DOCSLIB.ORG

Indians As French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 Natasha Pairaudeau

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indians As French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 Natasha Pairaudeau Indians as French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 by Natasha Pairaudeau A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies Department of History June 2009 ProQuest Number: 10672932 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672932 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract This study demonstrates how Indians with French citizenship were able through their stay in Indochina to have some say in shaping their position within the French colonial empire, and how in turn they made then' mark on Indochina itself. Known as ‘renouncers’, they gained their citizenship by renoimcing their personal laws in order to to be judged by the French civil code. Mainly residing in Cochinchina, they served primarily as functionaries in the French colonial administration, and spent the early decades of their stay battling to secure recognition of their electoral and civil rights in the colony. Their presence in Indochina in turn had an important influence on the ways in which the peoples of Indochina experienced and assessed French colonialism. Indochina was important to French India from the late-nineteenth century, I maintain, because of the way renouncers were able to develop social and political agendas over long distances to secure their rights within the French empire. I further the study of late-colonial migrations from British India by adding a trajectory under French colonial conditions to other better-known itineraries. I advance thinking on migration by showing how movements stimulated the circulation not just of goods and labour but of ideas. I support claims that colonised peoples were not passive agents, and bring to the fore the struggles o f colonised people fighting not against, but within a colonial framework. I reinstate the Indian presence in the colonial histoiy of Vietnam, not only to support the restoration to southern Vietnam of its historical social diversity, or to draw attention to long-neglected minority groups. The thesis, I argue, brings new insights to the complexities of colonial encounters. The presence of Indian French citizens in colonial Indochina generated encounters between Indians and Vietnamese which were outside of French control. In so doing it highlighted not the strengths but the inherent weaknesses of colonial rule. 2 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Acknowledgements 5 Glossary 9 List of Illustrations and Tables 10 Abbreviations 11 PART ONE 13 Chapter One: introduction 14 C o n t e x t a n d o v e r v ie w 14 Ma in a r g u m e n t , t h e o r y a n d l it e r a t u r e 19 S o u r c e s a n d methodology 38 T e r m s a n d s p e l l in g 41 P eriodisation 45 C h a p t e r s u m m a r y 4 6 Chapter Two: Legal Status and other markers of identity 51 ‘Renunciation ’, it s o r ig in s a n d o f f ic ia l endorsement 5 1 W h o t h e r e n o u n c e r s w e r e a n d w h a t t h e y s o u g h t 57 T HE EXTENT OF RENUNCIATION, AT HOME AND OVERSEAS 64 Lin k s t o In d o c h in a 66 Indian renunciation and A n n a m it e naturalisation compared 72 Re n o u n c e r s ’ l e g a l r ig h t s in C o c h in c h in a 73 S t a t u s in C o c h in c h in a o f o t h e r m ig r a n t s To f In d ia n o r ig in 77 C o n c l u s io n 83 Chapter Three: Renouncer occupations and wider Tamil networks 85 Re n o u n c e r s in t h e c o l o n ia l administration 87 A SUPPRESSED PROFESSIONAL CLASS 96 E m p l o y e e s o f p r iv a t e F r e n c h f ir m s 97 CAREER SOLDIERS AND MILITARY SERVICE 98 ‘In d ia n s h o p s ’ a n d r e l a t e d n ic h e s o f M u slim e n t e r p r is e 100 N a t tu k o t t a i C h e t t ia r s a n d o t h e r T am il b a n k e r s 103 Liv e s t o c k , t r a n s p o r t , a n d milk 108 TAX FARMS AND GOVERNMENT TENDERS 112 U r b a n a n d r u r a l l a n d investments 1 15 P u r v e y o r s t o S a ig o n ’s expatriates 120 T EACHERS OF TAMIL CHILDREN 122 C o n c l u s io n 125 Illustrations 128 3 PART TWO 140 Chapter Four: Electoral Franchise 141 N a t iv e s u f f r a g e in t h e ‘o l d c o l o n ie s ’ a n d t h e ‘n e w ’ 141 E a r l y l ic e n s e a t t h e C ochinchinese b a ll o t b o x 145 T h e In d ia n v o t e c o n t e s t e d 146 T h e 1 8 8 8 D e p u t y e l e c t io n s : a l a s t - m in u t e r e s c u e f o r t h e In d ia n v o t e 151 THE CANDIDATES AND THEIR CAMPAIGNS 153 E l e c t io n d a y a n d t h e o u t c o m e 159 A DEFINITIVE LEGAL RULING 161 T h e ‘LEGEND’ OF INDIAN VOTERS: A POWERFUL BUT MALLEABLE FORCE 164 D e v o t e d d e p u t ie s 167 P o litical disillusion 172 C o n c l u s io n 176 Chapter Five: Renouncer functionaries and ‘European’ contractual privileges 178 ‘E u r o p e a n ’ a g e n t s a n d t h e b a d g e o f assimilation 180 T r o u b l e s w ith 'n a t iv e s t a t u s ’ 191 THE CAMPAIGN TO DEFEND SAIGON’S INDIAN POLICEMEN 197 Informal exclusion and the persistence of ‘native cadres’ 212 Conclusions 217 Chapter Six: Vietnamese Engagement with Renouncers and other Indian Migrants 219 G ilbert Chieu: ‘Hit the C h e t and expel the C h aV 221 T h e C onstitutionalists a n d N g u y e n A n N in h : ‘La q u e s t io n in d ie n n e ’ 227 G r a s s r o o t s r e s p o n s e s a n d increasingly t r o u b l e d r e l a t io n s 23 6 Re l ig io u s accommodation 245 Re a c t io n s t o t h e p r o s p e c t o f k in sh ip 24 6 C o n c l u s io n 2 5 4 Chapter Seven: Raising the Hindou Profile 255 C h a n n e l s o f e x p r e s s i o n 2 5 6 M o d e r n m e n , h is t o r ic a l p u r p o s e 265 U nity a n d d is c o r d 275 In the in terest o f ALL HINDOUS 285 C o n c l u s io n 2 9 4 Conclusion 296 Bibliography 303 A r c h iv e s a n d r e c o r d s 303 S er ia l Ru n s 30 4 B o o k s a n d A r t ic l e s 30 4 INTERNET SITES 31 6 Appendices 317 A p p e n d ix I: Text of the ‘D ecree relative to personal status’, 21 S e p t e m b e r 1881 318 Appendix II: The steam boat ventures of Darmanaden Prouchandy 320 A p p e n d ix III: French Indian social organisations in Cochinchina,1900-1940 3 2 4 4 Acknowledgements I am grateful for financial assistance received from several quarters.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Dangerous Vagabonds”: Resistance to Slave
    “DANGEROUS VAGABONDS”: RESISTANCE TO SLAVE EMANCIPATION AND THE COLONY OF SENEGAL by Robin Aspasia Hardy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2016 ©COPYRIGHT by Robin Aspasia Hardy 2016 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION PAGE For my dear parents. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 Historiography and Methodology .............................................................................. 4 Sources ..................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................... 20 2. SENEGAL ON THE FRINGE OF EMPIRE.......................................................... 23 Senegal, Early French Presence, and Slavery ......................................................... 24 The Role of Slavery in the French Conquest of Senegal’s Interior ......................... 39 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 51 3. RACE, RESISTANCE, AND PUISSANCE ........................................................... 54 Sex, Trade and Race in Senegal ............................................................................... 55 Slave Emancipation and the Perpetuation of a Mixed-Race
    [Show full text]
  • Indochina 1900-1939"
    University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/35581 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. "French Colonial Discourses: the Case of French Indochina 1900-1939". Nicola J. Cooper Thesis submitted for the Qualification of Ph.D. University of Warwick. French Department. September 1997. Summary This thesis focuses upon French colonial discourses at the height of the French imperial encounter with Indochina: 1900-1939. It examines the way in which imperial France viewed her role in Indochina, and the representations and perceptions of Indochina which were produced and disseminated in a variety of cultural media emanating from the metropole. Framed by political, ideological and historical developments and debates, each chapter develops a socio-cultural account of France's own understanding of her role in Indochina, and her relationship with the colony during this crucial period. The thesis asserts that although consistent, French discourses of Empire do not present a coherent view of the nation's imperial identity or role, and that this lack of coherence is epitomised by the Franco-indochinese relationship. The thesis seeks to demonstrate that French perceptions of Indochina were marked above all by a striking ambivalence, and that the metropole's view of the status of Indochina within the Empire was often contradictory, and at times paradoxical.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cape of Asia: Essays on European History
    A Cape of Asia.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 10-10-11 / 11:44 | Pag. 1 a cape of asia A Cape of Asia.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 10-10-11 / 11:44 | Pag. 2 A Cape of Asia.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 10-10-11 / 11:44 | Pag. 3 A Cape of Asia essays on european history Henk Wesseling leiden university press A Cape of Asia.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 10-10-11 / 11:44 | Pag. 4 Cover design and lay-out: Sander Pinkse Boekproductie, Amsterdam isbn 978 90 8728 128 1 e-isbn 978 94 0060 0461 nur 680 / 686 © H. Wesseling / Leiden University Press, 2011 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. A Cape of Asia.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 10-10-11 / 11:44 | Pag. 5 Europe is a small cape of Asia paul valéry A Cape of Asia.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 10-10-11 / 11:44 | Pag. 6 For Arnold Burgen A Cape of Asia.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 10-10-11 / 11:44 | Pag. 7 Contents Preface and Introduction 9 europe and the wider world Globalization: A Historical Perspective 17 Rich and Poor: Early and Later 23 The Expansion of Europe and the Development of Science and Technology 28 Imperialism 35 Changing Views on Empire and Imperialism 46 Some Reflections on the History of the Partition
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese in Hawaii: an Annotated Bibliography
    The Chinese in Hawaii AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY by NANCY FOON YOUNG Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii Hawaii Series No. 4 THE CHINESE IN HAWAII HAWAII SERIES No. 4 Other publications in the HAWAII SERIES No. 1 The Japanese in Hawaii: 1868-1967 A Bibliography of the First Hundred Years by Mitsugu Matsuda [out of print] No. 2 The Koreans in Hawaii An Annotated Bibliography by Arthur L. Gardner No. 3 Culture and Behavior in Hawaii An Annotated Bibliography by Judith Rubano No. 5 The Japanese in Hawaii by Mitsugu Matsuda A Bibliography of Japanese Americans, revised by Dennis M. O g a w a with Jerry Y. Fujioka [forthcoming] T H E CHINESE IN HAWAII An Annotated Bibliography by N A N C Y F O O N Y O U N G supported by the HAWAII CHINESE HISTORY CENTER Social Science Research Institute • University of Hawaii • Honolulu • Hawaii Cover design by Bruce T. Erickson Kuan Yin Temple, 170 N. Vineyard Boulevard, Honolulu Distributed by: The University Press of Hawaii 535 Ward Avenue Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 International Standard Book Number: 0-8248-0265-9 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-620231 Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Copyright 1973 by the Social Science Research Institute All rights reserved. Published 1973 Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD vii PREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi ABBREVIATIONS xii ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 GLOSSARY 135 INDEX 139 v FOREWORD Hawaiians of Chinese ancestry have made and are continuing to make a rich contribution to every aspect of life in the islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnamese Lexicography
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 302 082 FL 017 724 AUTHOR Dinh-Hoa, Nguyen TITLE Vietnamese Lexicography. PUB DATE Aug 87 NOTE 8p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association of Applied Linguistics (8th, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, August 16-21, 1987). PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) -- Historical Materials (060) -- Speeches/Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Diachronic Linguistics; Epistemology; Foreign Countries; *Lexicography; *Monolingualism; *Multilingualism; Romanization; *Vietnamese IDENTIFIERS *Vietnam ABSTRACT The-history of lexicography in Vietnam is chronicled from early Chinese and pissionary scholarship through the colonial period (1884-1946), the War years (1946-1954), the partition period (19541975), and the post-1975 period. The evolution of romanization, political-linguistic-influences, native scholarship in lexicography, and dictionary types art discussed, and successive tendencies in monolingual and multilingual dictionary development are highlighted. (MSE) ********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** 1 1E-4iTragietigs SOWNWEARlISTegngigita "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY VIETNAMESELEXICOGRAPHY Office of Educanonai Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Vitus document has been reproduced
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnam) to Attract Overseas Chinese (From 1600 to 1777
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 24, Issue 3, Ser. 1 (March. 2019) 74-77 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org The Policy of the Cochinchina Government (Vietnam) to Attract Overseas Chinese (from 1600 to 1777) Huynh Ngoc Dang1, Cao Dai Tri2 2Doctor of history 1Institute of Cultural History - Hunan Normal University (China) Abstract: Aiming at building a powerful administration to survive and secede, Nguyen clan in Cochinchina was smart and skillful in implementing policies to attract significant resources to serve the reclamation in southern Vietnam, build a prosperous kingdom of Cochinchina and even go further: to create a position to counterbalance and balance the political-military power with Siam (Thailand) in the Indochina Peninsula. One of the critical resources that the feudal government in Cochinchina smartly enlisted and attracted is the Chinese immigrant groups living in Vietnam. Keywords: Cochinchina government, Nguyen clan, Chinese, Policy, Vietnam. I. Overview of the Migration of Chinese to Cochinchina. It is possible to generalize the process of Chinese migration toward Cochinchina into three following stages: Phase 1: From the end of the 16th century to the year 1645. This period has two main events affecting the migration of Chinese to Cochinchina, namely: In 1567, Longqing Emperor (China) issued an ordinance allowing his civilians to go abroad for trading after almost 200 years of maintaining maritime order banning (Vietnamese: Thốn bản bất hạ hải) - do not give permission for an inch of wood to overseas. The second event was Nguyen Hoang’s returning to Thuan - Quang in 1600, began to implement the idea of secession.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Law
    The State of Law The State of Law Comparative Perspectives on the Rule of Law in Germany and Vietnam Ulrich von Alemann/Detlef Briesen/ Lai Quoc Khanh (eds.) Gefördert und gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Gerda Henkel Stiftung, der Anton- Betz-Stiftung der Rheinischen Post und der Gesellschaft von Freunden und Förderern der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf e.V. (GFFU). Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. © düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2017 http://www.dupress.de Satz und Layout: Duc-Viet Publikationen Umschlaggestaltung: Marvin P. Klähn Lektorat, Redaktion: Detlef Briesen Druck: KN Digital Printforce GmbH, Ferdinand-Jühlke-Straße 7, 99095 Erfurt. Der Fließtext ist gesetzt in Garamond 3 FV ISBN: 978-3-95758-053-5 Table of Contents Ulrich von Alemann/Detlef Briesen/Lai Quoc Khanh Introduction ......................................................................................... 9 I. Traditions Nguyen Thi Hoi A Brief History of the Idea of the State of Law and Its Basic Indicators ............................................................................. 17 Pham Duc Anh Thoughts and Policies on Governing the People under the Ly-Tran and the Early Le
    [Show full text]
  • Occupation and Revolution
    Occupation and Revolution . HINA AND THE VIETNAMESE ~-...uGUST REVOLUTION OF 1945 I o I o 1 I so lWoroeters -------uangTri ~ N I \\ Trrr1~ Sap Peter Worthing CHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 54 CHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 54 F M' INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES ~ '-" UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • BERKELEY C(5 CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES Occupation and Revolution China and the Vietnamese August Revolution of 1945 Peter Worthing A publication of the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of Califor­ nia, Berkeley. Although the Institute of East Asian Studies is responsible for the selection and acceptance of manuscripts in this series, responsibil­ ity for the opinions expressed and for the accuracy of statements rests with their authors. Correspondence and manuscripts may be sent to: Ms. Joanne Sandstrom, Managing Editor Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94720-2318 E-mail: [email protected] The China Research Monograph series is one of several publications series sponsored by the Institute of East Asian Studies in conjunction with its constituent units. The others include the Japan Research Monograph series, the Korea Research Monograph series, and the Research Papers and Policy Studies series. A list of recent publications appears at the back of the book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Worthing, Peter M. Occupation and revolution : China and the Vietnamese August revolu­ tion of 1945 I Peter M. Worthing. p. em. -(China research monograph; 54) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-55729-072-4 1. Vietnam-Politics and government-1858-1945. 2. Vietnam­ Politics and government-1945-1975. 3. World War, 1939-1945- Vietnam.
    [Show full text]
  • The Religious Lifeworlds of Canada's Goan and Anglo-Indian Communities
    Brown Baby Jesus: The Religious Lifeworlds of Canada’s Goan and Anglo-Indian Communities Kathryn Carrière Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the PhD degree in Religion and Classics Religion and Classics Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Kathryn Carrière, Ottawa, Canada, 2011 I dedicate this thesis to my husband Reg and our son Gabriel who, of all souls on this Earth, are most dear to me. And, thank you to my Mum and Dad, for teaching me that faith and love come first and foremost. Abstract Employing the concepts of lifeworld (Lebenswelt) and system as primarily discussed by Edmund Husserl and Jürgen Habermas, this dissertation argues that the lifeworlds of Anglo- Indian and Goan Catholics in the Greater Toronto Area have permitted members of these communities to relatively easily understand, interact with and manoeuvre through Canada’s democratic, individualistic and market-driven system. Suggesting that the Catholic faith serves as a multi-dimensional primary lens for Canadian Goan and Anglo-Indians, this sociological ethnography explores how religion has and continues affect their identity as diasporic post- colonial communities. Modifying key elements of traditional Indian culture to reflect their Catholic beliefs, these migrants consider their faith to be the very backdrop upon which their life experiences render meaningful. Through systematic qualitative case studies, I uncover how these individuals have successfully maintained a sense of security and ethnic pride amidst the myriad cultures and religions found in Canada’s multicultural society. Oscillating between the fuzzy boundaries of the Indian traditional and North American liberal worlds, Anglo-Indians and Goans attribute their achievements to their open-minded Westernized upbringing, their traditional Indian roots and their Catholic-centred principles effectively making them, in their opinions, admirable models of accommodation to Canada’s system.
    [Show full text]
  • Localization and the Chinese Overseas: Acculturation, Assimilation, Hybridization, Creolization, and Identification
    Cultural and Religious Studies, February 2018, Vol. 6, No. 2, 73-87 doi: 10.17265/2328-2177/2018.02.001 D DAVID PUBLISHING Localization and the Chinese Overseas: Acculturation, Assimilation, Hybridization, Creolization, and Identification TAN Chee-Beng Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Based on materials on the localized Chinese overseas, including the Melaka Babas, who are mostly Malay-speaking Chinese, this article reflects on the use of such terms as acculturation and assimilation, as well as hybridization and creolization, in relation to highly localized Chinese. All these concepts are seen as different ways of describing cultural formation in transcultural context. In particular, the relevance of using creolization to refer to the kind of creative process of cultural formation beyond its original usage in the Caribbean is discussed. This results in the identification of fragmented creolization as in the case of the Caribbean and a rooted creolization as in the case of the Babas. The author shall first discuss the issues of assimilation and integration, followed by hybridization and creolization. This is followed by the discussion on localization of Chinese overseas and identity. The concluding section provides some remarks on the concepts reviewed, and three main categories of acculturated Chinese are identified, namely, Chinese who are linguistically assimilated but still observe major Chinese traditions, Chinese who are so acculturated to the mainstream society that they hardly practice Chinese traditions, and Chinese who are both highly localized and highly mixed “racially”. Keywords: acculturation and assimilation, hybridization, creolization, localization and identity, Baba, Chinese overseas Introduction1 A noticeable feature of Chinese overseas is their local cultural adaptation.
    [Show full text]
  • China Versus Vietnam: an Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
    A CNA Occasional Paper China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo With a Foreword by CNA Senior Fellow Michael McDevitt August 2014 Unlimited distribution Distribution unlimited. for public release This document contains the best opinion of the authors at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Cover Photo: South China Sea Claims and Agreements. Source: U.S. Department of Defense’s Annual Report on China to Congress, 2012. Distribution Distribution unlimited. Specific authority contracting number: E13PC00009. Copyright © 2014 CNA This work was created in the performance of Contract Number 2013-9114. Any copyright in this work is subject to the Government's Unlimited Rights license as defined in FAR 52-227.14. The reproduction of this work for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. Nongovernmental users may copy and distribute this document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this copyright notice is reproduced in all copies. Nongovernmental users may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies they make or distribute. Nongovernmental users may not accept compensation of any manner in exchange for copies. All other rights reserved. This project was made possible by a generous grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation Approved by: August 2014 Ken E. Gause, Director International Affairs Group Center for Strategic Studies Copyright © 2014 CNA FOREWORD This legal analysis was commissioned as part of a project entitled, “U.S. policy options in the South China Sea.” The objective in asking experienced U.S international lawyers, such as Captain Raul “Pete” Pedrozo, USN, Judge Advocate Corps (ret.),1 the author of this analysis, is to provide U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units
    INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .
    [Show full text]