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MEKONG DELTA INTEGRATED CLIMATE RESILIENCE and SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS PROJECT (MD-ICRSL) Public Disclosure Authorized

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MEKONG DELTA INTEGRATED CLIMATE RESILIENCE and SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS PROJECT (MD-ICRSL) Public Disclosure Authorized SFG1760 REV MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON MEKONG DELTA INTEGRATED CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS PROJECT (MD-ICRSL) Public Disclosure Authorized Ha Noi – March 2016 Public Disclosure Authorized Mekong Delta Integrated Climate Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Project REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ii ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank BDP Basin Development Plan CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis CC Climate Change CCVA Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment CEA Cost-Effectiveness Analysis CIEM Central Institute for Economic Management CMIP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CTA Chief Technical Advisor CTL Co-Team Leader CTU Can Tho University DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DEM Digital Elevation Model DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment DSF Decision Support Framework DSS Decision Support System EOC Environment Operations Centre (ADB) ESA European Space Agency GCM General Circulation Model GIS Geographical Information Systems GIZ German Development Corporation GMS-SCC Greater Mekong Subregion Southern Coastal Corridor GOV Government of Viet Nam HCMC Ho Chi Minh City ICEM International Centre for Environmental Management ICMP Integrated Coastal Management Program IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IMHEN Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management KPI Key Performance Indicators LMB Lower Mekong Basin LXQ Long Xuyen Quadrangle MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MD-ICRSL Mekong Delta Integrated Climate Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods MDI Mekong Delta Development Research Institute MDP Mekong Delta Plan MOC Ministry of Construction MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment iii MOT Ministry of Transport MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment MRC Mekong River Commission RIF Regional Investment Framework SCC Southern Coastal Corridor SEA START Southeast Asia System for Analysis Research and Training SIWRP Southern Institute for Water Resources Planning SIWRR Southern Institute for Water Resources Research SLR Sea Level Rise SMCA Spatial Multi-criteria Analysis Sub-NIAPP Sub-National Institute for Agricultural Planning and Protection in the South SWAT Soil and Water Assessment Tool SWSC Southwest Steering Committee TA Technical Assistance TWG Technical Working Group UNDP United Nations Development Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development VCCI Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry VNMC Vietnam National Mekong Committee WB World Bank WISDOM Water Information System for Sustainable Development of Mekong Delta iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... III LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 13 1 THE MEKONG RIVER BASIN AND DELTA ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 REA objectives ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Mekong Delta Plan ........................................................................................................... 1 1.4 REA Methodology ........................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Overview of the Mekong Basin ......................................................................................... 3 1.5.1 Connectivity between the Mekong River Basin and the Delta ........................................... 7 1.5.2 Hydrological processes and sediment transport .............................................................. 9 1.6 Bio-physical description of the Mekong Delta .................................................................. 10 1.6.1 Soil and geology ......................................................................................................... 10 1.6.2 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.6.3 Water resources.......................................................................................................... 13 1.6.3.1 Flooding .................................................................................................................................... 13 1.6.3.2 Sediment transport .................................................................................................................... 13 1.6.3.3 Groundwater.............................................................................................................................. 14 1.6.3.4 Salinity intrusion ....................................................................................................................... 14 1.6.3.5 Water quality ............................................................................................................................. 15 1.6.4 Biodiversity and ecosystems ........................................................................................ 15 1.6.4.1 Wetlands.................................................................................................................................... 15 1.6.4.2 National Parks and Nature Reserves ......................................................................................... 16 1.6.4.3 Flora .......................................................................................................................................... 18 1.6.4.4 Fauna ......................................................................................................................................... 19 1.6.4.5 The coastal plume ..................................................................................................................... 19 1.6.4.6 Physical cultural resources ........................................................................................................ 19 1.7 Socio-economic description of the Mekong Delta ............................................................. 20 1.7.1 Demographics ............................................................................................................ 21 1.7.1.1 Population ................................................................................................................................. 21 1.7.1.2 Ethnic minorities ....................................................................................................................... 24 1.7.2 Livelihoods................................................................................................................. 24 1.7.2.1 Natural capital ........................................................................................................................... 25 1.7.2.2 Physical capital.......................................................................................................................... 25 1.7.2.3 Human capital ........................................................................................................................... 26 1.7.2.4 Financial capital ........................................................................................................................ 27 1.7.2.5 Social capital ............................................................................................................................. 28 1.7.3 Agricultural Sector ..................................................................................................... 28 1.7.3.1 Agriculture ................................................................................................................................ 28 1.7.3.2 Livestock ................................................................................................................................... 30 1.7.3.3 Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................... 30 1.7.4 Water resources management ...................................................................................... 31 1.7.4.1 Flood management and irrigation in the freshwater zone ......................................................... 31 1.7.4.2 Managing salinity in the coastal zone and estuaries ................................................................. 33 1.7.4.3 Safe water supply for domestic and industrial uses .................................................................. 35 1.7.4.4 Water resource management plans by the government............................................................. 36 1.7.4.5 Water supply plan for focal economic zones ............................................................................ 38 v 2 CURRENT TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
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