetation coverage in upstream Vuc Mau reservoir (photo 15/9/2004)

4.4.2 Project Impacts on Rare and Endangered Species There have generally been no biodiversity surveys conducted in the command areas of the Project but Vuc Mau and Ba Tri. Based on the results of the survey conducted in March

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 2005, the proposed Ba Tri sea dyke will go very close to the most important sites of the IBA. It also will bind all the extensive aquacultural areas, one of most important alternative feeding habitat for a number of shorebirds. Furthermore, with the sea dyke construction, many mangrove areas that provide important roosting habitat for birds and breeding ground for numerous aquatic species will be isolated from the areas out the sea. Therefore, the effect of the Project on rare and endangered species in the command area is assessed as significant. It is extremely unlikely that there are any rare and endangered species in the other Project areas because these areas have long been almost exclusively used for human habitation and associated economic activities. However, with regard to all-constructional sub projects of the NDMP in 17 provinces, that the implementation sites have not been decided yet at the moment, all reserves and protected area as shown in appendix 4 should be put into account when selecting the site for construction or implementation the subproject. As such, the impact on rare and endangered species could be mitigated if any. 4.4.3 Project Impacts on Employment Practically all Project activities will have a positive impact on local employment. These positive effects will occur in a number of ways:

ƒShort-term increase in employment from construction activities;

ƒLonger term increase in the requirement for on-farm labor; and

ƒSubstantial indirect and induced employment generated as a result of both the short-term increase in construction employment and the increase in on-farm labor demand. Direct and indirect benefits of local procurement will boost local economic activity over a period of 3-5 years in each Sub-Project. The only possible exception will be possible reduced labour requirements under a more automated irrigation management system. However, these are likely to be small and more than compensated for by the overall increase in employment with the Project. To reinforce the positive effects of the Project on local employment, it would be appropriate to give preference and priority to local residents in construction (and operation) of the Project wherever possible, by including a requirement in construction contracts for local hires and specific interest groups e.g., women and ethnic minorities, as well as to train local workers before construction begins to increase relevant skills and minimize project delays. 4.4.4 Impact on Economic Activities, Income, and Incidence of Poverty The Project will have a positive impact on overall economic activity in the Project Area, as well as increasing household income and reducing the incidence of poverty in the Project Area. The increased short-term and long-term employment generated by the Project will increase the general level of economic activity in the Project Area. The predicted increases in household incomes with the Project may be even greater with even higher crop diversification. This increase in net income will also result in a decrease in overall poverty in the command area. However, improvement in water resources is a necessary, but likely not sufficient intervention for achieving this reduction in poverty. For example, numerous pilot area households interviewed as part of the socio-economic survey conducted by the EIA Consultant in Quynh Luu and Ba Tri district indicated that they had trouble obtaining sufficient agricultural inputs. This may be limited transportation facilities for getting the agricultural inputs to the fields, but it may also be insufficient credit availability. The Project will remove some, but perhaps not all, the constraints to agricultural production and to increasing farmer incomes.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT There may be short-term negative effects to agricultural commodity production as a result of canal lining and other canal reinforcements. This can be mitigated by developing rigid construction timetables for canal reinforcement and lining to minimize disruption to the beneficiaries and at the same time have efficient implementation of this part of the Project. This will require a detailed implementation plan for canal lining developed consultation with Project beneficiaries and is discussed in more detail below in Section 4.6. 4.4.5 Impacts on Mineral Resources The effects of removing rock (for road construction or during canal system expansion) from new borrow sites is mitigable through the restoration of the borrow sites after construction is completed. 4.4.6 Impacts on Air Quality, Noise and Vibration There will be not significant impact of the Project on air quality in or outside the Project Area. The construction of subprojects will have some impacts on air quality as follows:

ƒ Pollution due to dust: the levelling of ground, transporting of construction materials as earth, stone, cement, sand, gravel etc., are the cause of dust pollution.

ƒ Pollution caused by exhaust gases from equipment and trucks will affect air quality: the construction will run equipment and trucks using gasoline, diesel, FO oil etc., which after combustion will emit toxic gases such as NOx, CO, SO2, VOC etc., leading to air pollution. At asphalt concrete mixing and asphalt melting stations, toxic gases are emitted with dust and noise. Therefore, it is necessary to find suitable place for asphalt concrete mixing stations to avoid affecting local residents.

ƒ The stink comes from the toilets, other domestic wastes of workers at the construction site such as food residues, bodies of animals died due to the impacts of the construction etc.

ƒ Noise and vibration also vary according to phases of project. During the construction phase, there may be big noise from asphalt concrete and cement mortar mixing stations. The rollers and vibrators (especially impact compactors) also may cause noise and vibration pollution. For the Vuc Mau subproject, to apply mine simmer explosive, it is needed developing an explosion plan to minimize noise, dust and to control impulsion to ensure safety for construction worker as well as existing construction. 4.4.7 Impacts on Production Forests There will be no impact of the Project on production forests in or outside the Project Area. The production forest land within the districts and communes that form the Project Area lie outside of the actual land that is currently served by the Project Irrigation Scheme and there is no pumping contemplated in the Project to deliver irrigation water to even the lower slopes of these hills. Therefore, there will be no impacts on production forests in the command area from Project activities. This, coupled with the assessment of no Project impacts on environmental resources within the Project Reservoir catchments (Section 4.4.1), means that there will be no impacts of on forest resources. 4.4.8 Impacts on Human Health There will be no impact of the Project on the health of the Project beneficiaries. There should be a program to minimize any negative effects of possible increased pesticide use and there may be positive benefits of households having increased disposable income on being able to make increased use of health care services.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 4.4.9 Project Impacts on Nature Reserves, Protected Areas, or Protection Forests There will be insignificant and mitigable adverts impact of the Project on Nature Reserves, Protected Areas, or Protection Forests. Among the subprojects of the component 2 in the 3 communes that are proposed to be implemented in the first year are not located nearby any protected areas or nature reserves or protection forests. The Vuc Mau subproject is a protected area, however, regarding to scientific observations at sites, the Vuc Mau subproject implementation will produce no effect to the Vuc Mau reserve area due to a long distance from the islands in the reservoir with the construction site (dam). The subproject Ba Tri sea dye located near the Thanh Phu reserve area, the boundary between the subproject construction site and Thanh Phu is a large river as shown in section 3.1.10. Therefore, it is supposed that the subproject implementation will not cause any impact on the Thanh Phu reserve area. Even though there are many Nature Reserves in the Cuu Long river delta as declared in the appendix, due to very small construction scale of around 100 m2 mostly in free land, there would be insignificant impacts on Nature Reserves, Protected Areas, or Protection Forests in the subproject’s vicinity, if any.

4.5 PROJECT IMPACTS OF PRE-CONSTRUCTION 4.5.1 Impacts of the Legacy of Conflict One of the ongoing consequences of the American War of the 1960s and 1970s is unexploded ordnance. Unexploded ordnance is uncovered throughout Viet Nam and there are casualties every year from accidents involving these materials. The Project involves the movement of a great deal of earth for upgrading of existing civil works and construction of new civil works. Mortar shells, aerial bombs, and other unexploded ordnance may all be found within the Project Area. Some de-mining has occurred at shallow depths, however virtually none has occurred in non-productive land or at depths greater than 2 m. There is a risk that unexploded ordnance will be uncovered during excavation, but this risk is assessed as mitigable. As a precautionary measure, it will be necessary to detect and clear unexploded ordnance in the Project Area for those construction activities that will occur at depths greater than 2 m. 4.5.2 Requirements for Resettlement and Land Acquisition These impacts are assessed as mitigable. To date, the number of households need to be relocated as well as land will be permanently acquired for the entire Project have not been decided yet, these information will be available in the detailed design state. However, there would be thousands ha of land would be temporally acquired for construction site. As estimated, about 195.05 ha and 1.32 ha of land will be permanently acquired for sub project Ba Tri sea dye and “Mekong River Delta Flood Warning and Monitoring System”, respectively. Almost 70 and 30 households need to be resettled due to Ba Tri sea dye and Vuc Mau reservoir subproject implementations, respectively. With respect to “Mekong River Delta Flood Warning and Monitoring System” subproject, to date, there is no information about resettlement. It is supposed that the location for each construction will be adjusted to induce none resettlement.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Resettlement requirement for Ba Tri sea dye sub project As many as 70 households need relocation to account for 1.56 percent of the total directly hit by natural calamity in the project zone (These households live along District Road 16 to sea). The households subject to relocation are now living within the confines of the project. Only 30 households who own their houses in Tiem Tom will have to move out. Since the remaining households have only got makeshift shrimp pond watching sheds there will be no problem about. Since most of the households who are completely deprived of their land own their houses on the dunes in Bao Thuan, Bao Thanh there will be no need to relocate except for their reallocation of land here or elsewhere in the project area.

4.6 PROJECT IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION 4.6.1 Soil The number of positive and negative impacts on soil could be occur due to the construction works of the Project such as reduction in erosion, alienations of subproject soils, increasing acidity generated from acid sulphate soils, excavation, storage, and disposal of earth. The Project proposes to strengthen many existing construction such as canal, dam, riverbanks etc. As a result, the reinforcement and strengthening of sections of these existing constructions will be a positive effect on soils in the immediate vicinity of the engineering civil works. Erosion will be reduced at those and no direct effects of civil works upgrading on subproject soils are expected. The reduction in erosion for soil within the subproject command area is a positive impact. Since the Project implemented, some soils will be permanently alienated as the management and transportation roads are upgraded and widened. However, this will be a small proportion of the total subproject area and the effect is assessed as Insignificant. In addition, construction and/or upgrading of roads will at worst cause only minor, temporary disturbances to soils from the actual construction activities themselves. These alienations of subproject soils are scientifically considered insignificant impacts. The digging of earth for banking up the dyke and building the beam blocking salt water: the digging of ditches and building of bridges and culverts affect the drainage of acid water and acid earth layer; create conditions for oxidizing the pyrite layer of earth, leading to acidification of earth and water. Especially the digging, banking up, pile driving and treatment of foundation have the effect of acid escape, making the water more acid. Among the first- year -subprojects, along the proposed Ba tri sea dyke route, there is only a little area at An Thuy commune, near Ham Luong river, with alum earth so this impact is not significant. Increased acidity generated from acid sulphate soils through construction activities is mitigable impact, mitigation measures are recommended to deal with these possible increases in acidity. The construction works of all subprojects of the 3 components will acquire huge quantities of soil, rock, and other material with be excavated as fill for the dams, dykes, roads and canal upgrading. Soils to be excavated and/or used as fill are unlikely to be contaminated as the entire subproject area has had little, if any, economic activities that would generate such contaminants. Therefore, earth excavation, storage, and disposal are regarded as mitigable impacts. The large quantities of soil likely to be disturbed during construction are such that proper disposal, storage, and management of these soils are recommended as mitigation measures. Part of the mitigation measures will need to be ensuring that contaminated soil does not make it onto the subproject site as earth-fill.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Engineering work of Ba Tri sea dyke subproject such as dyke embankment, building of bridge and culverts will limit the water drainage, retain the waste water from shrimp farming ponds, that will permeates into the earth and pollutes it. This impact is mitigable impact and can be mitigated by appropriate management and mitigation measures. 4.6.2 Surface Water Hydrology Surface water hydrology could be influenced in respect of improved efficiency of water use, changes in basic hydrological regime, interruption of canal water supply to users during canal construction and canal lining, increasing the efficiency of water use, no longer be severely waterlogged conditions along the downstream edge of the embankments. Improved efficiency of water use certainly is positive impact. The rehabilitation of Vuc Mau reservoir will facilitate greater water storage. The upgrading of both spill way and the main canal will have positive effects on surface water hydrology by enabling greater water supply to be provided to the lower-level canal systems and increasing the efficiency of water use. This is also the case with the completion and upgrading of the other canal systems themselves of other subprojects. Changes in basic hydrological regime are insignificant impacts. The basic hydrological regime will change only modestly with the Project and the hydrological network will not change. A number of small existing canals in Ba Tri sea dyke subproject command area will be permanently stopped and some others will be maintained. However, it is likely that the spatial and temporal patterns of drainage will not significantly change. Therefore, the hydrological regime of the command area is predicted to not change much from the current regime. For subprojects of component 2, the impact will be insignificant because the construction will be implemented with a small scale, there are some canals can work while some others are being upgraded. The main canal after the water intake of Vuc Mau dam will be lined in order to increase water conveyance capacity. During the construction, there will be the interruption of water supply to users. This impact can be mitigated by developing a rigid construction timetables and an alternative water supply way. In addition, consultation with all affected parties will be required in order to reach agreement how much impact will be accepted by the affected groups. As with the upgrading of the main canal distribution system, the cumulative effects of upgrading the canal system will have significant positive effects on surface water hydrology by increasing the efficiency of water use (positive impact), thereby enabling greater water supply to be provided to the farmers, in the appropriate amounts at the appropriate times. 4.6.3 Sedimentation and Erosion All of the effects on erosion and sedimentation described below will be localized. The effects will not be detectable downstream of the command area and almost certainly not detectable in the rivers that drain the command areas.

‰ Improvement of canal integrity and river bank stability Canal, river banks and dyke strengthening will have a positive effect of reducing soil erosion along these constructions; sedimentation is likely to be reduced within the vicinity areas as well. The lining or other reinforcement of sections of the existing constructions will be a positive effect on soils in the immediate vicinity of the engineering civil works. Erosion will be reduced at those locations and local people will not have to continually contend with their land eroding along the canals, dykes. This will reduce sedimentation into canals and surface waters.

‰ Disturbance of subproject soils during spillway expansion or newly construction

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT The disturbance to subproject soils as a result of expanding existing spillways as well as construction of the new spillway such as for Vuc Mau reservoir or Ba Tri sea dye and a number of other subprojects in the component 2 will increase sedimentation into the respective reservoirs and possibly the main canal of these schemes as a result of construction activities, including site preparation and pumping. These effects can be mitigated with properly constructed and maintained sedimentation basins that would be used during the construction phase.

‰ Earth excavation, storage, and disposal There will be considerable moving and handling of soils involved with dredging in the main canals as well as raising the canals and strengthening them at locations that have eroded over time. These effects are mitigable. The quantities of soil likely to be involved are such that proper disposal and management of these soils is recommended in order to minimize incremental sedimentation into the canals and other water bodies of the Project.

‰ Disturbance of subproject Soils During Implementation of Engineering Works Most of the construction activities associated with upgrading the canal distribution systems, rehabilitation of reservoir, roads, construction of dykes, reparation of spillways etc. could cause local disturbance to soils and thereby increase sediment content of the main canals, rivers. These soil disturbances during the construction activities could be mitigated by the application of standard good practice techniques during construction. 4.6.4 Air Quality All of the effects on air quality described below will be localized.

‰ Dust Site clearance of all trees, shrubs and vegetation; truck movements; exposion work will also generate significant quantities of dusts. These activities will create dusts within the construction area and may directly affect the health of workers and have effect on residents living nearby. For the fist year subprojects, particularly Vuc Mau reservoir and Ba Tri sea dyke subprojects, construction area locates far from residential area, therefore the impact will be not significant and mitigable.

‰ Emission exhaust During the construction phase, some equipment such as mechanical rammers, pneumatic tyred rollers, vibrating rollers, vibro-tamper, power tamper, pile driving rig, barges, towed grader, heavy trucks, welding machines, generators will be used. The activities of heavy machines, generators and the heavy trucks can discharge to the environment a significant amount of different exhaust emissions depending on the characteristics of equipment and particular mode of transportation and operation. These impacts are assessed as mitigable impact.

‰ Noise and vibration Due to the construction areas of Vuc Mau reservoir and Ba Tri sea dyke locate apart from residential area and the surounding are mainly forest, noise and vibration generated from excavation and embankment works will cause no social inconvenient effect to the residential areas in the vicinity. However, the undertaking mine simmer explosion to create the foundation of new spillway opening next to the existing one for Vuc Mau reservoir rehabilitation subproject may cause significant noise, vibration and dust at site. Therefore, the plan for using explosive needs developing during detail design state. The impact is considered mitigatble.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 4.6.5 Surface Water Quality ‰ Reduction in erosion and sedimentation Erosion and sedimentation are the major issues with respect to surface water quality in the Project for the above Project activities. The extent to which the Project activities listed above reduce erosion and sedimentation in the surface waters of the Project Area (discussed above) will be the extent to which these Project activities affect surface water quality in the Project Area. Therefore, the reduction in erosion and sedimentation, consequently, result in water quality improvement and considered as positive impact.

‰ Increased generation of acidity from disturbance of acid sulphate soils There is a risk that upgrading of existing canals, dykes, and construction of new canals, dykes in the subproject areas of acid sulphate soils will increase the acidity of surface waters and of runoff from any spoils. Among the first-year-subprojects, the construction of Ba Tri sea dyke will acquire a large amount of earth, as a result the digging work will create conditions for oxidizing the pyrite layer of earth, leading to acidification of earth and water. Especially the digging, banking up, pile driving and treatment of foundation have the effect of acid escape, making the water more acid. Adapted from the environmental management plan for the WB-financed Mekong Delta Water Resources Project, the following mitigations are recommended in areas containing acid sulphate soils:

ƒ For spoil that is excavated using a grab dredger, it would be the neighboring farmers' responsibility to dig a small ditch between the spoil and their fields to direct sewage and runoff back into the canal;

ƒ For spoil that is excavated using a cutter dredger, containment with surrounding embankments would be built to control the spread of the spoil and to direct runoff back into the canal;

ƒ Where feasible and advantageous, contractors would be required to dredge one side of an existing canal to minimize exposure of and leaching from acid soils;

ƒ The contractors would be responsible for mitigation and compensation for any damage to farmers' land or other assets due to excavation, based on conditions that would be specified in the contractual agreements; and compliance with contract specifications would be monitored during Project implementation.

‰ Disturbance of Bottom Sediments Dredging material from the vicinity of most of existing construction in order to improve their operating efficiency in numerous subprojects will increase sedimentation into the surface waters of these Sub-Projects. These effects, however, will be temporary and localized and are therefore assessed as insignificant. These effects will not be detectable downstream of the command areas.

‰ Pollution of surface water Nearly 300 workers divided into small groups (each about 50 workers) implementing small work volume will be gathered for Ba Tri sea dyke subproject and about 200 workers will be congregated for Vuc Mau reservoir subproject. Waste discharge from the sheds of these construction workers as well as local people into surface water will make it polluted. The impact of waste water from workers on water quality is mitigatable. To mitigate impacts on water quality, the contractors should strictly monitoring the implementation and environment of each construction in case of partial implementation and complying with a management plan

‰ Cumulative environmental effects of subproject construction on surface water quality

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT While there is some risk that surface water quality in the command areas may change significantly as a result of the Project, it is unlikely that this will be the case with water quality downstream of the command areas. Sediment, nutrient, and pesticide concentrations will almost certainly change in the surface waters within the subprojects, particularly in the dry season. This, however, is unlikely to significantly affect water quality downstream of the command areas because of the dilution of pollutants that would occur. However, the absence of any surface water quality monitoring information means that these predictions are uncertain. It would be prudent, therefore, to conduct surface water quality monitoring downstream of the command areas to confirm the assessments of cumulative impact made above. 4.6.6 Groundwater Resources Both surface and underground water, the absence of any existing water quality monitoring program in the subproject area makes it difficult to make quantitative predictions of subproject impacts on groundwater quality. Environmental effects monitoring conducted as part of the Environmental Management Plan (Chapter 5), will need to include water quality monitoring in order to ensure that the predictions and assessments made are valid and appropriate.

‰ Pollution of groundwater When surface water is polluted, it will lead to pollution of underground water, because surface water is the main water supply for underground water. The digging of bridge foundation and pile driving make holes in surface layer, creating direct exchange between surface and underground water, causing pollution. Moreover, that also exposes the underground water of shallow layer, increase the possibility of natural intrusion of pollutants and decrease the reserve of underground water. These impacts are assessed as mitigatable impacts. If implementing surface water pollution mitigation measures, ground water source will not be polluted.

‰ Salinity intrusion In the number of subproject area, underground water is exploited intensively for aquatic farming of local people especially in dry season, which leads to the danger of lower underground water table, and possible salinity intrusion, especially at sand stretches, salt fields close to these stretches, and underground light brackish water in shallow layer that is used very frequently now. As Project will increase surface water supply, salinity intrusion will be reduced in command area of some subprojects. This is positive impact of the Project. 4.6.7 Impacts on Biological Resources 4.6.7.1 Terrestrial ecosystems and terrestrial biodiversity There will be impacts on the biological resource of the Project such as permanent loss of terrestrial ecosystems and disturbance of terrestrial ecosystems and landscapes caused by construction works such as alteration of landscapes during extraction of construction materials ƒLoss and change of terrestrial ecosystems The upgrading of the management roads, rehabilitation of dams, spillways, and dykes etc. will permanently alienate a small area of present terrestrial ecosystem to aqua; these effects are assessed as not significant. The digging of earth for banking up the dyke and building the beam blocking salty water for Ba Tri sea dyke subproject will convert land resources into water resources in the command areas of the Project. The land to be converted is already agricultural land and therefore highly modified and extremely simplified terrestrial “ecosystems”. The command

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT area contains no remaining natural terrestrial ecosystem and this effect is therefore assessed as not significant. The Vuc Mau subproject will require earth exploitation area of 4 ha of bush, forestry, agriculture and wasteland with poor ecosystem. After exploitation, elevation of this area will decrease and it can be used for rice cultivation. This change in terrestrial ecosystems is regarded as not significant.

ƒAlteration of Landscapes Earth-fill, sand and other materials to be excavated will cause disturbance to landscapes. For example, 181,435 m3 earth need to be excavated and 298,696 m3 earth will be filled in the Vuc Mau subproject. This will disturb approximately 10-20 ha. Mitigation will be required to restore vegetation at these sites after construction is completed.

ƒDisturbance of terrestrial ecosystems Construction activities will temporarily disturb terrestrial ecosystems within the Project area at and downstream of the dams and into the command areas. Also, areas used for earth storage will also disturb landscapes within the Project area. Even though compensation will be paid for the temporary use of this land, mitigation will be required to restore these sites after construction is completed and to return the landscapes to their original condition. 4.6.7.2 Aquatic ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity It is predicted to be insignificant impacts of basic upgrading of the dams, dykes, canals on aquatic ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity in the Project Area. The most significant natural aquatic ecosystems in the Project Area are the reservoirs and the main rivers draining the command areas. The completion of the Ba Tri sea dyke and Vuc Mau reservoir will increase the area of open water in the Project Area. These will be highly increase total area of aquatic ecosystems in the Project Area. Contrary, the dyke will result in loss of up to 12ha, approximately, of mangroves along a 3.1 km section. The sea dyke will be built right at the landward rear of mangroves and this construction itself will take away a band of 10 to 20 m (maximum 50m depend on how much cares taken during construction period) wide of mangrove, that is an area of 3.1 to 6.2 ha (up to maximum 15.5 ha) of mangroves will be lost. In addition to that, the nursery area of larvae and habitat of many economically and ecologically important species such as marine and brackish water shrimp, mud crab, pistol shrimp, mud lobster and gobies and some fish will be destroyed or heavily disturbed causing a decline of fisheries resources and fisheries production in the adjacent sea water. Given that the ratio between aquaculture area and area of mangroves, which are already recognized as vital to sustainable aquaculture and durability of any shore constructions, at present is more than 1, any further loss of mangrove forest will severely affect to the survival of the remaining mangroves due to the decreased resistance of mangroves forest against the wave and tide strength, especially in the natural calamities such as typhoon. Consequently, threat to biodiversity and abundance of aquatic species in the project area and its surrounding will rise. To manage and stabilize the biodiversity in this area, the project should mitigate the above mentioned impacts by allocating a budget to restore and plant mangrove along a seaward side of the dyke and in mud flat areas where technical and natural conditions for mangrove plantation are met (preliminary research might needed). With respect to acid sulphate soils, the proper implementation of mitigation measures described above for minimizing effects on surface water quality will ameliorate any effects acid generation on aquatic ecosystems. Considerable moving and handling of soils involved with dredging in the canals as well as raising the canals and strengthening them at locations

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT that have eroded over time could bring into water-body in subproject command areas a significant suspended solid or sediment, resulted in consequent negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. The quantities of soil involved are such that proper disposal and management of these soils is recommended in order to mitigate these impacts. Apart from the above impacts, there will be cumulative environmental effects of subproject construction activities on aquatic ecosystems. Effects on aquatic ecosystems downstream of the command areas would be indirect and meditated through changes in surface water quality. As the effects of the Project on surface water quality outside of the Project are assessed to be likely insignificant (Section 4.6.4), it is also possible that the impacts of the Project on aquatic ecosystems downstream of the command areas will also be significant. Again, however, the absence of any surface water quality or aquatic resources monitoring information means that these predictions are essentially uncertain. The recommended surface water quality monitoring downstream of the command areas will enable these assessments of insignificant cumulative impact to be confirmed. 4.6.8 Impacts on Socioeconomic Resources 4.6.8.1 Infrastructure facilities

‰ Cumulative environmental effects of subproject construction activities on infrastructure facilities There may be damage caused to existing infrastructure, particularly roads, road signage, and bridges, caused by construction activities associated with implementation of the Project. These impacts are assessed as mitigable and are presented above in Section 4.3.3. 4.6.8.2 Domestic and drinking water supply and quality Concerned in the subprojects of the component 1, 2 and 3, there will be the construction as well as rehabilitation of water supply systems, therefore within the area of these subprojects, the volume and quality of domestic and drinking water supply will be improved and assessed as positive impacts after subproject completion. However, during construction period, there will be a water disruption. For first year subprojects, the rehabilitation of the main water intake culvert will interrupt suppying water to all users for less than 25 days. This impact is assessed mitigable. 4.6.8.3 Transportation and navigation The roads proposed to rehabilitated are the main transportation routes for Project beneficiaries, both to getting products to market and to obtain inputs for their economic activities. The upgrading of these roads will make it easier to transport goods and people, increase the quality of products produced by the beneficiaries that are sold at the market and these effects are therefore assessed as positive. 4.6.8.4 Historic and cultural resources While the exact location of the each of the cultural and historic sites in the Project Area is known and the locations are maintained in the DoCI offices of each province the location of many of the Project activities is not yet known in detail. Despite this, it will be possible to militate against any possible loss of or damage to the cultural and historical sites by adjusting the sitting of Project civil works as necessary. It is recommended that this be incorporated into the detailed design of the physical works, in accordance with Operational Policy OP 11.03 – Cultural Property. In addition, it is recommended that terms and conditions be included in the construction contracts to ensure the integrity of these historical and cultural resources.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 4.7 PROJECT IMPACTS DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE 4.7.1 Impact on Surface Water Quality 4.7.1.1 Increase in Application of Fertilizers The Project involved in upgrading and newly constructing irrigation scheme that will provide better condition in doing agriculture cultivation. Consequently, more fertilizer probably will be required annually for the entire Project. Without a good database of surface water quality, it is very difficult to even qualitatively predict the environmental impacts of this increased fertilizer use. However, the increase in application of fertilizers is mitigatble impact. 4.7.1.2 Increase in Application of Pesticides from Changes in Land Use Changes in land use and commodity production will cause more pesticides to be applied. This impact is assessed as unknown but potentially significant incase of without mitigation or monitoring. Existing baseline information on pesticide concentrations in the Project environment is non-existent and so current conditions cannot be estimated, but the expected increase is substantial. Both mitigation and monitoring are recommended for incremental fertilizer and pesticide inputs. With respect to mitigation, WB extension services should continue to be provided to Project beneficiaries as a part of the Sub- Project in accordance with the requirements of WB, OP 4.09 – Pest Management Safeguards. Extension services should include the topics of appropriate selection and application of pesticides and herbicides as well as basic techniques of and approaches to IPM. With respect to monitoring, pesticide monitoring in the surface it should be noted that environmental concentrations of pesticides in other agricultural areas of Viet Nam with less crop diversification (and therefore higher risk of pest buildup in mono-crop agricultural systems) and with higher cropping intensity than what is predicted for the command area with the Project are orders of magnitude lower than national or international standards. Among the first - year-subprojects, a completed Vuc Mau sub-project will supply water to 3431 hectares of cultivated land, increase 1758 ha compared with present. Vuc Mau reservoir blocks Hoang Mai River, has the basin of 215 km2, capacity of 74.1x106 m3 and efficient capacity of 62.6x106 m3, and irrigates the newly designed area of 4,353 hectares under Project of rehabilitation and upgrading of Vuc Mau reservoir. This area includes the area difficult to irrigate by gravity flow of Canal N13, N17 and some upper-level canals of Do Luong Dam System. So far, there is information on the amount of pesticides and fertilizers used in Nghe An province but no baseline information for Quynh Luu district as reported in volume 2 - EIA report of Upgrading, Repairing of Vuc Mau Reservoir Subproject.

In Ba tri subproject area, as the earth is not affected any more and is gradually stable, the acid layer is in latent form, in addition to that with the supplementation for fresh water source, the acidity and salinity of water are washed away frequently. Water is not acidified or salinized any more. In dry season, there is no more lack of water because of supplementary fresh water provided through conducting canals, making fresh water amount stable. Additionally, water will considerably be improved in terms of quality in the fresh water area and most of the inner areas alongside with District Road No 16 thanks to more direct and swift drainage. Fresh water in bigger amount is taken in from the upper area and Ba Lai reservoir to decrease pollution. However, the surface water pollution in shrimp farms due to epidemics or wastes will have a negative impact on the artificial fresh water area. Pollution of this zone’ s surface water is the result of the process of washing alum, salt, toxic-elements stuck to earth, toxic-

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT substance from chemical fertilizer and insecticide. It needs to guide local people of hygienic shrimp farming techniques to reduce diseases. The surface water pollution also results from the increasing production brought about by the project in addition to the local backward practice and model of production, the failure of application of scientific progress, the use of chemical and insecticide products. The favorable natural conditions, the natural disaster mitigation, the higher productivity, the project zone economic development will lead to more surface water pollution (Petrol and gasoline wastes caused by navigation vessels, repair and oil stations, and increasing bacteria due to wastes, natural and mechanical population boom. 4.7.2 Groundwater Resources 4.7.2.1 Increased Application of Fertilizers The shift in land use to more intensive crop production and the increased use of fertilizers may cause shallow groundwater systems to become increasingly eutrophic, but deeper groundwater systems will likely be unaffected. The absence of good groundwater quality baseline information, however, makes assessment of Project impacts on groundwater resources very difficult. Groundwater quality monitoring is recommended within the Project to confirm this assessment. 4.7.2.2 Increased Application of Pesticides and Herbicides As with the increased use of fertilizers, the shift in land use to more intensive crop production and the likely increased use of pesticides and herbicides may cause shallow groundwater systems to become increasingly contaminated; deeper groundwater systems will likely be unaffected. Successful implementation of WB extension services recommended above will be able to mitigate this potentially negative impact. However, the absence of good groundwater quality baseline information is a severe constraint that makes this impact prediction somewhat uncertain, and periodic pesticide monitoring in shallow groundwater should therefore be a formal part of the overall Project monitoring program to confirm this prediction. 4.7.3 Impacts on Biological Resources 4.7.3.1 Terrestrial ecosystems and terrestrial biodiversity There will be no conversion of natural terrestrial ecosystems into agricultural land. In addition, because the Project area contains no natural terrestrial ecosystems but only what can best be considered as highly modified and simple terrestrial “ecosystems” in the form of agricultural land, any changes in land use to more intensive agriculture will be not significant effect of the Project on terrestrial ecosystems. 4.7.3.2 Aquatic ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity The application of pesticides and herbicides will possibly increase with implementation of the Project. There is an extensive world literature on the effects of biocides on aquatic resources. There have been no monitoring programs or even surveys of bioaccumulation of biocides in aquatic resources in the Project Area and so predictions of the magnitude of any impacts of biocides on aquatic resources in the Project are difficult to make given the absence of baseline data, although first effects would likely be seen as bioaccumulation. Mitigation and monitoring recommendations made above pertaining to provision of extension services for pesticide use and WB apply here as well and would likely mitigate any negative effects on aquatic ecosystems.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Effects on aquatic ecosystems downstream of the command area would be indirect and meditated through changes in surface water quality. As the effects of the Project on surface water quality outside of the Project Area are assessed to be likely insignificant, it is also likely that the impacts of the Project on aquatic ecosystems downstream of the command areas will also be significant. Again, however, the absence of any surface water quality or aquatic resources monitoring information means that these predictions are essentially uncertain. The recommended surface water quality monitoring downstream of the command areas will enable these assessments of insignificant cumulative impact to be confirmed. Among first-year-subprojects, there will be significant impact on aquatic ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity in Ba Tri sea dyke subproject area as reported in volume 3 and reported in the following box. Impacts of the new sea dyke will not be identical in areas along its two sides. The landward side of the sea dyke will have more freshwater and less saline water, especially during the neap tides. The band of nippa trees will be slightly impacted but not for so long, since this band has already been isolated from the sea by aquaculture area and this species can easily adapt to low salinity conditions, even in freshwater. Sea dyke will protect aquaculture area from negative impact of wave and saline water intrusion. Aquatic species in ponds will also be benefited from more fresh water in the project area since freshwater can dilute and reduce water’s salinity which has been limiting factor of shrimp growth, especially in spring tide. However, insecticide, chemical fertilizers and organic material in fresh water will have longer time in the area to affect to living things; they might be good to some but harmful to the others. Providing that BOD of surface water has been monitored of up to 20mg/l, cultured shrimp can be influenced by algae bloom locally. Thus, freshwater quality should be monitored and only when water’s quality is met standards for aquaculture then it can be used to dilute sea water. Along seaward side of sea dyke, mangrove with its associated fauna and fauna in tidal flat will suffer from changes of volume and pattern of freshwater flow from land; i.e. less and regulated freshwater coming out from land. Less volume of freshwater from the land will carry fewer amounts of nutrient to mangroves, tidal flat and inshore water resulting in a decline of productivity of these three types of habitat. However, this impact is considered not significant in the south of Duong Tac canal since relatively high discharge of fresh water from Ham Luong estuary will gradually give back. But northern part of this canal will have moderate impact because small discharge from Ba Lai estuary might not compensate sufficiently. So, some shore birds, which usually feed in tidal flat, might go further to the aquaculture area for feeding because of more food availability and might have more risks of being caught there. On the one hand, mangroves area along sea dyke will not be altered more into aquaculture pond as farmers tend to stay behind the dyke to have their pond protected so, to some extent, mangroves left in this area can have some better protection from cutting. On the other hand, there will also be further loss of mangrove due to erosion along Ham Luong estuary and tidal flat because of presence of the sea dyke and mangroves in the project area will be more vulnerable to the negative impact of wave, wind and tide after the dyke’s construction has removed an area of 4-10 ha of mangrove, approximately. It is almost

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT impossible to predict a pattern of land erosion and accretion without any scientific evidences. Hence, it is suggested that Duong Tac canal should be draining canal of fresh water from land to sea and more mangrove should be planted to mitigate impact of possibility of soil erosions and loss of mangroves in this area. Apart from all impacts mentioned earlier, in the design of project, waste and sewage from aquaculture area, which are very rich in organic material, will be regularly washed out to the sea. If they are dumped only in several sites, there will be significant impact to mangroves and tidal flat ecosystem because of a pile up of nutrients at those sites. A good management and wise strategy of dumping waste and sewage from shrimp farming areas should be in place to mitigate those impacts. However, as mentioned earlier, when the dyke implement, some area which has been used for rice culture can be altered into aquaculture area resulting in less environmental problems to the dumping area of the sewage since rice farming has been heavily chemical dependent. Aquatic species in inshore water, especially migratory species or those who need more than one habitat to complete their life cycles, will suffer from loss of habitat availability due to a fact that the dyke will partly block their migration way further in to land. Those who try to pass through gates will tend to be caught more by barrier nets, which are common fishing practices in this area. Therefore, fishing mortality of seeds of those species will increase; as consequence, fishing production of inshore water will decrease while production from aquaculture will rise. Life cycles of migratory species such as shrimp, mud crab and some fishes might by interrupted. Salinity’s fluctuation in inshore water together with other changes of living environment due to the change of freshwater regime will influence aquatic life and community structure in a way that they favour tolerant species (e.g. euryhaline ones) and disadvantage less tolerant species (e.g. stenohaline ones). Those impacts can reduce very much in 5 years when newly planted mangroves will be stable.

4.7.4 Nature Reserves And Protected Areas There will be no negative impacts on nature reserve and protected areas except the IBA in Ba Tri province. The completion of Ba Tri sea dyke subproject will bound the aquacultural areas of Ba Tri District also posed a potential threat to the wildlife within the Ba Tri IBA and the rich-biodiversity areas nearby due to an increased in access, creation of a barrier preventing the movement of the wild animal, especially the aquatic species (fish, shrimp, etc.) and also bird species etc.. While considering the economic benefit that the dyke will bring to the population of Ba Tri District and the construction of the dyke is unavoidable, every effort should be made to ensure the infrastructure development that accompanies it, such as new roads or settlement, does not put more pressure on the remaining natural habitats. There should be mitigation measure such as (i) Shorten the construction duration. Most intensive period should be designed to avoid the wintering season (September to April); (ii) Agreement with the construction company on the forest protection. The Company has to prove their source of timber and fuel (no fuel wood collection in the construction area); (iii) Agreement with the construction company on hunting; (iv) Increase control by District FPD, strictly fine to any violation, awareness arising for the decision-makers and the company's

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT workers on wildlife protection; (v) Commitment by the Provincial and District People Committees and their planning sectors on the introduction of new settlements along the new dyke.

4.7.5 Impacts on Socio-economic Resources 4.7.5.1 Population community health care The natural disaster mitigation has much to do with the community health care and the quality of life. Among the first-year-subprojects, the Ba Tri sea dyke one will overcome about affects of high tide and typhoon. The living houses will be kept clean and dry. No worries about the lack of clean water for human use for salt water will be prevented from getting into the artificial fresh water area and that fresh water will be supplied from Ba Lai reservoir. The clean water supply programs are being implemented by the competent authorities. The economic growth and the better quality of life will help the population to pay attention to the environmental protection and to hygienical conditions. This will improve the community health, maintain and develop the manpower for the project zone area.

4.7.5.2 Economy As the NDMP aims to prevent and mitigate the impacts of natural disasters and rehabilitating infrastructures, the condition for cultivation and doing business will be improved. Consequently, the economy of local people in project area will be better.

Owing to the Ba Tri sea dyke subproject, the prawn farms and the salt fields will no longer totally depend on nature. It is easier to restrict and mitigate natural disaster. Damages will be alleviated thanks to the network of sea dykes and the rationally built sewers and culverts that prevent high tide. The water -level, the saline intrusion, the supply of fresh water and the drainage of dirty water in both salt and fresh water areas would be controlled by the coastal sewers and the culverts on District Road No 16. In both cases: either the storage of sea water for the canals’ appropriate saline concentration or the supply of fresh water originating from the artificial fresh water zone for the requested dilution require the closure of the coastal sewers for a period of time, that hinders the transport into and out of the project area. The sea dykes top level designed at (+3.5 m) and the sewer gate level at +2.5 m) are criteria for designing the embankment height of shrimp ponds. Therefore if the tidal water level is likely to exceed the banks height of shrimp ponds due to typhoon it is compulsory to keep the water level by shutting all sewers. This will lay an impact on the sea transport. There are not any more the threatening of natural disasters, so the fast increase of area and scale of farming is indispensable. The risks in production are limited that makes the people feel safe in production investment. The yield and economic values will quickly grow up, contributing to poverty alleviation, giving more jobs The surface water will be alum contaminated as a result of oxidized alum leaking from the top ponds edges under ponds construction and canals renovation. This negatively affects the water quality for farming.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT In order to avoid pollution for shrimp farms, the drainage of waste for the artificial fresh water area must depend on that of the shrimp farms. The area of one-crop rice will be transferred into shrimp farming with combination with stable productivity – rice: 4 tons/ha, commercial shrimp: 0.7 – 1.0 ton/ha. With supplementary fresh water, the productivity of 2 rice crops is stably developed at average of: 7 tons/ha; 3 rice crops: 10 tons/ha; productivity of salt production: 60 tons/ha.

4.7.5.3 Domestic and drinking water supply and quality Owing to subprojects relate to upgrading of reservoirs, main canals, water intake sluice gates etc. there will be an increased in water supply. This is a positive impact. 4.8 MAIN CONCLUSIONS OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT The following are the main conclusions of the Project impact assessment:

‰ The Project is environmentally feasible. The subproject will have a number of significant positive benefits: • Preventing and mitigating natural disasters, as a result, lives and economic assets of communities living in hazard prone areas could be saved; • Enhancing human capacity in solving disaster, disaster preparedness, stabilizing living condition as well as cultivation condition of disaster affected people after disaster; • Augmenting local people awareness and contribution in disaster prevention and Increase in beneficiary income and reduction of poverty throughout the command area through improved and reliable water supply for agricultural production and domestic use; • Increases in employment and labor in a region with very high levels of unemployment and underemployment; and • Enhancing human capacity of local authorities and agencies as well as the relationship between disaster management and substantial development plan.

‰ All of the potentially significant environmental impacts identified in the impact assessment can be mitigated and they are described below in Chapter 5: Environmental Management Plan. 4.9 SUMMARY OF BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES IN REGARDS TO NDMP A summary of the WB operational policies in regards to the Project is provided in Table 4-2. Table 4-2. Relevant of WB OP to the Project Bank Operational Summary of Assessment and Rationale Recommendations Policy OP4.01 -The 3 subprojects of component 1 are classified as Category -Implement NDMP Environmental A, requiring a full-scale environmental assessment, the Environmental assessment, the results of this EIA indicate that the scale and magnitude of Management Plan results of this the expected environmental impacts of the “Mekong River EIA Delta Flood Warning and Monitoring System” as well as the small scale subprojects of the component 2 are more like that of a Category C project. Environmental impacts of these subprojects as are site-specific, none are irreversible; very few direct impacts are on environmentally important areas such as wetlands, forests, or other natural habitats, all

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Bank Operational Summary of Assessment and Rationale Recommendations Policy are preventable, and mitigation measures have been designed for all possible environmental impacts. OP 4.09 -To date, there is no information about the amount of used -Both mitigation and Pesticide pesticide in the subproject area. However, from site survey, monitoring are Management it is estimated that additional pesticides and herbicides recommended. With would be required annually for the entire Project. This Triggered respect to mitigation, impact is assessed as Unknown but potentially significant WB extension services without mitigation or monitoring. Existing baseline should continue to be information on pesticide concentrations in the Project provided to Project environment is non-existent and so current conditions beneficiaries as a part cannot be estimated, but the expected increase is of the Project in substantial. accordance with the requirements of OP 4.03. Extension services should include topics of appropriate selection and application of biocides as well as basic techniques of and approaches to IPM. OP 4.04 -No impacts predicted for Project area, where all of the intact -Mitigation required to Natural Habitats natural terrestrial habitats of the Project Area occur rehabilitate and restore Triggered -There may be loss of natural habitats from excavation of soil all areas of excavation to be used as earth-fill. to conditions prior to -Subprojects proposed to improve irrigation scheme (including construction reservoir, dam and canal) will provide increased water -Environmental review of supply to expanding provincial coastal aquaculture Nghe An, Ben Tre programs, which were not assessed for possible provincial aquaculture environmental impacts. There may be a risk of losing programs to prepare coastal wetland resources. guidelines for ensuring coastal aquaculture is environmentally sustainable and to restore degraded wetlands as compensation. OP 4.12 -While there is no requirement for resettlement, there is a -Resettlement and Involuntary requirement to pay compensation for permanent and Compensation Action temporary land acquisition Plan prepared as part Resettlement Triggered of the Project Feasibility Study OP 4.20 -There are some members of recognized ethnic minority -Ethnic Minority Indigenous groups living in the command areas of some of the Development Plans Peoples subprojects prepared as part of the Project Feasibility Not Triggered Study OP 4.36 -Impacts are assessed as Unknown because implementation sites of many subprojects have Forestry Triggered not been decided yet at the moment. -Among the subprojects proposed to be implemented in the first year of the component 1, 2 and 4 there will be no negative effect on the Nature Reserves or protected area. OP 4.37 -Specific engineering works are provided for increasing dam safety. Safety of Dams Triggered OP 7.50 – -There is only Mekong river is the international waterway. However the Project International implementation will not create any influence to this river. Waterways Not Triggered

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Bank Operational Summary of Assessment and Rationale Recommendations Policy OP 7.60 -Not triggered as none of the Project Area or the area of influence of the Project is part of a Projects in territory whose jurisdiction is Disputed Areas OPN 11.03 -Impacts are assessed as Unknown because, -Mitigation recommended against any Cultural Property while the exact location of the each of the possible loss of or damage to Triggered cultural and historic sites in the Project is nationally or locally designated known, the specific location of the Project cultural and historical sites by activities is not yet known in detail, adjusting the sitting of Project civil particularly for the component 3. works if necessary, which is incorporated into the detailed design of the physical works; -Terms and conditions be included in construction contracts to ensure integrity of these historical and cultural resources.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT

5 CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN In order to make the activities of environmental management including the mitigation measures for negative impacts, the applications for monitoring and reporting on the environmental issues could be carried out duly and effectively, the preparation of an environmental management plan is basically necessary. This plan is prepared for purpose to ensure that the project owner and all the project staffs comply with the environmental policies identified for this project. The project owner will also ensure that legislation, regulations and requirements set by the Vietnamese authorities are strictly complied. Compliance with the above requirements will be monitored continuously through the Environmental Monitoring Plan. The plan, therefore, is an integration of environmental management and monitoring works in defining the responsible organizations and proceedings for implementing the envisaged environmental measures and monitoring the environmental conditions of the aspects with identified negative impacts to assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures for these impacts and to detect the unseen potential impacts in the three phases, pre-construction, construction and operation, of the project implementation. To achieve the above objectives, the EMP contains:

ƒ The Vietnamese legal and administrative framework under which the EIA will be approved and the EMP will be implemented;

ƒ WB’s EIA approval requirements;

ƒ Significant adverse environment impacts that are anticipated in all phases of the first and second phase of investments – pre-construction; construction; and operation - and a mitigation program for impact avoidance, minimization, rectification, or compensation;

ƒ A program to monitor the performance and effectiveness of the mitigation program;

ƒ A monitoring program to assess the overall environmental effects of the subproject on the environmental resources of the subproject area and the associated area of influence;

ƒ An organizational framework for the effective implementation of the mitigation and monitoring programs, including: collection of environmental information related to the Sub-Project, management, and reporting; project management decisions on the environment; implementation of project management decisions; and external review of EMP activities. This organizational framework contains implementation arrangements, implementation schedule, and responsibilities for the EMP;

ƒ EMP reporting requirements;

ƒ A programmatic framework which specifies how the specific mitigation and monitoring activities associated with the second phase of investments are to be designed in detail and implemented during overall NDMP implementation;

ƒ Cost estimates for each component of the EMP;

ƒ Requirements for technical assistance to support implementation of the Environmental Management Plan including supervision of mitigation, monitoring, and training.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Any major changes to the Project or the legal and administrative frameworks under which it operates may require that MARD provide addenda to the EMP. These addenda should be reviewed and approved by MONRE. 5.1 VIETNAMESE LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 5.1.1 The Legal Framework for Environmental Management Viet Nam’s framework for environmental management continues to rapidly evolve, with new policies being produced every year. This section introduces the Viet Nam’s relevant environmental polices. 1)Law on Protection of the Environment (LEP) was enacted in 1993. The LEP:

ƒ Identifies the responsibilities of the state centre, provinces, organizations and individuals to prevent and remedy environmental deterioration and pollution and carry out specified environmental protection functions;

ƒ Provides for the development of environmental standards and submission of environmental impact assessment reports on new and existing facilities;

ƒ Provides for responsible parties to pay compensation for environmental damage;

ƒ Establishes the right of individuals and organizations to petition for enforcement of environmental regulations;

ƒ Calls for civil and criminal penalties for violations; and

ƒ Encourages international environmental co-operation. 2)Decree 175/CP was promulgated in 1994 to guide implementation of the LEP and provides broad guidelines for division of responsibility among Ministries; environmental impact assessments; pollution prevention and disaster control; sources of finance; and environmental inspections and standards. 3)Circular No. 490 was promulgated in 1998 to provide guidance on setting up and appraising environmental impact assessment reports for investment projects. The Circular identifies the legal requirements according to the stages of implementation of a project and its category; defines the content of project subject to the EIA procedures; and specifies management of the EIA report appraisal. To supplement the above policies a large range of decisions, regulations, and standards may also be considered: 4)Decree 24/2000/ND-C specifies the implementation on the Law on Foreign Investment in Viet Nam (Article 82) concerning environmental protection as follows:

ƒ Enterprises with foreign investment capital and joint ventures are obligated to observe regulations, satisfy standards in environment protection, and comply with Vietnam legislation on environment protection;

ƒ If investors apply international advanced environmental standards these standards should be registered with MONRE. 5)Resolution No. 5/1997/QH10 identifies projects of national importance to be approved and decided by the National Assembly (Provision 2, Article 2) as “projects which result in major or potentially serious impacts on the environment”. For these projects, one of the contents to be submitted to the National Assembly for approval and decision on investment is “fundamental issues that need to be solved in the project implementation: environment protection, population movement/resettlement…” 6)Decree 52/1999/ND-CP was appended to include environmental considerations for construction management as follows:

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ƒ For PFS, Provision 3 of Article 23 stipulates that requirements for environment study relating to the ”selection of construction sites, estimation of land use area needed, in ways which comply to the principle of minimizing land use and environmental and social impacts, and resettlement to the lowest possible level”.

ƒ Provisions 4 and 7 of Article 24 stipulate that FS must propose “specific site options (or regions, routes) which much match with construction plans (including documents on site selection, together with proposed solutions for minimizing environmental and social impacts),” and “architectural alternatives, construction solutions, preliminary designs suggested for selection, environment management and protection solutions”.

ƒ For technical design: Section B, Provision 1, Article 37 and Section A, Provision 2, Article 38, contain regulations on appraisal and approval of “techniques for the protection of environment and ecology; for prevention and combating of explosion and fire and for occupational safety and industrial sanitation.” 7)Decree 26/1996/CP provides regulations on the punishment of administrative violation of Environmental Protection Law. Chapter 1 describes the general provisions for punishment under the Environment Protection Law. Chapter 2, Article 6 details recommended punishments for parties who violate environmental pollution and prevention act. These punishments include financial penalties for not submitting an EIA report. 8)TCVN are national standards established by MONRE and applied to all government agencies. They include engineering, construction, scientific, and environmental standards. The environmental standards include acceptable limits of many air, noise, and water quality parameters. In general, the list of biophysical parameters is broad enough such that most monitoring programs can employ TCVN standards as metrics of evaluation. There are some exceptions — of most importance to the Project, sediment, soil, and vibration standards do not yet exist. Most TCVN standards are direct translations of ISO standards. 5.1.2 The Administrative Framework for Environmental Management The country’s administrative framework is undergoing substantial restructuring. The Government of Viet Nam is in the process of creating a new administrative framework for environmental management. For the Project, the framework’s relevant institutions are as follows:

ƒ Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). MONRE was established by a Prime Ministerial Decision on November 11, 2002. This new ministry will include four vice-ministers and 16 departments. The new MONRE will merge numerous departments from several national agencies. These are outlined in Decree 91/2002/ND-CP: Providing for the functions, duties, powers and organizational structure of the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment.

ƒ Environmental Impact Assessment and Appraisal Department. This Department is under MONRE. According to Decree 91/2002/ND-CP, the Department’s function includes: To appraise environmental impact assessment reports of projects and of business and production establishments; to issue environmental standards; and to carry out uniform management of the issue and revocation of certificates of eligibility of environmental standards in accordance with the law. It is expected that the Environmental Impact Assessment and Appraisal Department will be guided by the Vietnam’s established regulatory framework.

ƒ Provincial Departments of Science, Technology and Environment (DONRE). The Environmental Management Division (EMD) of each provincial DONRE is

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT responsible for ensuring environmental protection and management of provincial matters in accordance with LEP, Decree 175, and Circular 490. The decision to restructure DONREs will likely occur in 2003, after decisions have been made on how to restructure MONRE at the central level. It is expected that regardless as to where EMD is housed, its environmental protection function will remain intact. For this reason, the EMD will likely remain a key partner to the successful monitoring and implementation of the Project. 5.1.3 Vietnamese Environmental Requirements Within the first year, for the Vuc Mau and Ba Tri subprojects, MARD is required to submit a detailed EIA report to DONRE with Application for Appraisal of EIA Report. Once the report is received, DONRE will establish a committee to review and evaluate the Project’s potential impacts and mitigation measures. The committee traditionally includes representatives from the Province People's Committee of the affected provinces, senior technical experts from central-level organizations/provincial level, and selected DONRE staff. The committee will review the detailed EIA and provide written comments to DONRE. According to Section III (5) of CP 143, appraisal of the EIA report is due within 60 days of the date a sufficient and eligible document of the EIA report is received by the relevant Government Management Agencies of Environmental Protection. In case that the EIA report is unsatisfactory, the EIA report appraisal agencies have 5 days of the date the EIA report is received to notify the proponent requirements for adjustment or addition. Within 10 days following the date of the EIA report is approved, the relevant appraisal agencies will issue a decision on the approval of the EIA report of a proposed project. An original copy of this decision is the clearest indication that a project has been subject to a legally-sanctioned environmental assessment process.

5.2 WORLD BANK’S ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

The Bank's environmental assessment policy and procedures are described in OP/BP (Operational Policy/Bank Procedures) 4.01. As WB considers NDMP as “Category A” (“projects with significant adverse environmental impact”), EIA and EMP are required. 5.3 OVERALL APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTATION The Project EMP is an amalgamation of all Environmental Management Plans for all subprojects of the 4 components of the Project. Local institutions will implement the individual Environmental Management Plans under the direction of the national “Natural Disaster Mitigation” Project implementing agency. Implementation support will be through by technical assistance provided under the NDMP Training and Capacity Building and Design and Supervision Technical Assistance Funds to ensure proper implementation of the individual EMPs and to address overarching environmental issues of NDMP that transcend individual Sub-Projects. The implementation of NDMP EMP will follow the implementation of the overall Project. NDMP will begin with a Detailed Engineering Design (Pre-Construction) Phase for the first phase of investments, followed by a Construction Phase and an Operational Phase for the first investment phase. During the Construction Phase for the first investment phase, the Detailed Engineering Design Phase will be implemented for the second phase of investments (i.e., the remainder of the command areas, exclusive of the pilot areas), followed by the Construction and Operational Phases for the second investment phase.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT The implementation of NDMP EMP will follow the same pattern. The Detailed Design of NDMP EMP for the first investment phase will be completed at the same time as the Detailed Engineering Design for the first investment phase. NDMP EMP for the first investment phase will then be implemented during the Construction and Operational Phases of the first investment phase. Similarly, the Detailed Design of NDMP EMP for the second investment phase will be completed at the same time as the Detailed Engineering Design for the second investment phase based on the overall NDMP subproject EMP as outlined in this EIA and the lessons learned and results from the first investment phase. NDMP EMP for the second investment phase will then be implemented during the Construction and Operational Phases of the second investment phase.

5.4 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE NDMP EMP The NDMP EMP will be implemented within a comprehensive organizational framework under the overall NDMP Project. NDMP will engage several ministries, departments, and institutes, it will create a central project office unit within MARD in Ha Noi (CPO) and subproject Implementation Units (SIUs) in each province, and there will be numerous linkages between these institutions and numerous other existing institutions at the national, provincial, district, and commune levels. The following institutions will be responsible for the successful implementation of the NDMP Environmental Management Plan: NDMP CPO – responsible for overall NDMP implementation management and will contain environmental safeguard staff. NDMP CPO will be responsible for overall quality assurance of EMP implementation. Provincial SIUs – staffed by personnel from provincial DARD offices and the particular IMCs, and will be responsible for daily implementation activities of NDMP. As a consequence, it will supervise and control the quality of construction and physical implementation of the individual subproject EMPs. Vietnamese Environmental Regulators – MONRE and provincial/city DONREs will be responsible for all regulatory reviews and approvals of NDMP in accordance with the national legal framework for environmental protection and management. Provincial and City Organizations – Other provincial/city departments will have important responsibilities such as implementing specific components of the mitigation program (IPM), ensuring their particular safeguards are being properly implemented (i.e. DoCIs) and providing supplementary and secondary data to assist in the implementation of the subproject EMPs (e.g., land use and commodity production data). WB – WB will review the implementation of the overall NDMP EMP. Problems and issues that are identified will be raised to MARD as part of the regular NDMP review process. Environmental Safeguard Contractors – An Environmental Safeguard Contractor will be selected from the numerous national environmental consultant organizations in Viet Nam. The Environmental Safeguard Contractor will act as general contractor for primary data collection surveys and for preparation and submission of various compliance and effects monitoring assessment reports. They will also be responsible for undertaking some of the specific mitigation measures for NDMP. Consultant Environmental Specialists - some of the resources of the Design and Supervision Technical Assistance under NDMP will be used to engage two environmental specialists who will take on substantial implementation tasks for the EMP: (i) the Consultant’s international environment specialist; and (ii) the Consultant’s national

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT environmental specialist seconded from a nationally-recognized environmental management institution. The specific works could be in the form of a fixed-term, renewable contract during preconstruction, construction, and operation phases. It is expected that the services of the Consultant’s international environment specialist will be required for NDMP implementation until the completion of the Detailed Design of the NDMP EMP for the second phase of investments, at which time sufficient training and capacity building will have been given that remaining institutions and personnel will be able to implement the remainder of NDMP EMP. In this EMP, it is assumed that the Detailed Engineering Design for the second investment phase will occur in the third year of NDMP implementation. 5.5 NDMP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PROGRAM Table 5-3 contains the environmental mitigation program for NDMP, based on the assessment of environmental impacts contained in Chapter 4: Impact Assessment. Table 5-3 is organized according to the different phases of the subproject – pre-construction, construction, and operation – for each of the two investment phases.

5.6 NDMP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION COMPLIANCE MONITORING PROGRAM The Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Program is designed to determine if the environmental mitigation measures for the subproject (Table 5-3) are being implemented properly and are having the intended effects of avoiding, limiting, or rectifying negative environmental impacts. If mitigation compliance monitoring indicates that mitigation measures are not being implemented effectively or are not being effective, the appropriate responsible institutions will need to take corrective action.

5.7 NDMP ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING PROGRAM The Environmental Effects Monitoring Program for NDMP will measure ambient biotic and abiotic indicators of subproject activities on the environmental resources of the subproject Area and the associated area of influence. Chapter 4: Impact Assessment describes a number of instances in which it is necessary to monitoring environmental conditions to determine if the subproject is having any effects on the environment and the magnitude of those effects. The results of the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program will be used, if necessary, to modify the subproject design or implementation to reduce unexpected environmental impacts and to confirm the predictions about subproject environmental impacts made in this EIA. Table 5-4 describes the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program for NDMP.

5.8 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR NDMP EMP Table 5-1, summarizes the reporting requirements for NDMP and the institutional responsibilities for preparing these reports. All annual reports produced as part of NDMP EMP will be required to contain: • An assessment of the success of mitigation activities or an assessment of the actual environmental effects of subproject implementation in comparison to predictions made in the original EIA (in the case of environmental effects monitoring); • An explicit assessment as to whether the existing EMP framework is sufficient or not; and

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT • If it is concluded that the existing EMP framework is not sufficient, a description of the reasons why it is not sufficient and a detailed set of recommendations for re- design of the EMP framework, complete with revisions to data and information to be gathered, data analysis to be performed, reporting, and budgets. The technical and planning reports (Table 5-1) will be supported by a broad range of administrative policies and contractual agreements. They include but are not restricted to: (i) Inception reports; (ii) terms of reference; (iii) contractor specifications for environmental protection and mitigation; (iv) general Conditions of Contract for protection of the environment; and (v) site Environmental Management Plans produced by construction contractors. Both the NDMP PMU Environmental Specialist, on behalf of the NDMP PMU, and the respective SIUs will keep an electronic and paper library of all EMP planning, technical, and administrative reports produced by the Project. This information will be organized in a way that will be readily available for regulators, donors, government agencies, and other Project stakeholders as required. Table 5-1. Reporting requirements for the Project Environmental Management Plan Report Responsibility for Frequency Institutions for Preparation Review and Approval Reports Prepared Once During EMP Implementation in Target Provinces Environmental Review of Environmental Safeguard Prepared during first year NDMP PMU, Provincial Contractor supported by of NDMP implementation MARD, WB, DoFIs, Aquaculture Programs and Consultant DONREs, MONRE Associated Environmental Specialists Environmental Action Plan Detailed Design Documents Consultant Environmental Once, during first year of SIUs, NDMP CPO, for Sub-Project Specialists, supported by NDMP implementation, WB, MARD, Environmental Management Environmental Safeguard prior to initiation of MONRE, Plans: First Investment Phase Contractors and SIUs construction Provincial/City DONREs Detailed Design Documents Consultant Environmental Once, during first year of SIUs, NDMP CPO, for NDMP Specialists, supported by NDMP implementation, WB, MARD, Environmental Management Environmental Safeguard prior MONRE, Plan: First Contractors to initiation of Provincial/City Investment Phase and SIUs construction DONREs Detailed Design Documents Environmental Safeguard Once, in year immediately SIUs, NDMP CPO, for NDMP Contractors, supported by prior to implementation of WB, MARD, Environmental Management Consultant Environmental investments in remaining MONRE, Plan: Second Specialists and SIUs command areas Provincial/City Investment Phase DONREs Canal Lining Schedule and SIUs Once, during first year of Provincial/City PPC, Detailed NDMP implementation, NDMP CPO, Implementation Plans: First prior to initiation of WB, MARD, Investment construction MONRE, affected Phase communes and villages Canal Lining Schedule and SIUs Once, in year immediately Provincial/City PPC, Detailed prior to implementation of NDMP CPO, Implementation Plans: investments in remaining WB, MARD, Second Investment command areas MONRE, affected Phase communes and villages Program Document for Consultant Environmental Once, prior to first year of NDMP CPO, WB,

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Report Responsibility for Frequency Institutions for Preparation Review and Approval Environmental Specialists, supported by operation MARD, MONRE Governance of Industrial Environmental Safeguard Pollution Control Contractors and Provincial/City DONREs Ordnance Survey and Ministry of Defense Once, during first year of Provincial/City PPC, Treatment Completion Contractor NDMP implementation, NDMP CPO, Reports for First Investment prior WB, MARD, Phase to initiation of MONRE, affected construction communes and villages Ordnance Survey and Ministry of Defense Once, in year immediately Provincial/City PPC, Treatment Completion Contractor prior to initiation of NDMP CPO, Reports for Second construction in remaining WB, MARD, Investment Phase command areas. MONRE, affected communes and villages Regular Reports During EMP Implementation in Target Provinces Sub-Project Mitigation Environmental Safeguard Monthly SIUs Compliance Progress Contractors supported by Reports Consultant Environmental Specialists Annual Report on Provincial/City DONREs Annually for four years NDMP CPO, WB, Implementation of MARD, MONRE Environmental Governance of Industrial Pollution Control Program Sub-Project Environmental Environmental Safeguard Annual during SIUs, NDMP CPO, Mitigation Contractors, supported by construction period WB, MARD, Compliance Monitoring Consultant Environmental MONRE, Reports Specialists for first three Provincial/City years, and supported by DONREs SIUs throughout subproject implementation. Sub-Project Environmental Environmental Safeguard Six months into each year SIUs, NDMP CPO, Effects Contractors supported by WB, MARD, Monitoring Progress Reports Consultant Environmental MONRE, Specialists Provincial/City DONREs Sub-Project Environmental Consultant Environmental Annual, beginning with SIUs, NDMP CPO, Management Specialists, supported by preconstruction of first WB, MARD, Reports, integrating all Environmental Safeguard phase of investments MONRE, results from subproject EMP Contractors for first three Provincial/City (mitigation, mitigation years and Environmental DONREs compliance monitoring, and Safeguard Contractors environmental effects supported by consultant monitoring) into a single environmental specialists annual report. for remainder of implementation Periodic Reports Required As Needed Technical Design of Revised Consultant Environmental Required every time WB, MARD Sub-Project Specialists, supported by modification of EMP is Environmental Management Environmental Safeguard required. Plan phase of investments. Contractors, and SIUs, depending on nature of

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Report Responsibility for Frequency Institutions for Preparation Review and Approval redesign that is required. 5.9 ORGANIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING THE NDMP EMP 5.9.1 Key Features of Organizational Framework The organizational framework for NDMP EMP that is outlined in detail below:

ƒ Works within the Sub-Project’s overall organizational framework;

ƒ Works within the practical human resource constraints of environmental management capacity in Viet Nam;

ƒ Explicitly accounts for all aspects of what is required in successfully implementing the Environmental Management Plan: information collection, EMP management, reporting, and revision if necessary, management decisions on the environment, and implementation of EMP management decisions;

ƒ Uses existing procedures within the GoVN and between the GoVN and WB that are already in place for reviewing and approving modifications to the Environmental Management Plan that are required in the case of subproject design modifications or strengthening of existing mitigation and monitoring programs

ƒ Ensures that the reporting that is done as part of Environmental Management Plan implementation includes information that is needed by MARD, other concerned national agencies, and WB to make decisions regarding the need for revisions to the Environmental Management Plan as may be required for the second phase of investment. 5.9.2 Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation during Pre-Construction Phases The Pre-Construction Phase will essentially be the detailed design phase for the first phase of investments. Unless otherwise noted, all responsibilities detailed below apply to both pre-construction phases, i.e., for both the first and second investment phases. In addition, unless otherwise noted, all responsibilities detailed below apply to all Sub-Projects activities.

5.9.2.1 PMO PMO will make management decisions that support effective implementation of the EMP; this will include:

ƒ Approving TORs, bidding documents, and contracts for the Environmental Safeguard Contractors, including the environmental review of provincial aquaculture programs.

ƒ Efficiently manage the reviews of the following documents and ensure they are approved in a timely manner: - Detailed Design Documents for subproject Environmental Management Plans: First Investment Phase - Set of terms and conditions for environmental mitigation to be included in construction contracts - Pre-Construction Phase subproject environmental management reports (to serve as environmental baselines); and

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.2.2 SIOs and provincial PPMUs The responsibilities of the Provincial SIUs and provincial PPMUs in the Pre- Construction Phase will be to:

ƒ Review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the pre- construction phases: - Ordnance Survey and Treatment Completion Reports - Detailed Design Documents for subproject Environmental Management Plans: First Investment Phase - Pre-Construction Phase subproject environmental management reports (to serve as environmental baselines)

ƒ Implement NDMP RAPs and EMDPs;

ƒ In consultation with respective DARDs, IMCs, and the districts and communes with jurisdiction in the pilot areas of NDMP develop a canal works and canal lining program that has the signed agreement of all these stakeholders and prepare Canal Works and Canal Lining Implementation Plans;

ƒ Prepare Terms of Reference for Ministry of Defense contractors for survey and treatment of UXO;

ƒ Prepare terms and conditions to include in construction contracts: - Environmental management of construction camps - Canal works and canal lining (to be taken from approved canal lining implementation plans) - Minimization of effects of construction activities on local residents - Avoidance of cultural and historic sites - Minimization of effects of dredged and excavated soils - Minimization of effects of acid sulphate soils

ƒ Work with the Environmental Safeguard Contractor to prepare environmental mitigation compliance monitoring report formats and reporting procedures;

ƒ Provide physical, biological, and socioeconomic information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors as required to complete the environmental baseline for subproject Areas and the associated areas of influence;

ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.2.3 Provincial/city government organizations The responsibilities of the Provincial/City Government Departments in the Pre- Construction Phase will be to:

ƒ Review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the pre- construction phases: - Detailed Design Documents for subproject Environmental Management Plans: First Investment Phase (DONREs);

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT - Pre-Construction Phase subproject Environmental Management Report (to serve as environmental baseline) (DONREs)

ƒ Participate in NDMP EIA approval process;

ƒ Serve as executing agency (DONREs) and implementing agency (DoFIs) for the environmental review of coastal aquaculture;

ƒ Provide physical, biological, and socioeconomic information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors and Consultant Environmental Specialist as required to complete the environmental baseline for subproject areas and the associated areas of influence (DARDs, DONREs, others);

ƒ Advise MONRE on any environmental concerns regarding project design, construction, and operation (DONREs); and

ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.2.4 Construction contractors Construction contractors will commit to all proposed environmental protection and mitigation measures in key construction documents: general conditions of contract, contractor specifications, conditions of contract, etc. They will draft method statements for the Site EMPs and any other relevant environmental protection measures and submit to the Provincial SIUs for approval.

5.9.2.5 Environmental safeguard contractors Environmental Safeguard Contractor responsibilities during the Pre-Construction Phase will include:

ƒ Providing technical support to the consultant environmental specialists in preparing both Detailed Design Documents for subproject Environmental Management Plans: First Investment Phase;

ƒ Providing technical support to the consultant environmental specialists in the preparation of the Pre- Construction subproject environmental management reports (to serve as environmental baseline) for review and approval (1st investment phase);

ƒ Conducting the Pre-Construction Phase information gathering according to the Detailed Design Documents;

ƒ Conducting the following activities: - Designing and establishing environmental monitoring database information and reporting system for NDMP - Designing environmental reporting structures and formats, including environmental mitigation compliance monitoring report formats and reporting procedures; and

ƒ Participating in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.2.6 Consultant environmental specialists The consultant environmental specialists will verify as to whether or not major design changes have occurred since GoVN and WB approval of the EIA report. If major design

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT changes have occurred, then these changes will need environmental approval from GoVN and WB. The consultant environmental specialists will also:

ƒ Prepare a detailed Inception Report for all aspects of the consulting assignment, including a detailed training and capacity building program;

ƒ Assist NDMP CPO to prepare and finalize the following ToRs for the Environmental Safeguard Contractor:

ƒ Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring of construction contracts

ƒ Environmental effects monitoring for effects of sedimentation, erosion, fertilizer, and pesticide application on surface and groundwater quality.

ƒ Prepare both Detailed Design Documents for subproject Environmental Management Plans: First Investment Phase for review and approval;

ƒ Supervise Pre-Construction Phase information gathering according to the Detailed Design Document;

ƒ Provide assistance to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors (up to Year 3 of NDMP implementation) in: - Designing and establishing environmental monitoring database information and reporting system for NDMP; - Designing environmental reporting structures and formats, including environmental mitigation compliance monitoring report formats and reporting procedures

ƒ Provide technical assistance to SIUs in finalizing environmental terms and conditions for construction contracts: - Environmental management of construction camps - Canal lining (to be taken from approved canal lining implementation plans) - Minimization of effects of construction activities on local residents - Avoidance of cultural and historic sites - Minimization of effects of dredged and excavated soils; - Minimization of effects of acid sulphate soils.

ƒ Preparing and submitting the Pre-Construction Phase subproject environmental management reports (to serve as environmental baselines) for review and approval (1st investment phase); and

ƒ Conducting environmental training programs for NDMP CPO, Provincial/City SIUs, and Environmental Safeguard Contractors. 5.9.3 Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation during Construction Phases Unless otherwise noted, all responsibilities detailed below apply to both construction phases, i.e., for both the first and second investment phases. In addition, unless otherwise noted, all responsibilities detailed below apply to all Sub-Projects.

5.9.3.1 NDMP CPO The responsibilities of the NDMP CPO in the Construction Phases will be to:

ƒ Efficiently manage the reviews with national environmental regulators, MARD, and GoVN of the following documents and ensure they are approved in a timely manner:

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT - Program Document for Strengthening Environmental Governance of Industrial Pollution Control in priority NDMP provinces - Annual NDMP Environmental Management Report, integrating all results from subproject EMPs (mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report - Annual subproject Environmental Management Reports, integrating all results from each subproject EMP (mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report for each Sub-Project.

ƒ If necessary efficiently manage the review and approval by national environmental regulators, MARD, and GoVN of technical modifications to the subproject EMPs if required; and Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists.

5.9.3.2 Provincial/city SIUs The responsibilities of the Provincial/City SIUs in the Construction Phases will be to:

ƒ Supervise the program for survey and treatment of UXO by the Ministry of Defence contractors;

ƒ Assist the Environmental Safeguard Contractor in conducting environmental mitigation monitoring activities;

ƒ Provide subproject construction progress information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors and Consultant Environmental Specialist as required to complete the annual monitoring reports;

ƒ Review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the construction phases: - Mine, bomb exploration and treatment completion reports - Subproject mitigation compliance progress reports - Annual subproject environmental mitigation compliance monitoring reports - Annual subproject environmental management reports, integrating all results from subproject EMPs (mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report for each subproject

ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.3.3 Provincial/city government organizations The responsibilities of Provincial/City Government Departments in the Construction Phases

ƒ Prepare implementation plans for the WB programs to be conducted under the Sub- Projects and submit to SIUs for approval (DARDs)

ƒ Participation in the preparation of the Program Document for Strengthening Environmental Governance of Industrial Pollution Control in priority NDMP provinces (DONREs, DoIs)

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ƒ Provide physical, biological, and socioeconomic information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors and Consultant Environmental Specialist as required to complete the annual monitoring reports (DARDs, DONREs, others);

ƒ Review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the construction phases:

ƒ Annual reports on subproject environmental mitigation compliance monitoring (DONREs)

ƒ Annual reports on subproject environmental management (DONREs)

ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.3.4 Construction contractors The responsibility of the construction contractors will be to properly and effectively implement the environmental mitigation terms and conditions contained in their construction contracts.

5.9.3.5 Environmental safeguard contractors The responsibilities of the Environmental Safeguard Contractors in the Construction Phases will be to:

ƒ Monitor construction contractors during construction activities and report on their compliance with the environmental terms and conditions contained in their contracts;

ƒ Prepare the monthly subproject mitigation compliance progress reports

ƒ Prepare the annual subproject environmental mitigation compliance monitoring report

ƒ Conduct the construction phase environmental information gathering according to the detailed design document for the following environmental effects monitoring: Success of environmental mitigation measures; - Mitigation Reforestation success; - Surface water and groundwater quality effects from erosion, sedimentation, fertilizers, and pesticides.

ƒ Providing technical support to the consultant environmental specialists in the preparation of the Construction Phase subproject environmental management reports for review and approval (1st investment phase);

ƒ Supervise and provide technical assistance to NDMP CPO, and SIUs in the implementation of their components of the NDMP EMP;

ƒ Prepare and submit the construction phase subproject environmental management reports (annual) for review and approval;

ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.3.6 Consultant environmental specialists The responsibilities of the consultant environmental specialists in the construction phases will be to:

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ƒ Supervise and provide technical assistance to NDMP CPO, SIUs, and Environmental safeguard contractors in the implementation of their components of NDMP EMP;

ƒ If necessary prepare environmental reviews of technical design modifications and revise the subproject EMPs for approval;

ƒ Prepare and submit the construction phase subproject environmental management reports (annual) for review and approval; and

ƒ Conduct environmental training programs for NDMP CPO, SIUs, Provincial/City government departments, and environmental safeguard contractors. 5.9.4 Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation during Operational Phase Unless otherwise noted, all responsibilities detailed below apply to both operational phases, i.e., for both the first and second investment phases. In addition, unless otherwise noted, all responsibilities detailed below apply to all constructional subprojects.

5.9.4.1 NDMP CPO The responsibilities of the NDMP CPO in the Operational Phases will be to:

ƒ Efficiently manage the reviews with national environmental regulators, MARD, and GoVN of the following documents and ensure they are approved in a timely manner: - Annual NDMP environmental management report, integrating all results from subproject EMPs mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report - Annual subproject environmental management reports, integrating all results from each subproject MP (mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report for each Sub-Project

ƒ If necessary efficiently manage the review and approval by national environmental regulators, MARD, and GoVN of technical modifications to the EMPs if required; and

ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.4.2 Provincial/city SIUs The responsibilities of the Provincial/City SIUs in the Operational Phases will be to:

ƒ Assist the Environmental Safeguard Contractor in conducting environmental mitigation monitoring activities;

ƒ Provide subproject operational information to the environmental safeguard contractors and consultant environmental specialist as required to complete the annual monitoring reports;

ƒ Review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the operational phases: - Annual subproject environmental management reports, integrating all results from subproject EMPs (mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report

ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 5.9.4.3 Provincial/city government departments The responsibilities of Provincial/City Government Departments in the Operational Phases will be to:

ƒ Continue to implement the Environmental Action Plans for coastal aquaculture (implementing agency to be selected during preparation of environmental review, but candidate organizations are DONREs, DARDs, or DoFIs;

ƒ Implement the WB program to be conducted under the subproject.

ƒ Participate in the implementation of the program for strengthening environmental governance of industrial pollution control in priority NDMP provinces (DONREs, DoIs)

ƒ Provide physical, biological, and socioeconomic information to the environmental safeguard contractors and consultant environmental specialist as required to complete the annual monitoring reports (DARD, DONRE, others);

ƒ Review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the pre- construction phases: - Annual subproject environmental mitigation compliance monitoring reports (DONRE) - Annual subproject environmental management report (DONRE)

ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.4.4 Environmental safeguard contractors The responsibilities of the Environmental Safeguard Contractors in the Operational Phases will be to:

ƒ Prepare the monthly subproject mitigation compliance progress reports

ƒ Prepare the annual subproject environmental mitigation compliance monitoring reports

ƒ Conduct the operational phase environmental information gathering according to the detailed design document for the following environmental effects monitoring: - Success of implementing associated environmental mitigation measures ; - Surface water and groundwater quality effects from erosion, sedimentation, fertilizers, and pesticides.

ƒ Providing technical support to the consultant environmental specialists in the preparation of the operational phase subproject environmental management reports (annual) for review and approval;

ƒ Supervise and provide technical assistance to NDMP CPO, SIUs, and provincial/city government departments in the implementation of their components of NDMP EMP;

ƒ Prepare and submit the operational phase subproject environmental management reports (annual) for review and approval;

ƒ Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the consultant environmental specialists. 5.9.4.5 Consultant environmental specialists The responsibilities of the consultant environmental specialists in the Operational Phases up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation will be to:

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ƒ Supervise and provide technical assistance to NDMP CPO, SIUs, and environmental safeguard contractors in the implementation of their components of NDMP EMP;

ƒ If necessary prepare environmental reviews of technical design modifications and revise the appropriate EMPs for approval;

ƒ Prepare and submit the Operational Phase subproject environmental management reports (annual) for review and approval; and

ƒ Conduct environmental training programs for NDMP CPO, SIUs, provincial/city government departments, and Environmental Safeguard Contractors. 5.9.5 Policy Guidelines for Detailed Design: Second Phase of Investments Preparation of the Detailed Design of the NDMP EMP for the second investment phase will proceed as follows:

ƒ While no separate and additional environmental assessment of Vuc Mau, Ba Tri and Cuu Long river delta subprojects is required for the second phase of investments, NDMP CPO will formally confirm this conclusion prior to the detailed design of the engineering works for the second investment phase and will obtain approval for this from MONRE, MARD, and WB.

ƒ NDMP CPO, with the assistance of the consultant environmental specialists, will be responsible for preparing a detailed design document for NDMP: Second Investment Phase. This detailed design document will use the lessons learned from the results of the environmental management of the first investment phase of NDMP and will be prepared concomitant with the detailed technical and engineering design for the second phase of investments.

ƒ While no separate and additional environmental assessment is required for the Vuc Mau, Ba Tri and Cuu Long river delta subprojects, consultation with affected groups and communities in the remaining command areas will be required. This consultation will include, but not be restricted to: - Presenting the results and findings of the environmental management of the first phase of NDMP investments to affected groups and communities - Description of engineering works to be implemented in second investment phase, expected environmental effects, and scope of proposed environmental management plan. - Receipt of comments and suggestions from affected groups and communities on environmental issues associated with second investment phase and scope of proposed environmental management plan. These will be documented as a consultation record as part of the final detailed design document for the Environmental Management Plan for the second investment phase.

ƒ The results of the consultation will be used to prepare a final detailed design document for the environmental management plan for the second investment phase.

ƒ NDMP CPO will submit and obtain approval for the final detailed design document for the second investment phase from MONRE, MARD, and WB.

ƒ Upon receiving the necessary approvals, NDMP CPO will be responsible for ensuring that the environmental management plan for the second investment phase of NDMP is implemented according to the detailed design document.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT 5.10 TRAINING AND CAPACITY UPGRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION 5.10.1 Evaluation of Environmental Management Capabilities 5.10.1.1 Provincial SIUs The provincial SIUs will be comprised of representatives from provincial DARD and IMC offices, both of which have received little training in environmental mitigation and project performance monitoring for environmental protection. In particular, the IMCs have no environmental group in their organizations and none of their staff have received any training in environmental mitigation and compliance monitoring. Extensive capacity building will be required. 5.10.1.2 Environmental Safeguard Contractors Environmental Safeguard Contractors Environmental Safeguard Contractors will be selected according to WB procurement requirements (either CQ or QCBS). There are numerous national consultant organizations in Vietnam that will be able to demonstrate strong capacity sampling and basic environmental information-gathering. Based on experience with national consultant organizations in previous WB-financed water resources projects, capacities of these organizations are weaker in the area of analysis and interpretation of data that are gathered, drawing conclusions from the results of the analysis, and developing recommendations about environmental impacts of NDMP for future effects monitoring, as will be required in the reporting for NDMP EMP. 5.10.1.3 NDMP CPO This will be a new organization and so its capacity for environmental management is unknown at this time. Using CPO as a guide, it is likely that the environmental staff of NDMP CPO will be very competent in providing coordination of environmental aspects of water resources investment projects, but will have less capability in the areas of analysis and interpretation of data that are gathered, drawing conclusions from the results of the analysis, and developing recommendations about environmental impacts of NDMP. 5.10.1.4 Government Environmental Regulators MONRE has received extensive training and capacity building through multi-year donor projects from CIDA, Sida, and now DANIDA in EIA, environmental management, environmental protection, and environmental monitoring. Through these very large donor projects, MONRE has been able to provide extensive environmental training to all provincial DONREs. No training or capacity building for these institutions is required and none is recommended. 5.10.2 Recommended Training and Capacity Building It is expected that the budget for the recommended training and capacity building, below, will be provided by NDMP training and capacity building fund. 5.10.2.1 Provincial SIUs Provincial SIUs will receive training and capacity building in the following areas:

ƒ Preparing and working with terms and conditions to be included in construction contracts. These terms and conditions will include as required responsibility for mitigation and compensation for non-compliance;

NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 93 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ƒ For technical supervision staff training on how to conduct civil works monitoring and supervision to ensure environmental mitigation measures are being properly implemented (frequency of monitoring, type of works to be supervised, assessment and reporting); and

ƒ Preparation of compliance monitoring reports in accordance with the reporting requirements outlined in Table 5-1. Also, construction contractors may require training on the proper implementation of the environmental mitigation measures in order to meet the terms and conditions included in their contracts and on the preparation of Site Environmental Management Plans. This training will need to be conducted at field locations with demonstrations of mitigation measures as required. The training will be designed so that technical supervision staff from the construction supervision entities will be able to deliver such training to additional contractors as they are engaged for construction works. 5.10.2.2 Environmental Safeguard Contractors Training and capacity building will be provided in environmental monitoring. This training will focus on detailed design of the environmental monitoring system, including:

ƒ Specification of environmental impacts;

ƒ Clear set of indicators or criteria, such as water quality standards, or species richness indices, for example, which are used to evaluate changes in environmental conditions;

ƒ Preparation of environmental baselines for environmental conditions in NDMP against which changes in environmental conditions may be assessed;

ƒ Spatial and temporal controls for environmental monitoring to make it possible to ascribe changes in environmental conditions to Project effects rather than changes in factors unrelated to the Sub-Project;

ƒ Design for the data gathering or data analysis;

ƒ QA/QC;

ƒ Analysis and presentation of data and results;

ƒ Development of database information systems; and

ƒ Reporting structures and formats in accordance with reporting requirements outlined in Table 5-1. 5.10.2.3 NDMP CPO Technical assistance will be provided to environment (and other) staff in NDMP CPO in incorporating the results of environmental management programs (such as NDMP environmental management plan) into water resources project management decision making. Considerable on the job training will be provided through implementation of the environmental components of the design and supervision technical assistance.

5.11 REQUIREMENTS FOR FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY IN EMP IMPLEMENTATION This Environmental Impact Assessment makes predictions about the environmental impacts of NDMP (Chapter 4) based on existing information and understanding of the environmental and social resources of NDMP Area (Chapter 3) and the engineering works required for the Project as they are currently defined (Chapter 2). While the assessment concludes that NDMP is environmentally feasible, as with all predictions of environmental impacts, there is some

NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 94 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT uncertainty in the reliability of these predictions, certainly not so much uncertainty as to not proceed with the Project, but uncertainty nonetheless. There are a number of sources of this uncertainty:

ƒ The actual impacts that occur as a result of Project implementation may be different than the predictions made in this EIA because of the limited data and information available for a number of the environmental and social resources of the Project area;

ƒ The recommended mitigation measures may not be able to prevent negative environmental impacts;

ƒ During Project implementation, various factors may require Project design modifications whose environmental impacts are beyond the scope of this EIA; or

ƒ The specific engineering works with regards to the second phase of investments are unknown. The organizational framework for NDMP is sufficiently flexible and adaptable to be very responsive to these unexpected situations. It is able to accommodate numerous situations during construction and operation of NDMP as described below. This concept of requiring the organizational framework to be adaptable to changing Project circumstances is in fact supported by WB OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment. Scenario 1: Unexpected Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts Trigger Project Design Modifications, Environmental Review of Design Modifications, and Possible Revisions to EMP There may be a need for modifications to the Project design in order to ameliorate or reduce unexpected environmental and/or socioeconomic impacts that were not predicted in this EIA. There is experience with this type of situation in water resources projects in Viet Nam. In the Mekong Delta Water Resources Project, for example, the South Mang Thit subproject needed re-design as a result of unexpected and negative impacts of using an inappropriate sluice design that had been approved in the subproject FS. If this scenario were to occur at any stage during implementation of NDMP, the institutional arrangements for implementing NDMP environmental management plan will ensure that:

ƒ The new FS that is required for the Project modifications will include an environmental review of the Project modifications. This environmental review will include a revision of the Environmental Management Plan if necessary, with adjustment of budgets, sampling regimes, and reporting requirements; and

ƒ The new FS for the Project modifications and the associated environmental review and revised Environmental Management Plan will be reviewed and approved using existing review and approval procedures for feasibility studies and environmental assessments in Viet Nam and between the GoVN and WB. Existing review and approval procedures are sufficient and adequate. Scenario 2: Detailed design of second phase of investments accompanied by environmental review and possible revisions to EMP necessitated by the investments There will be a requirement to review the detailed design of the second phase of investments for NDMP for environmental effects and, if necessary, modify the Environmental Management Plan. The institutional arrangements for implementing NDMP EMP will ensure that:

ƒ An environmental review will be prepared as part of the detailed design for the second phase of investments for NDMP. This environmental review will examine the lessons learned from monitoring the environmental effects of the first phase of investments;

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ƒ This environmental review will include a detailed design of the Environmental Management Plan for the second phase of investments, including budgets, sampling regimes, and reporting requirements; and

ƒ The detailed design for the second phase of investments and the associated environmental review and revised EMP will be reviewed and approved using existing review and approval procedures in Viet Nam and between the GoVN and WB. As above, existing review and approval procedures are sufficient and adequate. Scenario 3: Review and Possible Revisions to EMP to Strengthen Existing Mitigation and Monitoring Programs Results from implementing the Environmental Management Plan may suggest that there is a need to modify the Environmental Management Plan for one of the following reasons:

ƒ Additional mitigation measures are required because the Project is having unexpected environmental effects that are not predicted in this EIA and these effects can be mitigated by modifying Project implementation rather than by modifying Project design;

ƒ Mitigation measures that were specified in the original Environmental Management Plan are not proving to be effective and need to be strengthened or modified;

ƒ Mitigation measures that were specified in the original Environmental Management Plan are proving to be too stringent and can be relaxed to improve cost-effectiveness;

ƒ The effects monitoring sampling regime needs to be adjusted to better detect impacts of the Project. Again, there is experience with this type of situation in water resources projects in Viet Nam. In the Mekong Delta Water Resources Project, for example, the water quality-monitoring program was adjusted two years into Project implementation in order to better detect Project impacts downstream of the Project area. If this scenario were to occur at any stage during implementation of NDMP, the institutional arrangements for implementing NDMP EPM will ensure that:

ƒ A revised Environmental Management Plan to suit the revised requirements for environmental protection will be prepared, with adjustment of budgets, sampling regimes, and reporting requirements to suit the new requirements; and

ƒ The revised Environmental Management Plan will be reviewed and approved using the existing review and approval procedures in Viet Nam and between the GoVN and WB. Scenario 4: No Changes Required in EMP Results from implementing the Environmental Management Plan may suggest that no changes are required to the either the Project design or the EMP itself and the EMP can continue to proceed as designed. These procedures were followed in the case of the South Mang Thit Sub-Project.

5.12 COSTS OF NDMP ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Detailed costs are provided in Table 5-2, the total cost of EMP for each subproject, which is classified as category A, is US $ 159,436, in which, cost for mitigation measure compliance is US $13,493 and cost for monitoring is US $145,943 that consisting of:

ƒ US $47,647 for the environmental monitoring;

ƒ US $25,921 for the environmental mitigation compliance monitoring and environmental effects monitoring programs; and

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT ƒ US $72,375 for Consultant Environmental Specialists. It is estimated that the EMP cost for each category B subproject is about 50% of category A subproject’s. The category C subprojects induce none or insignificant advert impact, therefore the EMP is certainly not required.

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT

Table 5-2. Detailed costs and schedule for Environmental Mitigation Program for category A subproject

Items Unit Price Quantity Total (USD) (USD) ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION COST 13,493 A . PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASES 4,493 A.1. Environmental Review of Coastal Aquaculture 4,493 A.1. 1. Fees - National Safeguard Contractor Day 60 30 1800 A.1.2. DSA - National Safeguard Contractor Day 50 30 1500 A.1.3. T Subproject 500 1 500 A.1.4. Data Acquisition, Reporting, Miscellaneous (20%personnel cost) 360 A.1.5. Administration Fee (8% of A.1.1+A.1.2+A.1.3+A.1.4) 333 A.2. Compensation and resettlement Included in cost for RAP B. CONSTRUCTION PHASES B.1 Fence and sign construction Included in construction cost C. OPERATIONAL PHASES 9,000 C.1. Implementation of Action Plan for Integrated Pest Management Program for Command Area year 1000 9 9,000 (Supposed that each subproject covers 3 communes and mitigation plan will be implement in 3 years)

Items Unit Price Implementation Year Total USD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 USD ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING COST 49,755 29,127 29,112 11,984 11,984 7,775 6,207 145,943 A. MITIGATION COMPLIANCE MONITORING 2,501 4,355 4,355 4,212 4,212 3,927 2,359 25,921 A.1. Fees - National Safeguard Contractor Day 60 13 26 26 25 25 23 12 9,000 A.2. DSA - National Safeguard Contractor Day 50 13 26 26 25 25 23 12 7,500 A.3. Travel 500 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3,500 A.4. Reporting, Miscellaneous (20% personal cost) 386 672 672 650 650 606 364 4,000 A.5. Administration Fee (8% of A.1+A.2+A.3+A.4) 185 323 323 312 312 291 175 1,921 B. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING 8,849 7,787 7,772 7,772 7,772 3,848 3,848 47,647 B.1. Coastal Water Quality Monitoring 970 970 970 970 970 162 162 5,176 B.1.1. Analysis Costs 624 624 624 624 624 104 104 3,328 pH Sample 2 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 128 Conductivity Sample 1 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 64 TSS Sample 6 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 384

BOD5 Sample 6 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 384 NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 98 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT

Items Unit Price Implementation Year Total USD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 USD COD Sample 8 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 512 Fe Sample 8 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 512 Al Sample 6 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 384 - NO3 Sample 5 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 320

PO4 - P Sample 5 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 320 DO Sample 5 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 320 B.1.2. Sampling cost (20% of personal cost) 125 125 125 125 125 21 21 666 B.1.3. Personnel, Reporting Costs (20% of personal cost and sampling cost) 150 150 150 150 150 25 25 799 B.1.4. Administration Fee (8% of B.1.1+ B.1.2 + B.1.3) 72 72 72 72 72 12 12 383 B.2. Wetland Quality Monitoring 1,011 1,011 1,011 1,011 1,011 1,011 1,011 7,076 B.2.1. Personnel Costs, Field Work 780 780 780 780 780 780 780 5,460 Personnel Costs, Field Work Day 60 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2,520 Personnel Costs, DSA and Travel Day 50 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2,100 Personnel Costs, Reporting Day 60 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 840 B.2.2. Equipment Rental and Supplementary Data Acquisition (20% of personal cost) 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 1,092 B.2.3. Administration Fee (8% of B.2.1 + B.2.2) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 524 B.3. Monitoring Reforestation Success in Local Nature Reserves 196 181 181 181 181 181 1,103 B.3.1. Personnel Costs, Field Work 140 140 140 140 140 140 840 Personnel Costs, Field Work Day 20 2 2 2 2 2 2 240 Personnel Costs, DSA and Travel Day 20 2 2 2 2 2 2 240 Personnel Costs, Reporting Day 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 360 B.3.2. Equipment Rental and Supplementary Data Acquisition (20% of personal cost) 56 28 28 28 28 28 196 B.3.3. Administration Fee (8% of B.2.1 + B.2.2) 13 13 13 13 13 67 B.4. Inland Water Quality Monitoring 6,868 5,609 5,609 5,609 5,609 2,494 2,494 34,291 B.4.1. Analysis Costs 3,078 3,078 3,078 3,078 3,078 674 674 16,738 • Surface Water 2,112 2,112 2,112 2,112 2,112 352 352 11,264 pH Sample 2 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 128 Conductivity Sample 1 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 64 TSS Sample 6 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 384

BOD5 Sample 6 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 384 COD Sample 8 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 512 Fe Sample 8 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 512 Al Sample 6 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 384 - NO3 Sample 5 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 320

PO4 - P Sample 5 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 320 NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 99 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT

Items Unit Price Implementation Year Total USD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 USD DO Sample 5 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 320 Na Sample 5 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 320 Mg Sample 5 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 320 Ca Sample 5 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 320 Biocides Sample 100 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 6,400 Fecal Coliform Sample 9 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 576 • Ground Water 966 966 966 966 966 322 322 5,474 pH Sample 2 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 68 Conductivity Sample 1 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 34 TSS Sample 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 204

BOD5 Sample 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 204 COD Sample 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 272 Fe Sample 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 272 Al Sample 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 204 - NO3 Sample 5 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 170

PO4 - P Sample 5 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 170 DO Sample 5 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 170 Fecal Coliform Sample 9 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 306 Biocides Sample 100 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 3,400 B.4.2. Personnel cost 2,116 2,116 2,116 2,116 2,116 1,635 1,635 13,848 Sampling cost (20% Analysis cost) 616 616 616 616 616 135 135 3,348 Reporting Costs 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 3,500 Supplementary Data Acquisition 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 7,000 B.4.3. Administration Fee (8% of B.5.1 + B.5.2 + B.5.3) 415 415 415 415 415 185 185 2,447 C. Provision of environmental consultant specialist 38,405 16,985 16,985 72,375 C.1. International consultant 33,100 12,700 12,700 58,500 C.1.1. Fees Person/month 10,000 3 1 1 50,000 C.1.2. DSA Person/month 200 3 1 1 1,000 C.1.3. International and domestic airfare Airafare 2,500 1 1 1 7,500 C.2. National consultant 3,650 3,650 3,650 10,950 C.2.1. Fees Person/month 500 6 6 6 9,000 C.2.2. DSA Person/month 100 6 6 6 1,800 C.2.3. Domestic airfare Airafare 50 1 1 1 150 C.3. Miscellaneous expenditure (Communication, reporting, etc. 5% C1 +C.2 ) 1,655 635 635 2,925

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Table 5-3. NDMP environmental mitigation program Pre-Construction Phases MITIGATION OF RESETTLEMENT AND LAND ACQUISITION RESOURCES TO • Populations and Communities – Section 4.3.7, Page 53 BE PROTECTED • Infrastructure, Local Facilities – Section 4.6.7.1, Page 65 • Local Employment Levels – Section 4.4.3, Page 55 • Economic Activities and Income – Section 4.4.4, Page 55 APPLICABLE SUB- • All PROJECTS MITIGATION • detailed design, approval, and implementation of Resettlement Action Plan for DESCRIPTION Project affected households in accordance with WB Operational Policy 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement in case that number of affected households is bigger than 100. • implementation of approved procedures for compensation for loss of land or other assets in accordance with WB Operational Policy 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement PHASE OF • Pre-Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT • Pre-Construction: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION • All Project-affected persons are fairly compensated. TARGETS MONITORING • Monitoring of RAP/compensation implementation required REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES • Implementation responsibility rests with SIUs FOR • NDMP RAP and Sub-Project RAPs contain complete details on implementation IMPLEMENTATION responsibilities, costs, and reporting requirements. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS MITIGATION COSTS (US $)

CONSTRUCTION PHASES MITIGATION OF RISKS FROM UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE RESOURCES TO • Populations and Communities – Section 4.3.7, Page 53 BE PROTECTED • Infrastructure, Local Facilities – Section 4.6.7.1 Page 65 APPLICABLE SUB- • All PROJECTS MITIGATION • Carry out UXO detection survey in all areas of unproductive/unused land that is DESCRIPTION going to be disturbed from construction activities or civil works that will require excavation to below 2 m depth. • Safely remove and secure all ordnance prior to beginning construction work. PHASE OF • Pre-Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT • Pre-Construction: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION • No injuries or deaths caused by UXO detonation during construction phase TARGET MONITORING • No monitoring is required REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES • Ministry of Defence will be responsible for implementing this component of the FOR mitigation program. They have undertaken similar activities for other infrastructure IMPLEMENTATION projects in Viet Nam REPORTING • Ordnance Survey and Treatment Completion Report to be submitted by Ministry REQUIREMENTS of Defence contractors MITIGATION • Part of detailed design costs for NDMP COSTS (US $) MITIGATION OF DISRUPTION TO WATER USERS FROM CANAL/WATER INTAKE CULVERT WORKS, RESOURCES TO • Surface Water Hydrology – Section 4.6.2, Page 60 BE PROTECTED • Aquatic Ecosystems and Aquatic Biodiversity - Section 4.6.6.2, Page 64 • Domestic and Drinking Water Supply and Quality – Section 4.6.7.2, Page 65 • Populations and Communities – Section 4.3.7, Page 53 • Economic Activities and Income – Section 4.4.4, Page 55 APPLICABLE SUB- • All Sub-Projects for canal lining and water intake culvert rehabilitation PROJECTS NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 101 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT CONSTRUCTION PHASES MITIGATION • The contractors and SIU should have concrete plan of executing construction and DESCRIPTION inform local authorities and farmers for their active response. • Implement subproject works according to implementation plan developed during pre-construction (detailed design phases) • Promote the use of rainwater and groundwater during building water intake culvert; announcement need to be made before start interrupt water supply, thereby, people can store water enough for 25 days. • Execute the construction during the times when water is not much required for agriculture, and aquaculture (harvest time, or when agriculture land used for subsidiary crops), the longest cut off water period is 25 days. In order to mitigate the negative impact to crops, construction period will be in April or October.

PHASE OF • Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT • Construction: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION • Main intake water and canal works implemented according to the plans TARGETS • All stakeholders consulted and informed during design of construction time, including those who signed the canal lining plans are satisfied with results of implementation MONITORING • Compliance monitoring required to ensure canal lining program proceeds as REQUIRED approved and affected households and communities are satisfied with the disruption they endure. Monitoring results from first investment phase will be used to modify the design of the canal lining program for the second investment phase if required. RESPONSIBILITIES • Mitigation measures to be implemented as terms and conditions of construction FOR contracts. SIUs will be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the canal IMPLEMENTATION lining plan • Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing the mitigation measures according to contract terms and conditions REPORTING • Reporting on compliance with mitigation measures to be part of environmental REQUIREMENTS mitigation compliance monitoring activities MITIGATION • Costs for mitigation measures are included as part of construction contract costs. COSTS (US $) MITIGATION OF EFFECTS OF DREDGED AND EXCAVATED SOILS RESOURCES TO • Soils – Section 4.6.1, Page 60 BE PROTECTED • Sedimentation and Erosion – Section 4.6.3, Page 62 • Surface Water Quality – Section 4.6.4, 4.6.5, Page 63 • Aquatic Ecosystems and Aquatic Biodiversity Section 4.6.6, Page 64 APPLICABLE SUB- • All PROJECTS MITIGATION • Stricly complies with the mine explosion plan. DESCRIPTION • Use of the construction area at the headworks site should be strictly delineated and controlled (Irrigation Sub-Projects) • Remove topsoil before starting construction activities. Remove topsoil under the future stockpile. Separate topsoil stockpiles and earth stockpile to avoid mixing both soils. Create small stockpiles with topsoil (less than 2 meters high) in order to conserve its characteristics for future use after the construction works • Where possible, used dredged and excavated soils in engineering works such as road foundations. Identify and clearly delineate stockpiles for storage of excavated soils where required. Ensure stockpiles are a suitable distance from surface water sources. • Remove topsoil under stockpile sites before starting construction activities. Separate topsoil stockpiles and earth stockpiles to avoid mixing. Create small stockpiles with topsoil (less than 2 m high) MITIGATION • Construct sedimentation basins to capture water coming from pumping activities DESCRIPTION, and runoff from stockpiles. Maintain sedimentation basins in good working CONTINUED condition. • Rehabilitate all agricultural and other land affected by construction activities associated with engineering civil works to pre-construction conditions • Compensate, according to the RAP, farmers living along canals who have been affected by the disposal of spoil (Irrigation Sub-Projects) PHASE OF • Construction: First Investment Phase

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PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT CONSTRUCTION PHASES PROJECT • Construction: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION • “best practices” implemented according to specifications. TARGETS • No soil dumped outside of approved disposal areas. • Borrow pits in environmentally suitable locations, sites re-vegetated to pre- construction conditions at end of construction • 100% of agricultural land rehabilitated and 100% of damaged roads rehabilitated • Farmers living along canals are adequately compensated for damage caused to their assets during construction (Irrigation Sub-Projects) MONITORING • Compliance monitoring will be required to ensure mitigation targets are met REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES • Mitigation measures to be implemented as terms and conditions of construction FOR contracts. SIUs will be responsible for preparing terms and conditions with IMPLEMENTATION technical assistance from the Consultant Environmental Specialists. • Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing the mitigation measures according to contract terms and conditions.

REPORTING • Reporting on compliance with mitigation measures to be part of environmental REQUIREMENTS mitigation compliance monitoring activities MITIGATION • Costs for mitigation measures are included as part of construction contract costs. COSTS (US $) MITIGATION TO AVOID DISRUPTION TO CULTURAL AND HISTORIC SITES RESOURCES TO • Cultural and Historic Resources – Section 4.6.7.4, Page 67 BE PROTECTED APPLICABLE • All SUBPROJECTS MITIGATION • All mitigation regarding cultural and historic sites to be implemented in DESCRIPTION accordance with WB Operational Policy 11.03 – Cultural Property • Locate construction facilities (worker camps, etc.) to avoid permanent alienation of important cultural or historic sites • Where possible, locate engineering civil works to avoid permanent alienation of important cultural or historic sites • Mark and fence off important cultural and historic sites that are adjacent or near to construction facilities and engineering civil works to prevent damage • Construction contractors to include plan for avoidance of cultural and historic sites as part of their technical bids PHASE OF • Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT • Construction: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION • All cultural and historic sites within Project Area remain intact and in the same TARGETS condition as prior to construction MONITORING • Compliance monitoring will be required to ensure mitigation targets are met REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES • Mitigation measures to be implemented as terms and conditions of construction FOR contracts. SIUs will be responsible for preparing terms and conditions with IMPLEMENTATION technical assistance from the Consultant Environmental Specialists. • Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing mitigation measures according to terms and conditions. REPORTING • Reporting on compliance with mitigation measures to be part of environmental REQUIREMENTS mitigation compliance monitoring activities MITIGATION • Costs for mitigation measures are included as part of construction contract costs. COSTS (US $) MITIGATION TO AVOID DISRUPTION TO RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES RESOURCES TO • Project Impact on Rare and Endangered Species – Section 4.4.2 BE PROTECTED APPLICABLE • Ba Tri sea dyke subproject SUBPROJECTS MITIGATION • Study to introduce a suitable water controlling system (by sluice gates) to allow DESCRIPTION the migration of aquatic species • Locate construction facilities (worker camps, etc.) to avoid permanent alienation of mangrove forest sites • Where possible, locate engineering civil works to avoid permanent alienation of NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 103 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT CONSTRUCTION PHASES important mud- and sandy flat areas • Shorten the construction duration. Most intensive period should be designed to avoid the wintering season (September to April). • Agreement with the construction company on the forest protection. The Company has to prove their source of timber and fuel (no fuel wood collection in the construction area). Increase control by District FPD, strictly fine to any violation. • Agreement with the construction company on hunting. Increase control by District FPD, strictly fine to any violation. Awareness arising for the decision- makers and the company's workers on wildlife protection. PHASE OF • Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT • Construction: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION • IBA within Project Area remain intact and in the same condition as prior to TARGETS construction MONITORING • Compliance monitoring will be required to ensure mitigation targets are met REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES • Mitigation measures to be implemented as terms and conditions of construction FOR contracts. SIUs will be responsible for preparing terms and conditions with IMPLEMENTATION technical assistance from the Consultant Environmental Specialists. • Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing mitigation measures according to terms and conditions. REPORTING • Reporting on compliance with mitigation measures to be part of environmental REQUIREMENTS mitigation compliance monitoring activities MITIGATION • Costs for mitigation measures are included as part of construction contract costs. COSTS (US $) MITIGATION OF POSSIBLE DISRUPTION TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES RESOURCES TO • Populations and Communities – Section 4.3.7, Page 53 BE PROTECTED • Infrastructure, Local Facilities – Section 4.6.7.1, Page 65 APPLICABLE • All SUBPROJECTS MITIGATION • All vehicles must meet noise and air emission national standards. DESCRIPTION • Households, outside construction Right-of-Way ROW that have suffered damage from road construction or road traffic impact should be compensated. • Speed limits must be enforced on permanent and temporary roads. • Safety signs and guardrails should be installed as needed. Specific security measures should be designed for village and school areas along the temporary and permanent project roads (e.g. speed bumps located at each end of residential areas or near schools). • Compensate, according to the Resettlement Plan, households outside the ROW who have suffered damage from road construction or construction-related traffic. PHASE OF • Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT • Construction: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION • No injuries or death to Sub-Project caused by construction activities TARGETS • Households outside of ROW are adequately compensated for disturbance caused by road traffic, other construction activities • All inquiries and any complaints from local residents are promptly and properly dealt with by construction contractors. MONITORING • Compliance monitoring will be required to ensure mitigation targets are met REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES • Mitigation measures to be implemented as terms and conditions of construction FOR contracts. SIUs will be responsible for preparing terms and conditions with IMPLEMENTATION technical assistance from the Consultant Environmental Specialists. • Construction contractors responsible for implementing the mitigation measures according to contract terms and conditions. REPORTING • Reporting on compliance with mitigation measures to be part of environmental REQUIREMENTS mitigation compliance monitoring activities MITIGATION • Costs for mitigation measures are included as part of construction contract costs. COSTS (US $)

OPERATIONAL PHASE NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 104 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT OPERATIONAL PHASE MITIGATION OF INCREASED APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS RESOURCES TO • Surface Water Quality – Section 4.6.4, Page 63 BE PROTECTED • Groundwater Resources – Section 4.6.5 Page 63 • Aquatic Ecosystems and Aquatic Biodiversity - Section 4.6.6.2, Page 62 • Domestic and Drinking Water Supply and Quality – Section 4.6.7.2, Page 65 APPLICABLE • All Irrigation Sub-Projects SUBPROJECTS MITIGATION • Strengthening existing WB practices in the command area through the DESCRIPTION provision of training in WB techniques, pesticide and fertilizer selection and use, and encouragement of crop diversification. WB extension will be conducted in accordance with WB OP 4.03 – Pesticide Management PHASE OF • Construction: First Investment phase PROJECT • Operation: second Investment phase MITIGATION • No change in eutrophic status of surface and groundwater resources within and TARGETS immediately downstream of Sub-Project Areas • No change in pesticide levels in surface and groundwater resources within and immediately downstream of Sub-Project Areas • Decrease or no change in amount of pesticide and fertilizer used in Sub-Project Areas per ha of crop cultivation MONITORING • Effects monitoring will be required to measure environmental conditions in REQUIRED surface and groundwater resources RESPONSIBILITIES • WB program to be implemented by Agriculture Extension offices under FOR provincial DARDs, and involving comprising village level extension officers, IMPLEMENTATION subject matter specialists, agriculture extension centers; provincial extension units; farmer association support organizations REPORTING • Annual WB program implementation reports to be provided by provincial REQUIREMENTS DARDs to SIUs. MITIGATION Please see Table 5-2, for detailed description of costs and implementation COSTS (US $) schedule. MITIGATION TO AVOID DISRUPTION TO RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES RESOURCES TO • IBA in Ba Tri district – Section 4.4.2 BE PROTECTED APPLICABLE • Ba Tri sea dyke Sub-Project SUBPROJECTS MITIGATION • Reforestation mangrove forest, limited the development of access. DESCRIPTION • Develop a regulation on the use of the road (limited the use by heavy transportation means) • Awareness and environmental education activities for the local communities on wildlife protection. If possible, establish some kind of community-based protected area at the IBA. PHASE OF • Construction: First Investment phase PROJECT • Operation: second Investment phase MITIGATION • Minimize change in the environment in IBAs area TARGETS • Minimize human impact on the IBAs area MONITORING • Effects monitoring will be required to measure success of reforestation REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES • District FPD and involving comprising village level extension officers; FOR provincial extension units; farmer association support organizations IMPLEMENTATION REPORTING Please see Table 5-2, for detailed description of costs and implementation REQUIREMENTS schedule. MITIGATION COSTS (US $) MITIGATION OF EFFECTS OF DAM SAFETY RISK RESOURCES TO • Populations and Communities – Section 4.3.7, Page 53 BE PROTECTED • Infrastructure, Local Facilities – Section 4.6.7.1, Page 65 APPLICABLE • All Sub-Projects for dam construction or dam rehabilitation SUBPROJECTS MITIGATION • Implementation of Dam Emergency Preparedness Plans DESCRIPTION NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 105 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT OPERATIONAL PHASE PHASE OF • Operation: First Investment Phase PROJECT • Operation: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION • Please see NDMP FS for details regarding Dam EPPs TARGETS MONITORING REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

Table 5-4. Environmental Effects Monitoring Sub-Program for NDMP FOREST RESOURCES MONITORING • Determine the success of the reforestation program in the target-protected OBJECTIVE areas of Ba Tri Sub-Project as well as other subprojects that could lessen forest area. ENVIRONMENTAL • Estimation of coverage, standing biomass, and regeneration success INDICATORS TO BE MEASURED SAMPLING • All of the area reforested under the sub - project will be monitored LOCATIONS SAMPLING • Sampling will occur once per year, at the same time each year, for the entire SCHEDULE NDMP implementation period RESPONSIBILITIES • Environmental Safeguard Contractors will be engaged to implement this FOR component of the Environmental Effects IMPLEMENTATION • Monitoring Program. Detailed Terms of Reference for the Contractors will be prepared by the Consultant Environmental • Specialist during Detailed Design Phase for NDMP EMP. Consultant Environmental Specialist will oversee and guide • Environmental Safeguard Contractor during the first three years of Sub- Project implementation. REPORTING • for first three years of Sub-Project implementation, Consultant REQUIREMENTS Environmental Specialists, with the assistance of the • Environmental Safeguard Contractors, will include results in annual NDMP Environmental Management Plan Reports. After this, reporting responsibility will lie solely with Environmental Safeguard Contractors. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING OF WATER QUALITY FOR EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION, EROSION DUE TO PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS DUE TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSIFICATION AND INTENSIFICATION TARGET • All Irrigation Sub-Projects SUBPROJECTS MONITORING • Determine what are the effects of extensification and intensification of OBJECTIVE agricultural land use and commodity production on the ability of surface and groundwater resources in the Project to meet ambient surface and groundwater quality standards meet irrigation water standards meet domestic and drinking water stands ENVIRONMENTAL • With respect to ambient surface and groundwater quality; the following INDICATORS TO environmental indicators will be measured: BE MEASURED - pH, conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), BOD5, COD, Fe, Al, nitrate-nitrite, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, total pesticide and herbicide. • With respect to irrigation water standards, the following environmental indicators will be measured in surface waters: - Na, Mg, Ca (enabling calculation of sodium absorption ratio [SAR]), fecal coliform, pH, TSS, Al, and dissolved oxygen will also be used to assess Sub- Project effects on ability of surface waters to meet irrigation water standards. • The following environmental indicators, collected above, will be used to assess Sub-Project impacts on domestic and drinking water quality: NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 106 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT

- pH, conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), BOD5, COD, Fe, Al, nitrate-nitrite, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform SAMPLING • Surface water quality sampling will be conducted in specific locations (all LOCATIONS, stations should be spatially referenced at establishment to enable mapping and FIRST INVESTMENT spatial analysis of water quality results): PHASE - Reservoirs as upstream spatial controls; - Designated locations in main and primary canal systems - Downstream (drainage area) locations outside of the command areas as downstream spatial controls • Groundwater quality sampling (as well as groundwater level monitoring) will be conducted in specific locations: - Designated locations distributed throughout the pilot areas - Spatial Controls: locations outside the command area to serve as spatial controls (upstream and downstream of irrigated areas) SAMPLING • Surface water quality sampling will be conducted in the following locations LOCATIONS, (all stations should be spatially referenced at establishment to enable mapping SECOND and spatial analysis of water quality results): INVESTMENT - Reservoirs as upstream controls PHASE - Designated locations in main and primary canal systems. - Command area: a total of locations in the command area. - Downstream (drainage area): locations outside of the command area as downstream spatial controls. • Groundwater quality sampling (as well as groundwater level monitoring) will be conducted in the following locations: - Command Area: a total of locations in the command area - Spatial Controls: locations outside the command area to serve as spatial controls (upstream and downstream of irrigated areas) SAMPLING • for surface water quality: SCHEDULE, FIRST AND - pre-construction (for each investment phase, to establish pre-Sub-Project SECOND baseline): 1 time per year in each survey INVESTMENT - construction: 3 times per year in each survey location (rainy season and two PHASES in dry season) • operation: 3 times per year in each survey location (rainy season and two in dry season) for groundwater quality: - pre-construction (for each investment phase, to establish pre-Sub-Project baseline): 1 time per year in each survey - construction: 1 time per year in each survey location (dry season) - operation: 1 time per year in each survey location (dry season) with respect to total pesticides and herbicides, for both surface and groundwater quality, monitoring to be done once per year, in peak of dry season (April) in each of construction and post-construction phases for each investment phase RESPONSIBILITIES • Environmental Safeguard Contractors will be engaged to implement this FOR component of the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program. Detailed Terms IMPLEMENTATION of Reference for the Contractor will be prepared by the Consultant Environmental. Specialist during Detailed Design Phase for the NDMP. The Consultant Environmental Specialist will oversee and guide Environmental Safeguard Contractors during first three years of Sub-Project implementation. REPORTING • for first three years of Sub-Project implementation, Consultant REQUIREMENTS Environmental Specialists, with the assistance of the Environmental Safeguard Contractors, will include results in annual NDMP Environmental Management Plan Report. After this, reporting responsibility will lie solely with Environmental Safeguard Contractors. The Environmental Safeguards Contractors will also be required to prepare a six-month progress report in each year of the monitoring. COMMENT • It will be necessary to ensure that the pesticides and herbicides that are monitored are representative of the entire suite of pesticides and herbicides that are used in the Sub-Project • the sampling regime for second investment phase will need to be reviewed during the detailed design (pre-construction) phase of the second investment phase • 15% of budget should be spent of QA/QC; MoNRE Circular on QA/QC for NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 107 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT environmental monitoring should be followed. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF EXPANDED COASTAL AQUACULTURE AND EFFECTS OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN MONITORING • Determine: OBJECTIVE - what are the environmental effects of increasing aquaculture as a result of providing freshwater from the target Sub-Projects to the aquaculture sector in the coastal districts of the target Sub-Projects; and - the success of the environmental management program for the coastal aquaculture sector developed under NDMP. ENVIRONMENTAL • the exact environmental indicators to be measured will be determined during INDICATORS TO the environmental review of the coastal aquaculture program conducted during BE MEASURED the pre-construction phase of the first investment phase (Table 5-3), but it is expected that the following environmental indicators will be need to be measured: - Ambient freshwater and coastal water quality: pH, conductivity (EC), total -3 suspended solids (TSS), BOD5, COD, Fe, Al, nitrate-nitrite (NO2 ), phosphate (PO4-P), dissolved oxygen - Integrity of coastal wetlands and condition of any wetlands restored as part of coastal aquaculture environmental management plan: area of wetland by wetland category and condition of these wetlands SAMPLING • Ambient freshwater and coastal water quality: LOCATIONS - Four sampling locations within and adjacent to the aquaculture areas in each of the target Sub-Projects: one sampling location upstream and 3 sampling locations within the aquaculture area, as well as one sampling location in the near-shore coastal area of the coastal district of the target Sub-Projects. • Integrity of coastal wetlands and condition of restored wetlands: - All coastal wetlands throughout the coastal districts of the target Sub-Projects will be surveyed SAMPLING • Ambient freshwater and coastal water quality: SCHEDULE, FIRST - Each year; 2 times per year in each survey location (once after each shrimp AND SECOND crop and once during rainy season) INVESTMENT • Integrity of coastal wetlands and condition of restored wetlands: PHASES - Annually: Year 1 to provide a pre-Project baselines ADDITIONAL • Up to date, timely, and accurate information for each year of Project on: DATA AND - land use and commodity production INFORMATION TO - construction and operation of the target Sub-Project BE COLLECTED RESPONSIBILITIES •Environmental Safeguard Contractors will be engaged to implement this FOR component of the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program under the IMPLEMENTATION direction of the Sub-Project SIU. Detailed ToR for the Contractor will be prepared by the Consultant Environmental Specialist during Detailed Design Phase for the NDMP EMP. Consultant Environmental Specialist will oversee and guide Environmental Safeguard Contractor during first three years of implementation. REPORTING • for first three years of Sub-Project implementation, Consultant Environmental REQUIREMENTS Specialists, with the assistance of the Environmental Safeguard Contractors, will include results in annual Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan Reports. After this, reporting responsibility will lie solely with Environmental Safeguard Contractors. The Environmental Safeguards Contractors will also be required to prepare a six-month progress report in each year of the monitoring.

NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 108 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION UNIT Table 5-5. Dam Safety Monitoring for NDMP MONITORING • Determine temporal changes in the dam's substance and its safety to have OBJECTIVE prompt solution. • Evaluate the effect of the dam safety program. INDICATORS TO • Dam shifting, sinking, absorbent BE MONITORED • Water flow and water elevation. SAMPLING • At the dam, the junction of the 3 entry-rivers. LOCATIONS SAMPLING • Once a day in flood reason and once a week in dry season. SCHEDULE RESPONSIBILITIES • an experts employed by PPU and Reservoir Management Unit will be engaged FOR to implement this component. Detailed Terms of Reference for the Contractor IMPLEMENTATION will be prepared by the Consultant Specialist during Detailed Design Phase.

REPORTING • reporting responsibility will lie solely with Reservoir Management Unit of the REQUIREMENTS Nghe An Water Resource Enterprise and the reports will be submitted annually to Northern Nghe An Water Resource Company and Nghe An DARD.

NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT 109