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Saviours of Islamic Spirit nmusba.wordpress.com Academy of Islamic Research and Publications nmusba.wordpress.com SAVIOURS OF ISLAMIC SPIRIT VOLUME m b y S. ABUL HASAN All NADWI Translation : MOHIUDDIN AHMAD ACADEMY OF ISLAMIC RESEARCH & PUBLICATIONS P.O. Bax 119, NADWA, LUCKNOW-226 007 U. P. (INDIA) A ll rights reserved in favour of: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications Post Box No. 119, NadWatuI Ulama, LUCKNOW-23I0O7 U.P? (INDIA) at awtuo' Series No. 170 EDITtONS: URDU— FIRST EDITION 1982 ENGLISH-FIRST EDITION 1983 SECOND EDITION 1994 Printed at: LUCKNOW PUBLISHING HOUSE LUCKNOW nmusba.wordpress.com CONTENTS Page FORBWARD ... ... ••• 1 I . ISLAMIC WORLD IN THB TENTH GENTURY ... 11 Need for the Study of the Tenth Century Condition* ... ... ... ib. Political Conditions ... ... ... 12 Religious Conditions ... ... ... 16 Intellectual Milieu ... ... ... 2 5 Intellectual and Religious Disquietude ... 2 9 Mahdawls ... ... ... ... 37 Causes o f Unrest ... ... ... 42 I I . THE GREATEST TUMULT OF THB TENTH CENTURY ... 45 Advent of a New Order ... ... ib. I I I . AKBAR^S RULE— THE CONTRASTING CuMAXES ... 53 The Religious Period ... ... ... ib. The Second Phase o f Akbar’s Rule ... 6 0 Effect of Religious Discussions ... ... 61 Role o f Religious Scholars ... ... 66 Religious Scholars o f Akbar’s Court ... 68 Courtiers and Counsellors ... ... 72 ii •AVIOURI OP ISLAMIC SPIKIT Mulls Mubarak and his sons 73 Influence of Rajput Spouses 83 Infallibility Decree 84 Significance of the Decree 86 Fall of Makhdum-ul-Mulk and Sadr-us-Sudnr ... 87 The New Millennium and Divine Faith 88 Akbar's Religious ideas and Practices 90 Fire Worship ... : ib. Sun Worship 91 On Painting 92 Timings of Prayer ... ib. Prostration before His Majesty ib. Salutation of Divine Faith 93 Aversion to Hijrl Calendar ib. Un-Islamic Feasts and Festivals ib. Vegetarianism ... ... ... 94 Swine ib. Drinking Bout 95 Adoption of un-Islamic Customs ib. Rejection of Miracles ... ... ib. Dislike for Circumcission ... ... ib. Marriage. Regulations ... ~. ib. Divine Worship of Kings 96 Introduction of Ilah I Calendar ib. Remission of Zakat ... 97 Disapproval of Islamic Learning ib. Mockery of Prophet’s Ascension ... ib. Disparging Remarks about the Prophet >, ... 98 Antipathy and Irritation at the Propnet’s Names ib. Prohibition of Prayer ib. Mockery of Islamic Values ... ... 99 A Dangerous turning point for Muslim India ... ib. IV. MUJADDID ALF THANI ... 103 Family ... ... ... ... ib. CONTENTS Makhdum Shaikh ‘Abdul Ahad 107 Birth and Childhood of Mujaddid ... 111 Spiritual Allegiance to Khwaja Baqi Billah 113 Shaikh ‘Abdul Baqi (Khwaja Baqi Billah) 114 Mujaddid’s initiation in the Khwaja’s order ... 119 MUJADDID AS A SPIRITUAL GUIDE . .. ... 122 Stay at Sirhind ib. Journey to Lahore ... ... 123 Arrangement for Moral Regeneration 124 Attitude of Jehangir ... ... 126 Reasons for Detention at Gwalior Fort 129 Internment in the Gwalior Fort 132 In the Gaol ... ... 133 Religious Ecstasy during Internment ... 134 Stay at the Royal Court ... ... 136 The End of Journey 139 Character and Daily Routine ... ' 143 Features 151 Sons of Shaikh Ahmad ... ib. THE CORE OP THE MUJADDID’S MOVEMENT , . .. 154 Trust in Muhammad’s Prophethood 158 Limitations of Spiritual and Intellectual Faculties ... ... ... ... 160 Some Basic Questions ... ... ... 162 Critique of Pure Reason and Esoteric Inspiration ... ... ... 163 Limitation of Intellect a ad the Knowledge of Omnipotent Creator ... ... 169 Stupidity of Greek Philosophers 170 Inadequacy of Intellect to Perceive Spiritual Realities ... 175 Prophethood transcends Intellect and Discrusive Reasoning ... 176 iv SAVIOURS OF ISLAMIC SPOUT Pure Intellect in a Myth 177 Neo-Platonists and Illuminists 180 Shaikhul IshrSq Shihab-ud-din Suhrawardi 182 Similarity of Intellect and Spiritual Illumination ... 184 Impurities of Ecstatic Experiences ... 186 Conflict Between the Teachings of Philosophers and Prophets ib. Purification unattainable without Prophethood ... 189 Indispensability of the Prophets ib. Divine Knowledge and Prophecy 190 Gliosis of G od: A Gift of Prohpethood 191 Stages of Faith 192 Acceptance of Prophethood based on Sound Reasoning ... ... ... ib. Prophetic Teachings not Verifiable by Intellect ... *193 Beyond Intellect and Irrationality ib. Method of Worship taught by Prophets alone ib. Prophethood Superior to Intellect 194 Station of Prophethood ... ib. Prophets are the Best of Creations 196 Openheartedness of the Prophets 197 Dual Attention of Prophets ib. Comparison between Saints and Prophets 198 Prophetic Appeal meant for Heart ... 199. Emulation of the Prophets rewarded by Proximity to God ib. Excellence of prophethood surpasses Saint­ hood 200 Scholars are on the Right Path ib. Dignity of the Prophets ... 201 Faith in the Unseen 202 Perfect Experience of the Ultimate Reality 203 Islamic Concept of Sufism ib. Rejection of Bid'at Hasanah 218 CONTENTS V VII. UNITY OF BEING VERSUS, UNITY OF MANIFESTATION 226 Shaikh Akbar Muhyl-ud-din Ibn ‘Arab! ... ib. Ibn Taimiyah’s criticism of Wahdat-ul-WujGd ... 230 Corroding Influence of Wahdat-ul-Wujud ... 231 Indian Followers of Ibn ‘Arab! ... ... 234 Shaikh ‘Ala-ud-daulS Samn&ni’s opposition to Unity of Being ... ... 235 Wahdat-us-Shuhiid or Unity of Manifestation ... 236 The Nefcd of a New Master ... ... 237, Mujaddid’s Fresh Approach ... 238 Personal Experiences of the Mujaddid ... 239 Unity of Existence ... ' ... ... 243 Moderate views about Ibn ‘Arabi ... 245 Opposition to Existential Unity ... ... 247 Greatness of Shaikh Ahmad ... ... 250 Compromising Attitude of the later Scholars ... ib. Saiyid Ahmad Shahld ... ... 251 t VIII. FROM AKBAJt TO JAHANO® ... ... 252 Some worthy Scholars and Mystics ... ib. Beginning of Mujaddid’s Reformatory Effort ... 256 Proper y n e of Action ... ... ... 257 Thoughts that breathe and Words that burn ... 261 Letters to the Nobles and Grandees ... 262 Avoiding Recurrence of Mistakes ... ... 270 Mujaddid’s personal contribution ... ... 273 Influence of the Mujaddid on Jahangir ... 274 Reign of Shahjahan ... ... ... 275 Prince Dara Shikoh ... ... ... 278 Muhyl-ud-din Aurangzeb ‘Alamgir ... ... 281 IX. NOTABLE ADVERSARIES OF SHAIKH AHMAD ... 292 X. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MUJADDIDYAH ORDER 309 The Eminent Deputies ... ... ib. vi SAVIOUR* OF ULA.UIC SPIRIT Khwaja Muhammad M'asum ... ... 310 Saiyid Adam Binnauri ... ... ... 312 Other Eminent Mystics ... ... ... 313 Khwaja Saif-ud-din Sirhindi ... ... ib. From Khwaja Muhammad Zubair to Maulana Fazlur Rahman Ganj-MoradababI ... 316 Mirza Mazhar Jan janan and Shan Ghulam ‘Ali ..4 ... ...................... 318 Maulana Khalid RQmi ... ... ... 320 Shah Ahmad Sa‘eed and his Spiritual Descendants .. ... ... 323 Shah ‘Abdul Ghanl ... ... ... 325 Ihsaniyah Order ... ... ... 328 Saiyid Shah ‘Alam Ullah and his family ... 329 Shaikh Sultan of Ballia ... ... ... 330 Hafiz Saiyid ‘Abdullah Akbar aba i ... ib. Saiyid Ahmad Shahid and his followers ... 332 XI. 1 THE WORKS OF SHAIKH AHMAD MUJADDID SIRHINDI . 335 Bibliography ... ... ... ... 339 Index ... ... ... ... 347 FOREWORD It was perhaps 1935 or 1936 when my respected brother Hakim Dr. Syed ‘Abdul ‘Ali, late Nazim of Nadwatul ‘UlamS, directed me to go through the Maktubat Imam Rabbsni Mujaddid Alf ThSni. I was then not more than 23 or 24 years of age and had joined, a short while ago, as a teacher in the Darul ‘Uloom, Nadwatul ‘Ulama. I had never delved in the sufl literature nor was conversant with the terminology of mystic discipline. I had assiduously pursued history and literature of the Arabs, particularly history of Arabic literature, and was used to reading books with a fine get up and printing produced in Beirut and Egypt. My brother was fully aware of my tastes and likings for it was he who had been the chief guide during my educational attainments, but he intended perhaps to let me know what Iqbal has so trenchantly versified in this couplet: You are but the lamp of a hearth, Which has ever had things spiritual at heart. Our family has been intimately connected, at least for the last three hundred years, intellectually and spiritually, with the school of thought that goes by the name of Mujaddid Alf Than! and Shah Waliullah. The private library of my father had a three volume collection of Mujaddid’s letters which had been printed at AhmadI Press of Delhi. I started reading the book in compliance with the wish expressed by my brother. 2 SAVIOURS OF ISLAMIC SPIRIT but was so discouraged that I had to put it off more than once. The letters written by the Mujaddid to bis spiritual mentor Khawaja Baqi Billah describing his spiritual experiences and ecstatic moods were specially disconcerting to me, but my brother kept on prodding me to go through the letters along with the Izdlatul Khifa of Shah Wallullah, Sirat-i-Mustaqim of Saiyid Ahmad Shahld and Shah Isma'il Shahld’s Man&ab-i- Jmsmat. At last I made up my mind to go through all these books once for all. I felt ashamed for not being able to do what my brother had bidden. And what was this collection of letters; had it not been cherished by the most purehearted souls? Providence came to my rescue and the more I read the book, the more I found it fascinating. Now I began to understand its contents and then a time came when I became enamoured by it. It so attracted my interest that I found it more fasci- nating than the best literary creations. I was then passing through a most critical stage of my life: certain mental tensions and intellectual stresses and strains had put me in a turmoil. The book then came as a spiritual guide to me. I could clearly perceive the placid calm and equanimity overtaking my heart. The journey I had begun in obedience to the wishes of my brother got me through an enchanting delight. I again started reading the Mujaddid’s letters, after a short time, with the intention of classifying the ideas expressed in it under different headings. I -started preparing an index of the subjects dealt with in it, for example, listing the pass­ ages dealing with the Oneness of God and repudiation of polytheistic ideas, prophethood, teachings of the Prophet and aberrations from it, non-existence of pious innovations, Unity of Being and Unity of Manifestation, reaches of intellect and in­ tuition, and so on.
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