DOCSLIB.ORG

The Public Sphere During the Later Abbasid Caliphate (1000- 1258 CE): the Role of Sufism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Public Sphere During the Later Abbasid Caliphate (1000- 1258 CE): the Role of Sufism The Public Sphere during the Later Abbasid Caliphate (1000- 1258 CE): The Role of Sufism Atta Muhammad Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Languages, Cultures, and Societies February 2020 2 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Atta Muhammad to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2019 The University of Leeds and Atta Muhammad 3 Acknowledgements I am thankful to Allah the Merciful for His Blessings, which helped me to complete this thesis. My heartfelt thanks go to my respected supervisor Dr. Fozia Bora for her persistent guidance and invaluable feedback. She has been a guiding star in every step of my research journey. Without her kind guidance and extra support and care, I would not have completed my research. My learning from her was not confined to her comments on my work but drew much inspiration from her many points of general wisdom. I am thankful to Dr. Hendrik Kraetzschmar, for his useful comments on my chapter which I presented for my transfer viva. I am also thankful to Dr. Mustapha Sheikh and Dr. Tajul Islam as they encouraged me at every step, and I had useful discussions with them. Conversations with friends, particularly Dr. Zafar Hussain and Younas Ahmad, have been important for enriching and stimulating my thinking on the matters discussed in this thesis. I am greatly thankful to my friend Mohammad H. Abed for his encouragement and support at various occasions. I greatly acknowledge the kind support of Karen F Priestley, Doctoral College Officer, for the help she provided me whenever I visited her office. I thank the Punjab Higher Education Commission, Pakistan for granting me the scholarship that funded this research. I also thank the School of Languages, Cultures and Societies, University of Leeds, for offering me funds to present papers relevant to my research in various international conferences and workshops. The audiences’ questions and comments at these colloquia have greatly helped me to refine my main arguments. I am very grateful to Dr. Tanvir Anjum, Department of History, QAU Islamabad for her guidance and encouragement. During my studies at QAU, she inculcated within me enthusiasm and passion for learning, and for the pursuit of Islamic history. She has been an inspiration for me throughout my PhD research here at the University of Leeds. I am 4 greatly indebted to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, whose writings encouraged me and have continuously pushed me to pursue learning ever since I became familiar with his works. I am especially grateful to Dr. Irfan Waheed Usmani for his encouragement and kind guidance regarding the pursuit of higher studies. I am also thankful to Nayyar Ijaz Beg for his general wisdom and guiding me to the path of pursuing a foreign PhD. Thanks are due to Seyyed Munawar Abbass Bukhari for his encouragement and support. I am particularly greatful to respected Mukhtar Hussain and his family in leeds for their huge care, hospitality and prayers. I am also thankful to Mohammed Aijaz for his hospitality and wonderful company during my stay at leeds. My deep thanks go to my family for their support and prayers, in particular my wife. I am grateful to my brother and cousins for their financial support for the last couple of months. I particularly thank my niece Shahrbanu for inspiration. Lastly, I dedicate this thesis to my respected bhaus (first cousins), and late mother who aspired for my education. Without the care, love and support of bhaus through my early education, I would not have been able to reach the stage of completing my PhD. 5 Abstract This study reconsiders and overturns key Orientalist assumptions about popular agency and despotic rule in medieval Islamic society. These assumptions encompass the notions that no relationship existed between the lower rungs of society and the ruling elite except through the hegemonic pattern of the absolute and unfettered rule of sulṭāns/caliphs, and that people at large enjoyed little to no agency in regard to effecting social, political, spiritual and economic change. My study argues against these assumptions by clearing a space for better understanding of where the social, economic and political agency of ordinary people lay. I argue that medieval Islamic societies did not merely have a single authoritarian sphere of social activity in which only the elite had agency; rather, there were multiple public spheres where people recruited from a range of private spheres expressed differing modes of social agency. This study reveals that there was a vibrant public sphere in medieval Islamic societies, and particularly in later Abbasid Baghdad, in which Ṣūfīs played a significant role. The establishment of Ṣūfī lodges in Baghdad created a much broader public space where the community of believers would be involved in public sphere activities of various kinds, through which they could contribute to the public good. The plethora of evidence that I have gathered and analysed in this study reveals that Ṣūfīs as social actors used their agency to influence state policies for the betterment of common people. Through their autonomous activities, by instructing the authorities or collaborating with the ruling authorities, Ṣūfīs regularly and successfully intervened in the public domains for the welfare of the community, sometimes to quite radical effect. A number of Ṣūfīs also tried to build bridges between ruling elites and commoners, to develop and sustain an environment where social actors and community members from various walks of life could contribute to and shape the common values of society. 6 My investigation breaks new ground in documenting the fact that later Abbasid Baghdad functioned well as a social sphere in terms of social cohesion and a growth in prosperity, not because governments fulfilled their responsibilities impeccably but rather because ordinary people took on some of these responsibilities. I demonstrate clearly a shift in emphasis from the state to society, where whole social strata would contribute to the constitution of public spheres. The involvement of rulers as patrons and facilitators of these public spaces reveals that medieval rulers were not by any means necessarily ‘despotic’. 7 Table of contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 5 Table of contents ............................................................................................................... 7 Transliteration and dates ................................................................................................. 11 Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 12 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 15 The public sphere ........................................................................................................ 15 S̲ h̲ arīʿa, the objectives of s̲ h̲ arīʿa, and maṣlaḥa (common interest) .......................... 20 Taṣawwuf (Sufism) ...................................................................................................... 22 The role of ʿulamāʾ, Ṣūfīs and the waqf in the public sphere ...................................... 26 Other religious communities and their public spheres............................................. 28 Problematising assumptions regarding public spheres in Medieval Islamic societies, and the role of Sufism ................................................................................................. 29 Orientalists, the public sphere and Sufism............................................................... 30 Sufism in the public sphere during the later Abbasid period ................................... 33 Baghdadi Ṣūfīs in the public sphere ......................................................................... 37 Key research questions ................................................................................................ 38 Scope, aims and limits of this thesis ............................................................................ 39 Review of literature ..................................................................................................... 41 Sufism ...................................................................................................................... 41 The Abbasid caliphate ............................................................................................. 50 Works on the public sphere ..................................................................................... 52 Conception of the public sphere and the postmodern critique .................................... 59 The concept and theory of the public sphere ............................................................... 59 The relationship between truth and power .................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Full Bibliography (From Sheikhs to Sultanism)
    FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY (FROM SHEIKHS TO SULTANISM) Academic sources (books, chapters, and journal articles) P. Aarts and C. Roelants, Saudi Arabia: A Kingdom in Peril (London: Hurst & Co., 2015) A. Abdulla, The Gulf Moment in Contemporary Arab History (Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi, 2018) [in Arabic] I. Abed and P. Hellyer (eds.), United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective (Dubai: Trident, 2001) P. Abel and S. Horák, ‘A tale of two presidents: personality cult and symbolic nation-building in Turkmenistan’ in Nationalities Papers, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2015 A. Abrahams and A. Leber, ‘Framing a murder: Twitter influencers and the Jamal Khashoggi incident' in Mediterranean Politics [April 2020 online first view] D. Acemoglu, T. Verdier, and J. Robinson, ‘Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule’ in Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 2, Nos. 2-3, 2004 G. Achcar, The People Want: A Radical Exploration of the Arab Uprising (London: Saqi, 2013) A. Adib-Moghaddam (ed.), A Critical Introduction to Khomeini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014) I. Ahyat, ‘Politics and Economy of Banjarmasin Sultanate in the Period of Expansion of the Netherlands East Indies Government in Indonesia, 1826-1860’ in Tawarikh: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2012 A. Al-Affendi, ‘A Trans-Islamic Revolution?’, Critical Muslim, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012 M. Al-Atawneh, ‘Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia’ in Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 45, No. 5, 2009 H. Albrecht and O. Schlumberger, ‘Waiting for Godot: Regime Change Without Democratization in the Middle East’ in International Political Science Review, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Classical Persian Literature Bahman Solati (Ph.D), 2015 University of California, Berkeley [email protected]
    Classical Persian Literature Bahman Solati (Ph.D), 2015 University of California, Berkeley [email protected] Introduction Studying the roots of a particular literary history enables us to better understand the allusions the literature transmits and why we appreciate them. It also allows us to foresee how the literature may progress.1 I will try to keep this attitude in the reader’s mind in offering this brief summary of medieval Persian literature, a formidable task considering the variety and wealth of the texts and documentation on the subject.2 In this study we will pay special attention to the development of the Persian literature over the last millennia, focusing in particular on the initial development and background of various literary genres in Persian. Although the concept of literary genres is rather subjective and unstable,3 reviewing them is nonetheless a useful approach for a synopsis, facilitating greater understanding, deeper argumentation, and further speculation than would a simple listing of dates, titles, and basic biographical facts of the giants of Persian literature. Also key to literary examination is diachronicity, or the outlining of literary development through successive generations and periods. Thriving Persian literature, undoubtedly shaped by historic events, lends itself to this approach: one can observe vast differences between the Persian literature of the tenth century and that of the eleventh or the twelfth, and so on.4 The fourteenth century stands as a bridge between the previous and the later periods, the Mongol and Timurid, followed by the Ṣafavids in Persia and the Mughals in India. Given the importance of local courts and their support of poets and writers, it is quite understandable that literature would be significantly influenced by schools of thought in different provinces of the Persian world.5 In this essay, I use the word literature to refer to the written word adeptly and artistically created.
    [Show full text]
  • In Their Own Words: Voices of Jihad
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as CHILD POLICY a public service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION Jump down to document ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and PUBLIC SAFETY effective solutions that address the challenges facing SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY the public and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Support RAND TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Purchase this document WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Learn more about the RAND Corporation View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. in their own words Voices of Jihad compilation and commentary David Aaron Approved for public release; distribution unlimited C O R P O R A T I O N This book results from the RAND Corporation's continuing program of self-initiated research.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    CURRICULUM VITAE ALEXANDER D. KNYSH Professor of Islamic Studies Department of Middle East Studies University of Michigan 202 Thayer Building Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1608, USA Tel. (734) 615-1963; e-mail: [email protected] EDUCATION: Institute for Oriental Studies, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad (presently St. Petersburg), Ph.D. in Islamic Studies, 1980-1986 State University of Leningrad (presently St. Petersburg), Department of Oriental Studies, B.A./M.A. in Arabic Literature and Culture, 1974-1979 (Honors) ACADEMIC POSITIONS: 1997-present, Professor of Islamic Studies, University of Michigan May-June, 2017, Visiting Professor/Researcher, Forschungszentrum “Bildung und Religion”, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany, http://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/das- zentrum/110217.html. 2014-2015, European Association of Institutes for Advanced Study (EURIAS); Senior Fellow (http://www.2018-2019.eurias- fp.eu/fellows?promotion=89&city=Helsinki%2C+Finland&felowship_category=All&discipline =All), The Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Helsinki, Finland. 2013-present, Project Director, Political Islam/Islamism: Theory and Practice in Comparative and Historical Perspective. St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federation (http://islab.spbu.ru/). 2012 (May-June), Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan 2011 (December), Visiting Professor of Islamic history, Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan 2008-2009, Associate Director, Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies, University of Michigan Winter 2008, Visiting Professor of Islamic studies, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 2007-2008, Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington D.C. 2006-2010, Co-Director, Islamic Studies Initiative, interdisciplinary program funded for the Page | 2 Office of the Provost, the Dean of the College of Literature Science and the Arts, and the International Institute, University of Michigan.
    [Show full text]
  • Osmanli Araştirmalari the Journal of Ottoman Studies
    SAYI 36 • 2010 OSMANLI ARAŞTIRMALARI THE JOURNAL OF OTTOMAN STUDIES Beyond Dominant Paradigms in Ottoman and Middle Eastern / North African Studies A Tribute to Rifa‘at Abou-El-Haj Misafir Editörler / Guest Editors Donald Quataert and Baki Tezcan Some Thoughts on the Politics of Early Modern Ottoman Science Baki Tezcan* Verily, Plato was a Prophet. Attributed to Muhammad by Nev'i (d. 1599) I am not trained in the history of science. However, inspired by the intel- lectual courage of Rifa‘at Abou-El-Haj for whom this volume is a small tribute, I would like to tackle a well known debate on the “decline” of “Islamic science” with a view to argue that science, just as almost anything else in life, has always been political, and that an awareness of this politi- cal context would enrich our understanding of both political and scientific developments in the early modern Ottoman Empire. The present piece is centered on the short-lived Ottoman Imperial Observatory that was found- ed and then destroyed by Murad III (1574-95). I will point out the political aspects of the decision to establish such an observatory and also underline the political nature of the opposition that led Murad III to order its destruc- tion. But before doing any of this, let me start by providing the contours of the late sixteenth century Ottoman political stage. * University of California, Davis. 135 Politics of Early Modern Ottoman Scıence As persuasively argued by Abou-El-Haj, the sixteenth century was a period of profound transformation in the Ottoman Empire.1 The expan-
    [Show full text]
  • Exploratory Notes on the Futuwwa and Its Several Incarnations
    Chapter 14 Exploratory Notes on the Futuwwa and Its Several Incarnations Daniel C. Peterson t is a privilege and a pleasure to participate in this volume in Ihonor of Professor S. Kent Brown, who has been a major help to me at pivotal points in my career. I first went to the Middle East in a Jerusalem semester abroad group that he led during the first half of 1978. And then, when I returned to Egypt in the autumn of 1978 with my new bride, it was Kent Brown who met us at the Cairo airport and allowed us to stay with his family until we found housing of our own. He was also instrumental in setting the stage for my receiving a job offer at Brigham Young University and has remained a valued colleague, a friend, and a model of Christian liv- ing ever since. These notes were first compiled in a 1981 graduate seminar at the American University in Cairo for Professor George Scanlan. Despite my intention of getting back to the subject, however, I had not. So, when I was invited to contribute to this volume in honor of a friend whom my wife and I will always associate with our time in Egypt, it seemed a good opportunity to resurrect something that I commenced there. My hope is either to pursue this topic further myself or, at least, to encourage some other researcher to look at it. Beyond minor mechanical changes (the paper was written on a 288 Ƶ Daniel C. Peterson typewriter), I have also made explicit some of the similarities that I perceive between the movements described here and the Gadian- ton robbers of the Book of Mormon—similarities that, for obvious reasons, I left unnoted in that first draft in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Lo Ndo N Soas the Umayyad Caliphate 65-86
    UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SOAS THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 65-86/684-705 (A POLITICAL STUDY) by f Abd Al-Ameer 1 Abd Dixon Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philoso] August 1969 ProQuest Number: 10731674 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731674 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2. ABSTRACT This thesis is a political study of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of f Abd a I -M a lik ibn Marwan, 6 5 -8 6 /6 8 4 -7 0 5 . The first chapter deals with the po litical, social and religious background of ‘ Abd al-M alik, and relates this to his later policy on becoming caliph. Chapter II is devoted to the ‘ Alid opposition of the period, i.e . the revolt of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘ Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and its nature, causes and consequences. The ‘ Asabiyya(tribal feuds), a dominant phenomenon of the Umayyad period, is examined in the third chapter. An attempt is made to throw light on its causes, and on the policies adopted by ‘ Abd al-M alik to contain it.
    [Show full text]
  • Mystical Dimensions of Islam
    by ANNEMARIE SCHIMMEL MYSTICAL DIMENSIONS OF ISLAM The Universit y of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill 244 / SUFI ORDERS AND FRATERNITIES very popular, but fo r him the samdc was mainly a practical device to dissipate the lust of the dervishes, which might otherwise find other, more dangerous ways of distraction. Abu Sa cid's name is , or rather was , usually connecte d wit h th e first examples of Persian mystical poetry. He is the alleged author of a number o f poem s in which the ruba'i, quatrain, with it s rhyme scheme a a x a, is used as a vehicle for mystical thought. We ca n b e quite sure that none of the quatrains formerly attributed t o him are actually his ; according t o hi s ow n statement , his love-intoxicate d teacher Bishr ibn Yasin was the author o f such verses—a genre tha t later became very popular. 20 A true representative of early Sufi poetry in quatrains, thoug h i n a popular meter and vernacular speech, is Baba Tahir, who died i n Khorramabad in the first part of the eleventh century. 21 Abu Sa cid passed away in 1049 . It is said that on his deathbed h e bestowed his khirqa t o Ahmad-i Jam Zandapil , who was just abou t to be born. Ahmad-i Jam was a Persian saint who was the opposite of Ab u Sa cld i n almos t ever y respect: stern , prou d o f his mystical power, drawing people to repentance, not t o love, and ofte n usin g his spiritual strengt h for revenge and punishment.
    [Show full text]
  • CURRICULUM VITAE (Abridged) August 2021
    CURRICULUM VITAE (abridged) August 2021 Irfan A. Omar, Ph.D. Department of Theology Marquette University Marquette Hall, 115 [email protected] P.O. BOX 1881 Tel: 414-288-3746 Milwaukee, WI 53201 ========================================================================================================================================================================== Special Fields History of Religions, Peace Studies, Islam & Interfaith Relations Education 2021 Certificate of Completion, “‘Forbidden Knowledge’ Fights Back: Unleashing the Transformative Power of Critical Race Theory,” The African American Policy Forum, CRT Summer School 2011 Certificate of Completion, “Women in South Asian Muslim Societies,” American Institute of Indian Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 2001 Ph.D., Religion, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 1996 M.A., Religion, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 1994 M.A., Religious Studies, Hartford Seminary, Hartford, CT 1986 B.A., Liberal Arts, St. Stephen’s College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Academic Positions 2010-- --Associate Professor, Department of Theology, Marquette University 2018-- --Honorary Affiliate, Middle East Studies Prog, Univ of Wisconsin-Madison 2014-- --Affiliated Faculty, Center for South Asia, University of Wisconsin-Madison 2002-2010 --Assistant Professor, Department of Theology, Marquette University 2007 (Sum) --Visiting Lecturer, Fachbereich Ev. Theologie, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany 2006 (Spr) --Fulbright Lecturer, Faculty of Theology, Muhammadiyah
    [Show full text]
  • "Reflections on Islam and Modern Thought" by Seyyed Hossein Nasr
    Reflections on Islam and Modern Thought by Seyyed Hossein Nasr Source: Studies in Comparative Religion, Vol. 15, No. 3 & 4. (Summer-Autumn, 1983). © World Wisdom, Inc. www.studiesincomparativereligion.com Few subjects arouse more passion and debate among Muslims today than the encounter between Islam and modern thought. The subject is of course vast and embraces fields ranging from politics to sacred art, subjects whose debate often causes volcanic eruptions of emotions and passions and vituperations which hardly lead to an objective analysis of causes and a clear vision of the problems involved. Nor is this debate, which consumes so much of the energies of Muslims and students of Islam, helped by the lack of clear definition of the terms of the debate and an insight into the actual forces involved. The whole discussion is also paralyzed by a psychological sense of inferiority and a sense of enfeeblement before the modern world which prevents most modernized Muslims from making a critical appraisal of the situation and of stating the truth irrespective of the fact whether it is fashionable and acceptable to current opinion or not. Let us then begin by defining what we mean by modern thought. It is amazing how many hues and shades of meaning have been given to the term “modern” ranging from contemporary to simply “innovative,” “creative,” or in tune with the march of time. The question of principles and in fact the truth itself is hardly ever taken into consideration when modernism is discussed. One hardly ever asks whether this or that idea or form or institution conforms to some aspect of the truth.
    [Show full text]
  • Kron Food Production Docx
    Supplementary Material 8 FOOD PRODUCTION (Expanded Version) Geoffrey Kron INTRODUCTION Although it would be attractive to offer a survey of agriculture throughout the ancient Mediterranean, the Near East, and those regions of temperate Europe, which were eventually incorporated into the Roman empire, I intend to concentrate primarily upon the best attested and most productive farming regime, that of Augustan Italy, 1 which was broadly comparable in its high level of intensification and agronomic sophistication with that of Greece, Western Asia Minor, North Africa, Baetica and Eastern Tarraconensis. Within the highly urbanized and affluent heartland of the Roman empire, our sources and archaeological evidence present a coherent picture of market-oriented intensive mixed farming, viticulture, arboriculture and market gardening, comparable, and often superior, in its productivity and agronomic expertise to the best agricultural practice of England, the Low Countries, France (wine), and Northern Italy in the mid 19th century. Greco- Roman farmers supplied a large urban population equal to, if not significantly greater than, that of early 19th century Italy and Greece, with a diet rich, not just in cereals, but in meat, wine, olive oil, fish, condiments, fresh fruit and vegetables. Anthropometric evidence of mean heights, derived from skeletal remains, reveal that protein and calorie malnutrition, caused by an insufficient diet based overwhelmingly on cereals, was very acute throughout 18th and 19th century Western Europe, and drove the mean
    [Show full text]
  • The Sources of Islamic Revolutionary Conduct
    Joint Military Intelligence College LAMBERT Y Y The Sources of Islamic Revolutionary Conduct TEL IN LIG Y E R N A C T E I L C I O M L L T E N G I E O J 1962 Major Stephen P. Lambert U.S. Air Force TEL IN LIG Y E R N A C ISBN 1-932946-02-0 T E PCN 56747 I L C I O M L L T E N G I E O J 1962 The Joint Military Intelligence College supports and encourages research on intelligence issues that distills lessons and improves Intelligence Community capabilities for policy-level and operational consumers Y: The Sources of Islamic Revolutionary Conduct, Major Stephen P. Lambert, U.S. Air Force This product has been reviewed by senior experts from academia and government, and has been approved for unrestricted distribution by the Directorate for Freedom of Information and Security Review, Washington Headquarters Services. It is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service (www.ntis.gov). The author has also arranged for publication of this study through the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. The projected publication date is 2005. The Hoover Institution book includes commentar- ies on Major Lambert’s work by an even greater variety of scholars than included in the present book. [email protected], Editor and Director Center for Strategic Intelligence Research Library of Congress Control Number 2004114330 ISBN 1-932946-02-0 Y The Sources of Islamic Revolutionary Conduct Major Stephen P. Lambert, U.S. Air Force Research Fellow In g ic t e e g ll t ii a g e r n tt c SS c ee rr R R o o e e f f s s e e r r a a e e t r t r n c n Joint Military c e h e h C Intelligence College C WASHINGTON, DC April 2005 With the cooperation and support of the Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) USAF Academy, Colorado Springs The views expressed in this book are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S.
    [Show full text]