..- - Vietnam: Mekong Delta Water Management for Rural -,. Development Project ..-Public Disclosure Authorized (MDWM-RDP) - -
.. Public Disclosure Authorized ..- - ..-
-..Public Disclosure Authorized ..- ..- ..- ..- Public Disclosure Authorized
- 29 March 2011 - - In l'i.8!f¥§i.w_»o"" . .. III
III iii CONTENT • CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...... 1 • 1.1 Objectives and scope ofREA...... 1 •III 1.2 Government's EIA Regulation ...... 3 • 7 .. CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....•••...... ••.••....•••....•.••••••...... 2.1 Objective ofthe project...... 7 • 2.2 Components ofthe project...... 7 •II 2.3 Project area and keys activities ofthe project...... 10 • 13 .. CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND ...•.•...•.••••.....••.•...... If 3.1 Overview on the Mekong Upstream Development and Climate Change ...... 13 .. 3.2 Background on the Mekong Delta ...... 17 •II 3.3 Background on Bac Yam Nao Project Area ...... 26 " 3.4 Background on OMXN Project Area ...... 32 • II 3.5 Background on QLPH Project Area ...... 37 .. 3.6 Background 'on Dong Nang Ren Project Area ...... 41 .. 3.7 Background on Ca Mau Project Area ...... 47 • • CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND .. MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 50 •iii 4.1 Scope ofthe Assessment ...... 50 " 4.2 Overall Potential Impacts ...... 51 .. II 4.3 Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigations ofComponent 2 ...... 51 .. •" •.. - - - 4.4 Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigations of Component 3 ...... 69 • List of Tables -• Table 2.1: List of the First Cycle Subprojects...... 9 - Table 2.2: Proposed Schedule for the Cycles 2 and 3 Subprojects...... 10 - Table 2.3. List of Component 2 and 3 subprojects...... 11 - Table 3.1: Monthly average wind speed in Chau Doc station...... 28 - Table 3.2: Flow distribution in BVN subproject area...... 28 - Table 3.3:Agriculturalland use in BVN, 2009...... 31 - Table 3.4: Distribution of subproject area with elevation...... 32 - Table 3.5 Monthly average humidity...... 33 _ Table 3.6: Rainfall (mm) through many years in subproject site...... 33
Table 3.7: Distribution of Land use in 2007 - OMXN beneficial subarea...... 34
Table 3.8: Land use for 0 Mon Xa No Sub-project...... 36
- Table 3.9: Land use for QLPH subproject area...... 39 -- Table 3.10: Analysis results of Surface Water Quality ofthe DNR subproject area...... 44 - Table 3.11: Analysis results of groundwater quality in the project area...... 45 ..- Table 3.12: The actual land use in DNR subproject area ...... 47 - Table 4.1 Lists of sluice location with new technology...... 69 .. Table 4.2 Summary ofbeneficiaries ofthe Component 2 subprojects (based on - prefeasibility data)...... 73 .. Table 4.3 Summary ofbeneficiaries of Component 3 subprojects (based on initial data) 74 - Table 4.4 Summary of areas, beneficiaries, and affected population of the subprojects.. 75 - - Table 4.5: Summary ofthe potential negative impacts of Component 2 subprojects...... 76 Table 4.6: Extent ofthe potential impacts on local environment and peoples'during ..... 79 - constructions phase -- • • !III Table 4.7 (a) Affected households and population for the first five subprojects of 81 .. Component 2 ...... Table 4.7 (b) Level ofland acquisition for the first five subproject ofComponent 2...... 82 Table 4.8 Data on Water Supply Systems (*initial data provided by the provinces via ... CPO in February 2011)...... 84 • Table 4.9 Summary ofpotential negative impacts ofComponent 3 subprojects...... 86 ..II
List of Figures ".. Figure 2.1: Map showing location ofactivities...... 12 .. Figure 3.1: Fish farming Output in Mekong delta, Vietnam ...... 25 .. Figure 3.2: Map ofthe BVN subproject area position in An Giang province ...... 37 •.. Figure 3.3: QLPH subproject area in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu provinces ...... 38 .. Figure 3.4: Location ofDNR Subproject...... 42
Figure 4.1 Models ofPontoon dam sluice and Buttress dam sluice ...... 90 •" ".. List of Appendixes " Appendix 1 Detailed TOR for REA • Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change II• Appendix 3 Brief Background on the Project Provinces Appendix 4 Public Consultation Pictures .. Appendix 5 Maps of Project Areas .. List of References ..• 1. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) 2. Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) •.. 3. Ethnic Minority Policy Framework (EMPF) 4. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) II 5. Pest Management Plan (PMP) .. ..If! ..'" - - - Abbreviations BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BVN Bac Vam Nao subproject ....» CBD International Convention on Biodiversity CERWASS Centre for Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation - CPMU Central Project Management Unit CPO Central Project Office ofMARD .. CWRPI Centre for Water Resources Planning and Investigation - DARD Department ofAgriculture and Rural Development DONRE Department ofNatural Resources and Environment - - DOST Department ofScience and Technology .. DNR Dong Nang Ren subproject DWRM Department ofWater Resources Management ..- EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ECOP Environmental Code ofPractices - EMDP Ethnic Minority Development Plan - EMP Environment Management Plan - EMPF Ethnic Minority Policy Framework ... ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework GoV Government ofVietnam ...- IPM Integrated Pest Management IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management - LEP Law on Environmental Protection .. LPLDs Law on the Promulgation ofLegal Documents - LWR Law on Water Resources .. MARD Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Development MOC Ministry of Construction ..- MOET Ministry ofEducation and Training MOFI Ministry ofFisheries (now merged into MARD) - MOH Ministry ofHealth - MOl Ministry of Industry and Trade .- MOJ Ministry ofJustice . ..- MONRE Ministry ofNatural Resources and Environment - • • MOST Ministry of Science and Technology • MOT Ministry ofTransport .. MPI Ministry ofPlanning and Investment .. MRC Mekong River Commission NA National Assembly ofthe Socialist Republic ofVietnam •.. NRWSSS National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy NWRC National Water Resources Council • NWRS National Water Resources Strategy l1li OMXN o Mon Xa No subproject • OP Operation Policy of World Bank • PMP Pest Management Plan ., PMUIO Project Management Unit Number 10 .. PPC Provincial People's Committee PPMU Provincial Project Management Unit • QCVN National Technical Regulations • QLPH Quan Lo Phung Hiep subproject • RAP Resettlement Action Plan .. REA Regional Environment Assessment RPF Resettlement Policy Framework •.. SIA Social Impact Assessment REA Regional Environment Assessment ..• RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation SIA Social Impact Assessment • SIWRP Southern Institute of Water Resources Planning • TCVN National Environmental Standards • VNMC Vietnam National Mekong Committee • WB World Bank Units: •.. km kilometer Square kilometer km2 •II m2 Square meter m3 Cubic meter .., II sec second ha hectares .. III
•III •II - - Abbreviations of Legal Document Symbols
.. .I.. .IQH Law ofNational Assembly .. .1.. .IPL-UBTVQH Ordinance of Standing Committee of the National Assembly .. .I... /ND-CP Decree of Government .. .I.. .IQD-TTg Decision of Prime Minister ... I ... /QD-B~ Decision ofMinistry ofAgriculture and Rural Development - ... I ... /TT-B~ Circular ofMinistry ofAgriculture and Rural Development - ... I ... ITTLT-B~-B1\r\T Joint Circular ofMARD and Ministry of Interior Affairs ... I ... ITTLT-B~-BTC Joint Circular ofMARD and Ministry of Finance - .. .I .. .IQD-BTNMT Decision of Ministry ofNatural Resources and Environment .. .I...ITT-BTNMT Circular ofMinistry ofNatural Resources and Environment .. .I ...ITTLT -BTNMT- B1\r\T Joint Circular ofMONRE and Ministry of Interior Affairs - .. .I .. .ITTLT-BTNMT-BTC Joint Circular ofMONRE and Ministry of Finance .. .I .. .ICT-BTNMT Directive ofMinistry ofNatural Resources and Environment - .. .I .. .IQD-~ Decision ofDepartment of Water Resources Management .. .I .. .IQD-BTC Decision ofMinistry ofFinance - .. .I .. .IQD-BXD Decision of Ministry of Construction .. .I .. .IQD-BGTVT Decision of Ministry ofTransport - .. .I .. .IQD-BCA Decision ofMinistry ofPublic Security - .. .I .. .ITT-BTC Circular ofMinistry of Finance ... I ... /TT-BXD Circular ofMinistry ofConstruction - ... I ... ITT-BGTVT Circular ofMinistry ofTransport - .. .I.. .ITT-BCA Circular ofMinistry ofPublic Security - .. .I .. .IQD-~D Decisionofthe People's Committee - .. .I.. .ICT-UBND Directive ofthe People's Committee - .. .I.. .IQD-HDND Decision ofthe People's Council - .. .I.. .ICT-HDND Directive ofthe People's Council - - -- - • • • Preface .. This Regional Environment Assessment (REA) report is prepared by the Institute for Water • Resources and Environment (IWE) under guidance of an international consultant who has • experience with World Bank's safeguard. It was prepared as required by the World Bank's safeguard for the Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development .. (MDWRM-RD) project to be implemented during 2011-2016. Objective and scope of the REA • and description ofthe project is provided in Chapters 1 and 2, respectively. • The report provides environmental background of the Mekong Delta with specific attention on the .. five project areas where most of the subproject will be carried out: Bac Yam Nao (BVN); 0 Mon Xa No (OMXN); Quan Lo-Phung Hiep (QLPH); Dong Nang Ren (DNR); and Ca Mau. It also assessed the overall potential impacts of the MDWRM-RD project in light of the scope of work '".. and key activities to be undertaken as well as proposed mitigation measures to be carried out under the project. Key findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of specific subprojects .. for BVN, OMXN, and DNR were also taken into account. • Given the nature of the subproject cycle, an Environment and Social Management Framework • (ESMF) has been prepared to provide guidance for the safeguard screening, impact assessment, iii and preparation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the subproject. The ESMF also outlines the mitigation measures to be carried out during construction through the Environmental Code of Practices (ECOP) for civil works and a guideline for water quality monitoring. It also ".. includes a Pest Management Plan (PMP) which has been prepared to guide the preparation of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as the mitigation measure during operation phase. The ESMF • including ECOP and PMP are prepared as a standalone document as required by the World Bank .. and they will be applied to all the subprojects. Consultation with key stakeholders was made III' during the preparation of this report. • • Contact detail: •.. Ngo Thi Binh, Team leader • Institute for Water resource and Environment 165/2 Chua Boc street, Dong Da district, Hanoi, Vietnam • Tel: 84-43-5638095 • Email: [email protected] ...... • .. til • - - RI (,[(If,,\] ",\JRllN\!1 1\:1 \SSI SS!'vH ',I IIi I','RI ..- 1\11 !>.t INt, Il' I L\ \\ \! I H 1<1 S( llllWI S 1\1 \N \01 \1I "' I I \ II( R! ;< \! 1>1 \ I It ,1"-11 N I I'R( ).11 t I CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION - The Government of Vietnam and its representative Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) are now preparing a Feasibility Study (FS) for the "Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project (the Project), which will be - proposed for the World Bank (the Bank, WB) financing. MARD assigned its Central Project - Office (CPO) to be responsible for project preparation. The total project cost is about - US$ 206 million. - To ensure that the Project will not cause adverse impacts on the local people and local environment, the World Bank has categorized the Project as a 'Category B Project' and out of - the ten safeguard policies, five will be triggered: environmental assessment (OP 4.01), pest - management (OP 4.09), indigenous peoples (OP 4.10). involuntary resettlement (OP4.12), and international waterways (OP 7.50). To comply with these policies, preparation of the - following documents is required: a Regional Environmental Assessment (REA), a Pest - Management Plan (PMP); code of environmental practice for all type of civil works (ECOP), a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), an Ethnic Minority Development Framework (EMDF); and the Resettlement Actions Plans (RAPs), the Ethnic Minority Development Plan - (EMDPs), and the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ofthe subprojects. - In December 2010, three groups of national consultants were mobilized to develop an REA, including social assessment (SA), as well as to prepare safeguard documents as required by - the World Bank. Related documents such as RPF, EMDF, ESMF, ECOP, and PMP and TOR are provided in Appendix 1. The Institute of Sociology (lOS) was assigned to carry out the - social assessment and preparation of the RPF and the EMPF while the Institute for Water - Resources and Environment (IWE) was assigned to carry out the environmental aspect, including the ESMF, the ECOP, and the PMP. The reports on social assessment, the RPF, the - EMPF are provided separately. In parallel to these assignment, a separate effort was made - (under a separate TOR) to prepare RAPs, EMDPs, and EMPs of the first five subprojects to be implemented during the first subproject cycle. The RAPs and the EMPDs were carried out - by the National Institute of Agriculture Planning and Projection (NIAPP) while IWE carried - out the EMP of these subprojects. The RAPs, EMDPs, and EMPs reports are presented - separately. - IWE carried out environment studies in December 2010-February 2011. In cooperation with lOS, two public consultations were conducted to facilitate data collection and solicit local - opinions and suggestions. The first consultation, conducted from 8 to 17, December 2010 in - the six provinces and Can Tho, focused on data collection and general opinion on the project. The second consultant was made from 19 to 26 January and from 8 to 14 February, 2011 with - the provinces to be involved in the first five subprojects and participants also included representatives from local communities, affected populations, and women unions. IWE and - lOS also participated in a number of World Bank missions and discussions with local - agencies and provinces. 1.1 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF REA - 1.1.1. Objectives - Main purpose of the REA is to identifY potential impacts of the Project so as to ensure that potential negative impacts are adequately mitigated to an acceptable level and that an - opportunity to enhance the potential positive impacts is integrated in the project design. Chapter 1:INTRODUCTJON _ - •II 1<1 (.II I', \1 I ,\\'11«",~1I '. I \\\1 \\\11 ',I 1/1 I'I'R I 1-.11 KPN\, [)II 1\\\ \111< III S\\I 1<('1 "~!\N\(,I \11 \d 1(1" I(I'I{\I \)1 \, ilWt.1I ',1,'''1).11, [ .. The REA report provides background information on the Mekong Delta focusing on the five " project areas (Chapter 3) and assesses any potential positive and negative impacts of the overall project (Chapter 4) including identification of proposed measures to be carried out .. during the Project implementation (Chapter 5) which later turned into a standalone ESMF. " Specific background on the five Project areas (Bac Vam Nao, 0 Mon-XaNo, Quan Lo-Phung Hiep, Dong Nang Ren, and Ca Mau) is provided in Chapter 3. Additionally, the TOR for REA preparation, potential impacts of upstream development on the Mekong delta, brief ".. description of the Project provinces, additional maps, consultation reports, and water quality data are provided in appendixes. The SA report and the standalone ESMF, ECOP, and PMP are provided separately. Ii•
1.1.2. Scope of REA I In line with the TOR, tasks listed below outline the scope of REA and methodology for data " collection and assessment: .. Task 1. Mekong Delta projile/baseline -review ofsecondary data Review existing documents and data related to environment conditions in the 6 provinces and 1 city. Specific conditions include: (i) existing land use; (ii) locations of protected areas, forest/mangrove/natural habitats, and cultural heritage sites; (iii) acid sulfate soil/saline soil •" distribution; (iv) salinity intrusion patterns, (v) flood control, irrigation, and aquaculture II activities; (vi) surface water quality and locations of important pollution sources; (vii) I groundwater quality; (viii) agriculture activities and use of fertilizers and chemicals, and other environmental issues in the area. In this context, the team reviewed various documents related to the Mekong Delta as well as •.. the EIA studies for Bac Yam Nao, 0 Mon Xa No, and Dong Nang Ren and some MRC studies on potential impacts from upstream development and climate change in Vietnam. The key findings are provided in Chapter 3 while more details are provided in appendixes. II• Task 2. Project area projile/baseline -8econdary data collection At Project area level and/or site-specific level, collect available data on agro-chemical uses • and water quality to acquire more in-depth knowledge on issues related to water uses and .. water pollution in each Project areas and/or sites. Data on the use of fertilizers and chemicals was collected through the questionnaires ..• developed, distributed, and analysed by lOS while key water quality data in some project areas were presented in appendix. Task 3. Assessment ofproject Impacts •" Based on the fmdings in Tasks 1 and 2 and the project activities under Component 2 and Component 3 identified during. pre-appraisal, potential environment impacts (both negative and positives) were listed as per Chapter 4. The assessment was based on the national •" consultant teams' professional judgment and experience and comments from the WB's international consultants, who have experience in WB projects. Assessment of the potential .. impacts from upstream development on the Mekong Delta was made by reviewing the MRC II studies and a summary ofkey findings is included in Appendix 2. •III
II Chapter I: INTRODucrlON ...... - III (,J( IN \1 I","li{U',MI N I \<"sl'SSM! \ I I{! !'\l1{ I 1\11 K( )Nt; i)J 1 L\ \\ \ III{ HI SOllPCI S !\L\Nr\i.1 \It N I loR R! 'R \1 1>1 \ II {'I'\II ~,I I'R( )JIl I
Task 4. Assessment ofclimate change impacts This assessment was made by reviewing various studies related to climate change on the Mekong mainstream as well as on Vietnam and a summary of these studies is included in - Appendix 2, Task 5. Mitigation measures - In line with subproject cycles, the proposed mitigation measures to be carried out during Project implementation are provided in Chapter 5 which then forms the basis for preparation of a standalone ESMF, Key measures would include a safeguard screening process for - identifying safeguard issues, and a set of criteria for sub-project impacts assessment and - environment management plan (EMP - including consultation and disclosures requirements, EMP approval and clearance, and monitoring and reporting aspect). Specific requirements for contractors are to be included in the Contract. The ESMF also provides an indicative budget for safeguard activities including training of staff. The ESMF also follows the GoV's regulations on EIA (Decree No SO/2006IND-CP, Decree No. 211200SIND-CP and Circular - No. OS/200S/TT-BTNMT). .. Five EMPs have been prepared for the jirst jive subprojects: Bac Vam Nao subproject, 0 Mon Xa No subproject, Dong Nang Ren Subproject, 49 Soc Trang Bridges subproject, and 13 - Bac Lieu Bridges subproject. EMPs for other subprojects will be prepared during the - preparation ofthe second and third subproject cycles. - Task 6. Enhancement measures .. To proactively address the climate change impacts ~d sustainably enhance agriculture production, the Project was designed to increase knowledge, and awareness of climate change impacts in local authority and local people and encourage them to take proactive actions, and ...- facilitate future adaptation through some pilot programs. The PMP was also designed to promote reduction of used pesticides and fertilizers through sustainable rPM programs, as well as to assist poor farmers and vulnerable groups, Further consideration will be given to - enhancing cooperation among various project activities during project and preparation of - safeguard documents for the second and third cycles. Task 7. Consultation with stakeholders - Stakeholders concerned in this Project are (i) farmers, (ii) local governments, (iii) technical agencies and (iv)enterprises. During the preparation of the REA and SIA, two consultations ..- were made and representatives ofthese stakeholders were invited so that their background and interests could be taken into consideration. This is to avoid possible delay in project - implementation. Key findings are provided in Chapter 6 and Appendix 4, - Task 8. Implementation arrangement and budget allocation - An implementation arrangement of safeguard frameworks has been prepared in line with the overall project implementation arrangement. Although CPO and the implementing agencies - had experience with WB safeguard, but safeguard training to staff will be necessary since the - concept of implementing safeguard frameworks is new to them. Effort was also made to .. provide an indicative budget for the mitigation measures. These are provided in Chapter 5 . - - Chapter 1: INTRODUC1'ION !tl{ "".i4_·~f .. • f(1 (.II I', \1 I~, \'llH INMI N j \'>'11 SSMI ',I III I'()I< I 1\11 huNC, Uti 1\1\ \111< 1<1 ,,(lII1H!" 1\1 \' \Id \11 '-I lell{ [{I,I< \1 ill \lllH'\1! ',II'I{()jI, I • 1.2 ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT LEGAL AND REGULATION • 1.2.1. World Bank's safeguard requirements To ensure that the Project will not create adverse impacts on the local people and II" environment, the World Bank has categorized the Project as a 'Category B Project' and out of their ten safeguard policies, five were triggered: environmental assessment (OP 4.01), pest .. management (OP 4,09), indigenous peoples (OP 4.10), involuntary resettlement (OP4.12), and international waterways (OP 7.50). This REA report is prepared in accordance with the • World Bank Operational Policy on environmental assessment (OPA.Ol, January, 1999) for Category B project that requires an "Environmental Management Plan (EMP) consists of II mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and " operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offiet them, or reduce them to acceptable levels n, As mentioned above, in addition to the REA, other relevant safeguard documents (SIA, PMP, RPF, EMDF, RAPs, EMDPs, and EMPs) have been prepared for the "• Project The World Bank's policy also requires public disclosure of all safeguard documents. • 1.2.2. GoV's EIA regulations • Regarding environmental protection, the Parliament of Vietnam promulgated the Law on Environment Protection (LEP No 52/2005/QHIl) which was enacted with its implementation • decree in 2006 (Decree No. 80/20061ND·CP instructing the execution of some provisions in LEP and Decree No. 81120061ND·CP on August 9th 2006 by the Government of Vietnam on • administrative penalization in environmental protection). The LEP specifies the • responsibilities and functions of central and provincial authorities, organizations and .. individuals in environment protection and pollution prevention and also stipUlates the development of environmental standards and submission of environmental impact assessment reports for new and existing facilities. It also requires responsible stakeholders to pay •.. compensation for environmental damage, establishes the rights of individuals and organizations to petition for enforcement of environmental regulations and call for civil and criminal penalties for violations. .." Specific regulations related to environmental impact assessment (EIA) are Decree No. 2112008/ND-CP. Decision No 13/2006/QD-B1NMT dated September 8th 2006 by Ministry •.. of Natural Resources and Environment guiding EIA, SIA appraisal activities. Based on Decree 91120021ND-CP dated November 11 th, 2002 on its functions, responsibilities, rights and structure, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) promulgated Circular No. 05/20081TT·BTNMT to instruct strategic environmental assessments, •" environmental impact assessments and environmental commitments, which replaced Circular No. 08/2006/TT-BTNMT dated September 8th 2006. Therefore, the regional environment assessment for the Project must strictly comply to those legal documents. ".. According to Decree 21, MONRE will be responsible to the Prime Minister for appraisal and • submission of EIAs in 7 specified groups (national parks, natural reserves, recognized cultural .. and historical sites, lands belonging to at least two localities, projects involving construction of permanent bridges equal to or longer than 1,000m, and hydroelectric plants with capacities of 100 cubic meters or higher). "• DONREs will be responsible to relevant Provincial Peoples' Committees (PPCs) for appraisal • and submission of EIAs in all other areas. Technical guidelines on specific EIA: According to .. LEP 2005, there are 10 specific EIA guidelines for hydropower, thermal power, urban Chapter I: INTRODUCTION _ • .." -
1,ll.!(j', \1 1 ~,\!I{,'NMI ~,i \S"I'\Sl\l!"',1 I<11'l'RI - 1\11 KuNl, IJII Ii\ \\ \ 111< HI S(JI'IWI S 1\1 \". \{,jr..!i N I I (,I{ !~l'll \1 1)1 \ J I UP\!! ',I 1'1,1 ).11 l J
planning, industrial zone planning, road traffic, rock mining, cement, brewery, textile, and - offshore gas extraction. Regarding construction, the Vietnamese parliament and Government promulgated the Law on - Construction No. 16/2003/QHll and some decrees such as the Decree No.12/20091ND-CP dated 10th February 2009 on management ofconstruction and investment projects and Decree - No. 209120041ND-CP dated 16th December 2004 on quality control of construction projects. - In terms of planning, land acquisition and resettlement, the parliament and government of Vietnam promulgated laws, decrees and circulars as follows: Law on Land No.13/2003/QHll dated 26th November 2003 in replacement of the laws - promulgated from 1987 to 1993; - Decree No. 181/20041ND-CP on instruction on executing the Land law 2003; Decree No. 197/20041ND-CP on compensation, support and resettlement when the State - acquires land; - Decree No. 17/20061ND-CP on adjustment to some articles of the decree No. .. I81/20041ND-CP and the Decree No. 197/20041ND-CP; Circular No. I 16/2004/IT-BTC on instruction on executing the Decree NO.197/2004IND - CP; Decree No. 188/20041ND-CP on method of land price determination and price frame of - land types; - Besides, the following laws and regulations are based to prepare the environmental assessment report, including: - - Law on Forest Development and Protection No. 29/2004/QH11; - Law on Labor 2002; - Law on People's Health Protection; - Law on Cultural Heritage No. 28/2001lQHIO; Law on Water Resources No. 811998/QHIO; - Decision No. 22/2006/QD-BTNMT issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and - Environment dated 18th December 2006 on strictly applying environmental standards. Ministry ofNatural Resources and Environment and Ministry of Public Health are responsible - for developing environmental standards for Vietnam national engineering regulations. - Environmental assessments shall be carried out in strict adherence to the following Vietnam • environmental standards: Water QCVN 0 I :2008IBYT: National technical regulations on quality of drinking water - QCVN 02:2008IBYT: National technical regulations on quality of domestic water - QCVN 08:2008IBTNMT: National technical regulations on quality ofsurface water • QCVN 09:2008IBTNMT: National technical regulations on quality ofgroundwater QCVN 1O:2008IBTNMT: National technical regulations on quality of about coastal water - QCVN II :2008IBTNMT: National technical regulation on Industrial wastewater quality. • QCVN 14:2008IBTNMT: National technical regulations on quality of domestic wastewater - - QCVN 24:2008IBTNMT: Industrial wastewater - Discharge standards - TCVN 5502:2003: Supplied water - Requirements for quality Chapter I: INT'RODUCI10N _ - • I!i ,./11', \1 I N\ 111t>N\;1l N i \SSI \S~,I\ ',I In I', 'R I MI !>.(IM, IJI I L\ I'. \ I! I( Hi S( ,I 'Ret S f\l \1'1'\{ ,11\11 ',I 1\iR RI'I( \1 DL\ I 1\lI'i\il 1'1 I 1'1{(),11 ( I • - TCVN 6773:2000: Water quality - Water quality for irrigational purposes • - TCVN 6774:2000: Water quality - Water quality for aquaculture protection • - TCVN 7222:2002: Water quality - Water quality for concentrated domestic water • Soil - QCVN 03 :20081BlNMT - National technical regulation on the allowable limits of heavy • metals in the soils; .. QCVN 15:2008IBlNMT: National technical regulation on pesticide existence in soil. • Decision No.27/2004/QD - BXD dated on 09-11-2004 by the Minister of Ministry of .. Construction on the promulgation of TCXDVN 320:2004 "Landfill for hazardous waste Design standards" Atmosphere •.. - QCVN 05:2008: Air quality - Standards for ambient air quality QCVN 06:2008: Air quality - Maximum allowable concentration of hazardous substances in the ambient air. .." - QCVN 07:2008: Air quality - Thresholds of hazardous substances in the air. - TCVN 6438:2001: Road vehicles - Maximum permitted emission limits of exhausted • gases .. Solid waste management TCVN 6438:2001 - Road vehicles - Maximum permitted emission limits ofexhaust. •II TCVN 6696:2009: Solid waste - Sanitary landfill. General requirements for environmental protection. - QCVN 07:2009: National technical regulations for classification of hazardous wastes •.. - QCVN 25:2009: National technical regulations for wastewater of solid waste sites Vibration and Noise • - QCVN 27:20101BTNMT - National technical regulation on Vibration (replace TCVN • 6962:2001 - Vibration emitted by construction works and factories - Maximum permitted levels in the environment of public and residential areas; • - QCVN 26:20101BTNMT - National technical regulation on Noise (replace TCVN .. 5948:1999 Acoustics - Noise caused by transportation means when speeding - Allowable level) •.. - TCVN 5949:1998 Acoustics - Noise in public and residential areas - Allowable level Labor Health and Safety - Decision No.3733/2002/QD-BYT dated 10/10/2002 by Ministry of Healthcare on the •II application of 21 Labor health and safety standards concerning microclimate, noise, vibration, Chemicals - Permitted level in the working environment.
Moreover, the following standards shall be applicable to the planning and design of infrastructure, operation and management of water supply systems and their water sources: - Decision NO.628IBXD-CSXD by the Ministry of Construction (MOC) dated 14th • December 1996: Vietnamese Construction Regulations and Standards; • - Design standards No. 20TCN-33-85 for water supply projects; • Instructions for preparation and approval oftown construction planning ofMOC in 1998; .. Chapter 1: INTRODUCl'JON _ " ".. -
Rl toll IN \[ l N\'HWNl\lI N I \:-,:-,rSS\ll N i 1<1 f'( ,I{ 1 - !-;\IN(, Rl S f\f\\,;\(i! \11 NI lUI{ R!d< 1)1 \ II lij'\11 t : 1\11 DJ I 1\\\ \111< S()\'RL'I \1 ',II'ROJI
Construction standard TCXD No.66:1991 on Operation of water supply and drainage systems - Safety requirements; Construction standard TCXD No. 76: 1979 on Procedures for technical management in - operation of water supply systems; and Construction standard TCXD No.233: 1999 on criteria used for choosing surface water, - groundwater sources to serve domestic water supply system.
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------..- - - Chapter I: IN'IRODucnON _ - • • • ..• • • ., .. • • • .. • .. .. • • .. ... • • ..• .. II ...... -
RI (dUN \1 I N\ W,)NMI '! I \SSj :;:-,(\11 N i RI 1'()1, I - - 1I.1I'1,1)\(,1)1! L\\\Al!Rl Component 2: Improvement and Rehabilitation of Water Resources Infrastructure •II (US$ 143.0 million). This component would support the improvement and rehabilitation of water resources in selected water management schemes. The works would include: (a) major maintenance of existing under-performing infrastructure (e.g., canal dredging, re •.. sectioning and lining repairs, and rehabilitation of dykes), (b) completion and/or minor upgrading of existing infrastructure (construction of secondary and tertiary sluices gates, construction of small bridges, upgrading dykes), and (c) rehabilitation and repairs to the .. tertiary and quaternary irrigation facilities with support to establish WUOs. This • component will be implemented through a three cycle subproject approach. During project preparation, the five first cycle sub-projects (with investments totaling approximately US$ 63.0 million) have been identified as first year subproject and fully prepared with the detailed design. Subsequent subprojects would be identified and prepared during implementation of the project. This component would also include facilities to support civil works such as: (i) feasibility studies and safeguard documents, (ii) detailed design, (iii) environmental and safeguard monitoring, and (iv) support for implementing integrated pest management. The cost for land appropriation, estimated at US$18.9 million, would be exclusively financed by the Government. Second and third • cycle subprojects would start March 2012 and May 2014 accordingly. Prior to .." Chapter 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION .. ..I' - R! ,,!U'. \1 I \VII« IN\H N I \""1 '\S\1I ". J 1<1 1'\ 1', I - MI K( IN( I 1)1 I I \ \\ .\ II R RI S(!l RC I S \j,\N \(,j \11 Nfl ( JR HI H,\I Dl \ ( I '11',11 N I 1'I!t lJl C j commencement of second and third cycle subprojects, feasibility studies and safeguard - documents would be sent to the Bank for review and approval. Component 3: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (US$45.0 million). Activities will - include upgrading and construction of small piped rural water supply systems in the 7 project provinces/municipalities benefitting about 60,000 households. This Component - would include the following subcomponents: (a) support for rural water supply infrastructure, and (b) provision of sanitation facilities to about 15,000 households and 35 public schools in the 6 project provinces and Can Tho municipality. Similar to - Component 2, this component would also be implemented through a three cycle subproject approach, and two subprojects have been identified as the first cycle subprojects. Timing - of the second and third cycle is the same as Component 2 and prior to commencement of second and third cycle subprojects, feasibility studies and safeguard documents would be - sent to the Bank for review and approval. - Component 4: Project Management and Implementation Support (US$6.6 million). This component would support the incremental operating costs and logistic support for the Central Project Management Unit (CPMU), Provincial Project Management Units (PPMUs), and Provincial Center for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (PCERWASs). The Government will finance: (a) project staff and associated per diems, (b) office space, - (c) fuels and (d) utilities whereas the Bank funds would be used to finance: (a) office .. furniture, (b) logistic support (vehicles), (c) office supplies and (d) communications . - - Table 2.1: List ofthe First Cycle Subprojects ... Subprojects Scope of activities 1. OMXN in Can The subproject comprises the following elements: Construction of - Tho, Kien Giang, 99 sluices; rehabilitation and reinforcement of 16 km ofXa No dike. - and Hau Giang .. Installation of Surveillance, Control, and Data Analysis (SCADA) Province systems .. 2. BVN in An Improve irrigation, flood control, and agricultural production by i Giang province dredging of 20 canals total length of 72.3 km of irrigation and - drainage canals; upgrading the 120 small sluices; Installation of ... Surveillance, Control, and Data Analysis (SCADA) systems .. 3. Dong Nang Ren Reinforce 9.7 km of Nang Ren dyke; Dredging of existing canals: in Bac Lieu Ranh, Hai Hau, Ba Tinh, Hai Thang, Thanh Long - Gia Hoi; - province Construction of 6 sluices and 7 rural bridges - Chapter 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION - J II fiB ]11 iftt \I !tI, {llilil i_I -Ubi· .... Rlldul>l \1 I !\;V!f'll'\\!1 N I IS,:! SSi\1l N I HI 1'( 11\ I 11<11 ~()N(, III I I \ vI \11 lot 1<1 S(ltd,( IS 1\1 \N\ld \11 ~.I i<11{ Rl'f( \\ 1)1 \'11 4. Bridges in Bac Resume and improve rural transport in QLPH irrigation area by i Lieu Province constructing 13 bridges over the secondary canals in Bac Lieu province .." 5. Bridges in Soc Resume and Improve rural transport in QLPH irrigation area by • Trang province constructing 49 bridges over secondary canals in Soc Trang province. • •Ii Table 2.2: Proposed Schedule for the Cycles 2 and 3 Subprojects •.. 2)12 2)13 :D14 2)15 2)16 J f MAM1JASOND 1 f MAMJJASOND J f MAMJJASOND Cycle 2 , Identification - FeasibilityStudies and Safeguard Documents Detailed Design - • !OviIWorl:s - Cycle 3 ,Identification •" ifeasibilityStudies and Safeguard Documents -- I~etailed Design OvilWorl:s - •Ii Prior to the commencement of the civil works for the Cycle 2 and 3, the PMU 10 has to submit a set of feasibility studies and safeguard documents (EMP, EMDP, and RAP) for I the review and approval of the Bank according to the following targeted schedule (a) Submission of the Cycle 2 Feasibility Studies and Safeguard Documents: September 1, , 2012; and (b) Submission of the Cycle 3 Feasibility Studies and Safeguard Documents: March 1, 2014, Satisfactory preparation of the Cycles 2 and 3 feasibility studies and • safeguard documents are conditions for the disbursement for Cycle 2 and 3 Subprojects. •.. 2.3PROJECT AREA AND KEYS ACTIVITIES OF THE PROJECT The project area will cover the western part of Mekong Delta of the 6 provinces (An Giang, Kien Giang, Ca Mau, Hau Giang, Bac Lieu, and Soc Trang) and Can Tho I Municipality. Location of the water supply subprojects (Component 3) will be located independently in the 6 provinces and Can Tho Municipalities. Locations of the irrigation , related subprojects (Component 2) are located in the following five existing .. irrigation/flood control areas: o Ompn-Xano (OMXN: About 8 subprojects have been proposed of which three subprojects will be implemented starting the first year. Main activities involve I dredging /dyking of existing primary, secondary canals, and construction of sluices, rural bridges; o Bac Vam Nao (EVN): There is one subproject and the proposed activities would cover I dredging/dyking and construction of rural roads and bridges; o Quan Lo-Phung Hiep (QLPH): There are eleven proposed subprojects located in and/or extension of this area of which 9 subprojects will involve dredging/dyking • Chapter 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION •Ii I - RI (01(1', if f t-:\ IIHlN\1l N I 1\\'\1 SS1\l1 ' I RIp,)1\ I 11.11 f Ill,(, DII 1\\\ ill R kl sOL Rli S M \" \(01 1\\1 ',I I( ,!? lurKil ill VII lil'\ll Nll'R(lIl ('I and/or construction of sluices and rural bridges and two subprojects cover construction of 49 small and medium size bridges in Soc Trang and 13 bridges in Bac Lieu. o Dong Nang Ren (DNR): There is one subproject to be implemented in the first cycle. The subproject draws water supply from QLPH. The activities would cover dredging/dyking and construction of sluices and bridges; and .... Table 2.3 summarizes a list of the proposed subprojects to be implemented under Components 1 and 2. Figure 2.1 shows locations ofthe project areas. - Table 2.3. List of Component 2 and 3 subprojects - Subprojects Project description - First cycle subprojects The subproject comprises the following elements: - (1) OMXN 1 (Can Tho, Construction of 99 sluices; rehabilitation and reinforcement of Kien Giang, Hau 16 km ofXano dike; and Installation of Surveillance, Control, Giang) and Data Analysis (SCADA) systems. Improve irrigation, flood control, and agricultural production (2) BVN in An Giang by dredging of 735 km of irrigation and drainage canals; - province installation of 297 small sluices; and construction of about 800 km of rural roads to facilitate modernization. Reinforce 9.7 km of Nang Ren dyke; Dredging of existing (3) Dong Nang Ren in canals: Ranh, Hai Hau, Ba Tinh, Hai Thang, Th. Long - Gia - Bac Lieu province Hoi; Construction of 6 sluices and 6 rural bridges - (4) 13 Bridges in Bac Improve rural transport in QLPH irrigation area - Lieu province (5) 49 Bridges in Soc - Improve rural transport in QLPH irrigation area • Trang province (6) Extension of - existing water supply 12 systems (20-40 m3/hr) in An Giang (2) and Soc Trang (l0) - systems .. 47 systems (20-60 m3/hr) in An Giang (6), Bac Lieu (10), (7) Construction ofnew CaMau (5), Can Tho (13), Hau Giang (4), Kien Giang (4), and water supply systems - Soc Trang (5) - ..- .- .. Chapter 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION - .. HI ,dUN \1 1 NV":ON\11 ".! .\,<;1 SS\III\! HI 1'( iR 1 • 1\.11 L()~,( I IlI"l 1 \ \\ \ II R 1<1 SoURU S \1 \N \(,: \111', I lOR 1<1 R \1 J)l \ 1 101'\11 N I 1'1(011 C I • ..II • Figure 2.1. Map showing Locations ofactivities .. • LOCATION Of INVESTMENT PROJECTS •.. .." •.. •.. • .. • •.. • •.. "• ..II III + II "• Chapter 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION • .. ..• - - Ich 2:'. 20 II R[GIONAL CNVIRONMFN r ASSESSMFNr REPORT - 1\11 KOMi IlILI '\ \\ \ 11.1< RLsot·RCI S "I.\N \,11 1\11 N I I OJ{ Rl It\1 DI" II OI'MI N I PROJl C I CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND - 3.1 OVERVIEW ON THE MEKONG DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE - - (a) Upstream development The Mekong River] is one of the world's largest rivers, draining from the Tibetan plateau (the - highest and largest plateau on earth, with an average elevation of about 5,000 meters) to the South China Sea. The river flows through China's Yunnan Province, passes Myanmar, and runs through the Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The Mekong basin as a whole spans a wide range of altitude, latitude, climate and vegetation zones along the 4,200 kilometers (km) - length of the river. The upper part in China has a long and relatively narrow corridor and suitable for hydropower development and China is building a number of them. Of the total catchment of 2 - the Mekong (about 795,000 km ) the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) covers 77 percent of the entire basin and account for more than four-fifths of the water that drains the basin each year. It covers more than 85 percent of Lao PDR and Cambodia territory, the whole northeastern part of - Thailand, and part of the southern part of Vietnam. An average runoff is about 475 km 3 with a .. per capita water resources availability of about 8,500 m3 per person per year which is considered 'plentiful' in comparison to most other international river basins. Historical data suggested that - water flows from China and Myanmar account for some 18 percent of the total Mekong flows, - with a higher proportion during the dry season, when snow melt contributes significantly. The - remaining 82 percent of the water flows originates from Lao PDR (35 percent), Thailand (18 percent), Cambodia (18 percent), and Vietnam (11 percent). Management of the tributaries and their watersheds in the four lower countries thus plays a key role in management of the overall - Lower Mekong Basin. A large number of large hydropower projects are being developed in Loa .. PDR. . The Lower Mekong Basin covering the four lower countries is one of the world richest natural resources, fisheries, and biodiversity, especially TonIe Sap in Cambodia which is the largest - freshwater ecosystem. About 60 million people live in the Lower Mekong Basin and the .. percentage of population and territory within the basin vades between countries. Cambodia and Lao PDR lie largely within the basin but together comprise only 30 per cent of the basin - population. About 85 percent of the basin's population live in rural areas. Overall, population .. density is low at about 124 people per km2 although this masks large differences between the countries. More than 70 ethnic groups live in the Mekong region, most of them practising - subsistence agriculture in upland regions. However, this situation is expected to be changed - significantly after 2015 when the hydropower projects in China is fully operational as well as 1 In China's Yunnan Province, the Mekong is known as the Lancang. ..- - ., .. I I.'h ::;':;.::;011 R[(iIONAl CNVIRONMENT ASSI~SSMI:N r 1{I:PORT 1\11 K()Mi DJ L [.\ \\ \ f LR Rf SOl'RCl S 1\1.\N.\(,1 \If N f fOR Rl R \1 1)1 VII OI'l\1I N I PROII C I •iii those of the hydropower projects located in various tributaries of Lao PDR. Main impacts would • be due to change in water flow (both amount and pattern) and its related ecosystems in the lower .. part of the Mekong including the Mekong Delta. In principle. more dry water flow would be available for downstream uses while flood extent will be less severe during rainy seasons. • However, these changes will depend on the aggregate results of how the hydropower projects are .. operated which will be determined by the project owners who mostly come from the private sector. Main impacts of these upstream developments to the Mekong delta can be summarized as I follows: •" • Changes in water flow and salinity intrusion pattern: The 2015 screnario could increase • dry season flow by 70 percent at upstream stations and by 10 percent at the Mekong Delta • and will reduce wet season flow by 18 percent at the upstream stations and by 2 percent at the Mekong Delta. Increased dry season flow will reduce the extent of salinity intrusion •III in the delta and could benefit about 272,000 hectares of agricultural land which is about 16 percent ofthe current area that is affected by salinity. ..• • Change flood/flow pattern: The 2015 sceanrio could significantly change the natural flood pulse as well as flood time, flood duration, and flood area. The timing for transitional flow from the dry seas to wet season will be changed by starting 7-8 week •.. earlier at Chiangsan and about 1 week earlier at Kratie. Flood duration during transition period from dry to flood will be reduced by 2-4 weeks in the upstream of Pakse and by 1 week in the Mekong flood plain. Flood area in TonIe Sap would be about 5-10 percent (500-600 km2) as well as change the flood pulse. These changes will have significant impacts on fisheries and ecology in the Mekong delta including salinity intrusion pattern. • Reduction in sedimentation load and its associated nutrients. The load of suspended solid • (SS) is estimated to be about 160-165 million tons/year. Up to 50 percent of this amount • will be removed by the China dams and the 3S region in Cambodia. With the proposed 12 mainstream dams in the lower Mekong about half of the remaining load will be • removed so that the sedimentation load at Kratie would be about 25 percent of the current • load (about 42 million t0ns/year). Reduction in suspended solid will have significant impacts on the transportation of nutrients which naturally fertilizes 23,000-28,000 km2 of Cambodian and Vietnamese flood plains as well as destabilizing the river channels and coastline of the Mekong Delta. It is estimated that about 26,400 tons/year of nutrients are supplied to the Mekong floodplains and delta by the fine-sized suspended sediment load. Productivity of the coastal and marine fisheries will also be reduced due to reduction of nutrients in sediments. Reduction in sedimentation load will also reduce stability along the coast and increase coastal erosion and may affect coastal aquatic habitats and coastal •II shrimp farming. • ~ 0.. . «l o III -Ii20 - I l'h ~). '::0 II REGIONAL LNVIRONMEN r ASSESSMI:NT Hf:PORT -.. i\1I I(UN( I 1)1 I I \ \\ ,\ II R 1(1 SOl 'RCI S \L\N.\\ 11 \11 N I J OR RliI{ \1 1)1 \ I ! 01'\ 11 N I PI{()ILC! • Other local impacts: There would also be other direct and indirect impacts on water quality and water level however they are likely to be localized. There are also risk related - to increase water storage volume and extreme event risks. Although measures should be built to ensure that safety of dams are adequately addressed and monitored however emergency preparedness plan and other emergency services and mechanism should be - prepared in area with high risk. - (b) Climate changes Climate change adds another layer of uncertainty in long term planning and the impacts could be both positive and negative. Extreme events are likely to occur more often with a more - unpredictable effect. The increased likelihood of extreme events would increase the risk of - failure for dams and their key hydraulic components. The climate change effect may counteract andlor highthen the impacts due to the upstream development. For Vietnam, the forecasted climate impacts in year 2100 would likely to be an increase in rainfall in wet seasons and - decrease in rainfall in dry seasons of around 10 percent or more; increased intensity and frequency of storms and floods; and likely sea level rise of at least 1 meter. All areas of Vietnam - would experience precipitation changes, but the strongest effects are likely to be the increased .. rainfall in the wet season, particularly for the Mekong Delta, and the decreased rainfall in the dry season for the Central Highlands and South Central Coast. There may thus be an expansion ofthe - depths of flood areas, particularly into newer regions of the southern part of the delta. With .. regard to droughts, decreased rainfall in the dry season will increase pressure on water esources management in the Central Highlands, Central Coast, and Mekong Delta. With regarding to the - seas level rise, the biggest impacts would be felt in the Mekong Delta and Ho Chi Minh City where about 50% of land in Long An and Kien Giang provinces and 43% in Ho Chi Minh City - would be inundated. - A social impact study carried out by the World Bank2 suggested that local adaptation preferences - are socially differentiated and conditioned by a a number of social factors and nee de to be developed in consulation with key stakeholders, especially the poor and vulnerable groups. ...- Below highlighted some of the key recommendations for addressing the climate change impacts: • Combine investments in hard and soft adaptation options to meet the needs of the poorest - and most vulnerable given due attention to those related to irrigation and rural roads; - • Combining local knowledge and introduced best practice can offer insights on how to .. achieve a long term objectives without exacerbating vulnerability; • Better access to information, budget setting, and planning processes are needed across - multiple scales in order to foster socially-sustainable adaptation investments and reduce • potential for conflict. This includes improved citizen access to information, planning and - 2 World Bank study; The Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACe): Social Component (draft May 27, 2010). - - - 2] - .. lit I "b ::::'. :::() II REGIONAL ENVIRONi\.H~NT ASSI:SSl\lI:Nr RLPOR r [\11 !\.ON(, DIl.l \ \\ \ II R 1~I.S()lIRCI S f\1.\N ,\(,1 11.11 N I lOR Rl R \I J)f \ I 101'\11 N I PJ{oJ! C I policy processes; improved coordination between institutions both across vertical and horizontal scales; and provision of better early warning systems and climate forecasting .. technology. .,'" • Social policy interventions, including social protection, and education and training, are needed to help reduce shocks and stresses to households from climate variability and • change and support livelihood diversification. Programs need to ensure they target the poorest and most marginalized, and that they support area resilience outcomes. • Adaptation interventions that realize cobenefits with sustainable development should be pursued. Policies should not focus on climate change adaptation only but also address underlying drivers of vulnerability including lack of infrastructure, poor governance, . ..• regional bias in investments, and the need for flexible natural resource management i institutions and an enabling market environment. Such no-regrets options can be implemented now and will improve livelihoods even in the absence of climate change. • Governance matters. Improving climate change policies will require action that supports inclusive and participatory decision making; transparency among parties concerned; " accountability for decisions made; capacity to secure implementation and enforcement of .. decisions made; integration and coherence of policies across sectors and scales; and communication and consultation with vulnerable populations. A strong state will address .' vulnerabilities by designing, implementing and enforcing sustainable development policies. This includes translating policies into incentives and opportunities while using disincentives to discourage investments that may perpetuate vulnerability in the long • ~. ~ II '. 3.2 BACKGROUND ON THE MEKONG DELTA .. General characteristics: The Mekong Delta covers an area of approximately 55,000 square 2 kilometers (km ) which represents 7% of the total catchment area. The greater part of the delta 2 (39,000 km ) or about 4 million hectates (ha) is located in Vietnam. The upstream limit of the delta is generally regarded as being located near Kompong Cham in Cambodia. At Phnom Penh, • the Mekong is divided into 2 major rivers: Tien Giang and Hau Giang. Although these two rivers • flow almost parallely into the South China Sea, the Tien Giang is divided into a number of smaller branches before discharging while the Hau Giang more or less maintains a single straight : course. There are a number of small local drainage channels which traverse the delta plain, and which have formed the basis for a large part ofthe dense canal network covering delta today. The roughly triangular Ca Mau peninsula extends southwest of the Hau Giang and forms the divide I between South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. ',::,. Climate: The Mekong Delta lies within the humid tropics, characterized by consistently high I monthly temperatures (25-290C) and high seasonal rainfall (1,200-2,300mm). Seasonal climatic variations are predominantly controlled by the Asian monsoons. During the wet season from May - - I .:b ::::.;;. ::::0 II RIX}IONA! I:NVIRONMEN r ASSrSSTvIl:N r RLPORT - \11 KUMi DI L L\ \\,\ I LR RI sot'Rel S \1 \N.\(d \11 N I lOR Rl It,\! DI VII OJ'\l1 N I I'({()JI C I to November, the dominant winds are from the southwest, bringing over 90% of the annual total rainfall. During the dry season from December to April, with long hours of sunshine and higher - temperatures, winds comemainly from the northeast. Tropical depressions which developed over the South China Sea seldom reach the Mekong Delta, but the delta is may be periodically affected - by heavy rain, wind and high ocean waves which are associated with such storms situated offshore or in central Vietnam during the wet season. Some spatial variability in climatic conditions is apparent within the central inland areas (l200-l500mm), and the rainfall peak - during the wet season is attained earlier in the west (August) than in the central and eastern areas (October or November). - Floods and droughts: Floods and droughts are the key water resources management issue in the region. Flooding is a natural and recurrent phenomenon in the Mekong Delta. In the northern part and during wet season, large water flows often cause flash floods in the tributaries and mainstream. In downstream, large water flows create a reverse water flow in the TonIe Sap of Cambodia and expand its size four times larger than that of the dry season. Further downstream the Mekong spills over the flat plains and flood large areas for several months. Floods provide significant benefits to communities, as the rich ecosystem of flood plains and wetlands does rely on the annual cycle of flooding and recession. The seasonal changes in water level on the - Mekong inundated plains drives a seasonal migration of large water birds between wetlands. - Also, in the dry season wetlands are vital in maintaining breeding stocks for floodplain fish while in the wet season they function as breeding and nursery grounds for many fish species. - Importantly, this ecosystem, and the services it provides, contributes significantly to rural income and livelihood. Floodwaters from Cambodia are predominantly responsible for the flooding in the Plain of Reeds on the left bank of the Tien Giang. Floodwater tends to stagnate in the Plain of Reeds due to - landlocked situation and the ill-defined floodwater pathway through the area. Most of the floodwater drains back into the Mekong, and the remainder to the South China Sea through the - West Yam Co river. On the right bank of the Hau Giang, in the Long Xuyen Quadrangle, direct - overflow from the channel is more significant than in the Plain ofReeds, supplying up to 40% of - the floodwater here. Most of the floodwater drains away from this area to the Gulf of Thailand through the numerous canals and tidal creeks, accounting for 5% of the total discharge entering - the delta. .. In the lower delta and the coastal area, interaction between incoming tides and river discharge and local runoff are usually more important than overflow from the Tiane Giang and Hau Giang - Rivers. Storm conditions in the South China Sea may also result in the temporary high elevation ofthe sea surface and high waves, which may lead to the inundation of low-lying coastal areas by - sea water, especially if these conditions coincide with particularly high tides and high water ,.- levels within the local drainage system. Seawater enters the river mouths and causes saline ;.; o ..c:~ U -,- 23 •.. 1d) 2:'. :::011 RLGIONAL f'NVIRONMf:NT ASSI:SSMI'NT RI'POIn 1\11 /-',ON(j 1)/ I I \ \\ \ II R HI SOl 'RCI S [\1 \N,\( 11 \11 N I lOR Rl H \1 DI \ I 101'1\11 N I PHO.!I C I conditions in excess of 50 km upstream. Salinity structure within the main distributaries, such as , the Hau Giang, alternate between well-mixed conditions during peak tidal flow and stratified condition at lower current velocity. Another characteristic of tidal flow in the Mekong Delta is • tide asymmetry, due to friction exerted on the incoming tide by the shallow bottom causing tides .. rise more rapidly than fall so that the flood-tide currents to be faster than the ebb tides. This has • implications for sediment transport. If ill The large number of canals and local drainage system allow the intrusion of seawater 'into many parts of the delta plain away from the main channels. In particular, saline intrusion is severe and complex within the Ca Mau Peninsula due to the convergence of contrasting tidal regimes of the ..• South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, low freshwater discharge, and the interconnected nature of the waterways. The convergence of the two tidal characteristices also leads to , 'stagnation of water in the waterways of this region, hindering the inflow of irrigation water from the Hau Giang. • • Droughts: The low rainfall and high evaporation during the annual dry season place constraints .. on human habitation and activity in the Mekong Delta, where are as equally serious as those ., arising from the excess of rainfall during the wet season. The dry season lasts from December to II April, placing pressure on freshwater supply, especially toward the latter part ofthe season, as the freshwater discharge in the main river channels, surface water storages on the delta plain in backswamps and ponds etc., become depleted and the ground water level falls. These conditions I also give rise to other problems such as salinity intrusion in coastal areas and acidification in acid sulphate soils areas. ..• Soils The distribution of soil types in Mekong Delta is largely determined by the type of sedimentary •II environment. Superimposed on this spatial pattern is the history of land use, which has played a major role in converting potential acid sulphate soils into actual acid sulphate soils. Acid sulphate soils occupy 1.6 million ha, over 40% of the Vietnamese part of the Mekong Delta. The largest ..• and the most severe occurrences pfthese soils are located in the low-lying backswamp areas such as in the Long Xuyen quadrangle, the Plain of Reeds, and the Southern Ca Mau Peninsula. I Alluvial soils occupy approximately 1.2 million ha of the delta, forming a broad ribbon along the Tieng Gieng and Hau Giang rivers. It is often claimed that the deposition of fresh alluvium by • floods is significant in the maintenance of soil fertility within the delta. It is true that the highest .. soil fertility within the delta is associated with the levee areas especially of the upper delta. , However, several previous studies have indicated that the alluvial soils of the delta are not III particularly fertile compared to soils in other rice growing areas in tropical Asia. Nevertheless, • 24 •• -, I cb 25. 2011 RLGIONAL LNVIRONrvtLN r ASS[SSMENT rU~PORT _I !\ILKON(iD1Ll \\\ \ILRR1SOl'RCISl'.1'\N.\(>ll'.II'NIIOIZRI'it\! DIVIIOI'J\llNI PROJ1CI the alluvial soils of the levees constitute the most fertile and intensively cultivated areas of the Mekong delta. Saline soils form a continuous belt of200 to 50 km width along the South China Seas coast ofthe delta and occupied most of the Ca Mau Peninsula. The area of saline soils is over 700,000 ha. Permanently and strongly saline soils are found ate low elevations along the coast on tidal flats and in mangrove swamps. Salinity is the results of regular tidal inundation of the ground surface and the saline groundwater. Less saline soils are found over a large area commonly in backswamps distant from the main distributaries and which lack a significant drainage network. Salinity is mainly due to the capillary rise of salt from subsurface saline intrusion. Most saline soils of the delta are seasonal saline soils, salinity levels peak during the dry season. Saline soils of the Ca Mau peninsula have acid sulphate characteristics as well. Most of these are associated with former and current mangrove environment. Salinity intrusion Salinity problems in the Mekong Delta may be categorised into 3 main types on the basis of their ..., mechanism: channel, subsurface and relict. The first involves the upstream intrusion of sea water within the tributaries, tidal creeks and canals of the Delta. Saline water entering a single channel may be distributed over a wide area of the Delta plain by its tributaries. The extent of the intrusion depends, among other factors, on the freshwater discharge, size and morphology of the channel, configuration of the drainage network, tidal conditions and the existence of control structures such as sluice gates. Subsurface saline intrusion involves the penetration of saline groundwater beneath the Delta plain from the coast, or from channels containing saline water. Relict salt in sediments deposited under an earlier, marine-influenced phase causes salinity of - groundwater in some parts of the delta now located considerable distances inland such as An Giang province. ------,.- - -- •"" I ch 2'i. 2() II RLGIONAL ENVIRONMENT ASSrSS1vl\"NT RLPOR r • • • ). 1 , ) ) II N 1 (,({()II ('I Figure 3.1: The equal line of salinity in Mekong delta, 2009 "..III •.. B • CAM PUCHIA .. + • •" .. ".. BI~N I TAv " BI~N D6NG .. GHI CHU ....., -< t- Z OJ z2 , o cr: It > Need transaltion ofkey information. This figure is unlikely to be. the snqtural salinity profile bu rather a plan to for zoning? o " ...~ .. c.. ero .. 26" .." - I ell ::'. 2() II RLGIONAL ENVIRONl\lI NT ASSI'SS]\lI:NT RI:PORT ~ ... \11 kON(j IJI L 1\ \\ ,\ I LR RI.SOlIRCI S \1/\N.\(II \11 N I I Of{ Rl It'll D! \ II ()1'\1l N I PROJI C I Hxnh 3.1: ThAi gian duy trx ®e mAEn n"m 2009 ®ang b»ng 5«ng cou long - - - - B - CAM PU CHIA t - - - BU:ANTMY - - - - GHI CHUU - Nang (gI« m.lEn > 4 gil: to 1 ®On 5 th.ng Nang ®e m.lEn > 4 gil: tMi gian 6 th.ng $«ng, kanh r1 eh - Quae 16, t0nh 16 o Ranh gill quae gia - n x' .. ,.. 27 - .." leb ~~. :n II RLGIONAI [NVIRONMLN r :\SSrSSMLNT RLPORT f\ILKUN(, DII I \ \\ \ II R RI '>()l I RCI S \1 \"0.\(,1\11 N I I (lR Rl H \1 1)1 \ t I 01'\11 "0 I Pf{()11 C t .. il Water quality: AI Generally, according to the Vietnam Environment Monitor 2003 - Water, the water quality in the • major rivers of the Mekong River Delta is within the standard classes A-B. The only parameter that exceeds standard is BODS and, occasionally, ammonia (NH4). However, in the smaller ." tributaries, especially those in urban and industrialized areas, the water quality has been found to exceed the standard. Groundwater quality in the Mekong River Delta region is variable. i" Based on the Southern Institute of Water Resources Research's (SIWRP 2007) main report on "planning for integrated water resources management of river basins in Can Tho City" regarding • water quality, Hau River and canal water is not yet heavily polluted (except Coliform and E ... Coli). However, signs of organic pollution have appeared in several places (Can Tho River, 0 Mon canal, Tham Tuong canal sluice gates, and especially places where fish cages are installed). Ii" In the future, with the planned expansion of industrial zones (allocated planning from Thot Not to Cai Rang) and increasing urbanization, as well as production activities, pollution and quality degradation will pose such significant threats and dangers to the management of water quality, "at unless specific strategic planning on solid waste, wastewater and the usage of chemical agents in agricultural production activities is in place. Ii" In detail, according to the current result of pollution monitoring by DONRE (of Can Tho City) on the development of environmental quality in Can Tho City from 1999 to 2008, almost all of the drainage canals and main water supply sources within the city are heavily polluted; water turns .." black and smells dreadful. The problem with water pollution in Can Tho city has become a .. pressing concern. Almost all wastewater in Can Tho City remains untreated before discharging .. into the Hau River. Industrial waste is not separated and treated. Surface water in rural areas is polluted mainly by organic matter and bacteria. Seriously polluted surface water can pollutes groundwater, while the surface water of the main rivers, Hau River for instance, is contaminated ".. with organic and bacterial pollutants. In addition, based on the current pollution monitoring results produced by the DONRE on the development of environmental quality in Can Tho City 0 .. z ::; II from 1999 to 2008, almost all of the drainage canals and main water supply sources are heavily 0 0:: polluted. Canals polluted with BOD concentrations of 10-15 mg/l exceed the standard by two - C three times; Coliform of 4000-160,000 MPNIlOOml exceeds by more than 20 times. u~ II co< " Wastewater sources discharging into rivers and canals include: domestic (household waste) ....l < water, wastewater from industrial parks, handicraft workshops and villages, and from fisheries, f:o- Z I aqua-cultural and agricultural production and solid waste. These are the main sources of surface :..w :;?: water pollution in subarea. Other sources include activities upstream on the Mekong River and ~ waterway transport. Over the last few years, water source pollution has worsened especially ~ ~ organic pollution (BOD and COD) and bacteria pollution (Coliform). According to recent > ~ surveys and measurement results (DONRE 2009; EEPSEA 2009), most of the samples taken .." - II.:h '::". 2{) II REGIONAL ENVIRONM[NT ASSI:SSMLNT Rf:PORT ..- i\1I K()Mi DH.! \ \\ ,\ II R RLSOlIRCl S M \N.\(,Il\1I N! lOR Rl H \1 Dl \ II Ol'l\ll N I I'RO.ll C I - from specific areas (main rivers, inner canals, market areas, industrial parks and fields) contained BOD, COD and Coliform levels that did not meet the quality water standard (TCVN 5942 1995: Water Quality Standards - Surface Water), and even exceeded the permissible limitations - regulated by the current National Technical Specifications on Environmental Standard (QCVN 08: 20081BTNMT) by many times. - Land use: - The Mekong Delta is the region's biggest food growing area, accounting for 37% of cultivated ..- area and providing more than half of the total food output, 50% of fishery and 60% of fruit. At present, approximately 2.6 million ha of land is used for farming and aquaculture. Double rice cropping are dominant cropping systems - Land u•• of An Giang Provine, 2009 in the area, being applied on up to 70% -- ofthe agricultural land. .. The Mekong Delta has long been considered as Vietnam's rice basket this - the gross output of paddy farming. More .. recently, aquaculture (mainly shrimp) 7.79% has been expanding rapidly throughout I.. Agricultural .. Forestry C MJ..,urposes CHousing • Non-use I .. the delta, especially in coastal freshwater an marine environment due to the higher revenue returns compared to paddy farming. Land use in Can Tho 9uproject area, 2009 - An Giang province Total area of An Giang is 340,623 ha in which - land for agriculture 256,179 ha, (75.20%); For .. forestry 11,789 ha (3.46%); For multi purposes 26,298 ha (7.72%); For housing 19,835 ha, - (5.82%) and Non-use land is 26,522 ha (7.78%) 0.37 . - - Can Tho province .. In Can Tho subproject area, the total land is 50,636.76 ha, in which for agricultural 43.330,57 ha; for aquacultural 189.88 ha; for mUltipurpose -... 7,279.5 ha, and non-use land is 26.69 ha Land use in Hau Giang Province. 200II -.. 0.12% 10.24% 'II" .. AgricuHura' • Forestry 0 AquacuHural 0 Housing. t.\rtipurpos.... Non-us I L'h 2~" 2() II RI:GIONA! LNYJRONMI'N'I' ASSI :SSMT:NT RI· PORT [\11 KON(i))1 I 1,\ \\ \ II R f{1 "01 IWI S \L\N H,f \11 Nil OR Rl R,\l DI \ I I ()f'\1I '" [ I'j{( fiLe [ Hau Giang province Total area of Hau Giang is 160,114 ha in which land for agricultural 132,443 ha; for forestry 5,114 ha; for Aquacultural 1,781 ha; for Housing 4,177 ha; For Mutipurposes 16,402 ha and Non-use 197 ha. ..• Kien Giang province Total area of Hau Giang is 634,627 ha in Land u.. In KiIIn Giang provlno., 2010 which land for agricultural 456,77Iha; for II forestry 914,34 ha; for Aquacultural 28,386 " ha; for Housing 4,177 ha; For Mutipurposes 52,850 ha and Non-use 5,186 ha. •" Ii Land us. In Soc Trang Province, 2010 " Soc Trang province Phin b6 «fAt thee nganh I_ Agricu~ural .. N:>n-Agricultural C r-t>n-usa I , Ii Total area in Soc Trang Province is 331,117.97 ha, in which for Agricultural 276,918.35 ha; For Non-Agricultural 53,261.82ha and for Non-Use 937.8 ha •Ii Bac Lieu province Total area is 258.247 ha, in which, For Agricultural: 98,309 ha (38.07%). For Forestry: 4,832 ha (1.87%) For Housing: 4,176 ha (1.62%) "II ..- 1L'h :'i. :011 REGIONAL ENVIRONMf·Nr ASS[SS1\IFNr RLPOIU - \11 kUN(, 1)1- L L\ \\ \ II R RLSOI 'RCI S \J.\NMtf MI Nil OJ{ Rl ]{ \1 1>1 \ II Op\lt N I FRO)I C I And Non-Use: 7.32 %. II.. Land use area in Ca Mau Province. 2009 ..... Ca Mau province Total area is 519,507 ha, in which, .... For Agricultural: 351,344 ha (67.63%). 20.18 For Forestry: 104,816 ha (20.17%) - For Housing: 5,502 ha (1.05%) - 1111 Agricullurel • Forestry 0 M.rtipurposes 0 !-busing • ~use I And Non-Use: 40,773 ha (7.84%). Pesticide and fertilizer uses: - Pesticide and fertilizers play an important role in intensive agriculture. The application of agro - chemicals has increased considerably in recent years, most notably in areas to achieve food - security through increased yields is extremely important This has been true for Mekong delta where the quantity of agro-chemicals used in agriculture had been increased threefolds in 10 - recent years. Farmers in the Mekong Delta explain that the use of fertilizers has increased - remarkably in recent years due to increasing intensification of cropping. In the past, there was .. only I crop planted each year and the farmers did not pay much attention to fertilizers application because everyyear the alluvium with water flow replenished nutrients. This has changed now that - farmers have increased the number of crops to 2-3 per year. Consequently, to maintain or - increase productivity, a large amount ofchemical fertilizer must be applied. - In the Mekong Delta, fertilizer use is considered to be at an optimum level in the dry season. - Currently the standard rate of fertilizer in the world is: 18 (Urea) - 46 (Phosphorus) -0 - (potassium). However most fertilizer in Vietnam's market come from China which use other rate: 16 - 44 - O. These two rates are quite different. Many farmers tend to use urea heavily but under utilize potassium and phosphorous. Such unbalanced use of fertilizers is not considered sustainable in the longterm and could lead to unexpected problems. For example, too much ... nitrogen also enhances plant growth thereby making it attractive to some insect pests thus - necessitating increased pesticide use. - Many studies of pesticide use in Vietnma suggest that pesticids are relatively over-used in the South as compared to the North. As a result, expenditure on pesticides by farmers in the Mekong - Delta had been significantly higher than in the Red River Delta. The frequency of application is - II iii I l'h 2"'. 2() I I RI"CIIONAI LNVIRONMFNT ;\SSr:SSTvll:NT RLPOR r \11 1,( )N(, 1)11 1\\\ \ II R RI SOl RCI S \1 \N.\(,I \11 N I lOR Rl ({,\I DI \ II OP\lI N I PROII C I also greater in Mekong Delta, i.e pesticides are typically applied 5.3 times per season, although high applications of pesticides are common in most rice farming areas. In total, approximately 2,000 to 3,000 tonnes of pesticides are used every year in the Mekong Delta. Many of the commonly used pesticides include organic phosphates, carbamates, and .." pyrethoroids which decompose easily in the environment. The pesticide and fertilizer used in Mekong Delta is the highest compared to the whole contry. The pesticide and fertilizer uses do not comply with safety regulation. IPM experience: Names of the common pesticides used in the area were also available. An integrated pest Ii management (lPM) approach appears to be followed by many farmers due to the benefits of the " program. It was estimated that IPM can reduce pesticide use by up to a half and production cost may be saved up to 0.3 million VND per farmer. • A main reason for unnecessary pesticide use is lack of knowledge and information among farmers, extension staff, researchers and policy makers, about other crop protection approaches and the true costs and benefits of pesticide use. The "one must and five reduction policy" reflects GOV commitment to reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides. However, capacity of local agencies and farmers to implement this I policy remains a challenge given inadequate knowledge and experience on other non-chemical options, the lack of financial resource of farmers to make an upfront investment, and the lack of GOV budget to support these kinds of activities. Given that pest populations are normally parts I of local ecosystems, local research and development and extension service must be strengthened to ensure sustainability of an IPM effort. Below summarizes some examples of pesticide use that indicate a potential for pesticide reduction through IPM: • Calendar based preventative pesticide applications; • Use of insecticides, while insect damage is likely to remain within levels that can be compensated by the plant; "Ii • Use of herbicides, while weed problems can be economically managed through cultural practices; • Use of fungicides, while fungal diseases can be avoided by better selection of crop varieties and better fertilizer management. • Magnitude of the activity involving or affecting pest management. • Nature ofthe risks involved. I • Size of the gap between actual practices and good practices. • Geographical scope of the project. • Degree to which policy reform and capacity building fit in the project. "It Pesticide management and practices The "Three Reductions, Three Gains" (in Vietnamese, Ba Giam, Ba Tang) campaign in Vietnam launched in 2003 had significant impact on seed, fertilizer, and insecticide use by farmers in the - I ch ::::'i. :::0 I I REGIONAL LNVIRONMI:N r ASSESSMJ:NT RLPORT ..- \11 KOMi DIl.l '\ \\ \ II R RI SOl Rei S \1.\N.\<..I II,II.N I lOR Rl H \1 1)1" I Ull'\11 N I I'f{( )11 C 1 Mekong Delta (Huan et al 2008). The campaign was planned as an incremental extension to a "no early spray" campaign launched in 1994 in the Mekong Delta that reduced farmers' insecticide use by 53% (Heong et a11998, Escalada et a11999) and spread throughout the Mekong, reducing farmers' insecticide use by as much as 70% in some provinces (Huan et al 1999). Similarly, the - Ba Giam, Ba Tang campaign reached more than 2 million farmers and reduced their use of seeds, fertilizer, and insecticides by 10%, 7%, and 30%, respectively. It were estimated that farmers adopting 3 reducitons had US$44 per ha profit (Huelgas and Templeton, 2009). The motivations of Ba Giam, Ba Tang were reduced input costs, increased profit, less work, and reduced exposure to toxic pesticides. The Ba Giam, Ba Tang campaign in Vietnam has enjoyed huge success in - reaching millions of farmers, leading to substantial changes in farmers' attitudes, practices, and incomes (Huan et al 2008). Ba Giam, BaTang seems to have become part of the agricultural - vocabulary being discussed at all levels, from policymakers to farmers to children. - ., .. - - .. - - - Model: 1 must 5 reductions in rice crop area in An Giang Pilot area: 646.92 ha with 335 households - > Achievement: Reduced 24.5 kg / ha ofrice seed; 6.5 kg /ha ofUre, 8.4 kg/ha of Phosphorus, Z - UJ 0.3 kglha of Kali fertilizers; 2.4 times/crop of frequency of insecticide use, 1.3 times/crop of ;..: pesticide, 2 times/crop of water pumping, Rice yield increased 190 kglha and revenue 615,000 VND (Souce: DARD of An Giang Province, 2009). j - u 33 - ".& 1ch :;:'. :;011 RI: practices as national policy, provided new resources for its implementation, and also extended it to "Five Reductions." In 2008, the An Giang provincial government extended this idea by adding - two more "reductions," reduce water use and post harvest losses, which is coined "Five reductions and one must do." The one must do is to use certified seed. - Fish Farming: - Fish farming in the Mekong Delta has developed rapidly since the Vietnamese government's agricultural policy shifted away from mono-cultural rice production to more diversified models of farming systems (at the end of the 1990s). With over one million tons of farmed fish, today, the Delta's output is six times higher than it was ten years ago in 1997, and accounts for more than 70% of the entire national output of farmed fish. Thus, during recent years the upstream - provinces of Long An, An Giang and the northern portion of Can Tho City have developed into the collective centre of catfish production. Today, with over 600,000 tons of farmed fish, these - three provinces produce 55% of the Delta's output and account for over 40% of the national production of farmed fish. A high proportion of the Mekong Delta's catfish is exported to global - markets in the ED or US. The following map (figure 3.2) provides an overview of fish farming - development in the Mekong Delta between 2004 and 2007. - Although these impressive growth rates show how important fish farming nowadays has become - for the Delta's economic development, new environmental problems are also on the rise. Uncontrolled digging of ponds and the discharge of wastewater caused by fish farming into open water sources has increasingly led to a decline in water quality and could eventually pose threats - to human health. - C - Z .. ::,:) 1'"\ ~ ct:r...., - ::.c'-' .. u co< ....l z~ - Ul ~ ~ \..i ct: - > z - Ul i.: OJ ...c.. - ~ .::: '- U .. 35 - I ,-,11 2~. 2flll REGIONAL LNVIRONMLNT ASSI~SSMI'NT RLPORT 1\1J KON(, III L I \ \\ \ II R RI sot 'Rei S \L\N.\(,I \Jl Nil OR Rl I{ \1 D/ \ II OPr-.1I N I PI{{)II C I "at Figure 3.3: Fish farming Output in Mekong delta, Vietnam Vietnam - Mekong Delta - Fish Farming Output II• ".. "Ii "II Legend II" Qutput2OO1 t...... 1 ~.;;;-__...~ ""'''_ fiiJ 1_.28275 _Pn>vlnc...,fVl .GroWIh In% "Ii Source: ZEF Bonn, 2010 "... "'" 36 '"II - I ch 25.2011 RrGIONAL ENVIRONMLN r ASSESSMENT RLPORT - '\11 kON(i Dl L I '\ \\ ,\ H R Itl SOl l RCI S '\ll\N '\(,f il.H Nil OR IH d~ \1 1)1 \! 101'\11 N I PHoJl C I Wetlands in the Mekong Delta - The Mekong Delta within Viet Nam Figure 1: ArtlfS of fypiaJl wrlltm4 types inth£' territory is the furthest downstream - Mromg DdUl (dcmrilmg to th,t},.Up of portion of the Mekong River Basin. The WtfLmds at a 1~25fJ~OOO Kille) Mekong Delta has a total area of approximately 3.9 million hectares, - occupying about 12% of the total natural - area of the country, including thirteen - provinces and cities: Long An, Tien Giang, Dong Thap, An Giang, Kien Giang, Hau Giang, Ca Mau (Picture 2), - Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Vinh IIISlAwaJdld~1,,636,Of4!1a long, Ben Tre and Can Tho City. - • s.e.tIIIIIuIIIhI ~1J35J.l€1l1a Wetlands of the Mekong Delta are o SlAwilgoonll.l.U' .. mJ I'IlocIIaiiiiMffnIJ~ l:Jfil.':Jeha among the richest ecosystems of the .. .1'IlocIIaiiiiM~~S6,.l8I" basin (tidal floodplains, coastal marshes, III MIiII:SIN&_~m,3S hII peatland marsh, estuaries, etc.) and are Soltr«.: SouflrulfS1iI.b-P1Pl, 2003 important breeding sites for many - aquatic species migrating from upper reaches of the Mekong River. According to a Map of - Wetlands in the Mekong Delta at a scale of 1:250,000 (Appendix C3), the wetland area covers 4,939,684 ha, which includes inland wetlands and coastal wetlands with a depth of less than six - metres at low tide. Lacustrine wetlands are distributed in lakes of Melaleuca forest in U Minh Ha (Ca Mau - Province), lakes of Melaleuca forest in U Minh Thuong (Kien Giang Province) and in Tram - Chim National Park (Dong Thap Province). In the past, Melaleuca forests covered almost all acid - sulphate regions of the Mekong Delta. Nowadays, only 182,170 ha of Melaleuca forest remain, - and are distributed mainly in the U Minh peatland area, in the acid sulphate soil area of the Plain .. of Reeds and in the Ha Tien grassland region (Southern Sub-FIPI, 2004). These are habitats for many freshwater aquatic species and also provide woods, fuels, fishes and honey. An outstanding - feature is that a peaty soil layer in the U Minh Melaleuca forest plays a very important role in the ecosystem. Under saturated conditions, the peat will prevent the process of acidification in - potentially acidic sulphate soil. Under dry conditions however, such as when the wetlands are drained, the peat is rapidly oxidised, leading to acidification of the soil. Swamps and marshes in the Mekong Delta are mainly intermittent marshes used for agricultural cultivation. They are - distributed in the Plain of Reeds and Long Xuyen Quadrangle. - - 37 ,.. 1<.'11 2:'. ::'011 Rf'{ilONAL LNVIRONMLNT ASSF~~;S:\iIl'NT rU-J>oJ{ r \11 KON(, 1>1 L! \ \L\ II R HI "Ol Rei S \1 \N \(d MI Nil OR Rl H \1 1)1 \ I 101'\11 \; I PRo,J1 C 1 3.3.BACKGROUND ON BAC V AM NAO SUBPROJECT AREA 3.3.1 Location of the Bac Yam Nao (BVN) Subproject The objective of BVN Subproject is to improve irrigation, flood control, and agricultural production by dTedging of 735 kIn of irrigation and drainage canals; installation of 297 small sluices; and construction of about 800 kIn ofrural roads to facilitate modernization. III' Bac Yam Nao Isle (BVN) is located in the upper region of Cuu Long River delta. The BVN II subproject area is bordered by the North with Vinh An canal, the South with Provincial road 954, the East with Tien river and the West site with Hau river. III'" Figure 3.4: Map of the BVN subproject area position in An Giang province 3.3.2 iii'" Ii'" Meteorological conditions of the BVN Subproject area .1 Topography: iii Subproject area located in Tan Chau district and Phu Tan town, An Giang province with an interlacing river system of Mekong river delta where is convenient for river transport. Subproject area has a hallow shape of which the top are the banks of two rivers. The elevation of subproject area is higher towards the Tien river shown that this area was inundated in rainy season because the flow and alluvium of Tien river are higher than of Hau river. The highest ..... 1.) 0. 1!- u 38 Ii" - 1('[1 .::.:;. 2()11 RHJIONAL ENVIRONMLNT ASSESSMENT RLPOfn- MI KON(; 1)( LI;\ \\ \ II R Rl'sOI 'Ret S r.].\N \(,1 \11 N I 101{ Rl ,HAl DI \ I I (Wi\1l N I PRoILe I elevations of the island were upgraded to become a dyke system with the elevation of +5.0m. - There are about 5,000 ha closing to Tien and Hau rivers have the elevation of +2.00m and about 40% (12,900ha) have the elevation from +1.5 to +2.0m. The rest parts with the elevation under +1.5m located mainly in the communes in the south-west of subproject area Hydrometeorology conditions: Baselines data from Chau Doc Hydro-meteorology station ...... Temperature: Annual temperature is high and stable in time and space. The highest average temperature through many years in Chau Doc station is 33.90C (1978-2008). The lowest average temperature through many years in Chau Doc station is 22.l0C (1978-2008). Months with the - highest average temperature are March, April (up to 36 - 380C), and the lowest average temperature is in October (below 180C). - Rainfall: Subproject site located in average rainfall site of the Mekong river delta with annual rainfall from 1,100 to 1,900mm. .... In time, there are two distinct seasons in this area, dry and rainy seasons. Rainy season is from ..... May to November and the rainy days account for 86% of rainfall (90-93% of total annual rainfall). Dry season is from December to next April. Rainfall often occurs in July' and - November, especially heavy rain happen in August and October. - In space, rainfall distribute equally in the whole area with the total average annual rainfall through many years is 1,458.4mm (from 1995-2008) and 1,442.3mm (from 1995-2009), the areas near Long Xuyen city have average rainfall of 1,400 - 1,500mm and near Cao Lanh have average rainfall of 1,456mm. Can Tho's areas have higher rainfall (1,570mm). Annual average rainfall in - stations around subproject site: Long Xuyen: 1,611 mm. Chau Doc: 1,407 mm. Phu Tan: 1,478 - mm Wind: Subproject site is under oftwo wind direction: South-west and North-east direction. South-west wind occurs from May to November from Gulf of Thailand with much of steam, cool - and humidity. North-east wind occurs from July to April from tropical sea of China with high of temperature and humidity, dry and quite hot, not cold. - - - - - .. 39 - II.'h 2':;. 2f1 11 RnilONAI I:NVIRONMI N I' ,'\SS[SSrvn:N r REPORT II 1\11 K()N(iDI 1.1!\\\ \II.RRI'\(l1'!{CI"\I\'\J\id\IINI10RIU R\! 1)1\110)'\11"1 PI{(lIICI .. Table 3.1: Monthly average wind speed in Chao Doc station. II II Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Chau Doc station 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.6 (Source: Bac Yam Nao Project Investment Report, 2010) . .. Humidity: Annual average humidity is about 81 %. The highest humidity occurs in rainy season months (average 85%) and the lowest is in dry season months, March and April (average 76%) Hydrology: Mekong river delta divided into two main branches in the territory of Cambodia, near Phnom Penh. These branches are in eastern bank (Hau river) and western bank (Tien river) of BVN island. There are also flows which go through the hollow areas of BVN island to become the natural flows. Water of island comes mainly from Tien river. Water flows from Tien river to Hau river and to natural canals. Yam Nao river has the biggest flow connecting with Tien and Hau rivers. Dyke system along the river can prevent water passing unless big flood; however water still flow through sluices and • natural canals. Details of flows in island area provided by An Giang Meteorological Center are .. shown in Table 3.3.2. .. . t .. T a bl e 32. . FI ow d'IS t rt'b0 t'Ion lD. BVN so b.proJec . area Velocity in rainy Velocity in dry River Location season (mIls) % season (mIls) % n Tien Upstream 21.200 2.270 96 iii Hau Upstream 6.000 1--* 115 4 Xang 150 1 140 6 .. Tien Near island 21,050 77 2.145 90 .. Hau Near island 6,150 23 240 10 Vam Nao 7,800 29 930 39 II Tien Downstream 12,800 47 1.215 51 .. Hau Downstream 14,400 53 1,170 49 Tien River has a plenty ofwater in upstream, especially in dry season. Yam Nao River transfers a significant water quantity to Hau river. Water quantity of Tien and Hau branches is equal in the downstream of island. Due to extra flows in upstream and hydrological features, these branches have higher water level than in Hau River. In flood season, water level is much different than in dry season. I L'b .2:'. 20 II REGIONAL LNVIRONMI NT ASSt:SSl'vl[N r REPOHT - Ml.KON(i Dr L! '\ \\ '\ Il.R R! sm 'Rei S M:\N,\(,I Ml N I fOR Rl It\1 1)1 V I I ()1'i\1I N I I'RUJI C I Flood water flows from the south west direction through a hollow area called Tu Giac Long ..,. Xuyen to the Gulf of Thailand. Flood regime has been changed due to some regulated structures and canals from the Gulf ofThailand. Due to a difference of water level between Hau and Tien river, therefore flood water flows down - from this side to another side and from upstream to downstream of the island. The simple crest of flood in Tan Chau station is higher from 30-50cm than one in Chau Doc station; and higher from - 120-150cm than in Cho Moi station (equal with crest of flood in some main river in the lower areas in subproject site). Flood causes the deep inundation and lasts continuously from July to - November. Average period of inundation (>EL 2,5m) is 115 days (approximately 32-164 days). Tide regime: .' Although the island area is 200km far from the sea, however river systems have been affected by tide because of its flat terrain. Continuous flows of these rivers ensure water source be always fresh. However, water level will change in accordance with sea tide. Daily water level at Tan - Chau station is 1.0-1.2m in dry season and 1.5m at Long Xuyen station. Water level decreased some centimeters at Tan Chau and Chau Doc stations increased 10 cm in downstream during the - period of crest of flood. Tide regime is very complicated and changed 1-2 times of high tide per - day during one month. - 3.2.3 Natural resources - Soils: Soil in BVN formed mainly by alluvium from Tien and Hau rivers with rough texture in - mound areas and with small and soft texture in middle and south of island. These soils are fertile - compared with others in Mekong river delta. The main soils in the subproject area are as followings: Deposited alluvial soil: About 11,605 ha in total distributing along the river. The basic - mechanic property is mud/clay with pH 5.5-8.0, low organic content (low protein) but high - Ca and Mg content . .- Gleyic alluvial soils: About 22,073 ha in total distributing in middle areas. This type of soil is simple and contents much clay. . Acid sulphate soils: About 22,073 ha in total distributing in hollow and isolated areas and in difficult drainage areas (middle areas). This type of soil is light sulphate and low toxic. The - active thickness of sulphate soil is 50cm under the surface. Heavy clay soils: About 22,073 ha in total distributing in high areas near the river. The - surface layer ofthis soil is light acid, low organic content but high Ca and Mg content. - - II" ll'h -"':'i. -",Oil RUilONAL LNYIRONMI:NT ASSLSSMENr REPORT- 1\Jl KON(i Df L 1·\ \\ \ II R RLSOllRCI \I.\N,\(II \1I.N 1 I Of{ RI H \1 1>1 VI 101'\11 N I I'I{( 111.(' I s .."", Water resources: Water resources in subproject site include surface and ground water. Surface water is provided mainly from Hau and Tien rivers and from interlaced river systems within " subproject site. The quantity of surface water is enough for irrigation, domestic uses and drainage • If for whole area. In addition, yearly rainfall from May to November provides abundant of water for II domestic use and irrigation of local people. Water quality: 1/1" Surface water quality: Structures in subproject site related closely to local water regulation and allocation. Based on the result of field survey, analysis and structure features in subproject site, :I Some parts of subproject site, water quality was quite good. Some factors as sediment content was higher than national standard, however which caused by natural impacts; Water pollutant .. from light to medium has presented in subproject site, some pollutant factors tended to increase .. and their sources came from agricultural production, farmer activities and animal husbandry; ".. Ground water quality: While surface water was polluted by domestic waste, ground water will be ,. used as alternative water source. According to the field surveys conducted in 2006, ground water II sources were used commonly and unprompted. However, ground water quality in subproject site was low and ground water level located in depth of60-1 OOm and very difficult to exploit. In recent years, some concentrated water supply points in subproject site has been invested by .." government.. Currently, local people are using groundwater for sanitation purpose, not for domestic use. Most drilled wells were filled. Ii" Hydraulic construction system: .. Dyke system: " Tien river dyke: is inter-provincial road No 954 with the length of 44km along the Tien river. 0 -,z -' I 1"'\ Vinh An river dyke: is inter-provincial road No 953 with the length of 15km along Vinh An '-'. 0:: r.., canal. '-' :::,C .. Hau river dyke: is 32km long and along Hau river. u Ii 0::< Dyke in the northern bank ofCai Tac ditch: is llkm long...... :l -< Canal system: zt- Il• UJ • Natural rivers and ditches: :,;;; ~'-' Cai Vung river: is a branch of Tien river with the length of23km and average river-bed width 0:: Ii > of 400m and quite dry. There are many fishery villages on the river that affected river traffic. a3 " ..~ - I L'h .::.:; . .::() II RI:(JIONAL [NVIRONMt:NT ASSESSMrN r RLPORT - i\iI i(O\.( j DI LI \ \\ \ II R R I SOl' RCI S 1\1 ,\N \(11 \11.:\ I lOR Rl 'HAl Dl 'v! I 01'\11 N I PRe ).11 C I Tien river: located in the eastern of SUbproject site, flows from Northwest to Southeast - direction. The section of river which flows through subproject site from Cai Vung river Yam Nao river has the length of 16km and average width from 1,000-1,200m. Tien river is a - main sources to provide water for local area through main and secondary canals. Water - quality in these canals is quite stable, without alum and saline and suitable for crop development and local activities. - Hau river: located in the western of subproject site, flows in parallel with Tien river. The section of river which flows through subproject site from Chau Doc town to Yam Nao river has the length of 35km and average width from 500-1 ,000m. - Cai Dam ditch: located in the southwest of subproject site with the length of 9km, started from Muong Khai to Hau river. - • Main canals: Than Nong canal: located in the center of subproject site with the length of 22km, flows in parallel with Tien and Hau rivers, started from Vinh An canal to Cai Tac ditch. - Vinh An canal: located in the north of subproject site with the length of 15km, flows from - Northeast to Southwest direction and along with inter-provincial road No 953, connecting with Tien and Hau rivers. - Secondary canal: There are 16 secondary canals in subproject site, most of them flow from Northeast to Southwest and be the main source for irrigation and drainage and local activities. - Tertiary canal: There are dense oftertiary canal system in subproject site, they connected with - the secondary canals and be a source to provide water for irrigation and drainage .. - ..- ..- ..- - - - .. 43 - .... II Ai I eh :::'. ::() 1 I REGIONAL ENVIRONMLNT ASSI:SSMJ:NT RLPORT i\11 I\.UN(j 1)1 L I \ \\ \ II R RLS()1 'Rei S \I.\N.\(,I \11 N I I OJ{ Rl I{ \1 1)1 \ [ I OI'i\1I N I PJ{OILC I 2 II Land Use :N Ii Table 3.3:AgricuIturalland use in Phu Tan district and Tan Chau town, 2009 ., Location No Type of crop Unit iii Phu TAn district TAn ChAu town ., 1 Rice Iii - Area ha 56,545 32,011 - Productivity quintallha 63.15 65.61 "iii - Yield ton 357,097 210,040 2 Maize II" - Area ha 285.9 1,315 - Productivity quintal/ha 53.86 84.58 - Yield ton 1,540 11.122 ".. 3 Potato iii -Area ha .71 14 " - Productivity quintal/ha 178.24 215 - Yield ton 30.3 301 .." 4 Vegetable ", -Area ha 811.4 2,229 .." - Productivity quintal/ha 235.49 289.98 - Yield ton 19,108 64,636 II'" 5 Sesame 0 - Area ha 17 25 ;Z; :; II ,-., - Productivity quintal/ha 20 11.20 v IX " - Yield ton 34 28 v ::.c u 6 Soybeans < .." co, - Area ha 14 55 --' roo< - Productivity quintal/ha 25.21 27.64 z .. WJ " - Yield ton 36 152 ~ ;Z; (Source: Statistical Yearbook of Phu Tan dlstnct and Tan Chau town, 2009) 0 ~ : >z w..:: ., ... alit .....!l) c... (";j 44"6 " ".. - ! cb 2". 2() II REGIONAL ENVIRONl\IFNT ASSESSMENT REPOR r ..- \11 I\.ON(, 1)1 L 1,\ \\ ,\ II R HI sOlIRCI S f'.1·\N,\lJI \11 N I lOR Rl RAI DI 'vII 01'\11 N I PROIl.e I - According to the land use planning and development in the Mekong river delta, land use - concentrated mainly on expanding land area of2 rice crops and I crop. - Aquatic resources: - Subproject site has a variety of aquatic resources with different species and divided into two groups: River fish group (white fish): This group can adapt easily with life in the river due to - biological features suitable with environmental flows (neutral of pH, high dissolve oxygen). Fishes include bighead carp, Amphiprion, Hoeven's Slender Carp ... - Freshwater fish (black fish): Including Snakehead, airbreathing catfish, perch ... These fish - can live in the environment with low oxygen and pH<5.5 because they have auxiliary - respiration system. Freshwater fish are exploited mainly in ponds, lagoon ... 3.3.4. Socio-economic conditions - According to General survey for population and houses in 011412009, Phu Tan district has 57,835 households with 229,306 people, Tan Chau town has 43,358 households with 171,305 people, and average population density is 970peoplelkm2 in Phu Tan and 747peoplelkm2 in Tan Chau district. - People in subproject area mainly are Kinh people, others are Khome, Cham and Chinese people. Kinh people accounting for 98.7%, Cham people is 1% and Chinese and Khme are 0.3%. Cham ..- people concentrate in 2 communes: Phu Hiep and Chau Phong and 2 wards: Long Son and Long Thanh. Chinese people live in Cho Yam town. There are 5 main religions which are Hoa Hao - religion (76.5%), Buddhism (12.4%), other religions (5.4%), no religion (5.7%). Drinking and Domestic Water Supply - Water supply: In late 2010, the rate of rural people in An Giang province assessing clean water was 42.33%, rate of households with standard latrines was 36.76%. National target program on - clean water and rural environmental sanitation has been improved but lack of clean water still - happened in some areas especially in dry season. Using water from rivers and canals within - subproject site for domestic use was very common. - 3.4 BACKGROUND ON OMXN - 3.4.1 Meteorological conditions of the OMXN Subproject area The climate of subproject area belongs to monsoon of the South region. There are 2 Two distinct - seasons occur in the 0 Mon Xa No area: the rainy (or wet) season from May to November; and - the dry season from November to April. Roughly 90% of the annual rainfall is concentrated in - ..- I cb ~:". ~()II RHIIONAL ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMrNT HFPORT t\1I KON(i 1)1 I ! \ \\ \ I LR RLSOI RCf S r>1 \N.\(,I \lLN! I OJ{ Rl f{ \1 1)1 \ 1101'\11 N I I'ROII C I the rainy season and provides a mean monthly rainfall of about 140 m. Dry spells lasting up to 15 II! days in some years may occur up to July or August. The mean monthly temperature fluctuates II little more than 3 degrees (25.5 - 28.6°C), and relative humidity usually exceeds 80%. Potential evaporate-transpiration is about 100 mm per month. lIP II Topography: OMXN Subproject area has a lower shape in KH8, KH9 in Chau Thanh District, Truong Xuan - 0 Mon District, and Hoa Hung - Giong Rieng with the average elevation from ! +0.5 to +0.7m. The higher are located in Truong Thanh, Tan Thoi, Thoi Lai, Dinh Mon, Truong - Lac, Thoi Thanh with elevation form +0.8 to +1.0 m. Along Tac Ong Thung dyke, the natural evaluation from + 1.3 to + 1.5 m. " II Table 3.4: Distribution of subproject area with elevation " NO Elevation (m) Area (ba) 0/0 I 1 0.5+0.7 22,506 49.54 " 0.8+>1.0 22,924 50.46 Total 45.430 100.00 Source: HEC 2, 2010 Hydrometeorology conditions: Baselines data form Vi Thanh and Can Tho Hydro meteorological stations. Temperature: Month Apr May Sep Oct roc 28.4 27.9 26.9 26.8 T'max 37.1 . 37.8 35.5 33.8 T°min 20.9 22.4 22.0 21.5 Evaporation: Montb Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Imming 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.9 6.5 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.3 70.9 Humidity: Annual average humidity is about 83.4%. The highest humidity occurs in October (88.1 %) and " the lowest is in March (77.3%) (Table 3.4.2) IIi ..- I L'h ::.;;. ::OJ I REGIONAL [NVIRONMJ:NT ASSESSMJ:NT RLPORT - 1\11 KON(, 1)1 I I A \\ i\ I LR HI SOl RCI S rvL\N.\l,1 \11 N I lOR Rl H \1 Dl '\ II OI'\1i N I I'R()II C I Table 3.5 Monthly average humidity - - Month Jan Feb Mar Apr' I May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - E% 79.8 77.5 77.3 77.4 83.9 86.0 86.5 86.9 87.9 88.1 86.3 83.2 - Wind: Average wind speed from 2.0 to 3.0 mIs, the maximum reaches 30 m/s. Subproject site is - under oftwo wind direction: South-west and North-east direction. South-west wind occurs from May to October from Gulf of Thailand with much of steam, cool and humidity. - North-east wind occurs from July to April from tropical sea of China with high of - temperature and humidity, dry and hot, not cold. Rainfall: There are two distinct seasons in this area, dry and rainy seasons. Rainy season is - from May to October and the rainy days account for 85% of rainfall (90-93% of total annual - rainfall). Dry season is from November to next June with 15% of total annual rainfall. Annual - average rainfall in stations around subproject site: Vi Thanh: 1,651 mm. Can Tho: 1,493 .. mm . Table 3.6: Rainfall (mm) through many years in subproject site - Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul - IMonth - Vi Thanh 0 0 55.5 25.3 365.9 211.7 59.2 - . Can Tho 0 0 47.4 16.3 100.8 260.3 308.4 - Station Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year /Month - Vi Thanh 167.6 417.9 327.4 12.6 7.9 1651 - Can Tho 220.2 143.9 300.7 31.7 63.3 1493 • Given that the rainfall in Winter-spring crops especially in February is not much so that it is very necessary to restore freshwater in latter rainy season and to apply the hydraulic structure ..- system for irrigation and flood control in subarea . Hydrology: OMXN subarea has been strongly divided into many parts by interlaced channel networks. The freshwater sources supplying for subproject is Hau River with average volume - in dry season 1,200 m3/s and 7,000 m3/s in wet season. The subarea is affected by the .. contrasting tidal regimes of the South China Sea (with the form of irregular semi -diurnal. - Tidal range is large from 3 to 3.5 m) and the upstream water from Hau Giang. ;...: 3.4.2. Natural resources Soils: There are two types of soils in OMXN subarea. Type 1 (Mich): Acid sulphate soils 'I located in the south-west including the whole communes of Giong Rieng district, Vi Tan, Vi 1& Thanh - Can Tho city. This type of soil is quite acid sulphate but low alkaline. The active thickness of sulphate soil is around 50cm under the surface. Current agricultural activities (dry crops, long period of inundation, flood and annual erosion) have reduced general negative impacts. Type 2 (Vp): Alluvia soils. This soil is used for ground up for cultivated beds. The soils are distributed along Tac Ong Thuc River and 0 Mon and Xa No canals. In subproject area, the use of agriculture land is to rice farming, fruit cultivation and vegetable and industrial plant. I Table 3.7: Distribution of Land use in 2007 - OBXN beneficial subarea No Land use Unit Area Natural land ha 45,430 .. 1 Agricultural land ha 41,123 " 2 Non-Agricultural land ha 4,212 I 3 Non-use ha 95 Source: HEC 2,2010 Water resources: Located at the centre of the Mekong River Delta, OMXN subarea is bordered by the Hau River to the north-east. This subarea has a dense system of rivers and canals. Water resources include water from the Hau River, underground water and rainwater. Hau River water depends on the flow upstream of the Mekong River, regulation of the TonIe Sap Lake, and partly on inland rainfall. Annually, the flow of the Mekong River is affected clearly by the dry and rainy seasons. The Hau River is the western-most tributary of the Mekong River, serving as a supplier of fresh water for the Mekong Delta. The Hau River also serves as an international route for vessels bound for Cambodia. It is the largest of its kind in the region, with a length across Can I Tho of 55km. Each year the river dumps 200 billion cubic metres, or 41 % of the Mekong Delta's water, into the sea. The amount of silt produced by the river is 35 million cubic metres/year or half of the Mekong River's total silt output (DONRE 2009: 13). Surface water in subarea is used I for the following daily and economic activities: irrigation, domestic, industrial and service, aquaculture, waterway transport, and water for pushing seawater purposes. I., II :;; ~ til ..t .. n.. d<"j , 4'8 ,.. - I ch ::-'i. ::() II R[(1I0NAI LNVIRONMENT ASSI:SSMI"NT RLPORT - \11 KON(j D! L I i\ W \ I LR RI SOl RCI S \1 \N.'\(d 1\11 N I lOR 1<1 ,I{ \1 DI '" Il 01'\11 N! PI{()II (' I Hydraulic construction system: - .:. Surrounding dyke sytem with 114,245 km length, include: ~ OMondyke - ~ XaNodyke - ~ Tac Ong Thuc dyke .:. Canal system: ~ Axis canal: KHS and KH9 ~ Secondary canals with 100 km length - .:. Sluices: - ~ Sluices in primary canal system: 4 sluices has been established (KHSD, KHSC, KH9D & .. KH9C) . - ~ Sluices in secondary canal system: 50 sluices has been established Water quality: - In the last ten years Hau River surface water and some main drainage canals have become .. heavily polluted and exceed the current National Technical Regulation on Surface Water Quality (QCVN OS: 200SIBTNMT). Particularly: - • The pH indicator is still within the permissible limit, fluctuating from 6.7 to 7.7 (while it .. should be fluctuating between 6 to S.5 according to National Standard QCVN OS: 200SIBTNMT); - • The average content of COD in surface water has increased from 7mgll to 15mgll, exceeding .. the permissible limitation ofthe current National Standard (QCVN OS: 200SIBTNMT); • Suspended solids (SS) in the Hau River have decreased from 74mgll (in 1999) to 43mgll (in - 200S), but stilI remained higher than the permissible limit set by the National Standard (QCVN .. OS: 200SIBTNMT - Column 1) of 20m gil; • The content of Iron (Fetc) is higher than the National Standard (QCVN OS: 200SIBTNMT - Column 1) of 0.5mgll. The content of iron in the Hau River was down due to the decrease in the .. content ofSS; • Nitrite (N02-N) is presented in the surface water with the content ranging from 0.009mgll to ..- O.027mgll, which is higher than the National Standard (QCVN 08: 2008IBTNMT - Column 1) of 0.01 mg/l, having increased by 0.02 mgll within 10 years; - • Ammonium (NH4+-N) is present in surface water with the content ranging from 0.129mgll to .. 0.742mgll, exceeding the National Standard (QCVN OS: 2008IBTNMT - Column 1) ofO.05mgll Type AI, having increased by 0.05mgll within 10 years; - • Coliform concentration has always been higher than the National Standard (QCVN OS: 200S/BTNMT - Column 1) of 2,500MPN/IOOml. Coliform in the Hau River's surface water - fluctuated from 44.000MPNII OOml (in 1999) to 51.000MPN/100ml, exceeding the permissible - limit by almost 20 times. The average concentration of Coliform in the surface water of the main .. canals in Can Tho City rose to 62.000MPNII OOml in 200S, exceeding the permissible limit by almost 25 times. - .. 49 - .. I ell 2':;. 2() II RLGIONAL ENVIRONMLNT ASSI:SSf'vII:N r RLPORT " '\11 KOMi III I 1\ \\,\11 R RI S()l IRCI S \1.\N.HtI \11 NI I Of{ Rl H \1 1>1 \11 0\,\11 N 11'f{OIl CI I Land Use and Vegetation Cover: The Sub-project is dominated by agriculture, with about 90% of the Sub-project devoted to agricultural production; most of this is rice agriculture. Vegetation cover is currently very limited; only 14 ha of the Sub-project are designated as Forest. There is also vegetation in the fonn of scattered trees planted for environmental protection and fuel wood around landholdings. . t .. Table 38. : Land use lior OMon Xa N0 S u b -prOjec. Ii No Land use Area (ha) INaturalland 45.430 1 IAgricultural land 41.123 1.1 For cultivation 41.060 A Annual crops: In which 31.877 + Intensive rice (triple rice) 28.507 + 2 rice, maize 251 + Rice + Shrimp/Fish 742 B Perennial agriculture: In which 9.183 + Industrial trees 1.510 + Fruits 7.533 1.2 Forest 14 i" 1.3 For aquaculture 49 2 Non-Agriculture 4.212 3 Unused land 95 Source: HEe 2,2010 Terrestrial Ecosystems: There are no intact terrestrial ecosystems remaining within the Sub-Project3 area. Practically all the land within the area is either allocated for agricultural production, human settlements, or open water in the fonn ofcanals. Aquatic Ecosystems The area of open water has increased in recent times, with the construction and enlargement of canals. While this has created new aquatic habitat within the Sub-project, it is likely that this habitat is relatively poor because offishing by local households. During the mining season, the rice fields are inundated and local fish species spawn/shrimp and grow in the flood plain. 3 This confirms a similar assessment made in the Environmental Impact Assessment to the OMXN-FS, MDWRDP, 2007. ".. - I d1 ::::;. :::0 II RLGIONAL ENVIRONrvll~NT ASS[SSMI:NT RLPOR r ~ - [\11 KUN(i 1)11 [ \ \\ ,\ II R RI SOI:Ret S i\L\N \(" \11 1\ I I Of{ Rl lUI 1)1 \ II OI'\1f N I PI{( II! C I Biodiversity ... The Sub-project contains few biodiversity resources, because of the almost complete absence of - terrestrial ecosystems within the Sub-project and likely very high levels of biodiversity resource - harvesting by residents ofthe Sub-project. Protected Areas: There are no protected areas that are either a part ofViet Nam's existing or proposed national system of - protected areas. In addition, neither Can Tho nor Kien Giang Provinces maintain any provincial level - protected areas within the Sub-project. - 3.4.3 Socio-economic conditions According to 2007's statistical yearbook, the population in subproject area up to 2007 was 250,456, including 47.26 % of males and 52.44% of females. The majority of the population - belongs to the Kinh (77%), while other ethnic groups make up the small remain (23% including - Chinese, Khmer and others). Due to the problem of inundation as well as requirements for - communication and transportation, the population is unevenly distributed. Most fann families live in small settlements situated at the intersections or along the banks ofthe canals and rivers. The population of - the Sub-project area is 98010 Kinh, about 1% Khmer, and about 1% Hoa. Household size in the Sub project is about 4.9. Arable land per household averages 1.14 ha, with arable land per household in Kien .. Giang higher than that ofCan Tho. - Drinking and Domestic Water Supply .. Currently only about 10% ofthe Sub-project population has access to freshwater for drinking and domestic use through groundwater wells. This percentage varies from district to district. The - districts of Kien Giang (Giong Rieng and Go Quao) have almost no access to suitable water supply; in some districts of Can Tho, about 1 in 8 households have access to suitable water - supply. 0 z~. o--' - 0::: :;;:r'" U ~ :::0, - ...... ~ - t Z UJ - ~ - ~ .. 0::: :>z -- i:.L:l ..- - i~ J ell ~:;. ~Oll RUilONAI LNVIRONMINr ASSrSSMI:NT RLPOHT- t\1l KON{i UII 1.\ \\ \ II R HI SOl Rei S \l,\NM,1 \11 N I fOR Rl RAJ DI \ 1 101'\11 \;f PROII.C I I 3.5 BACKGROUND ON QLPH 3.5.1 Location of the Quan Lo Phung Hiep (QLPH) Subproject There are many subprojects proposed in QLPH irrigation area. The first two subprojects are to build bridges over secondary canal systems in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu provinces including 48 bridges in Chau Thanh, My Tu, Long Phu, My Xuyen and Nga Nam districts, Soc Trang province and 14 bridges in Hong Dan district, Bac Lieu province. Three other subprojects related to dredging, dying and sluice construction in secondary canals (Lai Viet, Xeo Ro, and Ninh Than Loi) have been proposed for the second subproject cycle. The beneficial areas of the QLPH subproject are Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau and Kien Giang. The QLPH area consists of 276,450 ha including 100 communes in 18 districts of Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau and Kien Giang. The area is bordered by the North with Xeo Chit ditch and QLPH I canal, the East with Nhu Gia River and Tan Lap canal, the South with mainly NO I-National Road • and Tay Nang Ren; and the West with Quan Lo Gia Rai and Ninh Thanh Loi canals. ".. II" , • - - I .:11 :::5, :::0 I I RFGIONAL ENVIRONMLN I ASS[SSI\Il'N r REPORT - \11 1(ON(; DI L I ,\ \\ '\ II R RI SO! IRel s \1.'\:\;\(11 \11 :\ I lOR Rl In\ 1)1 \ I 1 01'\11 N I j'f{( JJLC I - Figure 3.5: Map of the BVN subproject area position in An Giang province - H!UGIANG - - - - ..- - ctU)GlAI - - R_ &hli kim ..4\' - Rlmb&hli~ ::>- so..a- - • Vi triquo trlk IlIKk ~ ..- 3.5.2 Meteorological conditions of the QLPH Subproject area Climate: There is a noticeable climate gradient extending from the south-western comer QLPH - area towards the northeast. Higher rainfall and fewer hours of sunshine characterize the .. southwestern zone compared with the northeast. Annual precipitation varies by a surprisingly large amount across the Ca Mau Peninsula, ranging from more than 2500 mm north of Ca Mau, - to less than 1500 mm along the South China Sea coastal strip east ofBac Lieu. Over a forty-year - period, the average annual rainfall at Ca Mau was 2380 mm compared with 1559 mm at Phung - Hiep (MDWRDP, 2007). This also means that the period when the rainy season begins varies - slightly across the peninsula. ..- - 53 ..- leh 2:'. 2() II RHilONAI LNVIRONMLNT :\ssrSSJlvtrN r RFPORT [\11 kUMi DI I I \ \\ \ II R Rl S(ll 'R( IS \\.\N.\(,I \11 N I I (lj{ Rl It\1 Dl \ II OJ'\l! N I Pl{oJI C I I Topography: QLPH Subproject area a is a NO Elevation (m) low-lying, flat portion of the Mekong Delta j with very small variations in elevation. The 1. 0.1 m + 0.2 m: 1.5%0.5+0.7 central part is slightly lower than the edges, 2. 0.2 m + 0.3 m: 19% where levees up to a meter high can be found I along riverbanks. Nearly all of the Sub 3. 0.3 m + 0.4 m: 51.6% project area is higher than 0.4 m above sea 4. 0.4 m +0.6m: 24.3 % ".. level. 5. 0.6m+0.8m: 2.7% Table 3.9: Elevation of QLPH subproject I area 6. 0.8 m+> 1 m: 0.9% Source: HEC 2,2010 Hydrometeorology conditions: Baselines data from Vi Thanh, Can Tho, Ca Mau, Bac Lieu and Soc Trang Hydro-meteorological stations. Temperature: Annual average temperature is 26.8°C. The highest average temperature: 37.8°C; I The lowest average temperature 16.2°C Humidity: Annual average humidity is more than 80% (83% - 86%). Rainfall: Because of the wind with South-west and North-east direction, the Rainy season is from May to November and the annual average account for with 2,367 mm of rainfall (80 + 85% of total annual rainfall). Floods: Ca Mau Peninsula is affected the floods for 0 Mon area up to the North. The flood divided into two directions. The first discharge from canals in Long Xuyen Quadrangle and Cai I San, Thot Not channels to the Gulf ofThailand. The last come along Hau River to Tran De sluice gate, therefore, not caused flooding problems in QLPH beneficial area. I Tide regime: The subproject area has been affected of two tides: The South China Sea (through My Thanh and Ganh Hao river mouths) and the Gulf of Thailand (through Ong Dong and Cai I Lon river mouths), with the tidal amplitude and highest tide level. In addition, the South China Sea is somewhat more saline than the Gulf of Thailand. In both cases, however, the high tides are substantially higher than the land elevation of the Sub-project. ".. lip ii - I ell ~.;;;, ~O I I REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT ASSESSM[N r RLPORT ...- 1\11 KOMi l)J L I i\ \\ ,\ II R RI SOl 'RCI S r>1 \N,\(ll \11 N I I (lR Rl R,\l DI \ II OP\1l N I I'j{( Ul C I Table 3.10: Characteristics of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand - (My Thanh)South China Sea (Rach Gia) Gulf of - Thailand Tidal Amplitude 3.0m O.7m - Salinity 33 ppt 25 ppt Highest Tide Level +1.6m +O.5m - Source: MDWRDP, 2007 - Main flows affected to QLPH subproject area QLPH subarea has been divided into many parts by interlaced channel networks. The - freshwater sources supplying for subproject is Hau River with average volume in dry season 1,200 m3/s and 7,000 m3/s in wet season. - The subarea is affected by the contrasting tidal regimes of the South China Sea (with the form of irregular semi-diurnal. Tidal range is large from 3 to 3.5 m) and the upstream water from .. Hau Giang . • Hau river in the North with average volume in dry season Q = 1,200 m 3/s and in flood 3 season Q = 2,000 m /s. - • Quan Lo Phung Hiep Channel in the center connect Hau river and Ganh Hao canals - system. • My Thanh River is the main way for saline intrusion from South China Sea to subproject - area through Nhu Gia river (Soc Trang province). Tide regime: 2.5 + 3 m, with tidal peak - +0.9+ +1.5 m. and tidal foot -1.29+-1.3 1m. • Ganh Hao River is the main way for saline intrusion from the South China Sea to subproject area (Ca Mau province) with the tide regime similar to My Thanh River. - • Ong Doc and Cai Lon rivers are the main way for saline intrusion from the Gulf of Thailand to subproject area. Tide regime: 0.5 + 0.6 m, with tidal peak +0.35+ +0.4 m. - and tidal foot -0.13+-0. 17m. ..- Water quality: Salinity: - • Salinity intrusion belongs to tidal regime. The maximum of salinity is 17-20 gil in Nhu - Gia river and is 23 - 25 gil in Chu Chi, Pho Sinh area i...: ... E ]- - u 55 ..II I ell ::=;. :() II Rr<;IONAI LNVIRON!'v1ENT ;\SSI'SSIvlI"NT REPORT \11 KoN(i 1)'1 1.\ \\ \ I LR RI SOl Rei s \II\N.'HII \11 N I lOR Rl R,\I DI \ II OP\II N 1 PRO'!I C I B • Given that the rainfall in Winter-spring crops especially in February is not much so that it is very necessary to restore freshwater in latter rainy season and to apply the hydraulic .. structure system for irrigation and flood control in subarea. " See details infigures 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 Ii• 3.5.3 Natural resources .. Table 3.11: Classifications of Acid Sulphate Soils (ASS) in QLPH subarea Vietnamese Types Area FAO U8DA Classification (ha) Classification Classification 3 8j1 Active strong ASS 1,378 Orthi-Thionic Sulfaquepts ( Sulphuric layer 0-50 cm) • Fluvisols 8j2 Active medium ASS (Sulphuric 7,019 Orthi-Thionic Pale Sulfic layer> 50 m) Fluvisols Tropaquepts 3 8j1M Active strong ASS-Saline soils 62,546 Sali-Orthi-Thionic Sulfaquepts, Salic , (Sulphuric layer 0-50 cm) Fluvisols 8j2M Active medium ASS - Saline soils 57,613 Sali-Orthi-Thionic Sulfic Tropaquepts, • (Sulphuric layer > 50 cm) Fluvisols Salic 8p1M Potential strong ASS - Saline soils 15,623 Sali-Sulfi Thionic Sulfaquents, Salic (Sulphuric layer 0-50 cm) Fluvisols •.. 8p2M Potential medium ASS - Saline soils 24,352 Sali-Sulfi Thionic Sulfic Tropaquents, (Sulphuric layer > 50 cm) Fluvisols Salic T8 Acid Sulphumist soils 119 Thionic Histosols Sulfihemist .. (Oat mun chua phen) Sulfohemist " Mi Weak saline soils 85,168 Stagni-Salic Tropaquepts, Salic Fluvisols Ustropepts, Salic '" M Medium saline soils 3,305 Stagni-Salic Tropaquepts, Salic • Fluvisols Strong saline soils 843 Gleyic Solonchaks Fluvaquents. Salic ..""'f; Mn .. Source: HEC 2, 20 I 0 Clz ,...;~. I '-" Land Use and Vegetation Cover '"'et: 0 In subproject area, the use of agriculture land is to rice farming, fruit cultivation and vegetable ::-£ I U -< .. and industrial plant. CO ; Table 3.5.4: Land use for Quan Lo Phung Hiep Sub-project. <-- ~ .. No land use Area (ha) UJ ~ " Natural land 178,888 , ~ '-"cr: 1 Agricultural land 130,979 .. ;; z 1.1 For cultivation til ~ ".,II 5"6 11 "II - leh :::':). :::0 II RFGIONAL LNVIRONMLNT ASS[SSi\/1FN r I~IYORT- - 1\11 KOMI DI L I ,\ \\' \ II.R RI.SOI'RCl S 1\I:\1\r,\(,1 1\11 N I lOR Rl R \1 DI VI LOP!'.11 N I PROII C I a Annual crops: In which 113,643 + Intensive rice (triple rice) 0 - + 2 rice, maize 0 + 2 Rice 62,502 - + 1 Rice 46,271 + Fruits 17,335 1.2 Forest 3,241 1.3 For aquaculture 13,954 - 2 Infrastructure land 30,715 - Source: HEC 2, 2010. See detail in Annex 2. - Terrestrial Ecosystems: There are no intact terrestrial ecosystems remaining within the Sub-project area, save for perhaps - the Melaleuca Forest Enterprise in QLPH Phase I, MDWRD Project. Most of the terrestrial - ecosystems in the QLPH have come under human influence of some sort, particularly for the .. production of agricultural, fisheries, and forestry products, as well as for human settlement. Very - small pockets of more or less natural ecosystems still exist, including forests of mangrove, nipa palm, Melaleuca and 'grassland'. Levels of use of terrestrial resources in the Sub-project area are - likely to be lower than in other parts of the Delta (such as U Minh) because of the generally more - degraded and impoverished terrestrial ecosystems . • - Nipa Palm: The construction activities of MDWRD Project have already had an impact on nipa • palm resources, estimated to occupy 1,578 ha. Nipa palm, which grows and develops in brackish water no longer survives along the Nhu Gia, Cai Trau, Ngan Dua, Bac Lieu, Phuoc Long, and - Vinh My Canals. - Aquatic Ecosystems - The area of open water has increased in recent times that has created new aquatic habitat in - subproject area, it is likely that this habitat is relatively depopulated because of poor and sometimes toxic surface water quality, and fishing by local households. There has likely been a shift in the composition of aquatic biota to predominantly freshwater forms throughout the year - from a composition that likely fluctuated between freshwater-dominated to saline water - dominated in the eastern part of the project due to already completed sluices. - - -- 57 Il'h 2:". 2() J 1 REGIONAL CNVIRONMLNT ASSESSMENT R[-,POR r \11 K()N(i PI L L\ \\ '\" R RI ">01 Rei S \I.\N:\( 11 \lU'i I I (lj{ Rl 'H \1 I)! V I 101'\11 '\ I PH( ).11 CI Biodiversity •'" While ESSA (l992b) documents the various species that might have one time been found in the Sub-project area, it is likely that the Sub-project area contains little or no biodiversity resources, because of the almost complete absence of terrestrial ecosystems within the Sub-project and the poor surface water quality. .." Ecosystems and ProtectedAreas outside the Sub-Project There are no protected areas in the Sub-project area that are either a part of Viet Nam's existing or proposed national system of protected areas. There are a number of important ecosystems lying outside but near the Sub-project. In particular, the coastal areas of the four provinces contain the largest areas of intact mangrove and Melaleuca in Viet Nam. These areas have been identified in both the Viet Nam National Environmental .. Action Plan (World Bank 1995) and the Viet Nam Biodiversity Action Plan (Government of Viet " Nam 1994) as priority ecosystems for sustainable management and protection. Minh Hai Province (now divided into Ca Mau and Bac Lieu Provinces) once possessed the largest area of "I both mangrove and Melaleuca forests in Viet Nam. Ii There are six protected areas outside but near to the Sub-Project: " • The Vinh Thanh Bird Sanctuary in Bac Lieu District - a 125 ha remnant of an extensive ! coastal forest severely damaged during the American war and by subsequent wood II cutting; it was declared as a sanctuary in 1962. It is an important breeding site for waterbirds. Protection is relatively good. although the threats are poaching. insecticides used in the adjoining rice fields, and continued destruction of mangroves in the surrounding area; • Bau Sen Bird Sanctuary in Dam Doi District - a 129 ha patch of moderately degraded mangrove declared as a sanctuary in 1985. The site is particularly important to waterbirds. I Principal threats are poaching, continued mangrove harvesting, and altered water regime due to agricultural activities in the surrounding area; II• • Cha La Bird Sanctuary in Cai Nuoc District - a 20 ha patch of very degraded mangrove forest, under some form of official protection since 1940. It is important as a breeding site for waterfowl. The site is very degraded, and principal threats include poaching and mangrove cutting; • Ong Trang Nature Reserve in Ngoc Hien District - 1,540 ha on two uninhabited islands formed by deltaic aggradation processes, established as a nature reserve in 1993. Successional processes are very active in the reserve, and main threats are tree cutting and insufficient resources for demarcation and actual reserve establishment; - - 11..'11 2.". 2011 RLGIONAL LNV1RONMf'NT ASSrSSl\lI'NT I~LPORT- - [\11 KONb 1)1 L I \ \\ ,\ I J R RLS(ll ReI S \1.\N,\(,1 i\1I N I 101{ Rt H \1 Dl \ I I OPi\1l N! I'I.(OJI C 1 • Dat Mui Special Reserve Forest in Ngoc Hien District - a 4,474 ha remnant of a large mangrove forest in Ca Mau Cape established in 1987. The degradation of the reserve is - almost complete, due to shrimp aquaculture and mangrove cutting for fuelwood. This site - once had the best mangrove in all Viet Nam; and • Vo Doi Nature Reserve in U Minh District - about 4,000 ha in size; this is the only reserve - that contains substantial Melaleuca resources. - 3.5.4. Socio-economic conditions In 2007, population in subproject ,area was nearly 600,000 with population growth rate more than - 3%. The population of the Sub-project area is 86% Kinh, 11 % Khmer, and 3% Hoa. There is considerable variation in the ethnic composition among the Sub-project districts, however; the eastern Districts have more than 20% Khmer, while most of the remaining Sub-project districts - have less than 10% Khmer. Drinking and Domestic Water Supply The proportion of the population with access to groundwater wells appears to have increased since the preparation of the PFS. It is estimated that, at present, 60% of the Sub-project area population has access to safe water; this figure was 39% in 1991. Despite this, 40% of the Sub project population still lacks ready access to good quality water for drinking and domestic purposes. - Surface water4 quality in the Sub-project area is extremely poor, particularly with respect to - salinity, organic matter and bacterial contamination; it is therefore almost never used as a - drinking water source. Canal water appears to still be extensively used as a source of domestic water. While traditional latrines have been replaced by other systems, there is little or no septic treatment of human waste in the Sub-project area. Bacterial contamination comes from drainage - ofthese raw wastes. - -.. - - 4 Surface water, in this context means canal water, as well as any pond or dug well created by individuals for human water supply, b ..c~ U 59 - I L'h ='->_ 2() II fU:GIONA! ENVIRONMENT ASSrSSl\lJ:NT f~EPOR r 1\11 KON(i IHI 1'\ \\ \ I LR In SOl 'Rei S \I.\N,\(,I \11 N J I OJ{ Rl H \1 PI \! I 01'\1\ N I 1'i{().lLCI 3.6 BACKGROUND ON DONG NANG REN ..III 3.6.1 Location of the Dong Nang R~n (DNR) Subproject The content of DNR Subproject is to reinforce 9.7 Ian of Nang Ren dyke; Dredging of existing canals: Ranh, Hai Hau, Ba Tinh, Hai Thang, Th. Long - Gia Hoi; Construction of 6 sluices and 6 rural bridges. The DNR subproject area is located in the eastern of National highway lA in Vinh Loi district II and a part of Ward 7 - Bac Lieu town, and be bordered by the East village road 6 of Vinh Loi " district, the West with National highway lA, the South with Bac Lieu channel, and the North with Soc Trang province (Thanh Tri and My Xuyen district). Figure 3.6: Location of DNR Subproject LOCA1lON OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS , t't,..i'_• c' ,".. d II" "• 0 Z 0-.. -' ...... -...... ~ ,-.. ,...,.~ ...... , .. '-' " ...... -.- ? :::t:: ...... ~;::, C ~ , \ • '-' Dong Nang Ren c::< • Subproject area ....l <: ~ Z " u.J • ~ 6 ., ~ .. >z u.J WI l- ..0 Ii c.. c;j ..c --U .. 60 II ".. - - 1.:1, ::.;;. ::()II R[(iIONAL LNVIRONMf:NT ASSESSMLNT In PORT • ..- ~ll KON(j IJI L t i\ \\.\ II R Rt SOl Rei :-, \1.\N.\t,j \1l'N I lOR Rl It\! Dl \ I I OJ''''!! N I PRO!! C I 3.6.2 Meteorological conditions of the DNR Subproject area Project construction area's climate is profoundly affected the climate of the East Sea, equatorial - tropical monsoon climate with two seasons in the year. Rainy season starts from May to - November and dry season starts around December to April next year. In recent years, the climate of Bac Lieu province is quite mild, favorable for development of production and business - activities, especially agriculture, aquaculture and capture fisheries. Topography: Coastal areas are alluvial, formed during the marine concession and river and sea - sediment accretion. Therefore, the terrain is relatively flat, altitude is relatively low, altitude -.. varies from 0.4 m to 0.5 m. Flats focus in canal side, altitude about 0.2 m - 0.3 m. - Geomorphology: DNR subproject area is divided by the intricate canal system. The main canals .. in the project area are Lo Chat Dot canal, Cai Day canal - Nha Tho, Thong Luu canaL. In addition, there are many natural small irrigation canals and inland canals which are formed in the - process of land exploitation . • - Hydrometeorology conditions: .. Rainfall: Average rainfall in 2007 reached 196.27 mm. The highest rainfall was in October - (147.97 mm). Average rainfall of 11 months in 2009 reached 65.20 mm. The highest rainfall .. occurred in July (319.0 mm). March was identified as a month with lowest rainfall (0.1 mm) . Temperature: The average temperature in 2007 was 27.loC. The highest average temperature - was in April and May (28.8oC). The lowest average temperature was in February (25.6oC). The ... average temperature of 11 months in 2009 was 27.150C. The highest average temperature was in April (28.90C).The lowest average temperature was in January (24.2oC). Average sunshine hours ..- of 11 months in 2009 were 65.22 hours. March was identified as a month with highest sunshine hours (96.6 hours). -.. Evaporation: In 11 months in 2009, average amount of water evaporated at 33.58mm . Highest amount of water vapor: 65.73 mm (in October). - Smallest amount ofwater vapor: 22.03 mm (in July). - Humidity: in 2009 was 85.06%, reaching its highest level in July (88.67). - Wind: Bac Lieu province region has two main wind directions: - Rainy season: main wind direction is West -South. - Dry season: main wind direction is East and East - South. - 61 -- l1li111 I ('h ~.:;, ~oll R[(JlONAL LNVIRONl\ll~"NT ASSr:SSl\lrN r Rf~,pOln- l\IH~{)N(j 01 LI \ \\ \ II R RLSOi Rei S \1 '\N,'\(,IJI,ll Nil OJ{ Rl R \1 DI \ II (1)'\11 N I PI{(HI C I .., Windless Frequency: 30 - 35%. .. Hydrological features: .. Tidal regime: Flow regime in the basin is mainly influenced by the tide of East Sea. The tide of II East Sea follows the natural canals through marine, go incursion into the basin by several II different directions, so the flow regime in the canals in the project area is very complex. The tide .. of East Sea is a semi-daily tide, high tide amplitude. The difference of flood tide is less than the ~ ebb tide: flood tide from 30cm - 40cm, ebb tide from 60cm - 70cm. In a month, there are 2 times of high water and 2 times of low water. High water occurs after the full moon or new moon 3 to 4 days. Low water period is between two high water periods. As in the area, natural canals are through to Bac Lieu - Ca Mau channel, when the tide of East Sea changes, the tide in the area will be later than East Sea's tide. In some channels whose dams are available, tidal regime is not affected. Salinity: Salinity intrusion into the basin is mainly from canals which are incursive with the sea; ..." Salinity content changes with the seasons in a year, the salinity is measured on the canals about 25%0 in dry season, and about 5%0 - 60/00 in rainy season Relationship between salinity and water levels is quite closely. In a month, the intensity of ! salinity in high water period is higher than in low water period. In a day, the highest salinity It occurs after flood tide from 1 to 1.5 hours; salinity reached minimum value after ebb tide from 1- • 2 hours. ., Acidity: beneficiaries in areas with potential soil acidity potential including alkaline soil active 1& affects agricultural production area. Available sewage works in the region area are not sufficient to meet the drainage and fresh leads for the project area, the canals and channel level 1 were granted a sedimentation, so the drainage is congested, causing stagnant acidic for some areas with low altitude. 3.6.3 Natural resources Soils: According to soil survey data (maps with a scale 1150.000), land in the basin of the project .. area is mainly the following soil groups (explanation ofthe Eastern ofNang Ren project area): " Saline soils: over 45%. Alkaline soils: approximately 25% Alluvial: 30% .. > " as II ~ .. 0. 1! v " l' (;211 ".. - - I ch ~.:;. ~{)II R[(J!ONAL [~ 3 COD (mgll) 62,4 57,9 48,8 30 4 Nitrate (mg II) 0,10 0,12 0,41 10 II" 5 Salinity (%0) 0 0 0 . 6 NH4 1,44 1,39 1,62 0,5 7 PO/ 0,34 0,31 0,39 0,3 8 SS (*) 27 44 44 50 9 Coli form (MPN/100ml) * 46 x 10" 43 x 10" 46 x 10" 7500 (Source: Bac Lieu Center for Environmental Monitoring and Bac Lieu Center for advanced Science h and Technology applications (*), analysis on August 2t , 2009) Note: NMl: Canal of Nang Ren Bridge NM2: Canal of Chat Dot Avenue (beyond People's Committee of Chau Hung A commune) NM3: intersection ofNang Ren and Hai Hau canal Bac Lieu province's groundwater is richl with abundant reserves. Overall, the quality of II groundwater in the area is quite well. However, there are still some targets exceed permitted .. standards, so to use groundwater to ensure water quality, people need treatment measures before use to ensure their health.In the area of project implementation, there are some centralized water ".. supply stations in some towns and villages. However, due to in some remote areas, water supply stations havenlt gone to and due to demand for water, most people are drilling wells to serve production and living. II" Table 3.13: Analysis results of groundwater quality in the project area " II" Result Vietnamese standards No Parameters Unit 09:20081 MONRE NN1 NN2 NN3 1 pH - 6,96 6,77 6,89 5,5-8,5 2 Total iron mgll 0,04 0,03 0,07 5 3 Hardness mgll 189 172 168 500 4 Nitrate mgll 0,72 0,68 0,42 15 5 soimgll 14,9 16,2 16,6 400 6 Arsenic mgll 0 0 0 0,05 7 Coli forms (*) MPN/100ml I 43 43 93 3 (Source: Bac Ueu Center for Environmental Monitoring and Bac Ueu Center for advanced Science and h Technology applications (*), analysis on August 2t , 2009) Note; NN1: drilling wells of households in the project area (border with Nang Ren canal) NN2: drilling wells of households in the project area (near People's Committee of Chau Hung A commune) NN3: drilling wells of households in the project area (border with Nang Ren canal intersection) > Ki .. j.; d 'l) § 6 " 64 • ".. ..- Il:h ~:'i. ~(ill RUilONAL ENVIRONMEN r ASSeSSMI:NT REPORT- - I'vll KUNti Dl I 1;\ \\ \ I LR HI ~m 'Rei S \1,\N:\(.1 \11'" I I OJ{ Rl'HAL 1)1 VI I OP!\11 N I J'f{()11 C I The analysis result shows that groundwater quality in the subproject area is relatively well. Only - Coli form target at 3 points all exceeds criteria allowed from 14.33 to 31 times. Land Use: - Natural land area of project is 10,159 hectares (from border of Soc Trang Province to Avenue No 6); Agricultural land area is 8,583 hectares. Total plan of constructed work is about 266,30 hectares, in which canal bed is possessed about 162.94 hectares, canal side is about 103.36 - hectares of which: area of dike is possessed about 17.52 hectares. - Table 3.14: The actual land use in the subproject area as follows: Name of communes Chau Hung Hung Thanh No Items Unit Chau Hung Hung Hoi Total A Commune (Part Town Commune Commune in the Project) Natural area ha 2,803 2,936 2,790 1,630 10,159 1 Agricultural area ha 2,399 2,631 2.276 1.277 8,583 Occupy rate 0/0 85.59 89.61 81.58 78.34 • 83.78 - In that .. a Annual trees 2.106 1.121 7,535 a.1 Rice field area ha 1.982 2H'·2, 9981,880 1,055 7,091 a.2 Vegetable, fruit, bean and 124 136 118 66 - ha 444 .. annual industrial trees . b Long term trees I ha 293 321 278 156 1,048 - 2 Area of aquaculture ha - - 200 - 200 .. 3 Area of land not in use 7 4 4 4 19 4 Other land area 397 301 310 349 1,357 - (Source: EfA report on Dong Nang Ren subproject. 2010) - Ecosystems: Mainly characterized natural ecology of Bac Lieu province is the ecosystem of mangroves and - coastal resources. - Mangrove ecosystem: Bac Lieu province is approximately 56km in length, forests and forest land .. has planning area of 5422.26 hectares, mainly including white sauce trees, sea encroaching trees. - Mangrove flora: there are 64 species belonging to 27 families, mainly parrots, sauce trees, and .. other types of cereals, aegiceras, bean sprouts, date palms; the number .and types are distributed according to the terrain, chemical and physical properties ofsoil. ..- Mangrove fauna: there are 12 species of mammal, 12 reptiles, 08 species of amphibian (recorded more 03 new species of amphibians, 67 species of wetland birds, 25 species of shrimp and 258 - species of saltwater fish). About wildlife, there aren't official survey data. - I I..'j) ,::.:;. '::0 II REGIONAl LNVIRONMENT ,\SSrSSMENT RLPORT i'dl KUN(j Dl I I \ \\ \ II R Rl SOl R(,! ~ \1.\\1.\(,1 Ml N I lOR Rl H \1 l>( \ I ( OI'\lI N I I'I{( )J!'C I ".a Coastal Resources: Bac Lieu has a coastline of 56 k:m; the territorial sea area is around '" 15.000k:m2. The mangrove ecosystem has developed with high economic and biological value. Ii The area of the subproject iis mostly land of agricultural production and crops. The project is II constructed in Vinh Loi district and part of Ward 7 Bac Lieu Town, so the ecosystem of the .. area of project implementation mainly characterizes freshwater ecosystems. In the area, there are various types of characteristic plants and animals such as guava, bowls, rice, coconuts, bananas, crab, shrimp, fish and other aquatic species ... 3.6.4 Socio-economic conditions "II The population in SUbproject area up to 2009 was 96,076 with Ethnic minority consists of 8750 people. The majority of the population belongs to the Kinh while other ethnic groups make up the l small remain (including Chinese, Khmer and others). Due to the problem of inundation as well as requirements for communication and transportation, the population is unevenly distributed. .... ".. Ii" II iii ..It 0 z -' I"'. .. '-' cG " V ., ::.c u < .. ::0 ....., I-< Z .. w..J " ::E ;z: 1'"\ ...." ~ .. > " Z ~ .. ;,.; 'l) II 0. -<":! ..c U II .." - - I L'b 2:'. 2() II Rl"{ilONAL ENVIRONMLNl ASSrSSMENT HLPORT - :\11 KUM, DII 1\\\ \11 R RI S(llIRCI S I\I.\I\.\(.I \11 NI I OJ{ Rl,I{,\1 Dl \ II O!'f\H N[ PRoJI CI - 3.7 BACKGROUND ON CAMAU - Geography: Ca Mau province is located in Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam, fully lying inside Ca Mau peninsula. The land area of Ca Mau province is 5,331.64 km2; equivalent to 13.13% - total area of Mekong Delta and 1,58% of country's area. Topography, geomorphology: Cd Mau is low-lying province, which is frequently flooded, 90% ..- of salt-mash area is aluminiferous . - Climate: Ca Mau province enjoys the monsoon tropical .. climate - - -- ..- ..- - ,.. - - - ;.: ..(!) -..... 1"u 67 I ~'h 25. 2011 RLGIONAI [NVIRONMI:N"I ASSrSSMfNT RLPORT [\11 KOMi DI ! 1.\ \\ \ II R HI SOl RCI S [\I:\N.\(,I i\lLN I lOR Rl H \1 1)( \,11 ()j'\1! N I P({OJI C I "III characterizing by distinguished seasons. Rainy seasons is from May to October, dry season starts in November and ends in the next April. Average rainfall is about 2,400mm; amount of rain fall during rainy season occupies 90% of total annual rain. Average temperature of a year is 26.5 oC, average annual sunny hours is 2,500. "-;<: Rainfall: In 2009, rainfall was less than that of 2008, total rainfall in 2009 is 2,228mm, monthly • rainfall is 185mm, especially during rainy season, from May to September, rainy amount is very it high, and the top peak is in September with 488mm/month. However, during dry season, the rainfall is very low, only 1.6mm. This is a remarkable of rainfall in the year, affecting on water regime and on agriculture indirectly. When rainfall increased combines with flood water from Mekong River (August-October), they will cause flood in a wide area. Humidity: Recent annual humidity is quite stable, average humidity in 2007, 2008,2009 is 83%, the lowest peak (in March) is 78%, and the highest one (in December) is 89%, •ill Wind and storm: Wind regime follows seasons. During dry season, main wind direction is East North and East with average speed of 1.6 - 2.8m/s. During rainy season, main wind direction is West-South or West, with average speed from 1.8 - 4.5m/s. In rainy seasons happens whirlwind or storm at level 7-8. .." Hydrography, tide: Some huge rivers run through Ca Mau province include Tam Giang, Bay Hap, Qu8.n LQ PhVng Hi~p, Ganh Hao, D6c, and Trym river. Hydrography of these rivers and streams is affected by tide with many big river mouth connected with the sea. Outside of river mouth, the affect of tide is very huge, the more they get inside tile river, the less frequency of tide appears and lower speed of transmit. Through these streams, the channel and the trench connect together making inland streams, flooded areas and characterized environment which is suitable for aquaculture. Tidal regime: Tidal regime in Ca Mau is affected directly by uneven half-day tide regime of Ii Easten Sea and uneven daily tide regime of Westen Sea. Amplitude of Easten Sea tide is fairly " big, about 3.0-3.5m during tidal day, and from 180 - 220 cm during other day; at Ganh river mouth, the amplitude is from 1.8 - 2.0 m. Tide of Westen sea is less stronger that of Easten Sea, maximum amplitude is 1.0 m. At Ong Doc river mouth, the highest water level is from + 0.85 m to + 0.95 m, happens in October, November; the lowest water level is from minus 0.4 to 0.5 m, i happens in April and May. " '! ....5 Ii c.. or.:l , --II 68 ".. - - Il.'h 2:'. 2()11 RLGIONAL LNYIRON\lLNT ASS[SSM[N r RI~.PORT- - MI KUN(1 1)1 L 1,\ \\.\ II.R RI SOl RCI S \1.\NMIIl\lI N I lOR Rl !L\I 1)1 VI! ()j'\11 N I !'({OJ! C I Soils: Classification in to 6 main types: - Alkaline soils: 279,928 ha, approximately 52.53% total natural area. - Saline soils: 212,877 ha, approximately 39.95% total natural area. - Other 4 types include: alluvial 12,193 ha, peat 8,903 ha, yellow-red 708 ha, the least - one is sandy soil 671 ha (rivers and streams: 17,636ha). In general, Soil in Ca Mau province is suitable for aquaculture but not good for agriculture, - especially for rain relied agriculture and saline soil, especially shrimp raising has affected badly - on salinity of rice field and garden land, which were invested money and energy for hundreds - years to prevent the salinity. Effectiveness ofagriculture land use in Camau - Types of agriCUlture land used in Ca Mau province comprise: aquaculture (industrial shrimp rising, high productivity shrimp rising, combination of shrimp and forest, shrimp and rice, oysters, fresh sea food and others. For agriculture, one crop, 2 rice crops are in combination with - growing of green bean, water melon, rice-fish, vegetable, sugarcane, coconut, banana, salt production. - Forest in Ca Mau includes saline coastal forests (mainly in NgQc Hi~n, Nam Can, DAm DO'i, Phil Tan districts) and alumina indigo forests (mainly in U Minh and Tran Van Thoi district) - Especially, in Ca Mau province, there is a-Mui Ca Mau National Park with an area of 41,861 ha and U Minh H~ National Park with an area of 8,527 ha, these are saline-alumina eco-forests. Both National Park play an important role in eco diversify, natural landscape, environment and are - recognized by UNIESCO as the WORLD BIOSPHERE RESEVES. -. U Minh forest: This is a place to show living specimen of flooded eco system's plants in Mekong Delta and Southeast Asia, with 201 plant species, some of those is scientific and - economic valuable. Cit Mau saline forest: According to the Minh Hai Center for research and application of flooded forestry techniques, in this forest are 66 plant species, mainly mangrove. - Mui Ca Mau Biosphere reserve has an area of 371.506 ha with 3 areas: centre area 17,329ha, buffered area 43,309ha and connecting area 310,868ha. The centre area is divided into 3 sub - areas and strictly protected, namely Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park - and coastal protective forest. There are some typical ecosystem, e.g. saline eco forest, peat flooded land, sea - z> - w - - ".. ! l'b ::;:;. 2011 RFGlONAl ENVIRONMLNT ASSI:SSMENT REPORT 1\11 KOMi Dr L r \ \\ \ II R RI:sOI'RCI S \I.\N,\(,I MI N I I OJ{ Rt R \1 1)1 \ II OP"II N I PROJLC 1 Ii.. Water resources II• Surface water source in Ca Mau province is mainly from rain and sea contained in natural streams, irrigation channels, in saline forests, indigo forests and aquaculture fields. According to the agriculture plan, surface water in Ca Mau province is divided clearly: Surface water to serve Ii sapling trees is the fresh water left in U Minh Ha indigo forest, agriculture area of the Northen " II1II Tran Van Thoi district and Thoi Binh district, sugarcane in Thoi Binh district. Surface water comprises brackish water, saline water from the sea or mixture of sea water and rainy water. .. Underground water: According to the predict for the year 2020, the pressure of underground water utilization is very high, water supply must be 152,000m3/day for the whole province. Of "Ii which, exploitation inside Ca Mau city and towns, industrial zones up to 100,000 m3/day. II• Tourism resources: Presently, Ca Mau is focusing on development of eco-tourism from Ca Mau city to Ca Mau to Mui Ca Mau (southernmost point in Vietnam), U Minh forest to Hon Da Bac (Silver Stone), Cha La - Thi Tuong lagoon, Hon Khoai, bai Khai Long - Oat Mui. "III ft Sea resources: Ca Mau sea is considered as important point of Vietnam, containing huge amount .. and diversify of sea food. Floated fish reserves is estimated 320,000 ton, bottomed fish reserves is about 530,000 ton with 661 species, 319 races of 138 groups. Aquaculture in Ca Mau is developed at rapid speed. Area of aquaculture is about 202,000 ha. Popular models of aquaculture ".. consist of improved extensive aquaculture, semi-intensive aquaculture, combination of shrimp It aquaculture and forestry, rice cultivation. Production of industrial shrimp aquaculture in NgQc .. Hic!n, CAi Nuoc, DAm Dai is 4-5 ton/ha/crop. Ca Mau province produce 2-3 billion of seed every year. "II Cl Z :;,.., .." '-' c:t::: r'"l '-' :::.c .. u :Ii -< ::0 ....l < ~ '"... u.J ~ ~c:t::: II > " z ~ " - - 1.:11 2'i. 2011 RHHONAl LNVIRONMENT ASSLSSMl:NT Rf:PORT - \11 KUMi Dil L\ \\ ,\ II R RLSOl I~CI S \I:\N.\(,I ,\11 N I lOR Rl 1\ \1 Dl \! I OI'\JI N I PRO.!I C 1 - CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION - MEASURES - 4.1 Scope of the Assessment 4.1.1 Approach Main objective of this report is to assess the project's over all environmental impacts in line with - the Bank's safeguard requirements. As indicated in Chapter 1, the Bank's safeguard polity requires the preparation of a regional environmental assessment (REA), including social impact - assessmentsto provide informed choices in preparing various safeguard frameworks which will - be applied to all the subprojects. The frameworks include the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), Ethnic Minority Policy Framework (EMPF), Environment and Social Management .. Framework (ESMF), Environmental Code of Practices for every type of civil works (ECOPs), and Pest Management Framework (PMF). In line with these frameworks, preparation of - Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP), and .. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the first cycle subprojects will be carried out for appraisal purposes. Such documents shall also be prepared during the project implementation for all subprojects in the Cycle 2 and 3 of the project. In this context, the REA focused on the - environmental background of the Mekong Delta and the five project areas (BVN, OMXN, .. QLPH, DNR, and Ca Mau) for Component 2 subprojects while the impact assessment in this chapter would cover the overall activities anticipated to be carried out under the Project - (Components 1, 2, 3, and 4) taken key findings of the EIA reports for BVN, OMXN, and DNR into account. Impact assessment of the water supply subprojects are made based on an initial data provided by the provinces. Results from this assessment are used for development of an - ESMF, an ECOPs, and a PMF as a standalone document of which their objectives and key .. activities are summarized in Chapter 5. ..- 4.1.2 The subprojects It is anticipated that the proposed project will comprise about 14 subprojects involving (a) dredging and dyking of secondary and tertiary canals, (b) construction of secondary and tertiary sluices, (c) constructi<:>n of rural bridges, and (d) upgrading and new construction of rural water supply schemes. Most of the subprojects related to (a), (b), and (c) under the first cycle will be - carried out in the four existing irrigation schemes (BVN, OMXN, QLPH, DNR,), while there - may be some subprojects schemes in Camau. The description of the subprojects is summarized - in Chapter 2, while the environmental background for the these subproject areas is provided in - Chapter 3. Under Component 2, five subprojects have been proposed for the first cycle which requires full - preparation for appraisal purpose while the remaining subprojects identified for the second and .. third cycles would be prepared during the implementation of the project. Under Component 3, the subprojects related to water supply will be carried out in the western part ofthe Mekong Delta - covering six project provinces and Can Tho Municipality and their environmental background is .. briefly summarized in Appendix 3. The civil works activities would be small raging from b c.. .c<":l - U - 71 - Il'h 2". 2() II RECIIONAL LNVIRONi\lFNT ASSI:SSI\U:N r RLPORT \11 KOMi IH 1 1 \ \\ \ II R RLSOl RCI S \1 \N \~d \11 N I I OJ{ Rl H \1 1)1'\ I I (J1'\11 N I I'j{OIi C I I upgrading of existing small rural water supply to construction of new water supply systems (capacity about 40-50 m3/hr). This chapter assesses the potential impacts of the overall project based on the nature and scope of the activities of the subprojects known at the time of the appraisal. Assessment of the potential impacts of the Component 2 subprojects has also taken the key findings of the EIA reports prepared for BVN, OMXN, and DNR into account. The overall potential impacts of the project • is discussed in Section 4.2 while the negative impacts of the Component 2 subproject are .. discussed in Section 4.3 and that ofthe Component 3 subprojects are discussed in Section 4.4. 4.1.3 The Government's EM requirements I The EIA regulation (Decee No OS/2008/TT-BTNMT dated December 8, 2008) requires preparation and approval of an EIA for large investment project and of an environmental commitment for small project. According to this regulation, three EIAs are required: one for Bac I Yam Nao (BVN) subproject, one for 0 Mon Xa No (OMXN) subproject, and one for Dong Nang Ren (DNR) subproject. The three EIAs were prepared by three separate independent consultants. At present, the EIA for BVN has been reviewed and approved by An Giang's Department of I Natural Resource (DONRE) while the EIA for OMXN has been reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) and the EIA for DNR has been reviewed and approved by Bac Lieu People's Committee. An English summary of these reports •I will be made available for public access at CPO office. Construction of bridges and upgrading and/or construction of water supply will involve smaller and less complex civil works and approval of an environmental commitment by the Provincial People's Committee or the District's I People Committee is required. The subproject owners are in the process of securing these approvals. , II 4.2 Overall Potential Impacts I.. 4.2.1 Cumulative Impacts. While the proposed project would comprise about 14 irrigation and flood control subprojects in the western part ofthe Mekong Delta through the three investment cycles, the cumulative impacts resulting from the implementation of these subprojects has been considered not significant. The proposed investments are mainly either (a) of mainly long-term maintenance (e.g., dredging), (b) minor repairs and upgrading (e.g, reinforcement ofcanal dykes), or (c) completion of the existing schemes (e.g., installation of the secondary and tertiary sluices). These investments would not lead to the major alternation of the existing water regime (such as salinity intrusion or severer inundation or flooding), or cause increase in the area of irrigation or amount of the water intakes from the design capacity. In addition, the proposed investments would be spread over a large ".. area consisting 6 provinces and one municipality, and there is no concentration of the subprojects. The above-mentioned four irrigation schemes (BVN, OMXN, QLPH, DNR) are I hydrologically separate, and the environmental impacts can well be analyzed separately. > Z w.J 72'• 11(1 Ii .. 1,,[, :::". :::() I I RFGIONAL LNVIRONl'vfl~NT ASSESSMENT REPORT - [\11 kUMi DI LI;\ \\ ,\ I LR RLS()l [RU S r>.1.\N,\(,1 \lLN I lOR Rl HAl DI \ 1101'\11 N I PI{OJLC 1 It was also found that the areas subprojects would not affect critical natural habitats; the subprojects areas are exclusively inland agriculture and aquaculture area, and all works would be - carried out in the man-made existing canals. No dykes on the coastal areas or natural rivers are planned under the proposed project therefore it is likely no affect cause to mangroves forest or - coastal biodiversity system. It is also apparent that the proposed investments would not likely be affected by exterrnal factors - such as the climate change and upstream hydropower development. As mentioned above, the - proposed investments are either long-term maintenance plus minor upgrading, or completion of the existing irrigation schemes. Potential sea level rise may increase the frequency and intensity of salinity intrusion; however restoring the conveyance capacity of fresh water through dredging, - and increase ability to respond to the salinity intrusion through the construction of the secondary and tertiary sluice gates would certainly help the existing investment resilience to the impacts of - upstream development and climate change. The investment may be affected ifCambodia, the • immediate upstream riparian country, would start large scale irrigation development; however, through the mechanism ofthe Mekong River Commission, coordinated development would ..- likely take place in order to prevent serious negative impacts on the Mekong Delta in Vietnam . The issue ofthe dredged materials has been also reviewed. The total volume ofthe dredged - materials under the project may amount to 4 million cubic meters, according to the preliminary .. estimate through various draft subproject's feasibility studies. The figure is seemingly large, but . it should be noted that the dredging would be carried out in extensive areas (estimated at about - 300,000 hectares) over 5-6 years ofproject implementation. The volume ofthe dredged .. materials would also be reduced when dried. Indicative information suggests that the dredged materials are mainly silts and sands with organic materials and toxic materials such as heavy - metals and residual agricultural chemicals; therefore no major secondary contamination on soils and groundwater from disposal ofdredged materials are expected. In Delta, it is a common - practice to use the dredged materials for rural roads and dykes, and eventual disposal ofthe - dredged materials is not considered to be an issue. In fact, the dredging of canals in the Mekong Delta has been carried out for a long time, and the disposal dredged materials would not become • an environmental issue. The disposal ofthe dredged materials can be handled at the individual subproject level by preparation of disposal plan per each construction contract during the ..- implementation of individual subproject. Table below summarizes the characteristics ofthe ..- sediments in the first Cycle subproject areas. - - - -- 73 I <.:h :::'i. :::0]] RrcilONAI LNVIRON!'1I1I'nr ASSrSSMl:N r RLPOR r- I\JI KOMi DI I I \ \\ \ II R RI,SOl Rei s \1 \N.HtI ~II,N I lOR Rl H \1 DI \ I 101'\11 N I P!{OJLC I I Table 4-1: Sample Analysis of the Sediments in the First Cycle Subproject Area Subprojects Pesticides Heavy metals (mg/kg) pH Remarks BVN Not detected AI: 5.6-6.9; Zn 2.1-4.8; Pb: 4.7-5.5 All are within the 1.5-4.0; As 0.2-0.4; Cd: 0.05 national standards 0.1; Cu: 2.1-3.8 200 for Zn, 70 for OXMN Not detected AI: 4.2-7.9; Zn 3.1-6.9; Ph: 4.7-5.2 Ph, 12 for As, 2 1.2-6.2; As 0.2-0.4; Cd: 0.04 for Cd, and 50 for 0.3; Cu: 1.6-3.4 Cu DNR Not detected AI: 5.6-8.0; Zn: 3.6-6.1; Pb: 4.3-5.2 1.7-3.4; As 0.1-0.5; Cd: 0.06 0.2; Cu: 1.2-2.9 I The issue of construction of the sluice gates and water quality has also been reviewed. In some 2 case, operation of the sluice gates and water pollution downstream from the sluice gates are related. Sluice operation would prevent salinity intrusion mainly during dry season while closed I sluices may affect the water quality as pollutants may accumulate. The operation ofsluices I would also affect the overall salinity in the concerned area, and potentially conflict on the land and water use may be induced. However, the proposed project would only include construction of secondary and tertiary sluices, and the environmental impacts would be mainly local, and II• mitigation measures could be undertaken at the subproject level. The proposed project would also support construction of bridges across the irrigation canals. Ii• These bridges are exclusively secondary and tertiary bridges to increase connectivity among the villages located along the canals and facilitate the local traffic, particularly for pedestrians, motorcycles and light trucks. It is not anticipated that these bridges would induce traffic from outside ofthe subproject areas, and create nuisance such as pollution and noises for the local I residents. The issue oflocal traffic safety shall be handled by local transport services with safety . activities as part ofthe on-going national traffic safety program. I The proposed investment for rural water supply is also considered to be of small scale, and it is expected that the environmental impacts such as increase in drainage would be mitigated through investment in collector drainage. The rural population in the MKD region has already an access to water through canals and other water bodies and provision of the rural water may not increase the overall usage of water. From the social prospective, the main negative impacts ofthe project would be appropriation of the lands for mainly disposal of the dredged materials; however the requirement for the land appropriation may not be significant. The Cycle 1 subprojects are estimated to require about 31.2 hectares of land in total, and additional 60 hectares may be required for Cycles 2 and 3 SUbprojects. While a number of households may be affected, there are few permanent relocation needed (average land loss for household is about 70 m2), and the mitigation can be carried out at the subproject level. Affected on ethnic minorities, mainly Hoa (e.g. Chinese originated) and Khme people in Bac Lieu and Soc Trang provinces would ofsmall scale. -.. I cl1 2:', 20 II RUlIONAL ENVIRONMI:NT ASSI:SSi\lLNT REPORT ..- \11 kON(, ()f ! 1,\ \\ ,\ I LR HI SOl RCI S \1.\N,\(,f \11.1\ I lOR RI'IUI DI \ II OI'\H N I !'ROII (' I - The project sites do not include physical cultural properties; however throughout the impelentation of subprojects, a relocation of graveyards would be necessary. A preliminary estimate suggests that about 310 graveyards extensively scattered over the project areas would need to be relocated. However, relocation of the graveyard is not uncommon issue in the infrastructure projects in the Mekong Delta, and it would not be an issue if proper procedures, • including compensation, restoration, and undertaking of retuals are conducted in agreement with affected households. This suggests a preparation of graveyard removal plan during the .. implementation of individual subproject. In conclusion, despite the fact that the project would comprise about 14 subprojects, the - cumulative impacts would not be substantial; therefore, it is adequate that the environmental • impacts assessment and mitigation measures would be addressed on an individual subprojects - basis. - 4.2.2 Subproject Specific Negative Envionrment Impacts 4.2.2.1 Scope and Approach This section summarizes the findings on the possible negative environmental impacts incurred by ..- the implementation of the subprojects mainly under Component 2. Assessment was made following the Government practice on EIA preparation by identifying key activities causing the impacts, the level of impacts on key local population and environment (air, noise, vibration, -.. water quality, soil/land, and natural/cultural resources), and consultation practices. Basic data and key findings from the EIAs for the first cycle subprojects have been used as the basis for the assessment and the proposed mitigation measures of the Component 2 subprojects. In parallel, a - social impact assessment was also carried out by a group of an independent national consultant - and a Social Impact Assessment (SIA) report has been prepared separately. Section 4.2.2 below summarises the scope of the subprojects in the following three irrigation schemes: (a) BVN, OMXN, and DNR, which could reflect nature of civil works to be undertaken - under the Component 2 subprojects. Given that main activities of these subprojects are similar involving dredgingldyking of existing irrigation canals, and construction of sluice gates, and rural bridges and that they will be carried out in existing irrigation/flood control areas that are basically - similar in nature (flat, rice production), the potential impacts (positive and negative) of these .. subprojects would be similar in nature. In this context the extent of the impacts would depend on types and size of civil works and activities to be carried out during construction while those - related to operation phase would be related to agro-chemical uses, water users, and water quality. .. Sections 4.3.2 - 4.3.5 discuss the potential negative impacts of key activities expected to create significant impacts during pre-construction, construction, and operation phases. During preconstruction and construction dredging, dyking, sluice construction, transportation, work - camps and workers, and other construction works are expected to be the main cause while potential impacts during operation would likely to be due to increasing agriculture production, - sluice operations, and improvement on rural transport. i.: .. E g. ..c:: - U - 75 ..- I ch :::". 2() II RI:CiIONAL LNVIRONMEN I' ,\SSI:SSI\I[N r RLPORT !\lIKON(i 1)11 1\\\ \ II R RI ;';01 RCI ~ \1 \'\LHtI \11 NI 101{ Rl H \1 DI \ 1101'\11 '\J I PI{(IJI CI 4.2.2.2 Overall Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Negative environmental impacts will also occur associated with the implementation of the subprojects at all phases starting pre-construction, during and post-construction e.g. operation phase. J (a) During the preconstruction phase, the main impacts would be loss of productive land and/or residential land/assets related to the land appropriation, mainlg for the disposal of dredged materials (Component 2) and construction of pipeline/treatment plants for the rural water supply .. (Component 3). This would results in adverse impacts on livelihood and well being of the project ," affected population (PAPs). A feasibility study level analysis suggested that the five Cycle 1 subprojects under Component 1 requires about 27.3 hectares of land, affecting about 4,700 .. families, of which 228 families (about 5 percent of the total affected households) are ethnic minority such as K'mer and Hoa. Further, a preliminary estimate suggests that the total number of the affected households would be around 13,000 families, and total land to be appropriated would be 91 hectares, implying average loss of the land per family would be about 70 m2. Loss of the residential may reach n~arly 40 hectares for the entire project; however, the number of the families requiring permanent relocation would be relatively small; for the five Cycle 1 I subprojects, about 15 families may have to be forced to relocate. Table 4.1 below summarizes the information on the land acquisition and number of affected families. "• Table 4.2 Land acquisition and number of affected families for Component 2 Numberof of which land to be landtobe Tota I La nd to be Of which households Ethnic appropriated appropriated appropriated residential affected Minority perma nentlv (ha l tempora ry (ha l (hal area (hal First Cycle Subprojects /1 4,854 228 22.00 5.29 27.29 13.20 Second and Cycle Subprojects /2 8,000 TSO 40.00 8.00 48.00 26.00 Total 12,854 TSO 62.00 13.29 75.29 39.20 I Note: /1 Feasi bility Level Estimate,/2 Prefeasbillty level esti mate II For Component 3, it is expected that less than 80 households would be lightly affected due to minor land acquisitions for water treament plant and/or pumping stations (including upgrading system and new construction). •" (b) During the construction phase, a few environment and social impacts would occur as follows; I Disposal of dredged materials. Main impacts on local environment during dredging and construction of secondary or tertiary sluices would be due to disposal and transportation of dredged soils and an increase in suspended waste in water due to disturbance of bottom I sediment. Typically, the dredged materials are dumped on the appropriated land for drying out for a couple of years. Indicative information suggests that dredged materials are mainly silt and clay with high organic content, and contains little toxic materials such as heavy I metals and pesticides. Therefore, serious contamination of soils and groundwater are not expected. However, in area with acid sulfate soil and/or contaminated sediment, increase in .- I cb ~,.:;, 20 II REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMEN l' RI:PORT [\11 KOMi DI I l.'\ \V,\ II R RLSOl'RCI S [\t\N.\(,1 \11 N I lOR IU RAt Dl \ II OI'MI N I Pf{WLC I acidity and other pollutants (such as oil/grease, heavy metals and toxic chemicals, coliform II.,,, bacteria) could also be an issue. As said in Section 4.1 Cumulative Impacts, a preliminary estimate suggests that the dredged materials under the project would amount to 3-4 million cubic meters in total. This figure appears to be large, but the disposal of the dredged materials would be better treated locally at the subproject level as there are many local factors such as: (a) quality of the dredges, (b) availaibility and locality of the disposal land, (c) infrastructure projects (roads and dykes) """ which would use the dredged materials as bases. Noises, Pollution, and Disturbances during Construction During the construction works, the - following environmental and social impacts may occur; • Site investigation, clearance, and preparation, including setting up camp site. This will create air, noise, vibration, wastes, and possible social issues such as graveyard relocation. • Increased turbidity resulting from the dredging may create negative impacts for the water - users (such as aquaculture, agriculture, and domestic consumption) located nearby the dredger and/or construction sites. However, these impacts are most likely to be localized and temporary. • Impacts due to an increase in noise, vibration, and dust as well as others due to waste - generation, traffic hindrance, and public safety would also be local and temporary. There - may be some temporary disturbance on the local businesses such as small shops. - • Local traffic may be disturbed during construction. During consultation with local - authorities and peoples, there are concerns on the need for construction of temporary bridge and/or bypass road during dredging would be needed. - (c) Operation and Post Construction stage The potential negative impact during this period would be: (a) potential increase in the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and (b) potential risk of conflicts on water use due to operation of - sluices and/or in expansion of aquaculture development. • Potential increase in the use offertilizer and other agro chemicals. The dredging works and construction of the sluices under the project would enable farmers to increase reliable access to irrigation water; accordingly, the use of the fertilizer pesticides would be increased, while - quantative assessment would be difficult to make. • Potential Risk ofConflicts on Water Use. The installation of the secondary and tertiary sluice - gates would enable subtle operation to control the salinity level at the tertiary and on-farm level. This may lead to possible conflict on water use (brackish water and fresh water) among - the local residents. - 77 - "III 1.:11 2:;. 2011 RHilONAL LNVIRONMt:NT ASSrSSivlENT REPORT 1\11 K()N( I DI L I \ \\' \ II.R RI.S()! Rei S ;"1:\N,\(.1 \11 N I lOR Rl H \1 DI \ I 101'\11 N I Pl~(}jf C I • Potential increase in wastewater resulting from increased services of rural water supply has • been identified, but the impacts would not be significant. The water is available through canals and rivers in the Mekong Delta, and incremental use of the domestic water • consumption would not be significant. The project would also supply the household .. sanitation to address this environmental impact risk. • Potential increase in aquaculture activities. Further, the project may also contribute to the ..• increased aquaculture, mainly shrimp farming through securing reliable supply of brackish and fresh water. Almost all of the shrimp farming are integrated rice-shrimp farming, which .. are small scale (typically 100-300 square meter) and run by family. The integrated rice- I shrimp farming are considered to be one of the more environmentally sustainable aquaculture because: it is extensive and use less chemicals (e.g., fertilizers and antibiotics), and it does not • impinge mangrove forests or acculumate the sediments (refer Section 3). Nevertheless, there ill are some environmental concerns such as: (a) effluents from the shrimp farms, and (b) disposal of the sediments in the shrimp ponds into the nearby canals and rivers. .. • 4.3 Proposed Mitigation Measures. ".. This section sets out the mitigation measures for the identified environmental and social impacts at the subproject level. Section 4.3.1,4.3.2 and 4.3.3 sets out the mitigation measures for the Pre II ( construction, Construction and post-construction (operation). .. 4.3.1. Land acquisition II Dredging, dyking, and construction of sluices, bridges, and rural roads will require land • acquisition both permanent and temporary and this may cause adverse impacts to local population and their livelihoods. Table 4.1 in the previous section presents the preliminary estimate ofthe • entire projects. These impacts are considered significant, long term, unavoidable, and need to be • mitigated. • The primary mitigation is compensation for the appropriated land. During conceptual and .. detailed design, make an effort to minimize the need for land acquisition especially for productive land and assets of the poor and disadvantages groups. Close consultation with concerned agencies, local communities, and affected population is required while the application ".. ofappropriate and/or best technology is highly recommended. When land acquisition is not avoidable, compensation must be timely made following the policy and procedures acceptable to the Bank. The procedures shall be described in the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), and a entitlement matrix shall be development in the subrproject specific Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) for each subproject. ".. In preparing and implementing the RAPs, ensure that (a) Government budget is timely made available, (b) local authorities understand the RPF, and RAP process and are committed to work . •• 1.:11 2:'\. 2011 REGIONAL CNVIRONMLNT ASS[SSM[Nl' IU:PORT 1\11 KON(i Oil 1,\ \\ \ II R I~I SOl IIKI S 1\L\N:\(,j \11 N I lOR RI,HAI DI \ 1101'\11 N I PRO" C I with local people to address the issues, and (C) adequate transparency and credibility would be ,- made in the process. 4.3.2 Disposal ofDredged Materials As stated in the Section 4.2.2, undertaking periodic maintenance for dredging of large -- irrigation/flood control areas in the Mekong Delta will generate large amount ofdredge materials which will require land area for temporary and permanent disposal sites as well as will cause significant impacts on air, water, and local people due to increasing load and unloading of - materials, transportation, and other construction activities. Contaminated sediment may also increase the level of water pollution and cause serious impacts on water users. However, the activities will be carried along different locations out over a 2-4 years period for each subproject and this gives some flexibility in managing the negative impacts. Prefeasibility data below - suggested that about 700 km of existing canals would be dredged and about 3 million m3 of .. dredge spoil would be excavated during the project. - Most of these materials however will be used for upgrading and/or construction of nearby dykes, buildinglbackfilling of rural roads, and/or land filling of residential and/or agricultural areas. - Dredging and dyking will however require significant amount of land acquisition for disposal of - dredge spoil and/or dyking as well as operations of heavy machines, equipments, trucks/vehicles, and barges/boats and will have significant impacts on water quality, especially in acid sulfate soil and contaminated sediment (see below). Dredging can also cause canal erosion as well as - collapse/slide of canal bank and this concern was expressed during consultation with local authority and people. Effective management of these dredge materials will be critical for - reducing potential negative impacts. - Mitigation Measures would include the following; • Maximize the use of dredge spoil in nearby areas to reduce the need for transportation; - Selective analysis of sediment should be made to determine proper design for spoil disposal - site and to avoid contamination of soil/land and water. Manage dredging schedule so that all the negative impacts are minimized; c - z ;:; • Minimize the appropriation of the lands in the residential areas or near residential areas to o - 0:::: avoid the possible impacts of the dredged materials on the human settlement o - u~ - • Carry out detailed assessment of the dredged materials on quantity and quality during the ro-< - detailed design; if toxic materials are found (e.g., heavy metal), a special plan would be prepared to prevent the contamination of soils and ground water of nearby lands; in case of - acid sulphate soils, minimize the impacts on water quality and nearby crops by proper design ..- of spoil disposal site and appropriate treatment of leachate; - - 79 - .. I eh 2:". 2() II RrGIONAI LNVIRONMFNT ASSrSS1VILNT HLPOH r i'dl I"UN(j DI J I \ \\ \ II R HI ~()l Rei S \1 \N \(d \11 N I I Ol{ Rl H \1 DI \ I 101'\11 N I I'R()ILe! I • Provide temporary bridges and overpasses to local residents when existing bridges are • destroyed and/or disposal site of dredge material make it difficult for the local people to move .. around and/or exposed to increasing safety risk~ especially children and elderly; ..• 4.3.3. Noises, Pollution, and Disturbances during Construction 4.3.3.1 Site Investigation and Site Clearance • Drilling activities during site investigation~ removal of existing bridges and infrastructures~ construction of work camps, and other site clearance activities can create significant amount of , dust~ noise, solid waste, water pollution~ traffic hindering~ safety, and inconvenient to local .. community, especially if electricity and/or water supply are interrupted. Although these activities will be localized and temporary, the activities must be properly planned and carried out with lit great care and local authority and community must be informed. The mitigation measures would .. include the following: III • The contractor will carry out preliminary survey and discuss with local authorities, utilities .. owners, and local communities regarding the site investigation and/or site clearance plan and activities and prepare and execute the plan as agreed with them. The construction plan for • dredging, dyking, and construction of sluices and its potential impacts and mitigation • measures to be carried out by contractors should be presented and discussed in detailed. Due attention will be given to ensure public safety and minimum disturbance to local residents. • Destruction of existing bridge will be allowed unless a temporary bridge or other means of .. crossing canals is provided. • The contractor will ensure effective management and disposal of drilling and site clearance •.. structure/wastes, provide appropriate garbage containers and ensure that workers will not dispose-off oil~ wastes, garbage, and create other social issues. Oily waste and other chemical and/or toxic wastes will be properly managed (transportation, storage, use, and disposal). To reduce dust and noise level, machine and equipment with good conditions will be used and water spraying will be adequately frequent, especially during dry season and in residential o z and commercial areas. =:; o • To ensure order and security, the contractor will provide a list of outside workers including 0::: time and duration of their presence. Employment of local people as the workers could help reduce potential conflicts and when possible promote opportunity for the community to participate in the environmental protection and monitoring activities, Information on the II construction plan/progress should be provided periodically to the community and establish .. communication mechanism with local people to be responsive to their concerns. • UXO risk: Given that the proposed subprojects will be developed in the existing irrigation and flood control areas where development and population have been well established, the risk due to UXO in most of the project areas (BVN, OMXN, QP-PH, DNR) is considered low. However, in ea Mau, due attention will be given to assess the UXO risk level during •.. '/UIII I.:b '::5. ':;011 REGIONAL ENVIRONMI:NT ASSESSMFNT RtPORT ,..., 1\11 KOMi Dl 1.1 '\ \\ \ II R HLSOI Rei S Ivl \Ni\(,l \11 N I lOR Rl RAI J)! "I I 01'1\11 N I f'ROJI C I the feasibility study ofthe proposed subprojects. This risk is considered small but given that '.. its consequence will be serious. If found to be necessary, UXO clearance by qualified agency will be carried out before any construction is commenced. • Relocation ofGraveyard. At the feasibility studies, needs for the relocation of the graveyard - shall be assessed and relocation of the graveyard shall be carried out in consistent with the local customs and habits. - 4.3.3.2 Impacts on Air, Noise. and Vibration The Government has established air, noise, and vibration standards for residential and rural areas. Increase dust, noise, and other air pollution during the construction periods will affect well being - of local residents as well as the local environment. Dust, noise, vibration could be created from transportation of dredge spoil and construction materials, load and unload of construction materials, operations of heavy machines, and equipment, and other construction activities. As - mentioned before that during constructing, large amount of construction materials such as cement, bricks, sand, rock, steel, etc, will be carried to the subproject area by roads, boat, and barges and these activities will create dust, noise, and vibration in the project areas. Drilling and - other activities in the construction sites will increase noise and vibration levels however these impacts are considered to be medium and will be mitigated through careful planning, information dissemination to local residents, good site management and housekeeping. The mitigation - measures would include: • Informs local population and the public on the construction plan and maintains close consultation and good relations with local communities, especially in the affected areas; - • Measures to reduce noise and dust generation would include applying modem equipments, - machines and technologies; maintaining good condition of construction equipment and vehicles; limiting working hour; prohibiting overloaded trucks, the use of horns, and ..- transportation of soil and materials during rush hour; controlling driving speed; covering all potential source of dust (such as excavated soil and transportation trucks); cleaning vehicles before leaving the construction sites; spraying water (at least twice a day) at the construction - site and roads, in particularly in dry and hot days and in residential areas; and closely - supervise during load and unloads activities to reduce dust. - • Provide adequate information on safeguard and training to workers, including GOY regulations and local practices, including those related to environmental protection and rules - on labor safety on the construction site. • Establish a monitoring team involving local people and government to conduct periodic - monitoring and management of activities especially on vehicle speed and loads. Contractors .. must repair roads or other structures that are damaged during the construction process . • Clean up all dirt on roads, restore damages, and/or paying compensation for damages that - occur due to construction and transportation activities. - .. 81 ..II I ~h ~,'i. ~()II REGIONAL LNVIRONMLNT :\SSESSJ'vlrNT RLPORT \ll kOMi DI L I ,\ W \ II R I~I SOl Rei S i\1 \N Htl \11 Nil OR Rl I{ \1 DI \ I I OP\lI N I PR( HLC I I 4.3.3.3 Increase Water Pollution Dredging, dyking, construction of sluices and bridges, and other construction activities will " increase turbidity and suspended sediment at and nearby the construction sites and poor water • quality may cause significant impacts on other water users (agriculture, aquaculture, domestic water supply, etc.). Disposal and/or leakages of used oil, wastes, and toxic materials could •II significantly contribute to water pollution if not properly management. Disposal of construction materials (sand, soils, cements, etc.) can also create significant impacts. Waste discharge from workers/camps is also an important source. The following are the summaries of the measures ..• used for reducing impacts on water quality during dredging; • Properly locate and adequately design dredge disposal area (DDA) in area of minimum : impacts due to leakage and overflow of water and mud from DDA; Ensure that the dredging and construction procedures follow good practices and/or under close supervision of .. supervision/field engineer; • • Pay particular attention to the DDAs design and location in the areas of acid sulfate soil such as Ca Mau and QLPH, and building and/or covering DDA with PVC sheets to prevent the •.. leakage of acidic effluent may be required; Dredging in this area should be made during wet season and consultation with water users would further reduce the impacts. • Identify water quality "hot spots" by identifying major water users that may be affected by high suspended solids and/or change of water quality and take actions to prevent damage (such as install screening, arrange timing for dredging, etc.) and conduct water quality " monitoring before and after the dredging sites as well as the "hot spot" areas in close • consultation with water users. Pay compensation to damages in case of serious incident. • Prohibit disposal of garbage, used oil, and other wastes into the waterways and nearby areas, including washing and/or cleaning of oil contaminated equipment and machines; Toxic wastes must be disposed off as required by the Government regulations. • Arrange proper storage for chemicals, equipments, materials (especially inflammable and explosive ones); provide appropriate roofing and/or bun and signs; and monitor the • management of construction sites to ensure proper storage and management of construction • sites. I • Provide adequate water supply and sanitation to workers at construction and camp sites; provide training and knowledge to workers; and monitor the overall management. .. • Properly close all the construction sites when all the land temporary acquired will be returned to the owners at a original conditions or changed acceptable to owners. All the project borrow pits must be properly closed and revegetated while the work camps and > sanitation facilities (toilet) must be properly closed and cleared. ;Z ~0. I «j 6 'II 82 iii ..til ... I d, :'::'i. :.::() II RLGIONAL ENVIRONl\1LNT ASS[SSMFN r RCPORT [\11 KON(, DI I I '\ \\ \ 1LR RLSO!lRCI S i\!:\N HI! \11 N I lOR Rl l{ \1 DI \ I I 01'\11 N I PROII C 1 4.3.3.4 Impact on waste generation Construction wastes: Construction wastes may include demolition of existing buildings in the project area, soil, rock, cement container, spare steel and metal, broken wood and bricks, used - oil, and other toxic waste. Storage, transportation, and disposal of these wastes must be made according to Government regulations, especially those related to waste oil and toxic wastes. Domestic and other wastes: Include garbage from worker and worker camp. It is estimated that - about 0.3 - 0.5 kg/person/day will be generated which is equivalent to about as 60-100 kg/day for 200 workers per day. Although the amount is not expected to be large but nature of these wastes will create unsanitary condition in the area and could cause health impacts to workers and local residents and need to be mitigated. The mitigation measures would include the following; - • Waste oil and toxic substance: Dredging, transportation, and operation of machine and equipment would create large amount of waste oil. If not properly managed they could contaminate water and soil and in major cases cause significant impacts on local environment and local people. Demolishment waste, solid construction waste will not be disposed off as domestic waste and should be used for land filling/leveling as appropriate; - The sites for these wastes will be determined during the detailed design and/or construction ... phase. Transportation of these wastes will be made during the day time .. • Wastes generated by construction activities, for instance scrap iron, cement packaging, used formworks, etc are considered construction wastes. They will be properly collected, classified and gathered in specific location in project site. Recyclable waste such as paper wrapping, plastic, iron waste will be sold to scrap dealer. Un-recyclable waste will be collected and ... treated by a the waste collector companies acceptable to the Government . • Domestic waste will be properly collected, transported, and disposed of at appropriate - disposal sites authorized by the Government. Discard of waste into river and canals and/or .. burning ofwaste are prohibited. ..- 4.3.4 .Increasing use of,fertilizer, pesticides. and other agro-chemicals Increase availability of water supply (favorable to agriculture development) and reduce - availability of nutrients that come with flood and/or inundation will increase agriculture .. products as well as the application of fertilizers, pesticides, and other agro-chemicals. A number of studies related to the use of pesticides in the Mekong delta have been made during the past 15 - years, including pilot practices on integrated pest management (IPM), however significant 5 number of famers still use pesticides . - .. ~ Data obtained from the questionnaires conducted in December 2010 as part of the SIA suggested that 1,204 households use fertilizers during the past two years and only 16 households (or 1%) do not use pesticides. An average volume of fertilizers used per crop was 53.3 kg/OJ ha (l,000m2) or 533 kg/halcrop while an average - volume of pesticides uses was about 160.5 mIlO.1 ha or 1.6 literlhalcrop. For assessment on pests as being the same or much worse, more than two thirds of households considered that it is similar as before while 17% felt - .. 83 - 1\,:b 2:'.2011 Rl:(ilONAL LNVIRONMENT ASSESSJ\.Il:N r R[-J>OR r- l\1I KON(i DI I I \ \\ \ II R RI SOl Rei S \1 \N \(.1 \11 N I lOR Rl'IL\1 DI \ 1101'\11 N I PROJI C I I II Despite the difficulties to estimate the amount of fertilizers and pesticides expected to ,increase due to the project due to a number of variables, it is necessary to take proactive actions to reduce • potential use of fertilizers and pesticides for protection of local environment and health of farmers. Based on knowledge on pest management and IMP implementation in the area and ..• discussion with local officers and specialists, a framework for the IMP Program (Pest. Management Framework, PMF) associated with the subprojects been designed to: (a) promote .. farmer adoption of good agriculture practices that reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides; (b) .. promote farmer knowledge on non-chemical options (such as planting anti-disease trees, implementing combined methods for pest prevention, changing crop structures, etc.) and cooperation among key stakeholders; and ( c) increase knowledge of poor farmers and pesticide : prayers on toxicity ofpesticides and how to use them safely, including enhancing opportunity for them to apply safety equipment. The IPM program would set up a target of 50 percent reduction in pesticide use and 20 percent in fertilizer use in the Mekong delta is possible. "• 4.3.5 Potential Land and Water Use Conflict due to Sluice Operation Sluice operation and water quality: The following is the mitigation measures; : • During the planning and operation of sluice, ensure close consultation with water users, II including those located downstream of the project areas and take actions in response to their .. concerns. When and where possible, the concerns on downstream water pollution and water users should be fully integrated into the sluice operational plan and the Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) process to ensure that the water needs could be satisfied to all ..• key water users. Proper operation and maintenance of sluices will be necessary • Promote cooperation among different water/land users. This aspect is critical for Ca Mau •.. and other areas to be included in the cycle 2 and 3 subprojects where potential conflicts between rice farmers and shrimp farmers could be high. • Identify hot spot and/or priority areas where periodic monitoring of water quality and "• sediments should be conducted to investigate possible contamination. ..• 4.3.6 Generation ofwastewater and possible contamination ofsurface water There will be increase of public health hazards due to increase of wastewater. Some 80% to 90% of water used in domestic connection can be expected as wastewater load. The project will 'I also provide knowledge and promote community investment in the service areas to improve • sanitation and living environment. The mitigation plan would: develop and implement measures to improve sanitation conditions and water drainage in the subproject areas and such measures have been incorporated in to the Project design. ".. that it was worse and 12% felt that it was better; and majority ofthem plan to expand their three-rice-crop areas when more water supply is available. - leb ::!~.::!() 11 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT H[PORT - MLKON(, III I I A \\ \ I LR Itl SOl 'RCI ~ M,'\Nl\(,1 r>.lLN I lOR Rl'R,\j Dl VII 01'\\1 N I PR< III C I 4.3. 7 Special Considerations on Sluice construction Construction and operation of sluices could have significant impacts on water quality, safety, and traffic interruption during construction and operation depending on type (design) of sluice and its operation schedule/procedures. Construction oftraditional sluice (with an open gate) will require ..." more land for construction of diversion channel and surrounding dike at the construction site and more time for construction period. There are some changes of sluice designs so that there is no need to build a temporary surrounding dike for coffer dam construction but also requires less lit•• temporary land for construction of concrete structures. This would facilitate construction by applying new technology sluices. In the project two new technologies (namely pontoon and buttress dam) have been selected and they will be applied in 10 sluices in OXMN and 6 in Dong Nang Ren (see design in figure 4.3.1 and list of sluice location with this technology in Table 4 below). Other sluices are likely to be done using traditional technology (will be confired at the technical design stage). Size of the sluice has been calculated to assure not only effective management of irrigation system (provide adequate water supply while reducing water level difference) and economically viable but also guarantee for sufficient discharge of waste and flooding water during the rainy seaon. Adequate operation and maintenance (O&M) of sluices ... is therefore critical for effective water supply service as well as ensuring acceptable water quality to key water users . .... •• .... ,...... z •• -'-. 0 •• v~ :.c u II. -< o:l ...... :l f.-< tlol Z Ll.l .... ~ ~ '-' I. ~ :> ;Z .... UJ i,.; ,. ~ ...0...... c:'" U .1Ii 85 ...... "" I I • .. .. • • II •Ii • II : 2 "iii • ill '".. •,. • II •.. "• " • .... • f .... Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project .... II.. ...... APPENDIX 1 •• .... Detailed Terms of Reference (DTOR) for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) ...... •• ...... •• ...... •• •• ... •• •• •• ...... •• .... •• •• ...... I Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project I i'" •.. Table ofContent I. Introduction .." II. Project Background .. III. Objectives ofthis Assignment and Key Outputs i 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Key outputs •.. IV. Scope of Work for Environmental Study 4.1 Data collection and analysis 4.2 Key outputs and implementation schedule .. 4.3 Key inputs and consultant qualification " •" .." I ".. I - ·,.t _. Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project 1iIII• I .... I. Introduction I. The Mekong Delta (MD) is located at the lowest end of the Mekong River and is ..... considered one of the most productive rice growing and other agricultural activities (shimp/fish farms) for Vietnam. The area is flat (average about 0-1 meters above mean sea ... level) and surrounded by a long coastline connected to the Gulf of Thailand in the northwest ..... and the South China Sae in the sourth. The MD is densely populated (about 430 personlkm2 compared to 249 persons/km2 of national average) and a total popUlation in 2004 is nearly 20 million or about one fifth of total population. Availble data (in 1999) suggested that about . 92% of the MD population is Kinh, 6.4% Kmer, 1% chinese, and 0.4% others (Cham, Tay, Ngai, Gia Ria, etc) and the Kmer population in MD accounted for 97% of total Kmer l1li.. population in the country. There are at least three World Bank (WB) financing projects in the areas i.e. The Coastal Wetland Protection and Development Project. The Mekong Delta Water "' ... Resources Development Project (MDWRM) (2000-2007), and The Mekong Transpaort III.. Infrastructure Development Project. ..... 2. Need for the study. The Government of Vietnam (the Government) through the .... Central Project Office (CPO) ofthe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) is seeking World Bank (WB) financing of the Mekong Delta Water Resources Management /10 for Rural Developemnt Project (the Project). About 22 priority subprojects have been .... proposed of which the first 7 subprojects are being studied for its feasibility and potential environment and social impacts. Given that water resources in the MD is under the influence .... of natural events as well as rapid socioeconomic development in the area and upstream of the Mekong River, basic knowledge on transboundary issues and potential effect of climate '111 change is important for effective planning and operation of water resources facilities. Preparation of a Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) is therefore needed for (i) "'... providing background information on the regional issues and their potential impacts on the •• Project and (ii) identifying opportunity/measure to enhance the potential positive impacts on local environment and local people and/or to mitigate the negative ones. While broad •• information on the water-related environmental condition and upstream development in the ... Mekong River and climate change will be provided, the REA will focus on presenting the environment and socioeconomic conditions in the MD and the subproject areas using •• secondary data available from various sources as well as primary data by selecting data •• collection and analysis on specific issues and/or areas . 3. While the Project will create an overall positive impact over a long run, there will be negative impacts on the local environment and local population and effective mitigation I. measures will be necessary. About 20,000 affected households are estimated for the Project ... and the activities will create both positive and negative impacts on ethnic minority inhabited in the areas. To be in line with the WB safeguard policies on environmental assessment (EA) •• (OPIBP 4.01), pest management (OP 4.09), involuntary resettlement (OPIBP 4.11), and ethnic minority (equivalent to indigenous peoples of WB policy OPIBP 4.10), preparation of site •• specific mitigation plans conventionally called Environmental Management Plan (EMP), •• Integrated Pest Management (lPM), Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), and Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) will be required and a separate study will be carried out to .... prepare site specific EMPs, RAPs, and EMDPs for the 7 subprojects proposed for •• implementation in the first year. .... •• ...... - ... I Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project .." 4. Given that not all the subprojects could be identified before appraisal, preparation of a Resettlement Policy Frameworks (RPF), an Ethnic Minority Policy Framework (EMPF), and •II an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) acceptable to WB will be required. The RPF, EMPF, and ESMF should also include safeguard screening criteria and guidelines for the preparation of appropriate action plan to mitigate potential negative impact on the local environment and local communities at subproject and/or site specific level. 5. In this context, a consolidated TOR for the preparation of REA and all the safeguard policy frameworks (Document A) as well as for the feasibility study and potential impacts of •" the first 7 subprojects (Document B) have been prepared and attached as an Annex 3 to the aide memoire ofthe WB's mission in September 2010 (Terms ofReference for Consultants to Prepare Feasibiliy Study--Componenet B: Mekong Delta Water Resources Mangement for Ii• Rural Development Project). To elaborate this consolidated TOR two detailed TORs (DTORs) for impacts assessment have been prepared: one for REA and one for the 17 subprojects and the studies will be carried out in parallel. A Socioeconomic Survey (SES) •.. and an Inventory of Losses (IOL) study will be carried out to prepare acceptable RPFIRAP and EMPFIEMDP while an agro-chemical use survey and selective water and soil quality measurement will be conducted to facilitate better understanding on environmental issues and proper preparation of mitigation plans. •" 6. Objective ofthis DTOR. This DTOR aims to elaborate scope of work and activities to be carried out by consultants (national and international) to deliver the expected outputs as defined in the Task A: Preparation of Document A. This DTOR should be carried out in close coordination and cooperation with DTOR for Task B: Preparation of Document B and in close consulation with WB safeguard specialists. CPO is responsible for ensuring achievemnet ofthis objective and timely deliverble of each task. ., II. Project Background I 7. Project objectives and description. The project aims to protect and improve efficiency and effectiveness in water resources management in Mekong delta for maintaining the benefit from agricultural production, control sea water, improve living standard and strengthen I measures for adapting the climate change. Specifically the project has been designed to acheive the following: (i) Reducing risk related to water resource for farmer households such as flood, erosion, lack of fresh water, leading to adverse impact on crop structure and damage : to sustainable development; (ii) Maintainance and improvement of agricultural production and aquacultUre; (iii) Increasing accessible to clean water for 300,000 households, contribution to improvement of living conditions of local people; (iv) Improvement of road I and waterway transportation by rehabilitation and improvement of some canals and rural roads, leading to reduction of cost and time for transporting agricultural products and. other ., goods; (v) Improvement of environment; (vi) Strengthening capacity of monitoring on water .. quality (especially controlling sea water) and sharing monitoring results for relating sides in better manner; and (vii) Management of water resource infrastructure with effectiveness and low cost. 8. Activities will be carried out through 4 components: Component A: Support for water resources planning and building capacity; Component B: Support for investment in construction ofinfrastructure adaptable with the climate change; Component C: Support for water supply and rural sanitation; and Component D: Assistance in implementation and J management of the project. 22 subprojects are proposed and- the 7 subprojects to be ".. "• •• • t Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) - - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - implemented in year one are identified. The subprojects related to upgrading and/or new construction of rural water supply (22 systems) will be implemented through Component C while those related to upgrading and/or rehabilitation of existing flood control facilities, including installation of secondary and tertiary sluices, construction of new rural roads and bridges over the secondary canals, and completing diking systems will be implemented - through Component B. Component A will focus on technical assistance and capacity building to improve investment planning, operations, and management of water resources facilities, including better understanding on technical options and climate change impacts as well as feasibility and safeguard studies for the remaining subprojects. Component D will focus on -..... those related to project management and operational support. Detailed description is given in Attachment 1. 9. Project areas. While the subprojects under COQ1ponent C will be located - independently in the 7 provinces, the subprojects for Component B are located in the following existing flood control areas of which two of them (#1 and #2) are the project areas for the Mekong Delta Water Resource Development Project (MD-RWDP) which was - implemented during 2000-2007: • Area 1: OMon-XaNo (3 subprojects in Can Tho, Kien Giang, and Hau Giang - provinces in the first year); • Area 2: Quan Lo Phung Hiep (3 subprojects in Soc Trung and Bac Lieu provinces in - the first year); - • Area 3: Yam Nao North (1 subproject, about 30,000 ha in An Giang province in the .. first year); and - • Area 4: CaMau (no subproject in CaMau province in the first year). .. 10. The first year subprojects. 7 subprojects have been identified and a brief description is provided below. The Consultant will consult CPO periodically to ensure that scope of this - assignment is consistent with the updated project description and areas. - ! Subproject Existing Conditions (key issues) Brief Description Responsible • (Provinces) Agency #1. OMon- Uncompleted flood control and dike Dredge existing and newly Bureau of Water .. XaNo Flood system; construct 16 secondary canals Resources · Control (Can (44.5 km, 780,000 m3 spoil) Management and i Tho) Exploitation - #2.0Mon Uncompleted flood control and dike Dredge existing and newly (BWRME) .. XaNoFlood system; construct 40 secondary canals Control (Hau (158.7 km, I million m3 spoil) Giang) - #3.0Mon Uncompleted flood control and dike Upgrade existing and newly • XaNo Flood system; construct 21 secondary canals - I Control (Kien (54.23 km, 566,498 m3 spoil) - Giang) i #4. Soc Trang Downgrade hydraulic works; no Upgrade and rehabilitate Irrigation I Flood Control investment in flood control/salinity existing system Management • (Soc Trang) intrusion; About 6,437 ha; 7,720 Company (IMC) • households (38,000 people); Double - ! .. rice crops; Fruit trees; #5. Bridges in Limited bridges over the secondary Construct 49 new bridges over Irrigation .. Soc Trang (Soc canals the secondary canals Management ..- - ".. Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project .. Trang) Company (IMC) #6. Bridges in Limited bridges over the secondary Construct 13 new bridges over Irrigation Bac Lieu (Bac canals the secondary canals Management Lieu) Company (IMC) #7. VanNao This is an island ofAn Giang province; Improve (dredge) 370 kIn of Major works are North Flood The area is about 33,000 ha; resided by existing canals (262 works; managed by .. Control area about 5,910 households; accounted for Upgrade 365 m of existing DARDwhile " (An Giang) 8.1 % ofrice production; there are 96 canals (190 works); Instal1297 tertiary canals and canals (176 kIn), 66 on-farm canals units ofsmall sluices; facilitates are (163 kIn); Large sluices were installed Construct two rural roads (76 managed by during previous WB project, but kIn, 21 works and 0.723 kIn, Districts smaller sluices and roads have not been 18 works). made (salt intrusion, degradation of canals, limited traffic, acid soil, .. ) .. ".. III; Objectives of this Assignment and Key Outputs .. 3.1 Objectives • 11. Key objectives of this assignment are to: (i) collect baseline information regarding the .. environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the Mekong Delta as well as the subproject areas; (ii) assess potential impacts; and (iii) prepare measures to mitigate the negative impacts and when possible to enhance the potential benefits of the Project. The study will be made by •II (i) collecting and analysis of secondary data from various sources; (ii) conducting a Socioeconomic Survey (SES); (iii) carried out an agro-chemical use survey and selective water quality measurement; and prepare safeguard policies instrument to be applied for the Project. While broad information on the water-related environmental condition and upstream development in the Mekong River and climate change will be provided, the REA will focus on presenting the environment and socioeconomic conditions of the Mekong Delta and the .." subproject areas. Due attention will be given to address ethnic minority, gender, agro chemical uses, and water and quality issues. Effort will also be made to identify and adopt cost-effective and practical measures to mitigate potential negative impacts. ..• 12. Project description and project areas. This is shown above (paragraph 9-10). The Consultant will discuss and periodically update with CPO and the potential project owners on the descriptions and locations of the subprojects and prepare maps showing the project sites as •i well as their background environment, including proximity with (if any) protected areas, natural habitats, and known cultural sites and ethnicity of local population. The Consultant will identify the area of project influence both from the environment and social safeguard I point of views and provide detailed information regarding the environmental and social background. The Consultant will collect specific information regarding the subproject design and activities to be carried out, especially those related to dredging technique, location and amount of spoil and how it is going to be moved andlor disposed off, as well as the number of affected population and the Project policy to compensate them. Scope of work will be determined in close coordination with the site specific study for the 17 subprojects which is undertaken in parallel. 3.2 Key outputs and inputs 13. Specific outputs will include: ".. - •.. - • Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) .. IMekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project o One REA report presenting (a) Macro-level of environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the MD area, including a stakeholder analysis and institutional analysis; - (b) environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the subproject areas, including - potential positive and negative impacts to local environment and local popUlation; and - o One RPF, one EMPF, and one ESMP acceptable to WB. - o During the preparation of the REA and safeguard instruments (RPF, EMPF, ESMP), at least two consultations with local authorities and local communities will be - conducted (one during the initial phase of the preparation and one during the - finalization phase). 14. Key inputs. To produce the expected outputs, the study has been divided into two parts Le. social and environment and a group of national and international consultants will be assigned to conduct the activities and deliver the products under close supervision of CPO and - with close guidance from the WB safeguard specialists. It is estimated that more than 60 person-months of national consultants would be required, excluding other cost for field works - and travelling. 15. Implementation schedule. The study will be carrying out in 3.5 months starting November 2010. Submission ofreports will be as follows: - # Reports Number Submission time - Vietnamese English 1 Inception report 03 03 20 days after contract signed - 2 First draft REA report 04 04 Mid January 2011 • 3 Final draft REA report 04 04 Mid February 2011 - The Inception report will present the key findings on (i) the projects locations and descriptions, (ii) background conditions at the Mekong Delta and subproject area level, (iii) potential negative impacts and the approach and activities to mitigate them, and (iv) work schedule for next steps. The EA part will present (i) maps showing various critical ecological III- sites hot spots and (ii) draft COPs for all the civil works while those on the SA will present (i) the social profile based on document review, including the questionnaires uses for socioeconomic survey, and (ii) the draft RPF and EMPF to be applied to the Project which can be the updated from those used during the implementation of the MD-WRDP. The RPF and EMPF will be applied during the preparation of Document B. Table of content for the REA report could be proposed and discussed at a later stage. The final draft report will ..- incorporated WB comments and the final report is prepared and disclosed (both in English and Vietnamese) in the country and WB InfoShop. .. IV. Scope of Work for Environment Study 25. Main purpose of the EA is to identify potential impacts of the Project to ensure that - potential negative impacts are adequately mitigated to an acceptable level and that an opportunity to enhance the potential positive impacts is integrated in the project design. Given - that there are many environmental variables and limited institutional capacity and budget, EA - - - .." Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project ., • must be selective and strategic and focus on issues of operational relevance. Deciding what issues are critical and how they can be addressed requires consultation with stakeholders and other form of data collection and analysis. , 26. Assessment of the potential impacts (positive and negative) of and/or to the project .. and identification of the proposed measures to mitigate and/or compensate for negative impacts as well as those for enhancing the project benefits will be made based on professional judgment and stakeholder consultations which will be carried out during the data collection "" stage and preparation ofthe final draft documents. .. 27. Preliminary review of available documents and field visits suggested that the Project activities will be conducted mostly within the existing flood protection areas the negative ".. impacts on natural habitats and national protected areas are unlikely. Most of the negative impacts on local environment would likely to be limited to dredging and spoil management, water quality, and increasing use of chemicals due to increased intensity of agricultural .. production. Mitigating these impacts could be made using Code of Engineering Practices " (CEP) and strict supervision and monitoring of contractor performance by the implementing agencies as well as a combination of farmer's knowledge and practical actions that could be .. undertaken on the ground. To be effective additional studies and/or action research would be " necessary during the implementation of the Project. • 28. In this context, it is anticipated that a more in dept data collection should be made for .. the following issues: (a) practices (type and amount) ofchemicals uses and non-chemical uses in agriculture production, especially for rice cultivation, vegetable production, fruit trees, shrimp farming, fishes and other aquatic farming; (b) IPM practices; and (c) soil quality ..• and/or water quality in hot spots. 4.1 Data collection and analysis .." 29. Under the leadership of CPO and in close consultation with WB safeguard specialists, the Consultant will carry out the following tasks: •.. Task E1. Mekong Delta projilelbaseline -review ofsecondary data ,.• a) Review the existing documents and data related to the environment conditions in the seven provinces given due attention to those related tei water resources management in the western part of the Mekong Delta. Specific conditions will include, but not limited to: (i) existing land use; (ii) locations of protected areas, I forest/mangrove/natural habitats, and cultural heritage sites; (iii) acid sulfate soiVsaline soil distribution; (iv) salinity intrusion pattern, (v) flood control, irrigation, j and aquaculture activities; (vi) surface water quality and locations of important pollution sources; (vii) groundwater quality; (viii) agriculture activities and application of fertilizers and other chemicals, and other environmental issues in the area. Maps showing locations of critical habitats, coastal area, ethnic groups, and flood protection system will also be provided. b) Establish a baseline condition by updating the most recent data obtained from the preparation and/or implementation of investment projects in Mekong Delta under World Bank financing i.e. MD-WRDP (completed in 2007), the Mekong Transport ..\I - •.. - - Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - Infrastructure Development Project (MT-IDP to be completed in 2012), and the Coastal Wetland Protection and Development Project. Additional data sources from - local authorities, local institutions, and international agencies such as ADB, MRC, and - FAO could also be used. Information on the Mekong River Basin and development activities should be presented in the annex. - Task E2. Subproject area profilelbaseline -primary data coUection - a) At subproject area level and/or site specific level, collect primary data on ago chemical uses and water quality to acquire more in dept knowledge on priority issues - related to water uses and water pollution in specific subproject areas and/or sites. The - Consultant will plan and carry out the following subtasks: - o Sub task E2.1: Chemical and non-chemical uses. Collect and/or update data/information regarding existing use of chemicals (type and amount and - how they are used), especially for pesticides and fertilizer as well as non chemical practices in the subproject areas from official records available at the provinces as well as from the questionnaires. ([he questionnaires will be - implemented in the environmental survey because environmentalist has skills - to anticipate the impact ofchemical and non-chemical uses to subproject areas through door-to-door survey. This survey also related to [PM practices in paragraph 28. Selection sample ofthis survey is randomly depending on the agricultural area.) This information should be collected and analyzed in close - consultation with local authorities, farmers, and other stakeholders such that .. good practices on the use of chemical and non-chemical could be demonstrated, disseminated, and/or replicated and/or applied during the ..- implementation ofthe Project. o Subtask E2.2 [PM Collect and/or update data/information related to the - implementation of an IPM program carried out during the past 10 years and highlight the success, weaknesses, and lessons leant. The information should be collected and analyzed in close consultation with the local authorities, farmers, and other stakeholders such that good practices on IPM could be demonstrated, disseminated, replicated, and/or applied during the • implementation ofthe Project. - o Sub task E2.3 Water quality. Recognizing that good water quality is a key parameter for successful operation of the Project as well as it can be adversely - affected by poor operation of the flood control facilities effective water quality - monitoring will be necessary during the implementation of the Project. However, designing a cost- effective water quality program is a major - challenge given a number of variations, availability of other water pollution - sources, and tidal influence. The Consultant will review the on-going water .. quality monitoring activities carrying out by various agencies in light of the project activities and identify potential water pollution sources (domestic, - industry, agriculture, etc.) and critical areas (hot spots) that require water quality monitoring (including key water quality parameters) that could be meaningfully used for management of water resources facilities in the - subproject areas. Priority should be given to (a)- protect water quality for -- ..'" Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project •.. source of water supply and (b) protect water quality for shrimp farms and/or other high value crops and/or water uses. A baseline water quality should be established as a mean to detect the level of potential impacts. • Task E3. Assessment ofproject impacts .. a) Based on the background conditions, specific analysis of data, and the proposed subproject activities, assess overall environment and social impacts (both negative and positives) anticipated by the Project in a cumulative way and identification of .." appropriate measures to avoid, prevent, and if not avoidable to mitigate the negative impacts. The assessment should be made in the regional (Mekong Delta) context as .. well as subproject area context, and site specific context (as needed). At the regional II level, the assessment should focus on potential impact on hydrology and ecosystems, especially those related to critical natural habitats due to the project activities as well • as other development activities that might affect the area (such ~ population growth, Ii government policy, upstream development, and climate change). At subproject area level, the assessment should be made based on the nature and activities to be carried out for each specific site. For the subproject that involves irrigation, the consultants I will assess the level of fertilizer, pesticides, and related chemicals usages as well as the positive and negative impacts. • b) For dredging and diking subprojects, including construction of rural roads, estimate .. the amount of excavation and identify location and transportation of spoil to disposal sites as well as the level of social impacts (land acquisition, relocation, nuisance, etc.) • on local communities. Specific attention will be given to develop appropriate .. measures to mitigate negative impacts during construction and operation phases, especially those related to water quality, dredging in the areas of acid sulfate soil, .. and/or changes in the hydrology, saline distribution, and impacts on critical habitats and cultural heritages (if any). The Consultant will confmn if there is any critical • natural habitat located in the project area (give a minimum distance). .. Task E4. Assessment ofclimate change impacts " a) The Consultant will carry out an analysis on environmental vulnerabilities and climate change risks, including the climate change projections and scenarios that can influence infrastructure and economic development in the subproject area Efforts should also be made to assess possible cumulative impacts of the Project as well as other development activities and Mekong upstream development. b) Review of climate change risk study and potential impacts of upstream development in the Mekong River suggested that increased dry season flow and reduced flood season flow in the Mekong River that would occur after 2015 could be positive to the Mekong Delta by reducing salinity intrusion in dry season and reduce flood risk in wet season. However, reducing in sedimentation load could significantly reduce the I nutrient levels as well as increase severity and risks along coastal area. Although these impacts would be expected in a longer term, but this type of knowledge should be discussed with local authorities and communities while additional studies and/or I actions should be carried out during the implementation of the Project. The •.. - •.. ..- Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) - Mekong Delta Water Resoun:es Management for Rural Development Project Consultant will explore the opportunity to discuss the issues with local authorities and .... communities . Task E5 Mitigation measures ....- If the negative impacts are anticipated the Consultants will propose appropriate measures to avoid, prevent, and/or mitigate them, including identification of responsible agencies - and estimated budget. If the impacts on natural habitats are expected, appropriate measures must be included. Specifically, the Consultant will carry out the following: - a) For the first year 7 subprojects and site specific EA and EMP are prepared under a - separate detailed TOR, provide technical guidance to ensure that (a) the EMPs are prepared in accordance with the Government's regulations relating to environmental - impacts assessment as well as with the WB policies on environmental assessment and ... (b) adequate budget is estimated and allocated. The Consultant will also study the WB technical guideline for preparation ofEA and EMP, IPM. b) For the subprojects to be implemented in the second year forward, prepare an ESMP - for mitigating the regional and/or cumulative impacts (if any) given due consideration to mitigate those anticipated at the subproject and site specific level. Objectives and scope of the ESMF should include, but not limited to,: (i) compliance with the - Government's regulations relating to environmental impacts assessment as well as with the WB policies on environmental assessment; (ii) mitigating the potential negative impacts due to civil works; (iii) mitigating the potential negative impacts ... during operation phase, and (iv) when possible enhancing environment and social benefits. Given that the scope and nature of this Project is similar to those of the Mekong Delta Water Resources Development Project (MD-WRDP) which was implemented by MARD during 2000-2007, the ESMF should be developed based on - the experience ofthe previous WB projects. c) Given the locations and nature ofthe subprojects, the Consultant will prepare technical - guidelines and process to achieve these objectives. Specific attention will be given to ... the following subtasks: .... o Subtask 5.1 [PM program: To mitigate the potential impacts during operation and based on the data collection in Task E2.1 and E2.2, the Consultant will review the - policy, plan, and implementation experience on the IPM implementation carried .. out in the area, including the use of pesticides and related chemicals and water quality. In consultation with the local authority and local communities, the - consultant will prepare an IPM to be applied for the subproject including .. identification ofresponsible agencies and estimated costs. - o Subtask E5.2 Subproject EA screening: In line with the Government's .. environmental impact assessment procedures and requirements as well as to be in line with WB policy on EA, pest management, involuntary resettlement, and indigenous peoples, the Consultant will prepare the screening criteria and EA ..- process to be applied to all the subprojects. Due consideration will be given to the consultation process and issues related to relocation, land acquisition, ethnic - minority, and gender. For the subproject comprise -bridges and water supply, - iii.. Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project • " specific site assessment will be made as appropriate. For water supply subproject, in close consultation with local authority and local community, the Consultant will .. identify the need to improve sanitation (wastewater and social waste) in the service " areas. For water supply, the consultant will also prepare the design criteria and , construction as well as activities to improve (wastewater and solid waste management). For irrigation and/or acquaculture, the ESMP will include measures • to prevent negative impacts on water quality. If the impacts on natural habitats are expected, appropriate measures must be included. • o Sub task E5.3 Mitigation measures during the planningfor flood control, dredging, , and diking: The measure should include, but not limited to,: (i) Alternative/cumulative analysis; (ii) Selection of dredging technology; (iii) .. Dredging planning and management; (iv) Consultation with local authority and people at all time; and (v) Include specification in bidding document and/or contract document. .." o Sub task E5.4 Mitigation measures during construction should include, but not .. limited to,: (i) CEP for dredging, diking and spoil management and disposal; (ii) .. CEP for installation of sluices; (iii) CEP for construction of small and medium size bridges; (iv) CEP for rural road construction; (v) CEP for construction of rural water supply. Due attention should also be given to consultation with local authorities and local communities, management of work camps, and monitoring .. " and reporting requirements. o Sub task E5.5 Water quality monitoring. To ensure that the mitigation is effective during construction and operation, effective water quality monitoring plan will be implemented during the projects. Based on the findings from data collection (Subtask E2.3), the Consultant will prepare a water quality monitoring plan, including the implementing agency and cost. Priority for monitoring should be given to protection of water supply sources and hot spots. Task E6. Enhancement measures •" a) As discussed above, there are opportunities to proactively address the climate change impacts, to improve effectiveness and sustainability of agriculture production, to improve farmers and public health; and to promote poverty reduction during the implementation of the Project. The Consultant will explore an opportunity to: (a) Increase knowledge and awareness on climate change impact to local authority and ".. local people and encourage them to take proactive actions to address the issues; (b) Prepare a plan to promote good practices in agriculture production such as scale up the shrimp-rice farming practice, application of good practices for shrimp farming, application of organic farming, etc. Key activities may include action reasearches, water quality monitoring and/or soil quality analysis, study visits, workshops, etc.; (c) ., Prepare a plan to conduct an action research on coastal protection, and (e) Prepare a .. strategy and action plan to improve sanitation practices in the service areas. - •" "II - - Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) -.. IMekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project Task E7 Consultation with stakeholders - a) Consultation with the Project Affected Population (PAPs), the local authorities, and - other key stakeholders are critical for successful planning and implementation of the Project and a WB's guidance note on "Consultations in Investment Lending, March . 20 I 0" has been applied to WB financing project. The guideline specifically describes the process of consultations (who needs to be consulted, the preferred modes of - consultations in different settings, their timing and venue, documentation and - dissemination of the results, and their links to the project design and implementation); roles and responsibility of the Bank in the consultation process; steps of consultations - at each steps ofthe project cycle; and operational policy on specific issues and actions. - b) The Consultant will review the WB guideline in close coordination with CPO and the subproject owner to ensure that acceptable consultations are carried out during the - preparation ofthe ESMF, RPF, EMPF and site specific EMP, RAP, and EMDP. - Task S8. Implementation arrangement and budget allocation - a) The Consultant will review the institutional aspect for implementation of safeguard measures, including assessment capacity (knowledge and budget) of the agencies responsible for implementation of safeguard measure during planning, construction, and operation. If inadequate, prepare a short term and long term plan and budget to - improve technical and management capacity. b) To ensure compliance with the WB policies on involuntary resettlement and - indigenous peoples, adequate budget will be allocated for safeguard training as well as facilitate a meaningful monitoring and evaluation, including monitoring by an independent party. The Consultant will prepare a plan and estimate budget for the - activities. - 4.2 Key outputs and implementation schedule • (a) Outputs 30. For the environmental study, the Consultant will submit to CPO and WB the outputs - as follows: (i) Environmental assessment report (EA); (ii) Integrated Pest Management Plan; and (iii) Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), including Code of - Engineering Practices for all the civil works. Number of reports and submission time are - shown in below table. Electronic copies will be provided in the form of acrobat as well as word files. - o The EA report will include, but not limited to, (i) Overview of water-related • environmental background of the Mekong river and Mekong Delta, with appropriate maps showing location and type of protected areas and/or critical natural habitats; (ii) - Description and analysis of key issues (use of chemical, water quality) in the subprojects areas with support from primary and/or recent data as much as possible; - and (iii) Other findings and recommendations. - - - - - ..... Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project .. " o The ESMF will (i) explain the objective and scope of the framework and safeguard requirements governing preparation and implementation of subprojects; (ii) explain • the general anticipated impacts of the subprojects to be financed under the proposed • project; (iii) specify the requirements that will be followed for subproject screening and categorization, assessment, and planning, including consultation and information • disclosure; (iv) describe implementation procedures, including budgets, institutional • arrangements, and capacity development requirements; (v) specify monitoring and reporting requirements; and (vi) specify the responsibilities and authorities of the • agencies, the WB, and relevant government agencies in relation to the preparation, • submission, review, and clearance of subproject safeguard documents, and monitoring ., and supervision ofsafeguard plan implementation. II o The CEP will describe specific safeguard requirements to be included in the bidding and contract documents of all civil works, including consultation, work camps and monitoring and reporting, which include, but not limited to,: (i) CEP for dredging, I diking, and spoil management and disposal; (ii) CEP for installation of sluices; (iii) CEP for construction of small and medium size bridges; (iv) CEP for rural road i construction; and (v) CEP for construction of rural water supply. " o The IPM program will (i) provides information regarding laws and regulations related to the management and control of chemical uses in agriculture, (ii) local practices and amount/type of chemicals, (iii) knowledge and implementation experience on IPM implementation during the previous project, (iv) the objectives, scope of work, and activities to be carried out under this Project including guidelines for preparation of the site specific IPM. ..• (b) Implementation schedule 31. The Consultant will implement its tasks in duration of 3.5months, starting in November 2010 and ending in mid February 2011. The schedule of implementation is I proposed in below table: ., Nov Dec T~n Feb .. ~kSkground review I Xxxx = riting inception report Xxxxx Collection of SES xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx Collection of WQ/soil, IPM, Xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx chemical First draft REA xxx Final draft REA xxx 4.3 Key inputs and consultant qUalification (a) Estimated inputs 32. Estimated input ofConsultants are as follows: - ".. I ..- Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) ..- IMekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - I No Specialists Inputs (person-months) - . 1 Team leader 3.5 i 2 Environmental specialist 3.5 ! 3 Aquaculture/agriculture specialist 3.5 - 4 Surveyors 21.0 5 Assistant and data I>rocessor 7.0 - Total 38.5 As you know the timely limitation, we need mobilize many specialists infield ofenvironment. - aquaculture. agriculture, policy, social. economic, and information technology for map - processing ... and support staffs. - (b) Consultant qualification 33. Organization: The Consultant team can be a local research or consulting agency, - university or development NGO with experience in socioeconomic assessment and social .. safeguard policy of the World Bank and Government. The Consultant team should comprise specialists with demonstrated experience in household surveys, data input and analysis, involuntary resettlement and indigenous people. A team leader of the consultant team should be appointed to coordinate and conduct the survey. The Consultant team will be selected from eligible national organizations. 34. Team members: The Consultant team should comprise a group of specialists at least one each in the following areas: water resources manageemnt, environmental and water quality, agriculture, and one ofthem will hold position ofteam leader. - o Team leader: The team leader specializes in water resources management, flood control, water quality, and/or agriculture with bachelor degree (higher decree would be - preferred) in engineering and/or other related field and has at least 10 years of experience in undertaking environmental impacts assessment and having a successful experience in performing a team leader function. Extensive experience in safeguard - policy of WB and/or working experience in WB or ADB development projects, especially as the team leader for water resources projects, will be highly advantages. Working experience in the Mekong Delta area would also be preferred. Working - experience in the Mekong Delta area would be an advantage. The team leader must be .. excellent communication and writing skills in English . o Environment and/or water quality specialist: This position should have at least 5 year - experience on ecology and/or water quality with at least bachelor degree in related areas while a higher degree would be an advantage. Experience in preparation of - water quality monitoring and IPM program for projects under WB, ADB, FAO - financing will be preferred. Good communication and writing skills in English is an • advantage. o Aquaculture/agriculture specialist. This position should have at least 5 year experience on agriculture and/or aquaculture with at least bachelor degree in related - areas while a higher degree would be an advantage. Experience in delopment - ..- - Annex 1 DTOR for Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project • " technology, pollution control from agricultural sources, and/or implementation ofIPM •,t program for projects under WB, ADB, or F AO financing will be preferred. Good .. communication and writing skills in English is an advantage. o IT specialist .." o Surveyors: The Consultant should mobilize surveyors who ha:J.ve extensive experience in conducting agro-chemical uses survey and/or water quality data using qualitative and quantitative methods. Specific training for the surveyors on the survey techniques •" must be provided. The Surveyors should have knowledge and experience on environment and social safeguard issues, especailly those related to water quality, acid sulfate soil, and agro-chemicals. I I ".. ".. ..• •" , II a.. , • - "II ..- Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change -.. Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - APPENDIX 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change - -... Table ofContent - I. Backgrouud on the Mekong River - (a) Physical and hydrological aspect - (b) Population, ethnicity, and cultural heritages - II. Water Use and Development Potential - (a) Agriculture - (b) Hydropower - III. Potential Impact ofthe Upstream Development on the Mekong Delta (a) Background BDPfMRC study - (b) Basic assumptions - (c) Results IV. Climate Change Impacts on the Mekong and Vietnam -..." (a) On the Mekong mainstream flow (b) On Vietnam ..- V. Potential Social Impacts due to Climate Change • ..- •- ..- -.. - - •.. Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project ..• This annex provides some background on the Mekong River and its potential impacts due to ..';': III hydropower development upstream which will significantly change the water amount and flow pattern in the Mekong River starting 2015. Most iriformation came from various studies conducted by the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat, especially those from the second phase of basin development program (BDP) and the recent World Bank study on .." climate change. It presents the physical and hydrological aspect, population and ethnicity; water uses; the hydropower development plan; and potential social impacts due to climate .. change. , .. I. Background on the Mekong River II (a) Physical and hydrological aspect l 1. Topography. The Mekong River , an internal river, is one ofthe world's largest rivers, draining from the Tibetan plateau (the highest and largest plateau on earth, with an average elevation of about 5,000 meters) to the South China Sea. The river flows through China's ., Yunnan Province, passes Myanmar, and runs through the Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The Mekong basin as a whole spans a wide range of altitude, latitude, climate and i vegetation zones along the 4,200 kilometers (km) length ofthe river. The upper part in China has a long and relatively narrow corridor and suitable for hydropower development and China is building a number of them. Of the total catchment of the Mekong (795,000 km 2) the Lower " Mekong Basin (LMB) covers 77 percent of the entire basin and account for more than four • fifths of the water that drains the basin each year. It covers more than 85 percent of Lao PDR and Cambodia territory, the whole northeastern part of Thailand, and part of the southern part of Vietnam. The LMB has a number of precious natural resources of significant socio economic, environmental and cultural value, and a large share of the population relies on the • resources and services the river provides. The basin is strongly influenced by erosion and .. deposition and other climatic and river processes. , 2. Rairifalls and water runoff. The LMB is characterized by a tropical monsoonal • climate, with highly seasonal rainfall pattern. The winter northeast monsoon brings lower temperatures and little to no rainfall, while the southwest monsoon, between May and , October, brings higher temperatures and high precipitation. An average runoff is about 475 km 3 and the mean annual runoff range from low (0-250 mm) to very high (1,75 1-2,400 mm). • The per capita water resources availability is about 8,500 m /person/year, which is 'plentiful' in comparison to most other international river basins. In the upper part of the basin, flows .. from China and Myanmar constitute around 18 percent of total Mekong flows, with a higher " proportion during the dry season, when snow melt contributes significantly. The remaining .. 82 percent originates from Lao PDR (35 percent), Thailand (18 percent), Cambodia (18 .. percent), and Vietnam (11 percent). Management of the tributaries and their watersheds in the four lower countries thus plays a key role in management of the overall Lower Mekong Basin. Management of these tributaries and their watersheds thus plays a key role in management of the overall Lower Mekong Basin. In most parts of the basin, flows in the driest three months constitute less than 10 percent of total annual flows, while flows in the wettest three months Ii• is known as the •Iii - - Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - make up over 50 percent of total annual flows. This explains that during the wet season, between 1 and 4 million hectares of floodplain are submerged, including the Tonie Sap in - Cambodia. Operation of the China dams upstream as well as those to be constructed and - - operated in the main stream will significantly change the flow pattern in the Mekong. 3. Wet Season Flow. The Mekong itself, as well as many of its tributaries, is - characterized by highly seasonal discharge patterns, with considerable flows during the wet season both as a result of the snow melt in the Himalayas and monsoon rains in the LMB. - The highest rainfalls of more than 2500 mm/year occur in the western montane regions of Lao - PDR and the lowest, less than 1000 mm/year, in the central regions of Thailand within the Mun-Chi Basin. This geographical pattern determines that by far the greatest contributions to - mainstream flows during the summer monsoon season originate within the large left bank - tributaries in Lao PDR. This typically occurs during July and August and is linked to the -. reduced formation of tropical monsoonal low pressure systems. The second peak in September and October is partly related to the impact oftropical storms and typhoons moving - across the LMB from the Gulf of Tonkin and the South China Sea. Their peak incidence occurs from September to November, although their average track tends to move from north -- to south as the season progresses. 4. Dry Season Flows: flows in the major tributary rivers are reduced to a fraction of the - wet season discharge and many of the smaller streams completely dry up. In most parts ofthe - basin, flows in the driest three months constitute less than 10 percent of total annual flows, while flows in the wettest three months make up over 50 percent of total annual flows. This explains that during the wet season, between 1 and 4 million hectares of floodplain are - submerged, including the Tonie Sap (the Great Lake) in Cambodia. This still largely unchanged hydrological regime of alternating periods of high and low flows has shaped the - dominant rural livelihood patterns, while also creating rich wetlands and estuaries resulting in - a significant biodiversity and abundant capture fisheries supporting the basic livelihood of communities ...... 5. There are considerable differences along the length of the Mekong in terms of hydraulic infrastructure, and large parts of the Mekong are still unregulated. While the tributaries that empty into the Mekong from Northeast Thailand have been developed close to their potential and the Mekong Delta in Vietnam has seen large-scale infrastructure • development, the Lao PDR and Cambodia divert only about 1 percent of the Mekong annual water resources in their territories. Also, seasonal regulation of river flows through storage in - dams has long been insignificant, amounting to only 2 percent ofthe average annual flow. 6. Floods and droughts. Floods and droughts are the key water resources management - issue in the region. Flooding is a part of the natural cycle of the Mekong River. In the • northern part and during wet season, large water flows often cause flash floods in the tributaries and mainstream. In downstream, large water flows create a reverse water flow in the TonIe Sap of Cambodia and expand its size four times larger than that of the dry season. Further downstream the Mekong spills over the flat plains and flood large areas for several - months. Floods provide significant benefits to communities, as the rich ecosystem of flood - - - - ... Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project " plains and wetlands does rely on the annual cycle of flooding and recession (see Table A1.1 " for cause and characteristics). The seasonal changes in water level on the Mekong inundated plains drives a seasonal migration of large water birds between wetlands. Also, in the dry season wetlands are vital in maintaining breeding stocks for floodplain fish while in the wet season they function as breeding and nursery grounds for many fish species. Importantly, this .." ecosystem, and the services it provides, contributes significantly to rural income and livelihood. The MRC recently estimated that annual cost of flooding in the LMB is US$ 60 70 million per year, while the average annual value of flood benefits is US$ 8 - 10 billion a year. There is a need to address flood management in ways that preserve the benefits of •" flooding, while reducing the damage of assets and associate costs from flooding. • (b) Population, ethnicity, and cultural heritages " 7. About 60 million people live in the Lower Mekong Basin, according to national population statistics of the four LMB countries. The figures indicate that the overall population has increased by about 12 per cent since the figures reported in 2003 (55 million) although the trends vary between countries. The LMB population has increased by 25 per cent in Cambodia, by about six per cent in Lao PDR, has remained the same in Thailand and "a increased by about 10 per cent in Viet Nam. The percentage of population and territory within the basin varies between countries. Cambodia and Lao PDR lie largely within the basin but together comprise only 30 per cent of the basin population. About 85 percent of the basin's • population live in rural areas. Overall, population density is low at about 124 people per km2 • although this masks large differences between the countries. More than 70 ethnic groups live in the Mekong region, most of them practising subsistence agriculture in upland regions. 8. Of the 60 million Thailand and Vietnam accounted for 70 percent with the population • density of 125 people per km2 and 265 people per km2 respectively. Lao PDR has the largest II land area with a very small population (8 percent) and the population density of25 people per 2 km • However, about 72 percent of the total population in LMB lives in rural areas and most of them are mainly subsistence farmers whose livelihoods depend on the Mekong and its tributaries, including agriculture, fisheries, and collection from forests. There are a number of ethnic minorities in the Mekong Basin in all LMB countries. •.. - •lit •til .. Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change - .. Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - II. Water Use and Development Potential - (a) Agriculture 9. Agriculture is the predominant water user in the Lower Mekong basin, relying mostly on seasonal rains and the natural flooding of low-land croplands associated with them. In the - upland areas, forests and less intensive farming systems constitute the main land use, though there is some expansion of industrial tree-crops. In the low-lands rice production systems are - the predominant land use, with wet season lowland rice comprising 84 percent of rice production systems in Cambodia and North-east Thailand, 67 percent in Lao PDR (where - upland rice is more dominant) and 40 percent in Vietnam (where irrigated rice systems are more important). Dry season irrigated rice has remained relatively limited in scale because of - the seasonal pattern of the river flows, but its potential may increase as upstream river storage -- increases dry season flows. - (b) Hydropower (see Locations in Map 1) 10. The LMB is going through a critical stage of development. The steady and strong economic development in the region (8 percent growth on average during the last five years), - has triggered renewed interest in putting water resources to productive use. In particular, hydropower development, mostly led by the private sector, is driven by a mix of energy demands and prices, as well as quests for national energy security. In the four LMB countries - - Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam - about 10 large (> 10 MW) hydropower projects are under construction and almost 150 projects are at different stages of planning/proposal, including 11 projects on the Mekong mainstream. In Lao PDR, seven hydropower stations are under construction. In addition, large-scale irrigation development, particularly in northeastern Thailand and Cambodia, is also planned to increase agricultural production, both for markets and for increased food security. Navigation in the mainstream Mekong is also increasing, particularly downstream of Phnom Penh, and between Thailand - and China, as economic activities intensify in the region. - 11. In the upper part of the Mekong, China is completing its hydropower cascade on the .. Upper Mekong River, the Lancang, including the Xiaowan and the Nuozhadu hydropower projects, with 9,900 and 12,300 million m3 of active storage, respectively. These, combined with other constructed and planned developments both on the Mekong mainstream and on its ..- tributaries, are likely to cause significant seasonal redistribution of flows; models predict that dry season flows are likely to increase from water releases for hydro-electric power generation, while wet season flows on which the bulk of agriculture currently depend may be - reduced, especially at the start ofthe rainy season as the dams are re-filled. China is gradually increasing its engagement in the dialogue with the four LMB countries through the MRC, and - sharing hydrological information obtained in two hydro-meteorological stations with the - MRC, while also expressing interest in collaborating with the MRC to develop transboundary -• hydrological models. .. 12. Potential Impacts ofHydropower Operations in Yunnan Province, China. Particular - attention has been paid to the potential hydrological impacts of the cascade of hydropower • - - Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project dams being developed on the mainstream in China, which, when fully developed in 2020, will 3 have a total active storage of 23 km , equivalent to 30 per cent of the mean annual flow volume that enters the LMB from Yunnan. This means that the degree of regulation (the proportion of flood season flows transferred to the low-flow season) could be as high as 20 per cent. The downstream consequences for the mainstream low-flow regime are amplified .. because a disproportionate volume of regional dry-season flows are generated in Yunnan. As " far downstream as Kratie it constitutes as much as 40 per cent of the flow in April. Conversely, in the wet season the proportion falls to 15 per cent. The clear implication is that • large-scale river regulation in Yunnan will have a significant impact on the low-flow regime .. throughout the lower system. Hydrological modelling of impacts of hydropower dams in Yunnan Province (15,800MW) has confirmed a significant increase in average discharge during the low-flow season, ofabout 40 per cent in the upper reaches and about 20 per cent as far downstream as Kratie. The decrease in flood season flows is proportionally far smaller (about 15 per cent in the upper reaches and less than five per cent at Kratie (MRC 2009a). These hydrological changes shift the timing of the four flow seasons, including timing of the Ii reverse flow to Tonie Sap Great Lake, and affect the flooded area as well as the dry season " area, which are key parameters for the Great Lake's productivity, including fishery production. • ~_"":;;;;;;;"'M"=""'_;;';;';;M~~~::' -·-':~.·.~:.;;:j~:::'·::~::·'· •• '·=~~.;;:;-~t;~1f~~~:::f ..,.....:;;;;2JL~!,~."~;.,'..,!" ...r_.' Map 1: Locations of "It I hydropower projects til r in the lower Mekong i basin I I Black is existing, I Green is under I construction and ~.~ most ofthem are I completed .. j t ··,1 Red is planned (existing and .. 1 III I planned) {i kl • :, Ii I I (; ,"I :.t III. Potential Impacts of the Upstream Development on the Mekong Delta - "• •II - - Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Cbange Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - • - (a) Background on the BDP/MRC study 13. There are a number of studies related to hydropower development in tributaries of Loa - PDR as well as in Cambodia which could significantly affect the Mekong upstream flow. - During 2008-2010, MRC secretariat conducted two studies (one as part of the basin development plan (BDP) program and one as part of the hydropower development program - focusing on the development of 12 mainstream dams) to assess the potential impacts of - hydropower development in the Mekong basin on hydrology, fisheries, and ecology of Mekong, including those in the mainstream in China. The BDPIMRC studies concluded that these hydropower developments although could bring significant benefit to the countries as a - whole could create significant and irreversible impacts on the Mekong ecology and local population. The BDP study assessed the potential impacts based on change in hydrology, water quality, and other key aspects using a number of scenarios and the key ones are briefly - present below and the effect of climate change had also been incorporated. Due to a number - of uncertainties and potential adverse impacts of the proposed 12 mainstream dams, the ... Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) study recommended for the delay in making - decision to build the mainstream dams for 10 years. Despite all these efforts, uncertainty on - .the flow pattern in the Mekong River remains a challenge. - (b) Basic assumptions 14. To anticipate the extent of the potential impacts of the upstream development in the Mekong on the Mekong Delta, key assumption of the five scenarios carried out by BDPIMRC - should be recognized as follows: t. • Baseline Scenario: Use 2009 data regarding the water uses (irrigation, hydropower, - etc.). • • Definite Scenario (2015 DFS): Represents the baseline plus all the hydropower .. projects that will be in operations starting year 2015 in the low Mekong basin (LMB) . • 20 Year Foreseeable Future Scenario (20Y FFS): Represent year 2030 scenario comprising the DFS plus additional development expected during the next 20 years. • 20 Year FFS and Mainstream dams (FFS+MSD): Represent the 20Y FFS plus - 11mainstream dams (river-ron-oft) along the Mekong flowing through Lao PDR, - Thailand, and Cambodia. • Mekong delta flood management scenario: Represent a number of specific flood - management schemes on either side of Cambodia-Vietnam border and does not - involve irrigation, hydropower, and water supply demand upstream. - i Scenarios Type of development -- Hydropower Irrigation Water supply • Definite Future 6 Chinese dams 4 million ha 2,938 million m3 (2015) .. 40 LMB tributary dams -- 20Y FFS (2030) 6 Chinese dams 6 million- ha 4,581 million m3 - - .." Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project 1 70 LMB tributary dams 20Y FFS with II 6 Chinese dams 6 millionha 4,581 million m3 mainstream dams 70 LMB tributary dams II LMB Mainstream dam ".. Mekong delta *Cambodia: focus on floodplains on the west Basacc + flood plains between Basacc flood management and Mekong, and Floodplains on the left bank ofthe Mekong and south ofNR#I. scenario *Vietnam: focus on Long Xuyen Quadrangle (LXQ), between Bassac and Mekong •" north ofVam Nao, and Plain ofReeds north ofthe Nguyen Van Tiep canal. I (c) Results • 15. Results of the assessment suggested that for Mekong delta flood management scenario .. the flood risk reduction measures for the Mekong Delta which are being planned under the Flood Management Program (FFMP) of MRC would have marginal positive and negative tranboundary impacts and would likely to be a low risk investment. For Long Xuyen "a Quadrangle (LXQ) in Vietnam however, widening of existing canals to accommodate flood is likely to be more cost effective than building a new canal system to the sea. However, in a longer term it is necessary to find the right balance between the need to protect intensive • production areas and the need to protect urban area and/or communities. • 16. Main impacts of the upstream development on the Mekong Delta will be mainly due to changes in seasonal flow rates, sediment and nutrient transport, and change in river ecosystems in the Delta, including salinity intrusion pattern. Reduction in sediment loads and it associated nutrient flows which is important for the delta flood plains and marine fisheries is likely to create significant costs for both agriculture and marine capture fisheries and therefore likely to adversely affect livelihood of fishers in the delta. Reducing sedimentation load will also reduce stability of the river bank as well as coastal area in a longer term. Most ofthese impacts will occur due to the Definite Future Scenario (DFS) which is expected to occur in 2015. Additional impacts of about 10% in general could be expected from the 20 year FFS. Adding the potential impacts of the 11 proposed mainstream stream dams into the •Ii 20 year FFS will create a number of adverse impacts leading to extinctions of many endangered species. Incorporating climate change impacts will add another layer of complexity. Given a number of uncertainties and high risks, the SEA recommended for II delay for 10 years. .." 17. Below highlights some of the key impacts on the Mekong Delta on the wet season and II dry season flows; sedimentation and nutrient; water fluctuation, flood pulse and flood area; and local water level, local water quality, and local ecology downstream due to the upstream II development scenarios. Key impacts would include: III • Changes in water flow and salinity intrusion pattern: The DFS will increase dry season flow by 70% at upstream stations and by 10% at the Mekong Delta and will reduce wet season flow by 18% at the upstream stations and by 2% at the Mekong Delta. Increased dry season flow will reduce the extent of salinity intrusion in the .. • - •.. ...- Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - delta and could benefit about 272,000 hectares of agricultural land which is about 16% of the current area that is affected by salinity. Additional impacts due of the 20 Yr - FFS and 20 Yr FFS with mainstream dams would add another 1% reduction. - Additional effect on flow due to climate change may be counteracted by the increased ... salinity intrusion due to sea level rise. More detailed study in this area would be needed. - • Change flood/flow pattern: The DFS will significantly change the natural flood pulse as well as flood time, flood duration, and flood area. The timing for transitional flow - from the dry seas to wet season will be changed by starting 7-8 week earlier at Chiangsan and about 1 week earlier at Kratie. Flood duration during transition period from dry to flood will be reduced by 2-4 weeks in the upstream of Pakse and by 1 - week in the Mekong flood plain. Flood area will be reduced by more than 15% in Lao PDR and Thailand and less than 5% in Cambodia and Vietnam. Flood area in - TonIe Sap would be about 5-10% (500-600 km2) as well as change the flood pulse. These changes will have significant impacts on fisheries and ecology in the Mekong - delta including salinity intrusion pattern. • Reduction in sedimentation load and its associated nutrients. The load of suspended - solid (SS) is estimated to be about 160-165 million tons/year. Up to 50% of this amount will be removed by the China dams and the 3S region in Cambodia. With the - mainstream dams half of the remaining load will be removed so that the sedimentation load at Kratie would be about 25% of the current load (about 42 million tons/year). Reduction in suspended solid will have significant impacts on the transportation of - nutrients which naturally fertilizes 23,000-28,000 km2 of Cambodian and Vietnamese - flood plains as well as destabilizing the river channels and coastline of the Mekong Delta. It is estimated that about 26,400 tons/year of nutrients are supplied to the - Mekong floodplains and delta by the fine-sized suspended sediment load. In 2030, .. this load will be reduced by 75% (25% due to mainstream dams) or 6,600 tons/year. A conservative estimate2 suggests that at least 5,000 km2 of the Mekong Delta .. freshwater area relies on overbank siltation for enriching agriculture land adjacent to the delta channels and primary canal network, the mainstream dam will reduce loading from 4,000 tons/yr to 1,000 ton/yr. Productivity of the coastal and marine fisheries will also be reduced due to reduction of nutrients in sediments. Reduction in - sedimentation load will also create another serious impact in a longer term. Increase instability and erosion of channels in the delta including in-channel islands which are heavily populated and are the most fertile zones would be likely. This would increase - the frequency for maintenance dredging of existing irrigation works and inland waterways as well as increase coastal erosion and reduce deposition of sediment along the eastern shoreline of the delta. This will in tum affect coastal aquatic habitats and coastal shrimp farming. . - • Change in delta ecology, fisheries, and impacts on local livelihoods: Significant impacts on fisheries and ecology in Mekong Delta are anticipated. This will - significantly reduce in fish catch and water quality and would affect about 382,000 • people under DFS, 391,000 for FFS without mainstream dams and 1.5 million with ...... mainstream dams . ..- 2 MRC SEA for Hydropower on the Mekong Mainstream. Draft final report. August 2010. -- Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project ".. • Other local impacts: There would also be other direct and indirect impacts on water , quality and water level however they are likely to be localized. The Mekong is a large ti river and water level change will occur during the transition between wet and dry seasons -Le. it does not display any rapid change in water level on a daily or hourly basis. With the full operation of the six Chinese dams, change in water levels may be more pronounce depending on the operation rules. There is a proposal to build a regulating dam downstream of the six China dams to minimize this effect, but construction has not been started. Local change in water level in some sections may also be observed due to effect of intra-basin transfer of some tributary dams. Change in water level in the Mekong Delta due to upstream development is likely to be small. • Increase water storage volume and extreme event risks: The DFS will provide an " additional storage of 22.9 BCM with a total active storage of 13.7 BCM. This will • increase the total active storage in the Mekong basin by 370% which is equivalent to about 10% of the mean annual runoff. These new storages are for hydropower generation and the water flow will be regulated according to the demands for electricity. This change will results in an increase in dry season flows however the amount and duration will depend on the overall operations of these projects. An increase in dry season flows at Kratie is estimated to be 19% on average and in March by 40% with water levels rising by about 0.8m. In the wet season, water discharge will be reduced on an average by 7%. While these changes would likely to benefit the .. countries but it would also increase the risk of extreme events especially when climate changes and other natural events occur. Measures should be built to ensure that safety • of dams are adequately addressed and monitored. Emergency preparedness plan and other emergency services and mechanism should be prepared in area with high risk. 18. Mitigation measures: To mitigate these potential" impacts, especially if the mainstream dams are built, the SEA suggested for the following actions for Vietnam: • Monitor impacts carefully; Set up institutions to carry out mitigation measures; Secure compensation payments from developers for mitigation measures; Shift the economy .. of the Mekong delta ways from agricUlture and fisheries; Develop food supply sources " in other part of the country to ensure food security; Plan to cove with social impacts if migration away from the delta is necessary; Secure a long-term power purchase agreement at price lower than those of energy supply alternatives such as oil-based electricity within the country ($70IMWh), make sure that there is no unilateral suspension of energy deliveries resulting from domestic shortage in the exporting I' country. .. ..II .. - •.. ..- Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Cbange - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project III -- IV. Climate Cbange Impacts on tbe Mekong River and Vietnam - (a) The Mekong Mainstream Flow 19. Climate change also poses a new challenge to the LMB countries. While the models - predict overall temperature increases, predictions regarding precipitation are less certain. However extreme weather events, both floods and droughts, are likely to become more ..... frequent and there is likely to be less predictability in weather patterns. Flood and drought events pose particular risks to poor rural communities; in the parts of the Mekong Delta close to the seashore, for example, a major impact could occur on agriculture production due to sea water rise and resulting salinity intrusion. Longer term climate forecasting must also be an - essential building block in decision making regarding development of new hydrological infrastructure including hydro-electric facilities. The MRC has started a regional analysis on - climate change impacts on the hydrology of the Mekong using a modeling approach. However existing data and information collection systems are still largely inadequate to capture the complexities of the basin. At the same time, the LMB countries have recognized - the need to upgrade their own hydro-meteorological (hydromet) networks to address the risks posed .by both present and future weather events, share information among riparian countries, - and develop regional and improved national systems for flood and drought forecasting and warning. 20. Climate change adds another layer of uncertainty in long term planning and the - impacts could be both positive and negative. Extreme events are likely to occur more often - with a more unpredictable effect. The increased likelihood of extreme events would increase the risk of failure for dams and their key hydraulic components. The most important climate - change effects on the mainstream projects would be (i) the increase in runoff during the wet season bringing with it increases in sediment load, ii and increase in annual average flow in the range of 9-22 percent (depending on different studies) annual average taking into account - VMB and LMB mainstream and tributary dams, and iii an increase in the incidence, depth and - duration of extreme flood waters. (b) On Vietnam 21. Vietnam is likely to be highly impacted by climate change, due to a very long - coastline, dependence on agriculture, largely rural population (70 percent), low levels of development in rural areas, and location ofthe largest urban center in a low-lying coastal zone - (i.e., Ho Chi Minh City). Vietnam has been identified as one of the top IS countries in the world already vulnerable to natural hazards like drought and storms, in terms of number of 3 - people and scale of exposure . Forecasted temperature increases will exacerbate this • condition to levels previously not experienced. The increase in temperature would be in the range of 1.6 to 2.8 degree C in different climate zones. Temperatures in Northern and - Northern Central climate zones of Vietnam would increase faster than those in Southern • zones. Report4 mentioned that Vietnam has already begun to feel the effects: the average surface temperature has risen 0.7°C since 1950; the typhoon and flood seasons are longer than ..- they used to be; droughts in areas previously not vulnerable to aridity have been noted; as 3 Dilley et a12005; - 4 - .." Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project have increased incidences of heavy rainfall and flooding; and storms are tracking into new coastal areas. 22. For Vietnam, the forecasted climate impacts to 2100 will likely be an increase in rainfall in wet seasons and decrease in rainfall in dry seasons of around 10% or more; increased intensity and frequency of storms and floods; and likely sea level rise of at least I meter (GOV 2008). Different regions are Vietnam is likely to have unique climate impacts, making a single national policy for adaptation difficult. Climate changes impacts will be ..'" experienced amid a host of ongoing national trends that can increase vulnerability. These include extensive losses of mangroves to shrimp farming for global export; declines in If agricultural crop diversity; household livelihoods that are becoming less diverse; privatized .. natural resource commons; and eroded public social safety nets. Current development trajectories are likely to clash with the realities of global climate change, hampering current growth and poverty reduction. For storm and typhoon vulnerability, regional climate models indicate that typhoons may continue to track further south under global warming scenarios. Further, the season for storms will likely extend, meaning that areas which have not typically suffered from storms (the southeastern portion of the country and HCMC) may become increasingly vulnerable. • 23. All areas of Vietnam are predicted to experience precipitation changes, but the .. strongest effects are likely to be the increased rainfall in the wet season, particularly for the Mekong Delta, and the decreased rainfall in the dry season for the Central Highlands and South Central Coast. There will thus be expansion of the depths of flood areas, particularly into newer regions of the southern part of the delta. With regard to droughts, decreased rainfall in the dry season will put increased pressure on the Central Highlands, Central Coast, and Mekong Delta. Vietnam may be one of the top 5 countries in the world likely to be most affected by sea level rise (SLR), with "potentially catastrophic" consequences (Dasgupta et al. 2007). A recent assessment of a I meter sea level rise asserts that 5% of the country's land II area would be 'permanently inundated', affecting 6 of Vietnam's 8 agro-ecological regions iii and 39 of 64 provinces, with around 8% of the total national population affected. 2,000 individual communes (from a total of 10,000) were identified as being at risk of partial or full inundation from sea level rise. The biggest impacts would be felt in the Mekong Delta and Ho Chi Minh City, with Long An and Kien Giang provinces having the most land inundated (up to 50 %). 43 % of Ho Chi Minh City is at risk of inundation, and many poor people have been identified as living in these inundation zones (Carew-Reid 2009). Sea level rise will likely also increase salinity of shallow coastal aquifers, from which much drinking water is drawn. It I would also worsen coastal erosion and urban land subsidence. 27. Maps below shows potential impacts due to climate change. II '" • - II ..- Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change - IMekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project Geographic Distribution ofPrimary Climate Exposure Hazards in Vietnam ------Ftash flood - storm and typhoon - storm SUrges Not on map: • Drought • SaIne fntrullon - • Forest fires - • RIver bank and shcnIIne erosion ..- • • ..- .. -.. - .." Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project v. Potential Social Impacts due to Climate Change 28. Mekong Delta: The Mekong Delta faces climate threats from flooding and sea level rise. Various studies conducted on climate change has identified that the Mekong Delta is • among the most vulnerable area to be affected by climate change despite different level of .. impacts are anticipated given the different in definition uses. There are 4 million people ., living in poverty in the Delta. Many lack basic health protection and school drop-out rates are high. For this group, even a small decline in income or loss of employment opportunities .. linked to flooding would have adverse consequences for nutrition, health and education .. Thus the poor face a double exposure. They are far more likely to live in areas vulnerable to flooding, and they are less likely to live in more robust permanent homes. For the fieldwork in the Delta, Bac Lieu province and Can Tho city were selected as study sites. 29. A recent study on social aspectS aims to highlight how vulnerability to climate change is socially differentiated and what elements are needed to strengthen the adaptive capacity of poor people and regions, and how governments can support adaptation that addresses the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable, while maximizing co-benefits with development goals. In addition, the study draws attention to 'soft' or institutional and policy measures of adaptation that is well placed to complement 'hard' infrastructure investments. Vietnam was among the five countries studied. Among the key findings, the most relevant to Mekong delta "• are briefly summarized below: "fill • Vulnerability to climate change is socially differentiated and exposure to climate risk will pose different risks to different groups of people. Those who are most vulnerable to climate risk were those already socially vulnerable (elderly, women, children, sick, disabled); ethnic minorities; indigenous peoples; people dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods; and migrants. The poor were identified as particularly vulnerable, but in some cases "richer" groups will also be greatly impacted. Poor people are already subject to many pressing economic and living conditions. This finding highlights the target groups that need priority attention for adaptation measures and development interventions in order to build local resilience. • Local adaptation preferences are socially differentiated and conditioned by a host of social factors. One size fits all adaptation planning does not work; different communities among different regions will have different ideas about how to match their development objectives to the realities of climate change impacts on these I development trajectories. Interventions therefore need to be designed in an integrated and cross-sectoral manner in order to address risks and benefits of adaptation options for different stakeholders across scales. • Experience with climate events to date and past coping measures hold valuable lessons for the future; but future adaptation requires new knowledge and improved access to information to reduce the risk. Decisions to invest in hard adaptation measures may be "high-regrets" options in social and economic terms and require careful review while investing on "soft investment" such as increasing knowledge and building 5 The Economics to Climate "I Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change ..- Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project response capacity (i.e. investing in disaster risk management; having yearly evacuation drills, providing weather data to local authorities, etc.) could be more cost - effective given the level of future uncertainties. Given that the preferred adaptation options vary remarkably across sites, a mix of hard and soft measures and increased ~ awareness and cooperation among individual and communities appears important. • Enabling livelihood diversification is essential to manage climate risk; in some cases, - profound transformation of livelihood activities will be required. Enabling social, ."" political and economic structures will be necessary to support sector-specific investments aimed at strengthening the adaptive capacity ofvulnerable groups. • Local adaptation preferences largely coincided with adaptation plans and climate - change strategies at the national level (e.g. NAPAs). Broad support exists at sub-national levels for national priority areas such as agriculture and water resources management; land management; roads; and early warning systems. In addition, - additional investments in governance; social protection; training and education; and land tenure are strongly favoured at sub-national levels. - 30 Key policy recommendations include: • Combine investments in hard and soft adaptation options to meet the needs of the "., poorest and most vulnerable given due attention to those related to irrigation and rural roads; • Combining local knowledge and introduced best practice can offer insights on how to - achieve a long term objectives without exacerbating vulnerability; • Better access to information,budget setting, and planning processes are needed across ...... J multiple scales in order to foster socially-sustainable adaptation investments and reduce potential for conflict. This includes improved citizen access to information, planning and policy processes; improved coordination between institutions both across - vertical and horizontal scales; and provision of better early warning systems and - climate forecasting technology. • Social policy interventions, including social protection, and education and train~ng, are needed to help reduce shocks and stresses to households from climate variability and - change and support ,livelihood diversification. Programs need to ensure they target the - poorest and most marginalized, and that they support area resilience outcomes. .. • Adaptation interventions that realize cobenefits with sustainable development should be pursued. Policies should not focus on climate change adaptation only but also - address underlying drivers of vulnerability including lack of infrastructure, poor .. governance, regional bias in investments, and the need for flexible natural resource management institutions and an enabling market environment. Such no-regrets options - can be implemented now and will improve livelihoods even in the absence of climate change. • Governance matters. Improving climate change policies will require action that - supports inclusive and participatory decision making; transparency among parties concerned; accountability for decisions made; capacity to secure implementation and - enforcement of decisions made; integration and coherence of policies across sectors ..- and scales; and communication and consultation with vulnerable- populations. A strong - .. Appendix 2 Upstream Development and Climate Change IMekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project ".. state will address vulnerabilities by designing, implementing and enforcing sustainable development policies. This includes translating policies into incentives and "II opportunities while using disincentives to discourage investments that may perpetuate vulnerability in the long term. .. • Developing adaptation interventions through a participatory and inclusive stakeholder II process helps ensure that climate action supports the wider development agenda. Strengthened civil society, using decentralized structures, engaging traditional and local authorities in planning, and using existing platforms for community engagement " is crucial to help ensure users are involved in needs assessment, investment choices, • and assessment of service delivery. • Use geographically targeted, multi-sectoral intervention approaches for vulnerable regions. Poverty and sensitivity to climate-related hazards are increasingly concentrated in particular regions within countries. Adaptation policies at the national level must take into account the diverse socio-ecological settings within the country, and devise area-specific interventions that can support the livelihoods' of these vulnerable populations, who are often reliant on single livelihoods and/or constitute single social groups (e.g., ethnic minorities). Multi-sectoral interventions that aim to improve area resilience through reducing the development deficit are particularly effective forms of investment, including programming in education, social protection • and health, roads, market services, natural resource management, and skills training. .. • Enabling policies require attention alongside specific sectoral interventions (e.g. land policy, decentralization, natural resource management, technology). Climate change adaptation portfolios within countries cannot only be stand-alone investments in • infrastructure and services, but also require attention to support for enabling • environment policies and mainstreaming of climate concerns in specific sectoral frameworks (e.g., in land policy, decentralization, and technology policies). Without these supportive elements, planners could inadvertently support "mal-adaptation", that is unable effectively to support sustainable climate resilience. II II •" •'" II.. III - ..• • ..- Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - - APPENDIX 3 - Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City ------..- - - - - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City .. Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project II CONTENT l. An Giang Province ...... 3 .. 1. Natural conditions: ...... 3 .. 2. Infrastructure: ...... 3 If 3. Features of population, health, and education: ...... 4 4. Water supply, sanitation, energy, and lighting: ...... 5 • 5. Features of the economy and living standards: ...... 5 .. 6. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty: ...... 6 " II. Can Tho City ...... 7 1. Natural conditions: ...... 7 2. Infrastructure ...... 8 '".. 3. Features of population, health, and education: ...... 9 4. Features ofthe economy and living standards: ...... 10 • 5. Ethnic minorities, gender and poverty ...... 10 III III. Hau Giang Province ...... 11 1. Natural conditions: ...... 11 2. Infrastructure:...... 11 3. Features of population, health, and education: ...... 12 4. Features of the economy and living standards: ...... 13 .. 5. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty: ...... 14 .. IV. Kien Giang Province ...... 15 •.. 1. Natural conditions: ...... 15 2. Infrastructure: ...... 15 3. Feature of population, health, and education: ...... 16 4. Feature of the economy and living standards: ...... 17 5. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty: ...... 18 V. Soc Trang Province ...... 18 "II 1. Natural Conditions: ...... 19 II 2. Infrastructure: ...... 19 " - "• ".. - - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural DevelopmentProjeet 3. Features ofpopulation, health, and education: ...... 19 4. Features of economy and living standards: ...... 20 - 5. Ethnic minorities, Gender and Poverty: ...... 21 - VI. Bac Lieu Province ...... 22 - 1. Natural conditions: ...... 22 2. Features ofpopulation, health, and education ...... 23 - 3. Features ofthe economy and living standards: ...... 24 4. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty: ...... 25 - VII. Ca Mau Province ...... 25 1. Natural conditions: ...... 25 - 2. Infrastructure: ...... 26 3. Characteristics of population, health, and education ...... 27 - 4. Characteristics of the economy and living standards: ...... 28 - 5. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty ...... 29 ------Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project This annex is extracted from the Social Impact Assessment Report (SIA) which was prepared by the Institute ofSociology as part ofthe Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) report, Hanoi, February 2011 I. An Giang Province .. 1. Natural conditions: " Geographic location: Geographically, An Giang Province locates at 10. - II northern latitude; : hence, its changes of temperature and rainfall are similar to the equatorial climate. ... Current status ofland use(2009): the total land area of An Giang is 353.7 thousands of hectares, .. of which agricultural land area is 280..0. thousands of hectares (rice cultivation land constitutes 82%), forestry land is 14.8 thousands of hectares, specialized land area is 25.9 thousands of hectares, and residential land is 15.6 thousands of hectares. Climate: An Giang is under impacts of two wind seasons: the Southwestern monsoon and the Northeastern monsoon. The Southwestern monsoon is cool and humid, hence, it brings the rainy season. The Northeastern monsoon s highly humid, dry and quite hot. .. Sun: An Giang has intense sunny seasons which make it the locality, that has the record sunshine iii hours in Vietnam. Averagely, in the dry season, there are 10. sunshine hours per day; in the rainy season, though this number is less, yet 7 sunshine hours per day. The total cumulative hours of sunshine in a year is up to over 2,40.0. hours. Rain: In An Giang, the rainy season normally starts in May and end in November. The total .. rainfall in the rainy season counts for 90.% of the total rainfall of year. Since the rainfall in the " rainy season is large, and the rainy seasons occurs concurrently with the flood season of the .. Mekong river during which river water runs towards downstream areas, flooding usually happens and impacts productive as well as daily activities significantly. 2. Infrastructure: Transportation: An Giang has convenient transportation system. National road no. 91 with 91.3 km long connects to national road no.2 of Cambodia. Lao and Thailand through Tinh Bien and Vinh Xuong border gates. There are 14 roads with asphalt surface and the length of 40.4 km 'I within the province. Beside of the road system, An Giang also has waterway system with Tien .Ii • - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project river (87km long) and Hau river (lOOkm long) connecting the province to Mekong delta, Cambodia and Thailand. The convenient secondary and tertiary canals system of An Giang ensures traffic of boats 50 - 100 tones weight. An Giang has My Thoi port with capital of - 500,000 tons/year loading and unloading. Electricity system: An Giang has invested in development of electricity to connect to 100%of communes with total length of medium tension wire is ] ,200 km and low tension wire length is 1,300km, and 1,410 transformer stations with capacity of 96,242 KV A is installed in the province. Water supply: An Giang is operating 53 water supply systems in cities, towns, and communes - with total capital of 60,000m3/day. A water supply factory has been constructing in Long Xuyen city with capital of 34.000m3/day and national standard on clean water. - Communication systems: Since 1998, the industry of communication in An Giang has been investing and developing the global internet system. Vinaphone and MobiFone network cover - 100 communes, wards and towns. School system: In 2009, An Giang has 185 nursery schools with 1,670 classes, 393 primary schools with 6,271 classes, 154 secondary schools with 2,950 classes and 47 high schools with - 1,096 classes. An Giang also has university of An Giang, An Giang technological and economic college, Agricultural technology college, and Health college. - Health system: An Giang has An Giang general hospital and Chau Doc general hospital, traditional medicine hospital, and center ofeyes, otorhinolaryngology and dentistry. - 3. Features of population, health, and education: Population: 2,273,150 people, ranking of the fifth among 63 provinces and cities of Vietnam and as the first of the Mekong delta. Of this population, urban population is 645,574 persons and - population is 1,627,575 persons. The total laborers working in various economic sectors is 1.39 - million ofpeople, of with trained laborers constitutes 29% by 2009. .. It is estimated that every year, An Giang population increases by approximately 20,000 people, equivalent to the population of one commune. Besides, gender unbalance at birth, population - aging, free migration, and under popUlation quality, etc, are outstanding problems and challenges .. that should overcome. The population growth rate ofthe province is 1.19% in 2010. - Health: The number of hospital beds rose from 4.360 to 4510 during the period 2007 - 2009. There is an significant increase in the number of health staff and the staff working in the - - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project •.. ... provincial Department of Health. The number of doctors increased from 824 in 2007 to 916 .. doctors in 2009, and the number of physicians with intermediate certificates rose from 1,237 to 1,283 in the period 2007 - 2009. The number of nurses also rose from 1,108 in 2007 to 1,328 nurses in 2009, and the number of midwives increased from 503 to 570 in the same period. Education: The education sector of the province has also achieved remarkable progress. The number of teacher rose from 16,616 in 2007 to 17,248 teachers in 2009. However, there was a decline in the number of secondary and high school pupils from 331,409 in 2007 to 324,202 .. pupils in 2009, but the number of primary - school pupils from 176,887 to 177,594 respectively. .. The number of schools remains unchanged with 594 schools and number of classes reduced slightly (in correspondence with the decline in the number of pupils) from 10,869 to 10,317, meanwhile, the number primary school classes raised from 6,267 to 6,271 in the same period. .. 4. Water supply, sanitation, energy, and lighting: .. An Giang has experienced a rapids development of electrification at rural areas since the percentage of households that access to the power network increased from 83.4% in 2002 to • 94.9% in 2008. Nevertheless, this percentage is still low in comparison with that of the Mekong • delta. Percentages of households with access to clean water and sanitary latrines in rural areas constitute approximately 85% and 70% respectively (2010). 5. Features of the economy and living standards: .." An Giang has four main border gates with Cambodia, and the total export -import revenue through these border gates is more than USD 1 billion with the average growth rate of 28% per II year during the period 2006-2010. The border gates in An Giang play active roles in promoting " export of Vietnam goods to Cambodia markets. II Main goods for export of agricultural product are rice, aquatic products, vegetables, and fruits. " The total export - import tum over in 2009 was USD 650 million, of which the export revenue is USD 600million; the average growth rate of export turnover increased 19% per year during the period 2006-20 I O. Export markets cover 100 countries and regions. Domestic commercial activities in An Giang are very bustling, ranking as the first in the Mekong delta with the total retail revenue of goods and services in the province was VND 34.6 thousand .. of billion (equivalent to USD 2 billion) in 2006 and the average growth rate is over 16% per year during the period 2006 -2010. • Tourism: there are famous cultural and spiritual tourism spots which attract more than four million of tourist and pilgrims every year. - - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - In 2009, agricultural production value was VND 22,998 billion, of which 84.1% came from tree planting and 7.3% came from animal and poultry raising. The total cultivation area of annual crops is 574,012 ha, and the annual rice yield is 3.4 million of tons. The aquatic production value - in 2009 was VND 6,062 billion, of which aquaculture constituted 83% exploitation contributed 8.3% , and services counted for 8.7%.Water surface areas for aquaculture increased two times - higher during the period 2000 2009 and has achieved 2,506 ha (areas of freshwater). Aquatic production is 328,359 tons of which aquaculture production constitute 87%. - Development investment funds in the locality in 2009, similarly to previous years, were mainly from households: 58.1, and other sources, including non·state enterprises: 20.0%, state funds: - 22.8%, and FlO fund:0.16%. (Source: An Giang provincial Statistic Yearly Book 2009). The GOP growth rate of2010 is 14.8%, the average income per capita in 2010 is USD 1,132. The economic structure: Agriculture - 27.98%, industry and construction - 11.89%, and services 60.13%. - 6. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty: Ethnic minorities: In the province, there are 24,011 ethnic minority household with 114,632 people, counting for 5.17% ofthe provincial popUlation. • The Khmer has 18,512 households with 86,592 persons, counting for 75.54% of the ethnic minorities and 3.9% of the provincial population; of which 16,838 households with approximately 80, 00 persons (constituting nearly 92% of the Khmer popUlation in the province) live densely in two mountainous districts: Tri Son and Tinh Bien, the remaining live spread in ..... Chau Phu, Chau Thanh and Thoai Son districts. Most of the Khmer follows the Buddhism - the Theravada. Their main income sources are cultivation, domestic cattle and poultry raising, and ..... working for other people during harvests . - • The Cham has 2,660 households with 13,722 people, constituting nearly 12% of the total ethnic minority population and 0.62% of the provincial popUlation. The Cham live quite densely in An Phu district and Tan Chau town, and the remaining live spread in Phu Tan, Chau ,.- Phu , and Chau Thanh districts. Most of the Cham follows the Muslim and develop religious relationships with the Muslim believers in Arad, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Cambodia. Their main - income sources are fishing, small· scale trading, and traditional fabric weaving. • The Hoa has 2,839 households with14, 318 persons, constituting 12.50% of the total ethnic minority population and the provincial population. A majority of the Hoa lives in the city, provincial! districts towns, and has close relationships with the Hoa in the region as well as in - ..... •II Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project various countries in the world. Most of the Hoa people follow Buddhism - the Mahayana, the Confucianism, and traditional beliefs. A majority of the Hoa does commercial trading, works in industry and small-scale industry, and they have stable lives with higher incomes compared to other people. Gender: Gender development Index (GDI) of the province in 1999 was 0.663, and increased to 0.685 in 2004 which belonged to the average GDI group , and ranking as the 41th among 64provinces (according to the report on Human Development 1999 - 2004). In 2009, the number of working female laborers in the province was 619,639 people, constituting 46.0% of the provincial total workforce. Most of female laborers work in agriculture and aquaculture (73.4%), and in other sectors, including wholesale, retail, accommodation and food services, processing industry, education, and other services.( Source: An Giang Yearly Statistic Book 2009). Poverty: Poor and quasi-poor household: In 2006, in the province, there were 58,543 poor households, making up 13.15%; by 2009, this number reduced to 30,338 household, counting for 5.82%. Therefore, in comparison with the year 2006, there were28.155 poor households less in the whole province, and the delince percentages of poor households are Tri Ton with 16,29%and Tinh Bien 16.04% where there are many Khmer people living; the commune with the highest percentage ofpoor households is Van Giao commune, Tinh Bien district, with 31.86%. Poor ethnic minority household in the province: In 2006, there were 7,684 households, constituting ~5.03% of the total ethnic minority population; In 2009, there were 5.993 poor ethnic minority households, constituting 27.32%; and by early 2010, there were 5,772 household, constituting for 26% of the total number ofethnic minority households. II. Can Tho City 1. Natural conditions: , II Geographic location: Can Tho province locates along the range of geographical co-ordinates from 9034'43" to 10019'25" of the Northern latitude and from 105019'5(' to 105054'36" of the Eastern longitude. The city locates at the centers of the Mekong delta, at the West of the Hau River, and is 1,877km far from capital (measured by road travel). Terrain: The prevailing level of Can Tho city is from 0.2-1 m against the seawater level. The areas at these levels constitute more than 90% of the city area, few areas are at level of 1.5-1.8m • which counts for less than 10% of the city area. The terrain of Can Tho city runs lower from the .. North to the south and from the East to the West which forms a- pan-shaped terrain. At the ..• - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project riverside areas, it is relatively convenient to take advantage of tides for gravity irrigation, at areas - being far from rivers, irrigation and land improvement is more difficult. Current status ofland use (2009): The total natural land area of Can Tho city is 140.2 thousands of hectares, of which agricultural land area is 113.8 thousands of hectares, forestry land - 0.2 thousands of hectares, specialized land - 10.5 thousand of hectares, and residential land - 6.0 thousands of hectares. Climate: The climate is tropical, monsoonal and subequatorial and it reflects clearly impacts of the Southwestern circulation system from the Indian Ocean. Temperatures change by seasons with two seasons in one year; however, temperature differences among months are not significant (about 2.5°C). The rainy season is from September to November with currents of large flows; and the dry season is from December to early May with insignificant rainfalls. The average annual ..... rainfall is 1,946 mm, and the average rain days are 189 days . 2. Infrastructure Traffic and transportation: The transportation infrastructure is quite convenient with all three main transportation forms. Roads: Can Tho city has inter-provincial roads such as the national .... highway 91 from Can Tho to An Giang, and the national highway 80 from Can Tho to Kien Giang. Particularly, being along the national highway lA, Can Tho city enjoys favorable transportation conditions in connecting to other provinces in the Mekong delta. Waterways: Can Tho city locates by the Hau river. Heavy - cargo ships (more than 1,000 tons) can depart from and come to Can Tho easily. Airway: Tra Noc airport at Can Tho city is being upgraded and expanded to become an international airport. In addition, Can Tho city has three ports, including " Can Tho port, Tra Noc port, and Cai Cui port, for loading as well as receiving goods smoothly. - 89.4% of communes have car roads to the commune centers. Electricity: Can Tho city has Tra Noc thermo-electric plant with the capacity of 200 MW which has operate into the national grid. At present, 0 Mon thermo - electric plant being constructed with the capacity of 600 MW for the first phase, then, will be upgraded to 1,200 MW. The - percentage of households with access to the power grid increased rapidly from 86.9% in 2004 to 98.5% in 2008. - Water supply: Can Tho city has two water treatment plants and it is planned that several water treatment plants will be constructed to provide 200,000m3 of clean water per day. At present, the - existing water treatment plants managed by Can Tho Water Supply and Drainage Limited 3 - Company are providing 120,000m of water per day. To complete the water supply network in Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City .. Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project .. accordance with the city planning, the Company plans to construct more water treatment plants in .." Tra Noc ward, Hung Thang ward, Thot Not town, and Vinh Thanh town. The percentage of households that use sanitary water was 93.0% in 2009, ofwhich the percentage in rural areas was 81.0%. The percentage of households that use clean water is 83.0%, of which the percentage in rural areas is 70.0%. .. Communications: Can Tho has one central post office and four district post offices with sufficient conditions to ensure communications between Can Tho and regions in the country as well as with .. other countries in the world. .. Industrial zones: Can Tho has two industrial estates and two Industrial - small - scale Industrial Centers: Tra Noc industrial zone (300ha) is planned to be 2 km from Tra Noc airport, and 3km "II from Can Tho port, Hung Phu industrial zone (975ha) locates by the Hau river side, at the southern part of Can Tho city; Thot Not industrial - small - scale industrial center (22.5ha); and Cai Son - Hang Bang industrial- small· scale industrial center (38.5 ha) .. 3. Features of population, health, and education: .. Population: According to result of the survey conducted on 1 April 2009, Can Tho province had 1,815,272 people, of the which 1,435,918 persons were in the working age, counting for 77.37% I of the population. The number of people who could work constituted 99.28% of the working-age population. In 2009, the natural population growth rate was 1.07% and the birth rate reduction was -0.3%0 Health: In Can Tho province, material facilities for health services have been improved remarkably. The number of hospital beds managed by the Department of Health increased rapidly from 1,600 in 2006 to 1,906 beds in 2009. The number of health staff managed by the Department of Health has raised significantly, for instance, the number of doctors rose from 581 in 2006 to 613 doctors in 2009, the number of nurses rose from 466 to 625 people in the period 2006·2009. 70% of health stations meet national standards. In 2006, the proportion of under one year-old children provided with vaccination was 96.0%, and the proportion of ill-nourished children of under five years old was 16.9% (Source: Socio -economic development plan of Can Tho city, 2010) Education: The education sector of Can Tho city gained considerable achievements in terms of both quantity and quality during the period 2006-2009. The number of teacher increased dramatically from 1,301 in 2006 to 1,816 teachers in 2009. The number of student experienced a drastic raise from 42,858 to 57,411 students in the period 2006-2009- yet, a decrease in 2009 to - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project 53,766 student. Investment in education constitutes 22% of the total city budget, and 100% of - communes and wards meet national standards of universalization of high-school education. Number of teachers and students - Quantity 70000 60000 -, 50000 40000 112006 30000 .2009 20000 10000 - o The number of The number of teacher student Num ber ofteachers and students 4. Features of the economy and living standards: The following indexes have been achieved in the period 2005-2010 • The average GOP growth rate over five years: 15.13% which is 1.63% higher compared to the period 2000-2005. The economic structure shifts to an economy of industry - commerce, and services - agriculture with high technologies. • The average increase in industrial and construction value in the GOP structure is - 18.06% per year. The average increase in productive value is 18.26%. • The average increase in productive value of the service sector is 17.82% per year. • Tourism value rises 13% per year. - • Agriculture productive value raises 5.3% per year, with 1,138 million of tons of rice and nearly 200 thousand oftons of aquatic products. • Fund mobilization of the whole society in five years: VND 85,062 billion; there - are 5,400 newly registered enterprises with a total capital of VNO 22,000 billion. • The total turnover of import- export activities and collection services of foreign - currencies is USO 3,692 million with the average increase of 19.6% per year. 5. Ethnic minorities, gender and poverty: - Ethnic minorities: There are three main peoples living in the city territory with the Kinh people as the most crowded one: 1,774,195 people, counting for 97.7%; then, the Khmer with 35,842 - - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project people, counting for 1.97%; the Hoa with 23,218 people, counting for 1.27% and other ethnic minority groups have 764 people. iii' Gender: The percentage of female pupils at all education levels in the province were 48.0% and 49.0% in 2007 and 2009 respectively, the proportion of female pupils at high-school level also • increased from 52.0% in 2007 to 53.0% in 2009. This tendency creates a basic that support long • term and stable gender balance. However, the illiteracy rate of females constitutes 13.1 %, • considerably higher than that of males (8.2%). Income difference by genders: the average income of males was about 1.54 times higher than that offemales (2004) Over five years 2006-2010, 16,500 have overcome poverty and this has reduced the proportion of poor households from 10.46% to 4.67%. The city has built 700 houses of gratitude, and 5,200 houses of compassion. Income difference between 20% of the richest group and 20% of the poorest group declined considerably (whilst these differences tend to increase in most provinces) from 7.5 times in 2006 down to 6.4 times in 2008, lower than the average level of the Mekong delta (7.3 times in 2008). (Source: Yearly Statistic Book 2007, p. 627$ Yearly Statistic Book 2009, p. 633). III. Hau Giang Province Ii.. 1. Natural conditions: Geographical location: Hau Giang in a central province of the Mekong delta with Vi Thanh city as the administrative center. Hau Giang province borders Can Tho city at the North, Soc Trang province at the south, the Hau river and Vinh Long province at the east, and Kien Giang and Bac ..Ii Lieu provinces at the west. Terrain: Can Tho city and Hau Giang province locate at the centre of the Mekong delta in an •Ii interlacing system of river and channel, for example: the Hau river, the Cai Tu river, Quan Lo channel, Phung Hiep channel, Xa No channel, etc. Current status of land use (2009): Total natural land area of Hau Giang is 160,100 hectares of which agriculture land is 132,400 ha, forest land - 5,100 ha, specialized land - 11,000 ha, residential land - 4,200 ha, remaining is water surface area (canals, lakes/ponds and rivers). Climate: The climate is mild with few storms, the weather is hot and humid all the year round, .. and there is no cold season. The rainy season is from May to November, and the sunny season is .. from December to April. - - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project 2. Infrastructure: - Transportation: The main transportation infrastructure is waterways and roads. Roads: at present, there are two national roads, lA and 61, passing the province, with the total length of 80 km. - These two national roads are being upgraded and expanded. Waterways: rivers, channel, and canals from grate I to grate IV with the total length of 860km have formed an interlacing system of waterways that spread widely in the province and ensure smooth water transportation. Electricity: Electricity is provided from the Southern national grid and the 500 KV North - South - power line. The 230 KV grid, the 230 KV Phu Lam· Tra Noc - Kien Giang - Hau Giang power line. The voltage of the power distribution network is 110 KV122KV. Medium - voltage power networks have been provided to the centers of remote communes and electrification has been implemented in lots of communes. The percentage of household with access to the power grid has increased rapidly, from 82.5% in 2004 to 98.5% in 2008 (Source: Survey on household living - standards 2008) Water supply: Water treatment plants are available at all provincial/ district towns and socio - economic zones: a water treatment plant of 5,000 m3/d in Vi Thanh town, one of 1,000m3/d in Long My, one of 1,000 m3.d in Phung Hiep, one of 480 m3/d in Cao Duong, one of 480m3/d in Tan Binh, one of 240m3/d in Hoa My, and several water treatment stations that are under construction, improvement, or expansion, in newly established urban canters. Communications: Communication systems meet communications demands for socio-economic development in the locality, and the communications service quality has been enhanced continuously. At present, all towns and districts of the province are provided with automatic switchboard that ensures smooth domestic and international communications. Industrial zones: Currently, there is one industry - small -scale industry center and two industrial - clusters in Hau Giang province: Phung Hiep industry small-scale industry center (24.7ha) in Phung Hiep town, Song Hau industrial cluster (578ha) at Dong Phu and Phu Huu A communes, Chau Thanh district; and Tan Phu Thanh industrial cluster (220ha) in Tan Phu Thanh communes, - Chau Thanh A district. - 3. Features of population, health, and education: Population: In comparison with other provinces and cities of the Mekong delta, Hau Giang is a small province in terms of population. In 2009, the population was 756,625 people, constituting - 4.6% of the Mekong delta population and 0.94 % of the country popUlation. In the past year, population work in Hau Giang has achieved encouraging changes, for example, in 2006, the ...... " Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City .. Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project .. II average number of children that one woman in the productively age had was 2.02 children, this .. figure was 1.94 in 2010. The percentage of couples in the productively age implement family planning increases from 64.58% to 69% during this period as well. .." Health: Attention is paid to health and health protection programs for the local people, especially to preventive health programs, vaccination, and protection of mothers and children's health. The • local people's health is improved. The average longevity increases gradually, from 61.6 years old • in 2000 to 75.5 years old in 2009. Expanded vaccination is implemented well with the completion percentage of 95% six communicable children diseases are controlled step by step, and attention ".. is paid to prevention programs for tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria, mental sickness, trachoma, and ill-nourishment of children. The number of hospital beds managed by the Department of Health Ii• increased from 1,498 to 1,812 beds from 2007 to 2009. The number of health staff also raises with an increase in the number of doctors from 258 doctors in 2006 to 311 doctors in 2009. The III number of physicians with intermediate certificates rose from 500 to 551 physicians in the same '" period. However, there exists many limitations in health care and treatment for the local people, the health staff is lacking and weak, material facilities are extremely limited and that do not meet the required standards, particularly at district and provincial town levels. Health Quantity II 2000 " .2007 1500 _2009 1000 500 o II• The nurrber of The nunbar of The nunbar of The number ofmedical beds doctors physicians Education: The number of teachers reduced from 6,780 in 2007 to 6,654 teachers in 2009. There is a decrease in the number of secondary and high school pupils with 22,993 pupils in 2007 compared to 118,639 pupils in 2009, but the number of primary school pupils increased , respectively from 62,594 to 65,138 pupils. The number of schools rises slightly from 240-248 Ii schools and the number ofclasses reduce (corresponding to the decrease in the number of pupils) from 4,308 to 4,043 classes in the same period. In 2009, 12% of children go to nursery schools at their right ages, 70% of children from 3-5years old go to kindergartens- (of which 92 % five-year "I - - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project old children go to kindergartens), 99% of children in the age range 6-10 years old go to schools, - 87% of children go to secondary schools at the rights age range (from 11-14 years old), 75% of - children going to high schools at the right age range (from 15-17 years old); and the number of student is 87 student out ofone ten thousand ofpeople. 4. Features of the economy and living standards: - Economic indexes in the period 2005-2010 .... The average economic growth rate is 12.45% per year, of which the growth rate Zone I is 4.38%; of Zone II is 16.99%; and of Zone is 18.43%. The average income per capita at current prices is USD 897 the average growth rate is 16.34% per year, 2.1 times higher compared to that of2005. The economic structure is changing rapidly with the tendency of increasing weightings of industry - construction, and commerce - services thanks to promotion of local and international investment efficiency in the past years. The economic structure - structure by the end of 2010: Zone I weighting: 33.94%, Zone II weighting: 32.08%, and Zone III weighting: 33.98% of the added value. Total investment of the whole society in the locality in the past five years, at the current prices, is estimated about VND 27,016 billion with the average growth rate of31.71% per year, and is four times higher than that of the previous five years. Averagely, every years, the investment is VND .... 5,000 - 5,500 billion . - The export turnover of good and services collection services of foreign currencies by the end of 2010 is USD 300 million, increasing averagely 20.68%, 2.6 times higher than that of 2005. The import turnover of2010 is USD 30 million. - The income structure of the province in 2008: salaries and wages - 23.0%, agriculture, forestry - and aquaculture - 41.0%, non-agriculture - 15.0% (source: Yearly Statistic Book 2009, p.617) - 5. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty: Ethnic minorities: Because of historical features of the Mekong delta, in Hau Ging province, there are three main people: the Kinh, the Hoa, the Khmer. According to statistical data in 2007, - the Kinh was the most crowded people, counting for 96.45%, the Khmer made up 2.38% , and - the Hoa made up 1.14%, other peoples (the Cham, the Tay, etc.) constituted 0.03%, The number - of ethnic minority pupils of the province in 2007 was 3,833 pupils that did not change much - compared to the number pf3,872 pupils in 2009 . . - •.. Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City III' Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project • Gender: In 2008, percentages of males and females were 49.3% and 50.7% respectively in the " province. The provincial Gender Development Index in 2004 was 0.684, ranking as the 42th in the • whole country. The illiteracy proportion of female adults was higher than that of male adults, ..• 13.3% and 8.2% respectively "in 2004. Female labourers constitute 44.5% of the total workforce in 2010. Female pupils constituted 48.0% in 2009, however, the percentage of female pupils • counted for 51% of total number of high-school pupils (Source: Yearly Statistic Book 2009, Ii pages 558-560). II Poverty: Income differences between 20% of the richest group and 20% of the poorest group are /I increasing: 6.4 times in 2006 and 6.9 times in 2008, lower than the average level of the Mekong delta: 7.3 times in 2008. The percentage of poor households in Hau Giang province is declining dramatically, from 23.55% in 2005 down to 10% in 2010, averagely, every year, this percentage reduces by 2 to 3%. From 2004 to 2008, the provincial pro-poor fund obtained VND 206 billion, II of which VND 125 billion in cash and VND 81 billion in kind, and VND 131.09 billion in 2009. " So far, from the social contribution in combination with the provincial budget, Hau Giang .. province has built 14,849 houses of gratitude and houses of compassion with a total budget, Hau II Giang province has built 14,849 houses of gratitude and houses of compassion with a total budget of approximately VND 205.12 billion and repaired 3,458 houses of gratitude and houses of compassion with a total budget ofmore than VND 15 billion. IV. Kien Giang Province •Ii 1. Natural conditions: 11 Geographic location: Kien Giang province locates at the geographic co-ordinates of 10032' of .. the northern latitude and 9023' ofthe eastern longitude, and is 1,976 km from Hanoi capital. The province has such important roads as the national highways 61 and 80; Ho Chi Minh - Rach Gia and Rach Gia - Phu Quoc airways; regarding to waterways, the channel an canal system is very , convenient for waterway transportation. II Terrain: The province terrain is mainly flat land with a total area of 564,464 ha, constituting over 90% of the province area. This topographic feature together with the tidal regime of the Western .. sea govern drainage capacity in the rainy season and is also significantly affected by salt, " especially in last months of the dry season, that constrains productive and daily activities of the • local people in the province. .. Current status ofland use (2009); The natural land area of the whole province is 634.6 thousand ofhectares, of which agricultural land - 436.3 thousand of hectares, forestry land - 99.1 thousand - .. I - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - of hectares, specializes land - 24.6 thousand of hectares, and residential land - 11.6 thousand of hectares. Climate: The climate is tropical monsoonal that is hot and humid all the year round. Climate conditions in Kien Giang province offer basic advantages that other provinces at the North of the , Mekong delta do not have: few natural disasters, no coldness, no direct storms, plentiful sun lights and heat. There are ideal conditions for development of various trees and domestic animals. - 2. Infrastructure: Roads: Kien Giang has roads and waterways with the national road 80, 61, and 63 connecting to - other provinces in Mekong delta, especially the Asian-through road from Cambodia passing Kien Giang. At present, Kien Giang has Rach Gia and Phu Quoc airports. Kien Giang is going to construct An Thoi port (an international seaport), Vinh Dam port, and Bai Dat Do port in Phu Quoc island district, Bai No (Ha Tien) port, and Nam Du (Kien Hai) deep-water port; dredge the channel and upgrade Ho Chong port to receive ships of 20,000 tons. In recent years, the infrastructure has developed quite much, internal transportation systems in provincial/ district towns have been improved, inter-districtlcommune/village transportation systems have been commissioned, both through roads and waterways, which has played important role in socio economic development of the province. The percentage of communes that have car roads to the commune people's committees increased from 84.9% in 2009 to 90.4% in 2009. (Yearly Statistic ...," Book of Kien Giang province, 2009) . Electricity: The percentage of households with access to the national grid rised slightly: from 89.3% in 2007 to 93.2% in 2009. - Communications: is invested with focuses, basically meet demands oftourists and investor. 3. Feature of population, health, and education: - Population: by 1 April 2009 (the moment of overall survey implementation), the population of Kien Giang province was 1,683,149 people, ranking as 12th of the country and as the second of - the Mekong delta (only less than AnGiang province). After 10 years, population increased by 185,510 people. The average annual growth rate during the interval of two Overall Surveys on Population and Housing (1999-2009) is 1.2%/year, declining drastically compared to the 10-year - period 1989-1999 (of which the average rate was 2.25%/year). - Health: The number of hospital beds managed by the Department of the Health increased from 3,415 to 3,720 beds during the period 2007-2009. The number of health staff managed by the - Department of Health experienced an obvious raise. In 2007, the number of doctors was 718, - - .. Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project •'" then 851 doctors in 2009, the number of physicians with intermediate certificates rose from 845 ".. to 1,398 people in the period 2007-2009. The percentage of ill-nourished children that are under five years old has dropped from 20.8% to 18.6%. In 2009, the percentage of households with "II access to sanitary water was 82.1% and water from river, lakes, and ponds: 12.7%. The percentage of households with latrines and toilets increased slightly from 80.2% to 82.6% during • the period 2007- 2009 (Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Kien Giang province, 2009) . .. Health .,• Quantity 4000 2007 1m 1 3000 _2009 .. 2000 '" 1000 II o The nurrber of The nurrber of The nurrber of .. hospftal beds doctors phYSicians The number ofmedical •" III II Education: The education sector of Kien Giang province has made certain progress, the number of teachers has raised remarkably, from 14,676 in 2007 to 15,488 teachers in 2009. However, the number of secondary and high-school pupils has decreased with 302,76 pupils in 2007 down to 290,959 pupils in 2009, but the number of primary-school pupils increased from 159,389 to 161,167 respectively. The number of schools has risen slightly from 492 to 513 schools, the 11 number of classes have increased from 10,276 to 10,319 classes, and the number of primary " school classes has raised from 6,479 to 6,626 in the same period (Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Kien Giang province, 2009). 4. Feature of the economy and living standards: I The provincial GDP increased in the range of 10.5%-131% from 2007 to 2009. The economic structure of the province in 2009: Zone I - 41.0%, Zone 2 - 32.0%, and Zone III- •.. 27.0%. Rice cultivation area: 622 thousand of hectares, the rice yield was 3,397 million of tons in 2009, the highest so far. Aquaculture productive value raised by 15% from 2007 to 2009 and achieved over VND 6,659 billion in 2009, of which 41.4 came from aquaculture, and 58.6% came from , II Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - exploitation. The total aquaculture area is 116.6 thousand of hectares. (Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Kien Giang province, 2009). Industrial productive value in 2009 also increased 10.6% with the estimated total value of VND 12.1 thousand of billion. It was estimated that the total revenue from good retail and services was VND 23 thousand of billion, increasing by 17.7% compared to that of 2008. Also in the year 2009, tourism revenue VND 478.82 billion, increasing by 114% compared to that of the same period. In 2009, the provincial authorities issued business registration certificates for 795 enterprises, raising by 11 % compared to that of 2008, with the total registered fund of more than VND 2 thousand of billion. The total provincial budget revenue in 2009 was more than VND ..... 2.49 thousand of billion, 11 % higher than the target set by the Provincial People's Council, and increasing by 11.7% compared to that of the previous year. The average income per capita per month was VND 1,018 in 2008. Income structure: salaries and wages - 22.0%, agriculture, forestry and aquaculture - 42.0%, and non-agriculture 19.0%. (Source: Yearly Statistic Book 2009, p.617) ..... 5. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty: Ethnic minorities: There are more than 10 peoples living in the province with the Kinh as the most crowded one -1,281,592 people, counting for 85.57%; regarding to other ethnic minorities, the Khmer has 182,058 people, counting for 12.16; the Hoa has 32,693 people, counting for 2.18; the Tay has 204 people, counting for 0.01 %; the Cham has 362 people, counting for 0.02%; other peoples: the Nung has 40 peoples, the Ngai has 88 peoples, the Mong, the Gia Rai, the E-de, the ..," Mnong, the Phu La, and the La Huu have 730 people in total, counting for 0.05%. The Khmer which is the most crowded people of the ethnic minorities in the province, live mainly in eight districts: Go Quao, Chau Thanh, "Giong Rieng, Hon Dat, An Bien, Kien Luong, Vinh Thuan, and Rach Gia town. The Khmer live most densely in Go Quao district with 45,043 people, ,- constituting 31.44% of the district population. Gender: Income difference by genders: the average income (USD PPP) of males was about 1.41 - times higher than that of female in 2004. The percentage of il1iterate female adults is higher than that of males (11.3% against 8.1 % in 2004) (Source: Report on Human Development 1999 - 2004). .. Proverty: There are 22,664 poor households in the whole province, and the percentage of poor - households declines from 7.45% in 2008 to 5.81% in 2009. In 2009, the Khmer poor households constituted 28.0% of the total number of poor households in the province, which mainly live in - Go Quao, Giong Rieng, and Chau Thanh district. The districts of U Minh Thuong, Giang Thanh, - ..'" Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City .. Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project .. An Bien, Giong Rieng, Go Quao, and Vinh Thuan have high percentages of poor households, ".. from 8.7% to 11.0%. Main reasons are because of: no productive land - 54.0%, being old, and sick frequently - 23.0%, lack of funds for production - 11.0%, being unemployed/ lack of jobs ..• 4%, lack of productive experiences - 2%, etc. Main occupations of poor households are: agriculture - 45.0%, various jobs - 10.0%, aquaculture - 4.0%, commerce and services 3.0%, • other jobs - 35.0%. (Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Kien Giang province, 2009). Income II differences between 20% of the richest group and 20% of the poorest group is increasing slightly: 7.8 times in 2006 and 8.0 times in 2008, yet relatively much higher than the average level of •II Mekong delta which was 7.3 times in 2008. (Yearly Statistic Book 2007 - p.619 and Yearly Statistic Book 2009, p.625). • v. Soc Trang Province • l.Natrural Conditions: .." Location: Soc Trang is a costal province in the Mekong delta, locating along the right side of the .. Hau river and in the transportation axis that connects Ca Mau and Bac Lieu with Ho Chi Minh .. City. The province is 240 km from HCM city. ., Terrain: Soc Trang has a quite flat terrain. Most of the provincial territory is mainland. The small til trip between two branches of the Hau river is an island with an areas of hundreds of square meters. The province has a pan-shaped terrain with the average levels range from 0.5 to 1.0 m. The main directions of dip are from three sides: the Hau river, the East sea, and Quan Lo channel, then being lower toward the centre. Because of a pan-shaped terrain, the lowest areas at the south, My Tu and Thanh Tri districts, suffer from long-lasting flooding due to poor drainage capacity. "II Current status of land use (2009): Total natural land area is 331.2 thousands of hectares, of which there is 205.8 thousands of hectares of agricultural land, IIA thousands of hectares of forestry land, 23.3 thousand of hectares of specialized land, and 6.0 thousands of hectares of I residential capacity. • 2. Infrastructure: Transportation: Main transportation structure of Soc Trang province include roads and waterways. Sac Trang has a quite convenient road system with some important roads passing through, such as the national highway lA, and the national road 60. Waterways: Soc Trang has •III 72 km of seashores that borders the East sea and the downstream of the Hau river (the section from Can Tho province to Dinh An and Tran De seaports), and channels and canals that connect to the Hau river and create a favorable waterway network. Soc Trang has three large estuaries, .. " Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - namely Dinh An, Tran De, and My Thanh, that form a large catchment that is very convenient for - transportation. The province also has Tran De port with a loading capacity of 240,000 tons of - goods per year. Electricity: Since 2000, 100% rural communes in Soc Trang province has had access to medium voltage power lines. At residential centers, the grid provides sufficient electricity for industrial small-scale industrial production demands. The percentage of households that use the grid power increase rapidly from 64.6% in 2002 to 95.8% in 2008, and the percentage of households that use , ... oil lamps reduced respectively from 31.1 % to 3.8%. (Source: Survey on household living - standards 2008) - Water supply: The water supply system in the provincial town has a capacity of approximately ..... 20,000 m3/d. District towns have improved the water supply networks that meet productive and daily demands. Communications: Soc Trang provincial post office has 146 branch post offices and agents, of which 44 branch post offices that meet required standards. Such services as sending flowers, EMS, and express services of money transfer are also exploited at post offices. The provincial - communication systems have integrated into national and international networks . •• Industrial zones: Soc Trang has An Nghiep industrial zone with a total area of 251 ha. This industrial zone borders the National highway lA at west, the by-pass ofthe National highway 60, the 25 channel at the north, the 30/4 channel at the east, and is 4km far from the provincial center. 3. Features of population, health, and education: ..- Population: According to results of the overall population survey conducted on 1 Apri12009, Soc Trang province has 1,172,404 people. The total number oflaborers is 793,979 people, of which - the number of untrained laborers and technical workers with certificates is 605,727 people, counting for 76.29%; the number oftrained laborers is 188,252 people, counting for 23.71%. - Health: Material of facilities for health services of Soc Trang have been improved remarkably, the number of hospitals and health station have raised significantly, from 1846 to 2561 units in the period 2006-2009. In addition, the number as well as quality of health staff also increase. In - the period 2006-2009, the number of doctors rose from 461 to 505 doctors, the number of physicians with intermediate certificates increased from 511 to 589 physicians, and the number of - nurses rose by 20% in this period, from 447 to 534 nurses. - - ".. Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project II" Education: The education sector in Soc Trang province has been paid attention to. Although the number of schools in the period 2006-2009 declined from 169 to 145 schools but the scope and quality have been strengthened considerably. The number of classes in this period increase from ..• 1190 to 1339 classes, and the number of teachers also raised drastically from 906 to 1337 people. Besides, the number of pupils and students rose stably every year in the period 2006-2009 with .. increase from 30.4 to 35.9 thousand of pupils and 1470 to 2989 students respectively. .. 4. Features of economy and living standards: •III Soc Trang province has a relatively high economic growth rate, over 10% in the period 2006 2010. GDP per capital increased 187% in these years. Development of industry and construction has been recovered and raised 14.2% in 2010 after the year 2009 when the whole country suffered from economic recession. Service weighting has risen considerably from 24.7% to 31.4% and agriculture weighting has declined from 54.4% to 50.8% over five years (2006-2010). With the total area of 334.6 thousand of hectares, rice yield value in 2009 was VND 8,548 billion, of which 87.8% came from aquaculture, and 12.12% came from exploitation. (Source: II Yearly Statistic Book of Soc Trang province, 2009) " The average monthly income per capital of the province in 2008 was VND 728 thousand, only equivalent to 77.0% of the average income of the whole Mekong delta. Structure of income sources: salaries and wages - 24.0%, agriculture, forestry and aquaculture -48.0%, non agriculture - 25.00%.( Source: Yearly Statistic Book 2009, p. 617). 5. Ethnic minorities, Gender and Poverty: Ethnic minorities: In the province, there are three main peoples with the Kinh people as the most crowded people, constituting 64.83% of the population; the Khmer constitutes 29.21 %; the Hoa .. constitutes 5.93%; and other ethnic minorities constitute 0.02%. The Khmer people live mainly in .. Vinh Chau district with 86.571 people, counting for 21.0%; My Xuyen:86,692 people, counting for 21.0%; and the remaining live shrewdly in Long Phu district, Chau Thanh district, Soc Trang I city, Thanh Tri and My Tu. The poverty percentage of the Khmer households that do not have their basic demands met. Rich and quite rich households: 7,379 households, making up 10.82%; medium-income households: 31,534 household, making up 46.26%; poor household: 29,625 household, making up 42.92%. The districts that have the highest poverty rate are Vinh Chau with the rate of 52.09%, then My Tu district with the rate of 36.95%. Main reasons of poverty •II are: lack of capital for productive activities - 79.86%, no productive land -11.27%, lack ofjobs 1.91%, limited knowledge and application of sciences and technologies, and land assignment and I " Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - transaction still exist. The Hoa live mainly in Vinh Chau district with 29,068 people (44.0%), Soc Trang city - 17,276 people (26.0%) (Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Soc Trang province, 2009) - Ethnic minorities - III The Kinh (64.83%) • The Khmer(29.21%) - o The Hoa(S. 93%) o other ethnic minorities (0.03%) - Gender: Income differences by genders: the average income (USD PPP) of males was about 1.50 times higher than that of females in 2004. The percentage of illiterate adults of females is higher than that of males (13.7% against 9.7% in 2004) (Source: Report on Human Development 1999 2004). The proportion of female laborers increased absolutely, but only constituted 44.0% of the - workforce in the period 2005-2009. In comparison with male workforce, female laborers equal to - 77.0% in agriculture and aquaculture, 117.0% in processing industry, 119.0% in wholesale and retail, 296.0% in accommodation and flood services, 98.0% in education, 123.0% in health, 34.0% in unions, the Party, and various authorities,718.0% of hired laborers for housework, and - 6.0% in construction (( Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Soc Trang province, 2009). Poverty: The poverty rate of the province was 19.5% in 2006 and dropped slightly down to 17.5% in 2008, yet was still much higher compared to the average rate of the region in 2008 - 0.4%). Income differences between 29% of the richest group and 20% of the poorest group are - increasing slightly: 7.2 times in 2006 and 7.3 times in 2008, equal to the average level of the - Mekong delta - 7.3 times in 2008. (Source: Yearly Statistic Book 2007, pages 619 and 627 and .. Yearly Statistic Book of Soc Trang province, 2009, pages 625 and 633) - VI. Bac Lieu Province - 1. Natural conditions: - Geography: Bac Lieu province locates in the western part ofthe southern region, belonging to the Mekong delta, with the co-ordinates from 9°00'00" to 9°3i30" of the northern latitudes and from - 105°15'00" to 105°5i30" of the eastern longitude. The province is 280 km from Ho Chi Minh .. City northwards. Bac Lieu borders Hau Giang and Kien Giang provinces in the north, Soc Trang - - ., til Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project ..• province in the east and the north-east, Ca Mau province in the west and south-west, and the East Sea in the east and south-east. Terrain: Mainly, Bac Lieu has a flat terrain with vast fields, interlacing rivers and channels. .." 'River system: Bac Lieu province has an interlacing river and channel system which is primarily • divided into two groups: .. Group 1: run to the southern sea current , including: the Ganh Hao river (55km long) with various branches, namely Giong Ke, La, Nha Tho, Cai Keo, Goc, etc. canals; the My Thanh river •.. (70km) with Le, Bac Lieu, Tro Nho, Tra Nieu and Tra Teo branches, ofwhich Bac Lieu cannel is 35 km long. Ii" Group 2: Run to the Ba Thac river (normally calles the Hau river, i.e. the Hau Giang river). This WI group includes Ba Xuyen canal and branches of Ba Xuyen canal. .. Channels: for productive and transportation demands, including Quan Lo - Phung Hiep channel of 140 km long (the Bac Lieu - Ca Mau section is 66km long), the Bac Lieu - Co Co channel (18 .. km long), the Ho Phong - Chu Chi - <:ho Hoi channel (29 km long), the Gia Rai - Pho Sinh • Canh Den channel (33km long), the Lo Be - Ganh Hao channel (18km long), the Xom Lung Cong Cai Cung channel (13km long), the Bridge II - Phuoc Long channel (24km long) and the i• Cau Sap - Vinh Phu cross-section - Ngan Dua channel (49.5km long). Seas: Bac Lieu has seashore of 56 km long. There are plentiful kinds of prawns, fishes, • hardshells, red clams, etc. in seas in Bac Lieu. Every year, exploitation productivity is nearly 100 • thousand oftons of fishes and prawns, of which prawn productivity is nearly 10 thousand oftons . .Low and flat seashores are very advantageous for development of salf production, cultivation, or prawn and fish rising. Accumulation ofalluvium and encroachment of land towards the sea occur •.. year by year. This is an ideal condition for land fund development in Bac Lieu. Also, this is an important factor that promote development ofthe sea economy in Bac Lieu. ..• Current status ofland use (2009): The total land area in Bac Lieu is 250.2 thousand of hectares, of which agricultural land constitutes 40.0%, forestry land constitutes 1.9%, specialized land , counts for 4.4% and residential land counts for 1.8%, remaining proportion is canals, rivers and • lakes (Source: Yearly Statistic Book 2009, pages 20-22). ".. Climate: Bac Lieu locates in the tropical and monsoonal region, the weather has two clearly different seasons: the dry season (the sunny season) from October - November to April - May, and the rainy season from April- May to October - November. - • .. - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - Infrastructure: Social and technical infrastructure has not meet socio economic development - demands as well as contributed to improvement of the local people's lives yet. Deficiencies and - weaknesses in planning, planning management, and urban management have been dealt with very - slowly. - 2. Features of population, health, and education -,..... Population: population of the province in 2009 is 856,250 people with the density of 339 2 persons/ km • Females constitute 50.0% of the population and 26.0 % of the urban population. - The natural population growth rate is 1.17% (meanwhile the target is 1.16%); the proportion of ill-nourished children under five years old drops to 17% 9the target is less than 20%). - Health: Material facilities for health care and treatment at provincial/district hospital have been enhanced. Health networks at the grass-root level continues to be reinforced and development, 90% of communes meet national standards of health; primary health care is strengthened, and dangerous epidemics are controlled effectively. Education: The number ofteacher in 2009 was 6,527 people, but tended to decrease compared to that in 2007, mainly at primary and secondary schools. The number of pupils of the school year ...., 2009-2010 was 132,755 pupils, yet tended to increase at primary-school level and reduce at the secondary-school level compared to those of 2007. The percentage of pupils graduating from - high schools in the school year 2008-2009 was 73.08 % lower than that of the school year 2007 2008 which was 73.61%. Welfare programs and social work have obtained meaningful achievement. Every year, nearly -. 12,000 laborers are trained; nearly 15,000 laborers are provided are jobs. More attention has been paid to children care and protection. - 3. Features of the economy and living standards: ..- The economic growth rate is quite high: 11.51 % per year, the average rate nearly meets the planned target (12%). Growth value of five years is VND 35583 billion with the average annual - value of VND 7,116 billion. The average income per capita is approximately USD 1,047, .. meanwhile, at urban areas, this figure is USD 1,130, and at rural areas, this figure is USD 1,000 - (the target: USD 1,100). Agricultural production value raised from VND 6,055 billion in 2005 to VND 8,800 billion in - 2010, the average growth rate is 8.67% per year (the target: 4.8% per year ). Specially, rice yield increased from 661.6 thousand of tons to 808.2 thousand of tons during the - period 2005-2009. Aquaculture becomes more and more diversified in an effective and stable - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project ".. manner, aquaculture outputs increases from 1725 thousand of tons to 218.2 thousand of tons during the period 2005-2009. The number of farms in the province in 2007 was 13,281, of which 87.0% are aquaculture farms and the remaining is for annual crops. •.. Production value of industry and small-scale industry raised from VND 1,906 billion in 2005 to VND 3,610 billion in 2010, the average growth rate is 14.14% per year (the target:20.3% per year). Service value increased from VND 1,679 billion in 2005 to VND 4,630 billion in 2010, the •" average growth rate is 18.24% per year (the target: 17.4% per year). Total turnover of exchanges of goods and services rose from VND 4,950 billion in 2005 to VND 13,000 billion in 2010, the average growth rate is 21.3%/year (the target: 20%). Private economy and the foreign-invested economy continues to develop quite strongly (making up 87% of the value structure oftotal products in the province and 95% oftotal budget revenue ofthe province). Total social investment fund in the locality increase year by year, from VND 2,339 billion in .." 2005 to VND 4,750 billion in 2010 (14.85o/olyear averagely), constituting 29.5% of total product value in the province (the target:32%). The value of exported goods was USD 151 million in ..• 2006 and USD 250 million in 2010 (the target: USD 360 million) with the average growth rate of 10.6%/year. Of which, the export turnover raised from USD 114 million in 2005 to USD 210 million in 2010 (the target: USD 330 million), the average growth rate is 13% per year. The average monthly income per capita, at actual prices, raised from VND 610 thousand in 2006 to VND 925 thousand in 2008, and belongs to the medium group in the Mekong delta. 4. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty: ".. Ethnic minorities: In Bac Lieu, there are 18 peoples, the Kinh makes up the majority 989.0%), then the Khmer (8.0%) and the Hoa (2.0%) and of the remaining people has only less than 100 II lilt people, even more or less than ten of people. The Hoa living in urban areas counts for a high percentage (64.0%). The number of ethic minority pupils in Bac Lieu was 9,245 pupils in 2007 and increased to 10,354 pupils (12.0%) in 2009, mainly at the primary -school level. The percentage of female pupils out of the total number ofpupils in the province rose from 44.0% in 2007 to 48.0% in 2009, lower than the average proportion at the Mekong delta. Poverty: Poverty rate has declined gradually year by year, from 15.7% in 2006 to 14.9 in 2007 and 13.9% in 2008. Income differences between groups of 20% of the richest and 20% of the ".. poorest in the province increased with 6.9 times in 2006 and 7.1 times in 2008 (Source: Yearly Statistic Books 2007 and 2009, p.625). - - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - VII. Ca Mau Province -- 1. Natural conditions: - Territory location: the South pole has a latitude of 80 30' North (in Vien An commune, Ngoc Hien district), the North pole has a latitude of 90 33' North (in Bien Bach commune, Thoi Binh district), the East pole has a longitude of 1050 24' east (in Tan Thuan commune, Dam Doi - district), the West pole has a longitude of 1040 43' east (in Dat Mui commune, Ngoc Hien district). Ca Mau has a V -shaped terrain with three sides bordering the sea. Ca Mau province - borders Kien Giang province at the North (63 km), Bac Lieu province at the Northern East (75 km), the East sea at the East and Southern East, the Gulf of the Thailand at the West. The - seashore is 254 km long. - Terrain of the whole province is purely flat land with plentiful rivers and channels, and the average height level is 0.5 from the seawater level. Every year, Ca Mau headland extent over 50 - meters towards the sea, the eastern seashore from Ganh Hao estuary to Rach Goc estuary is eroded, up to over 20 meters in some places. - Current status of land use (2009): Total land area of Ca Mau is 533,200 hectares, of which: .. agricultural land - 142,000 ha, forest land - 103,600 ha, specialized land - 20,600 ha, residential - land - 6,700 ha, and the remaining area is water-surface land. Climate : Ca Mau has two distinct seasons: the rainy season and the dry season. The rainy season is from May to November, the dry season is from December to April. The average sunshine hour - is 2,200 hours per year, equivalent to 52% of astronomical sunshine hours. The average sunshine hour from December to April is 7,6 hours! day and 5.1 hours/day from May to November. ..- The average rainfall: Ca Mau has 165 rainy days per year with the average rainfall of 2,360 mm . Rainfall focuses mainly in the rainy season of which the rainfall makes up 90% of total rainfall of - the year. Months of the highest rainfall usually falls in the period from August to October. Ca - Mau is out pf impacts by floods the Mekong river system. - 2. Infrastructure: Transportation: Ca Mau has a waterway system with the total length of nearly 6,000 km - (including 1,886 rivers, channels and canals), of which over 700km of waterways can bear loadings of 50 tons or more. The road system of Ca Mau province has a total length of 2, 177 km - with the average width of 4 meters; of which 100 km is asphalt roads and 291 km is asphalt - concrete roads. The national highway lA section in Ca Mau territory is the most important road - which is nearly 70 km long from the Eastern gateway to Nam Can district. From this road, there - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City IMekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project II are many inter-district roads and branches to various district, communes, and district town in the .. province. The national road 63 from Ca Mau city to Kien Giang province is being upgraded and .. constructed. This is an important road at the North of Ca Mau province. In addition, Ca Mau has .. Ca Mau airport with ongoing Ca Mau - Ho Chi Minh city airline. Electricity: The national grid been available at all commune centers. The percentage of " households with access to the grid increased rapidly, from 58.6% in 2002 to 92.3% in 2008. • Water supply: Water supply systems have been always improved in order to expand their .. capacities and water quality for productive demands and daily activities. The water supply " capacity in Ca Mau city is over 10 million of cubic meters per year. In rural areas, 68% of the household use cleans water for domestic demands. II• Communications system: local as well as international communications demands are meet properly in Ca Mau province. Digital switchboards have been provided to all districts, and mobile ..'" phone waves have covered all coastal economic centers. Ca Mau post offices provide all services, I such as: express courier services, flowery delivery services, phone cards, data transmission, internet, consignment postal services, etc. The newspaper delivery network of the province • includes 50branches of various types, and 38 cultural - post offices at communes. Currently, there are 160,000 phones, thus, the density is 13 phones per 100 people. I School: in the province, there are 93 kindergartens, 262 primary schools, 106 secondary school, and 20 high schools. I Health units: In the province, there are 11 hospitals, 4 regional health consulting rooms, and one I.. sanatorium, and 101 ward I commune I factory health stations. The number of hospital beds managed by the Department of Health rose from 2,512 to 2,636 in the period 2007 - 2009. •II 3. Characteristics of population, health, and education Population: In 2009, the population of Ca Mau province is 1,207,000 people, of which females constitute 50.9%. The average population growth rate is 1.6 %/ year. Urban population currently I makes up 20% of the provincial population. There are 20 million peoples living in the province, including the Kinh people that count for 97.16% the Khmer that count for 1.86%, the Hoa and I other ethnic minorities. The number of people in the working age constitutes 60% ofthe population, of which the number "I of people working in the economy makes up 50.8% of the population and 83.6 % of the people in the working age. Unskillful labourers count for 82% of the workforce. Lab our quality, in tenns I of education levels and technical professionalism, of the province is low. The number of the I II• - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City - Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - trained laborers, skillful workers, and technicians is approximately 1 10.000 people, counting for 18% of the workforce, of which 30,000 people have pre-intermediate and vocational training - certificates; 15,000 people graduate from technical secondary schools; 6,500 people have - undergraduate and graduate certificates; and the remaining is skillful and technical workers. - Proportions of laborers by area as follows: Zone 1-74%; Zone II - 11 %; and Zone III - 15%. - Education: the education sector in Ca Mau province also has made advanced progress, the number of teachers increased from 11,034 in 2007 to 11,783 in 2009. However, there is a decrease in the number of pupils at secondary and high school level when this declined from 206,201 in 2007 to 202 in 2009, yet, the number of primary school pupils raised from 113,147 to ... 120,239 respectively. 46% of five - year- old children enroll in kindergartens, and 96%of six year-old children enter Grade 1. The province has been recognized for popularization of primary .., education and literacy. 9%of communes and wards are recognized for popularization of education at secondary-school level. Averagely, 39 out of 10,000 people have attained undergraduate and - graduate certificates. Health: health networks are being improved continuously, and it is targeted that by 2011, 100% of communes, wards, and district towns will have met national health standards. There is a - significant increase in the number of health staff managed by the Department of Health. The - number of doctors rose from 576 in 2007 to 649 doctors in 2009, the number of physicians with intermediate certificates rose from 1,383 to 1,625 in the period 2007 2009. The province has - achieved much of progress in health care and protection for the local people. Population - communication, family planning services, children protection, caring, and education, and - prevention of social evils are paid special attention to and implemented effectively, particularly .. for poor people in remote communes. This contributes to reduce the natural population growth rate and the proportion of ill-nourished children from 35% (2009). Health organizations and - arrangements have been reinforced and developed, especially for health networks at the grass root levels, to basically ensure that communes and district towns are provided with doctors - (excluding newly formed communes). 4. Characteristics pf the economy and living standards: From 2006 to 2009, the economy of Ca Mau province had s relatively high growth rate, over - 12%. In 2009, the GDP value was VND 20,494 billion, increasing by 11.52% the average GDP - per capita was USD 1,030 USD, and the export turnover was USD 647 million. - Ca Mau has seashore of over 254 km long in total, fishery areas about 70,000 km2, and - aquaculture areas of over 270,000 ha (of which the areas for prawn- rising are approximately -- .. Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project .. •" 240,000 ha). The current total aquaculture and exploitation output is about more than 320,000 .. tons per year, of which there are 12,000 tons of prawn. Regarding to agriculture, apart from about 142.4 thousand of hectares for rice cultivation with an yield of 514.3 thousand of tons, Ca Mau has potentials to develop other crop that are suitable with its climate and soil to form a material area for the industries of processing and food. The agriculture productive value of the province in • 2009 (at 194 comparative prices) was VND 1,243 billion. • In addition to fishery strength, Ca Mau has potentials of forest and mineral resources. Most of forests in Ca Mau are flooded forests, and there are two forest types: Nam Can mangrove forests •" and U Minh Ha cajuput forests. The current forest areas are about more than 100,000 ha, and very year, it is allowed to exploit 120,000 - 150,000 m3 ofthe wood as materials for processing .." of the laminated wood, laminated slabs, pieced wood, etc. • Concerning minerals, Ca Mau sea has a great potential of fuel gas with a reservation of .. approximately 170 billion of cubic meters with is the basic development of some industries that use natural gs, such as electricity, nitrogen manure, metallurgy, and several sector that use low pressured gas. In 2009, the industry productive value of the province (at 1994 comparative prices) was VND 6,031 billion. (Source: Yearly Statistic Book 2009, p.617). .. 5. Ethnic minorities, gender, and poverty '" Ethnic minorities: There are 20 peoples living in the locality, including the Kinh that constitutes 97.16%, the Khmer that constitutes 1,86%, the Hoa and other ethnic minorities. The number of the ethnic minority pupils in the province in 2007 was 4,440, then increased to 4,725 by 2009 because the number of primary school pupils raised 16.0%. Apart from rights and benefits as those of the Kinh, the ethnic minorities are entitled to preferential polices and supporting programs ofthe Government, such as 134 and 135 programs .. Ethinic minorities I III The Kinh (97.16%) _The Khmer (1.86%) CJ The Hoa and other ethnic minorities (0.98%) • • III I - - Appendix 3 Background of Project Provinces and Can Tho City .. Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project - .. Gender: The Gender Development Index GDI of Ca Mau province increased from 0.682 in 1999 to 0.711 in 2004 and ranks as the 22th in the country. Income differences by gender in Ca Mau - province is the highest: the average income (USD PPP) of males was about 2.3 times higher than .. that of females in 2004 increasing drastically compared to the figure of 1.23 times in 1999. The - percentage of female laborers in the workforce tends to decline, from 44.8% in 1998 to 38.1 % in 2004. The proportion of unprofessional female laborers reduced from 95.3% in 1998 to 91.0% in - 2004, yet, this figure is still very high. The rate of illiterate female adults is higher than that of ..- males (7.8% compared to 6.3%in 2004) although this rate decreased in comparison with the rate of 8.7% in 1999 (Source: Report on Human development, 1999-2004). The percentage of female - pupils in the made up 47.0% in the years 2007 and 2009, but the percentage of female pupils at high schools dropped from 48.0% in 2007 to 47.7% in 2009~ (Source: Yearly Statistic Book - 2007, pages 547-550 &Yearly Statistic Book 2009, pages 558-560). Poverty: Income differences between 20% of the richest group and 20% of the poorest group is - rising with 7.3 times in 2006 and 7.8 times in 2008, which are higher than the average level ofthe - Mekong delta:7.3% times in 2008. The poverty rate of the province reduced from 14.0% in 2006 to 12.7% in 2008, yet higher than the average rate of the region: 11.4% in 2008. (Source: Yearly -., Statistic Book 2007, pages 619, 627 & Source: Yearly Statistic Book 2009, pages 625,633. - ..- ..- •- ..- - - til.. • .. .. Ii .. •.. "• • • II• •iii !IIl ..... • .. • iii III .., , • ..- -- - - APPENDIX 4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PICTURES - .. - • ..,- - 1M - ..- ..- ..... - - - l1li ..- - - II .... 1. SOC TRANG PROVINCE •.. •.. ..I11III •II ..If " ...• ..• •.. .,.. J l ,.. II • • III.. ..- - Consultation team specialists have contacted Agriculture Divisions of Long Phu (and - Tran De, My Tu) districts. - ...------At Agriculture Divisions of My Tu district. ..- - - - ..- - - ''6W - ""' ,. 31 - ..• .. • .. • •" • • •Ii , till Consultation team specialists have contacted Lich Hoi Thuong town. ..- - - - - ... ..- .,- ..- - Consultation team specialists have contacted Tan Hung commune .------, ..- - .. Consultation team s ecialists have contacted Chau Hun A commune 5 - • ..• 2. BAC LIEU PROVINCE .. ..• ..;; ., ,• lit ".. •• Consultation team specialists have contacted Vice director of Bac Lieu Water Resources PMU - Bac Lieu Department ofAgriculture and Rural Development. .." , • ..., ..• , .. Consultation team specialists have contacted Center for clean water and sanitation • • ., .. ------....,. - - - Consultation team specialists have contacted - Environment Protection Division - Bac Lieu Department of Resources and Environment ------..- ..- - - Consultation team specialists have contacted Agriculture Divisions ofHoa Binh (Phuoc • Long, Vinh Loi and Hong Dan) districts and leader of Hoa Binh town, Hung Phu iii commune ... ..• Representatives at bridge, to prospect Local people's opinions in project area ..• .. • • • ..., II I ,.. ..lilt •.. • 81 • ------., ------.,- .. - -.. - .. 3. CA MAU PROVINCE ..• • • ..• ..• ..• Consultation team specialists have contacted Ca mau Department ofAgriculture and Rural Development •• 1 , .. ..II • Ii ..\I Consultation team specialists have contacted Ca Mau Department ofResources and Environment If, 101 • - - - - - .... - - - Consultation team specialists have prospected Leader and Loeal people's opinions in - project area ..- -.. - lilt ..- ...- ..- -.. - .. 111 ,..~ !III. •" ..• II III • • •• ..'" , .." Consultation team specialists have a fact-finding trip in Ca Mau .. ,I II •• • •"$"\ Water polution in a canal- U Minh District - Ca Mau Province ., .. - - 4. AN GIANG PROVINCE - - .. .. - ..- .. - - - .. - - - .. Consultation team specialists have public consultation with leader ofAn Giang Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and An Giang Department of - Resources and Environment - An Giang province - _;, __* __$14_1;_,_, ______, _____ '_11 __' __ H______,____ ·_._~w~ __. __n_f!_._' __._. ______•WIll 5. CAN THO CITY ".. ..• •" .. • I = •I Consultation team specialists have public consultation with leader ofCan Tho Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and Can Tho Department of Resources and Environment - Can Tho City I • Ii , • i• Consultation team specialists have. contacted Nhon Ai commune ..I - - - .... -.. - - - - ~ I - ~ - ..- - .. (!) z « .. :~Et~ - (!) z .. (JJ :;;: - - ....o o N ., • g - ! c:: - .., I .~ ~ j ; Co CI .!I ~ .. c:: - .., R:i ! CIS (3 j B11Ii "~ ::::I - CIS , J: ... ~ . -I B~] '0 :«l ::::I - "t:I c:: .. ~--~------~------~------~~ - ,f t t I Rice land II AN GIANG Ann",.1 ClOD I,nd ! \ c:!:J Perennial Clop land c::!:J fruit trees plants land UU ~ i ~ ~ I, f t e6NG THAp 1 " II I KIt:N GIANG VTNHLONG ,.. HA,UGIANG Land use of Can Tho province. 2010 f t ." ~,. ' iii;••...• lJ,aI .....~~ ., ,. :I . ••••• ... .'. ~"'.. ~...~ ••• .!". •• . •• •.• _. ...-'''. ------..- - -- ..- ..- ..- - ..-\ ..- ..- .. - - - .1.1 t •.. •" ..• ..• II Ii I .. "" I 2 l 2 I