FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY (FROM SHEIKHS TO SULTANISM)

Academic sources (books, chapters, and journal articles) P. Aarts and C. Roelants, : A Kingdom in Peril (London: Hurst & Co., 2015)

A. Abdulla, The Gulf Moment in Contemporary Arab History (Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi, 2018) [in Arabic]

I. Abed and P. Hellyer (eds.), : A New Perspective (Dubai: Trident, 2001)

P. Abel and S. Horák, ‘A tale of two presidents: personality cult and symbolic nation-building in Turkmenistan’ in Nationalities Papers, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2015

A. Abrahams and A. Leber, ‘Framing a murder: Twitter influencers and the Jamal Khashoggi incident' in Mediterranean Politics [April 2020 online first view]

D. Acemoglu, T. Verdier, and J. Robinson, ‘ and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule’ in Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 2, Nos. 2-3, 2004

G. Achcar, The People Want: A Radical Exploration of the Arab Uprising (London: Saqi, 2013)

A. Adib-Moghaddam (ed.), A Critical Introduction to Khomeini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014)

I. Ahyat, ‘Politics and Economy of Banjarmasin Sultanate in the Period of Expansion of the Netherlands East Indies Government in Indonesia, 1826-1860’ in Tawarikh: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2012

A. Al-Affendi, ‘A Trans-Islamic Revolution?’, Critical Muslim, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012

M. Al-Atawneh, ‘Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia’ in Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 45, No. 5, 2009

H. Albrecht and O. Schlumberger, ‘Waiting for Godot: Regime Change Without Democratization in the ’ in International Review, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2004

M. Albrow, H. Anheier, M. Glasius, and M. Price (eds.), Global Civil Society 2007/8: Communicative Power and (London: Sage, 2008)

S. Al-Dhaheri, 'Sheikh Hazza bin bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (1905-1958): Representative of the Ruler of in the Western Region', in Liwa, Vol. 6, No. 12, December 2014

K. Alfadhel, ‘The GCC Human Rights Declaration: An Instrumentation of Cultural Relativism’ in Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2017

E. Al-Gurg, The Wells of Memory: An Autobiography (London: John Murray, 1998)

R. Alhargan, ‘Saudi Arabia: Civil rights and local actors’ in Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2012

S. Al-Karni, ‘Twitter Response to Vision 2030: A Case Study on Current Perceptions of Normative Disorder within Saudi Social Media’, PhD dissertation, University of Ottawa, 2018

E. Allardt and Y. Littunen (eds.), Cleavages, and Party Systems (Helsinki: Academic Bookstore, 1964)

C. Allen Jr., Oman: The Modernization of the Sultanate (Boulder: Westview, 1987)

K. Al-Mezaini, ‘Private sector actors in the UAE and their role in the process of economic and political reform’ in S. Hertog, G. Luciani, M. Valeri (eds.), Business Politics in the Middle East (London: Hurst & Co., 2013)

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K. Al-Mezaini, The UAE and Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid, Identities and Interests (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011)

A. Al-Naimi, Out of the Desert (London: Portfolio Penguin, 2016)

M. Al-Rasheed, Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New Generations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007)

Y. Al-Saggaf and K. Williamson, 'Online Communities in Saudi Arabia: Evaluating the Impact on Culture Through Online Semi-Structured Interviews' in Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2004

F. Al-Sayegh, ‘Post 9/11 Changes in the Gulf: The Case of the UAE’ in Middle East Policy, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2004

M. Alsudairi and G. Tatapudi, ‘Social innovation: Can it be a strategy for influencing GCC public welfare?’ in Innovation, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2014 (2014)

J. Al-Suwaidi, ‘Arab and Western Conceptions of Democracy: Evidence from a UAE Opinion Survey’ in D. Garnham and M. Tessler (eds.), Democracy, War, and Peace in the Middle East (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995)

L. Anderson, ‘Dynasts and Nationalists: Why Survive’ in J. Kostiner (ed.), Middle East Monarchies: The Challenge of Modernity (Boulder: Lynner Rienner, 2000)

L. Anderson, ‘The State in the Middle East and North Africa’ in Comparative Politics, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1987

A. Ansari, ‘L’état, c’est moi: the paradox of sultanism and the question of regime change in modern ’ in International Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 2, 2013

I. Arribas, F. Pérez, and E. Tortosa-Ausina, 'Measuring International Economic Integration: Theory and Evidence of Globalization' in Documentos de Trabajo (Fundación BBVA), No. 24, 2006

Y. Arslantaş, A. Pietri, and M. Vahabi, ‘State predation in historical perspective: the case of Ottoman müsadere practice during 1695–1839’ in Public Choice, No. 182, 2019 E. Aspinall, 'Political opposition and the transition from authoritarian rule: The case of Indonesia', PhD dissertation, Australian National University, 2000

R. Auty, ‘Industrial policy reform in six large newly industrializing countries: The resource curse thesis’ in World development, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1994

D. Bach, ‘Patrimonialism and neopatrimonialism: comparative trajectories and readings’ in Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol. 49, No. 3, 2011

D. Bach and M. Gazibo (eds.), Neopatrimonialism in Africa and Beyond (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011)

J. Bader, J. Grävingholt, and A. Kastner, ‘Would Promote ? A Political Economy Perspective on Regime-Type Export in Regional Neighborhoods’ in Contemporary Politics, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2010

W. Bagehot, The English Constitution Second Edition (London: Chapman and Hall, 1873)

A. Bari Atwan, Islamic State: The Digital (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015)

H. Beblawi, 'The Rentier State in the Arab World' in H. Beblawi and G. Luciani (eds.), The Rentier State (New York: Croom Helm, 1987)

H. Beblawi and G. Luciani (eds.), The Rentier State (New York: Croom Helm, 1987)

F. Beiser, Hegel (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005)

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A. Belén Soage, ‘Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait of a Leading Islamic Cleric’ in Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2008

C. Belgrave, The Pirate Coast (London: Bell and Sons, 1966)

P. Bergen, Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of (New York: Free Press, 2002) P. Berger, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (New York: Anchor, 1990) N. Berkes, ‘Ziya Gökalp: His Contribution to Turkish ’ in Middle East Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1954 L. Bethell, The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 6 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)

C. Bianco and G. Stansfield, ‘The intra-GCC crises: mapping GCC fragmentation after 2011’ in International Affairs, Vol. 94, No. 3, 2018

K. Bin Sayeed, Western Dominance and Political Islam: Challenge and Response (New York; State University of New York Press, 1995)

J. Booth, ‘The Somoza regime in Nicaragua’ in H. Chehabi and J. Linz (eds.), Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998) P. Bourdieu [translated by P. Collier], Homo Academicus (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988)

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L. Brenner, The Shehus of Kukawa: a History of the al-Kanemi Dynasty of Bornu (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973)

B. Brevini, A. Hintz, and P. McCurdy (eds.), The Palgrave Macmillan Beyond Wikileaks (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013)

J. Bristol-Rhys, Emirati Women: Generations of Change (London: Hurst & Co., 2010)

R. Bronson, ‘Rethinking Religion: The Legacy of the US–Saudi Relationship’ in Washington Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2005

J. Brownlee, ‘And yet they persist: Explaining survival and transition in neopatrimonial regimes’ in Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2002

J. Brownlee, ‘The limited reach of authoritarian powers’ in Democratization, Vol. 24, No. 7, 2017

J. Brownlee, 'Review: Low Tide after the Third Wave: Exploring Politics under ' in Comparative Politics, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2002

J. Brownlee, T. Masoud, and A. Reynolds (eds.), The Arab Spring: Pathways of Repression and Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)

J. Brownlee, T. Masoud, and A. Reynolds, ‘Why the Modest Harvest? in Journal of Democracy, Volume 24, Number 4, October 2013

H. Bruhns, ‘Weber’s patrimonial domination and its interpretations’ in D. Bach and M. Gazibo (eds.), Neopatrimonialism in Africa and Beyond (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011)

D. Brumberg, ‘Democratization in the Arab World? The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy’ in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2002

D. Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001)

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P. Burnell and O. Schlumberger, ‘Promoting democracy-Promoting autocracy? International politics and national political regimes’ in Contemporary Politics, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2010

G. Burton, ‘What Influence Do Advisory Assemblies Have? A Print Media Analysis of the UAE’s Federal National Council, 2011–15’ in Journal of Arabian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019

B. Carducci, The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications (London: Wiley, 2009)

W. Case, ‘Brunei Darussalam in 1996: Business as Usual in the Abode of Peace’ in Asian Survey, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1997

F. Cavatorta, ‘The Convergence of Governance: Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World and Downgrading Democracy Elsewhere?’ in Middle East Critique, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2010

K. Chaudhry, The Price of Wealth: Economies and Institutions in the Middle East (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997)

H. Chehabi and J. Linz (eds.), Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998) H. Chehabi and J. Linz, ‘A theory of sultanism 1: a type of non-democratic rule’ in H. Chehabi and J. Linz (eds.), Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998) H. Chehabi and J. Linz, ‘A theory of sultanism 2: genesis and demise of sultanistic regimes’ in H. Chehabi and J. Linz (eds.), Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998)

C. Choksy and J. Choksy, ‘The Saudi Connection: Wahhabism and Global Jihad’ in World Affairs, Vol. 178, No. 1, 2015

D. Chong and J. Druckman, ‘Framing Theory’ in Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 10, 15 June 2007

K. Christie, ‘Globalisation, religion and state formation in the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan’ in Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2010

J. Clark, ‘Field Research Methods in the Middle East’ in Political Science and Politics, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2006

J. Clark and F. Cavatorta (eds.), Political Science Research in the Middle East and North Africa: Methodological and Ethical Challenges (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018)

W. Cleveland and M. Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 2013)

J. Cohen, ‘Deliberation and democratic legitimacy’ in A. Hamlin and P. Petit (eds.), The Good Polity: Normative Analysis of the State (New York: Blackwell, 1989)

D. Collier, ‘Critical Junctures, Concepts, and Methods’ in G. Munck, R. Snyder, and G. Almond (eds.), Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007)

D. Compagnon, 'Political Decay in Somalia: From Personal Rule to Warlordism' in Refuge, Vol. 12, No. 5, 1992

M. Cook (ed.), Studies in Economic History of the Middle East (London: Oxford University Press, 1970)

A. Cooper (ed.), Niche Diplomacy. Studies in Diplomacy (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997) A. Cordesman and N. Obaid, National Security in Saudi Arabia: Threats, Responses, and Challenges (New York: Praeger, 2005)

A. Cordesman, The Gulf and the West: Strategic Relations and Military Realities (Abingdon: Routledge, 2019) M. Crawford Young and T. Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985)

M. Crawford Young, ‘Resurrecting Sultanism’ in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1999

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W. Crotty (ed.), Political Science: Looking to the Future (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1991)

J. Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990)

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S. Cummings, ‘Introduction’ in S. Cummings (ed.), Power and Change in Central Asia (Abingdon: Routledge, 2002)

M. Curtis, Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam (London: Serpents Tail, 2010) H. Dabashi and N. Nikzadfar, ‘Introduction’ in H. Dabashi (ed.), The Green Movement in Iran (New York: Routledge, 2011)

H. Dabashi (ed.), The Green Movement in Iran (New York: Routledge, 2011)

R. Dahl, ‘What Political Institutions Does Large-Scale Democracy Require?’ in Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 120, No. 2, 2005

J. DaNardo, Power in Numbers: The Political Strategy of Protest and Rebellion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)

M. Darwich, ‘Democratization, Creating the enemy, constructing the threat: the diffusion of repression against the Muslim Brotherhood in the Middle East’ in Democratization, Vol. 24, No. 7, 2017

I. Datta, 'Parliamentary politics in Soeharto's Indonesia', PhD dissertation, University of London, 2003

C. Davidson, ‘Arab Nationalism and British Opposition in Dubai, 1920-1966’ in Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 6, 2007

C. Davidson, ‘Expatriates and the Gulf Monarchies: Politics, Security and the Arab Spring’ in Asian Affairs, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2014

C. Davidson, Abu Dhabi: Oil and Beyond (London: Hurst & Co., 2009)

C. Davidson, After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies (London: Hurst &Co., 2012)

C. Davidson, Dubai: The Vulnerability of Success (London: Hurst & Co., 2008)

C. Davidson (ed.), Power and Politics in the Persian Gulf Monarchies (London: Hurst & Co., 2011)

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B. Diedreich, Somoza and the Legacy of US Involvement in Central America (New York: Dutton, 1981)

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B. Dillon, ‘Using Mobile Phones to Collect Panel Data in Developing Countries’ in Journal of International Development, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2012

J. Domínguez, ‘The Batista regime in Cuba’ in H. Chehabi and J. Linz (eds.), Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998) S. Dorril, MI6: Fifty Years of Special Operations (London: Fourth Estate, 2001)

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O. Fisun, ‘Developing Democracy or Competitive Neopatrimonialism? The Political Regime of Ukraine in Comparative Perspective’, University of Toronto Center for Russian and East European Studies, workshop on ‘Institution Building and Policy Making in Ukraine’, August 2007

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New York Times, 'Saudis Moving to Reduce Dependence on Oil Money', 1 April 2016

New York Times, 'Saudis Said to Use Coercion and Abuse to Seize Billions', 11 March 2018

New York Times, 'Saudis’ Image Makers: A Troll Army and a Twitter Insider', 20 October 2018

New York Times, 'Secret Desert Force Set Up by Blackwater’s Founder', 14 May 2011

New York Times, 'So, I Asked People in Saudi Arabia About Their Mad, Murderous Crown Prince', 15 December 2018

New York Times, 'Someone Tried to Hack My Phone. Technology Researchers Accused Saudi Arabia.', 21 January 2020

New York Times, 'Spreading the Word: Who's Who in the Arab Media', 6 February 2005

New York Times, 'Syrians Vote to Confirm Assad's Son As President', 11 July 2000

New York Times, 'Tankers Are Attacked in Mideast, and U.S. Says Video Shows Iran Was Involved', 13 June 2019

New York Times, 'Tell Your Boss: Recording Is Seen to Link Saudi Crown Prince More Strongly to Khashoggi Killing', 12 November 2018

New York Times, 'The Fall of Marcos: Two Decades as Philippines Chief; The Marcos Years: From Vow to "Make Country Great" to the Public Revolt', 26 February 1986 New York Times, 'The Fall of Suharto: The Overview; Suharto, Beseiged, Steps Down after 32-Year Rule in Indonesia', 21 May 1998 New York Times, 'The Lapses That Let a Saudi Extremist Shoot Up a U.S. Navy Base', 21 June 2020

New York Times, 'The most powerful Arab ruler isn’t M.B.S. It’s M.B.Z.', 3 June 2019

New York Times, 'The Prince Who Would Remake the World', 21 June 2018

New York Times, 'The Rise and Fall of M.B.S.’s Digital Henchman', 13 March 2020

New York Times, 'The Saudi Connection: Inside the 9/11 Case That Divided the F.B.I.', 23 January 2020

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67

New York Times, 'Trump Administration May End Congressional Review of Foreign Arms Sales', 25 June 2020

New York Times, 'Trump Jr. and Other Aides Met With Gulf Emissary Offering Help to Win Election', 19 May 2018

New York Times, 'Trump Pushes to Designate Muslim Brotherhood a Terrorist Group', 30 April 2019

New York Times, 'U.A.E. Pulls Most Forces from Yemen in Blow to Saudi War Effort', 11 June 2019

New York Times, 'U.S. Sees Emirates as Both Ally and, Since 9/11, a Foe', 23 February 2006

New York Times, 'U.S. to Expel a Dozen Saudi Military Trainees After Pensacola Shooting', 12 January 2020

New York Times, 'Uproar Over Dissident Rattles Saudi Royal Family', 19 October 2018

New York Times, 'Warsaw Pact Agrees to Dissolve Its Military Alliance by March 31', 26 February 1991

New York Times, 'What Was That Glowing Orb Trump Touched in Saudi Arabia?', 22 May 2017

New York Times, 'Why Is There So Much Saudi Money in American Universities?', 3 July 2019

New York Times, 'World’s Most Expensive Home? Another Bauble for a Saudi Prince', 16 December 2017

New York Times, 'Zayed bin Sultan, Gulf Leader and Statesman, Dies', 3 November 2004

New Yorker, 'A Saudi Prince’s Quest to Remake the Middle East', 2 April 2018

Newsweek, 'Saudi Arabia's Princely Prisoners Have Been Downgraded to A Four-Star Hotel', 10 November 2017

Newsweek, 'Saudi Princes Arrested in Purge are “Sleeping on Floor” of the Ritz Carlton', 7 November 2011

Newsweek, 'The Slow, Dangerous Implosion of Saudi Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman', 14 September 2018

Newsweek, 'Who Is Sheikh Abdullah bin Ali al-Thani, the Qatari Royal Held 'Prisoner' in the UAE?', 15 January 2018

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NPR, 'Saudi Elections To Offer A Small Step Toward Democracy', 2 December 2015

NPR, 'Saudi Women Reunite to Remember Driving Protest', 16 December 2008

NPR, 'This Is Crossing The Line: Saudis Co-Opted Veterans' Voices To Lobby Congress', 15 December 2018

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Politico, ‘How a smooth Saudi operative charms Washington and defends the indefensible’, 23 October 2018

Politico, ‘Kushner took unannounced trip to Saudi Arabia’, 29 October 2017

Politico, 'Meet the Two Princes Reshaping the Middle East', 13 June 2017

Politico, 'Rubio says Saudi crown prince has gone "full gangster"', 6 March 2019

Politico, 'The Full Transcript: Ben Rhodes and Samantha Power', 15 January 2018

68

Politico, 'The Hottest Social Media Star in the Middle East Is a Radical Saudi Cleric', 10 November 2017

Politico, 'We Misled You: How the Saudis Are Coming Clean on Funding Terrorism', 14 September 2016

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Register, ‘Saudi Arabia: They liked Hacking Team so much they tried to buy the company’, 28 September 2015

Reuters, ‘Abu Dhabi fund loses crisis-related arbitration against Citigroup’, 28 March 2017

Reuters, ‘Abu Dhabi, Qatar among top five global real estate investors: report’, 6 June 2018

Reuters, ‘Abu Dhabi's Mubadala expects Emirates Global Aluminium IPO in 2018', 24 October 2017

Reuters, ‘ADIC to join Mubadala group as wealthy Abu Dhabi consolidates funds', 21 March 2018

Reuters, ‘Alibaba-backed fund to build HQ in Saudi 'media city'', 4 February 2020

Reuters, ‘Allies of Saudi crown prince appointed to board of new culture authority’, 6 April 2018

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Reuters, ‘Analysis - Reforms side-lined along with Bahrain's crown prince’, 11 May 2011

Reuters, ‘Arab unrest puts focus on UAE's northern emirates', 6 July 2011

Reuters, ‘As Khashoggi crisis grows, Saudi king asserts authority, checks son's power: sources', 19 October 2018

Reuters, ‘Breakingviews - Saudi Aramco is big, just not big enough', 2 April 2019

Reuters, ‘Chairman of Saudi media group MBC allowed to travel to Dubai', 29 May 2018

Reuters, ‘Dubai ruler calls for Iran sanctions to be lifted: BBC’, 13 January 2014

Reuters, ‘Emirates Bank owners approve $11.3 bln NBD merger', 5 September 2007

Reuters, ‘ENOC's jet fuel storage plans show how Iranian sanctions upending oil market’, 21 September 2018

Reuters, ‘Exclusive: After Khashoggi murder, some Saudi royals turn against king’s favorite son', 20 November 2018

Reuters, ‘Exclusive: Aramco IPO halted, oil giant disbands advisers - sources', 22 August 2018

Reuters, ‘Exclusive: Defense firms see only hundreds of new U.S. jobs from Saudi mega deal’, 30 October 2018

Reuters, ‘Exclusive: In Saudi Arabia, criticism of Crown Prince grows after attack', 2 October 2019

Reuters, ‘Exclusive: Iran steps up support for Houthis in Yemen's war – sources’, 21 March 2017

Reuters, ‘Exclusive: Saudi prince detention holds up loan to investment firm – sources’, 20 November 2017

69

Reuters, ‘Expo 2020 Dubai organisers support one year delay due to coronavirus', 30 March 2020

Reuters, ‘Extension of Iran Sanctions Act passes U.S. Congress’, 1 December 2016

Reuters, ‘Facebook says it dismantles covert influence campaign tied to Saudi government', 1 August 2019

Reuters, ‘Factbox: Key facts about Kuwait's political system', 18 March 2009

Reuters, ‘Fresh arrests in Saudi Arabia net intellectuals, entrepreneurs: sources', 25 November 2019

Reuters, ‘Future Saudi king tightens grip on power with arrests including Prince Alwaleed’, 5 November 2017

Reuters, ‘German spy agency warns of Saudi shift to 'impulsive' policies', 2 December 2015

Reuters, ‘Gulf Media Promotes Émigré Qatari Royals as Feud Sours’, 21 September 2017

Reuters, ‘Gulf rift reopens as Qatar decries hacked comments by emir’, 24 May 2017

Reuters, ‘Huge Saudi fund to be conservative borrower, chief says’, 25 October 2017

Reuters, ‘Islamic State chief, in rare speech, urges followers to fight on', 22 August 2018

Reuters, ‘Kuwait plan for northern mega city faces political hurdles', 1 May 2019

Reuters, ‘Libya's Haftar loses main base in Tripoli in surprise blow', 26 June 2019

Reuters, ‘MSCI adds Saudi Arabia, Argentina indexes to emerging markets index', 14 May 2019

Reuters, ‘New Saudi anti-corruption chief to target public servants', 1 September 2019

Reuters, ‘New Saudi Deputy Crown Prince marks generational shift', 23 January 2015

Reuters, ‘No votes for women in Saudi municipal elections', 28 March 2011

Reuters, ‘Oman's new ruler Haitham bin Tariq takes oath: newspapers', 11 January 2020

Reuters, ‘Previously detained ex-finance minister Assaf seen at Saudi cabinet meeting', 2 January 2018

Reuters, ‘Project Raven: Inside the UAE’s secret hacking team of American mercenaries', 30 January 2019

Reuters, ‘Quietly at first, music comes back to Saudi Arabia', 31 January 2017

Reuters, ‘Saudi and Bahrain expected to seek union: minister’, 14 May 2012

Reuters, ‘Saudi appoints Prince Salman as crown prince’, 18 June 2012

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia acts fast on succession after king's death', 23 January 2015

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia boosts crude oil production to highest level on record', 8 April 2015

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia collects twice as much VAT as expected in 2018: budget document', 18 December 2018

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia defends Yemen government against UAE-backed separatists', 5 September 2019

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia detains 298 public officials in new corruption probes', 15 March 2020

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia implements public decency code as it opens to tourists', 28 September 2019

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia names businessman as labor minister, boosts culture and environment’, 2 June 2018

70

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia names Khalid al-Falih energy minister to replace Naimi', 7 May 2016

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia opens first mixed-gender university', 24 September 2009

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia plans to seize controlling stake in broadcaster MBC: sources', 8 February 2018

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia to allow full foreign ownership in retail’, 6 September 2015

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia to end flogging as form of punishment: document', 24 April 2020

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia to introduce physical education for schoolgirls', 11 July 2017

Reuters, ‘Saudi Arabia's National Commercial Bank changes CEO', 16 May 2018

Reuters, ‘Saudi awards contracts to build palaces in huge new business zone', 8 February 2018

Reuters, ‘Saudi king appoints son as Riyadh Province governor', 14 May 2014

Reuters, ‘Saudi king back home, orders $37 billion in handouts', 23 February 2011

Reuters, ‘Saudi king orders new allowances to offset rising cost of living', 6 January 2018

Reuters, ‘Saudi King Salman appoints Prince Mohammed bin Nayef as new crown prince-state TV', 29 April 2015

Reuters, ‘Saudi king turns national guard into ministry run by son', 27 May 2013

Reuters, ‘Saudi leadership pressures former intelligence official’s family, seeks access to documents', 23 June 2020

Reuters, ‘Saudi minister confirms warning on proposed US law on 9/11’, 2 May 2016

Reuters, ‘Saudi official denies former crown prince confined to palace', 29 June 2017

Reuters, ‘Saudi Prince Muqrin named second-in-line to succeed king', 27 March 2014

Reuters, ‘Saudi prince, relieved from National Guard, once seen as throne contender', 5 November 2017

Reuters, ‘Saudi senior scholars praise king's decisions on Khashoggi death', 20 October 2018

Reuters, ‘Saudi suspends over Mecca crane disaster', 15 September 2015

Reuters, ‘Saudi, Kuwait, UAE to sign $10 billion Bahrain aid deal: Kuwait newspaper’, 4 October 2018

Reuters, ‘Saudi's sovereign wealth fund launches fund of funds company – statement’, 18 December 2019

Reuters, ‘Senior Saudi prince condemns Trump's 'opportunistic' Jerusalem move', 11 December 2017

Reuters, ‘Senior Saudi prince says Trump shouldn't scrap Iran deal', 11 November 2016

Reuters, ‘Special Report: As a Saudi prince rose, the Bin Laden business empire crumbled', 27 September 2018

Reuters, ‘Special Report: Inside the UAE’s secret hacking team of U.S. mercenaries', 30 January 2019

Reuters, ‘Tanks back succession move in UAE’s Ra’s al-Khaimah’, 14 June 2003

Reuters, ‘Trump election puts Iran nuclear deal on shaky ground', 9 November 2016

Reuters, ‘Turkmenistan launches second political party', 21 August 2012

71

Reuters, ‘Twitter suspends accounts linked to Saudi spying case', 20 December 2019

Reuters, ‘Two Saudi princes released from detention in anti-corruption probe: source', 28 December 2017

Reuters, ‘U.S. briefly overtakes Saudi Arabia as top oil exporter: IEA', 12 September 2019

Reuters, ‘U.S. targets Dubai bank over Iran dealings’, 29 February 2012

Reuters, ‘UAE extends compulsory military service to 16 months', 8 July 2018

Reuters, ‘UAE firm buys into Shell's Algerian operations', 1 April 2008

Reuters, ‘UAE freezes 41 Iran-linked bank accounts-report’, 28 June 2010

Reuters, ‘UAE lists Muslim Brotherhood as terrorist group’, 15 November. 2014

Reuters, ‘UAE releases activists on Eid amnesty: rights groups', 8 August 2019

Reuters, ‘UAE shuts down office of U.S. research institute RAND’, 20 December 2012

Reuters, ‘UAE used cyber super-weapon to spy on iPhones of foes', 30 January 2019

Reuters, ‘UAE, Abu Dhabi roll over $20 billion of Dubai's debt’, 16 March 2014

Reuters, ‘UAE's IPIC, Kazakhstan set up $1 bln energy fund', 21 July 2008

Reuters, ‘UAE's RAK Ceramics says big shareholder to sell 30.6% stake’, 29 April 2014

Reuters, ‘White House veterans helped Gulf monarchy build secret surveillance unit', 10 December 2019

Reuters, ‘Yemeni forces seize main oil terminal from Al-Qaeda – sources’, 25 April 2016

S&P Global Platts, 'Former Saudi energy minister Falih may be tapped to defuse Russia oil tensions: source', 10 March 2020

Sydney Morning Herald, ‘US red-faced as Cablegate sparks global diplomatic crisis, courtesy of WikiLeaks’, 29 November 2010

Telegraph, 'The countries punished by an Opec-fuelled oil price rout', 27 November 2014

Telegraph, ‘Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud’, 17 June 2012

Telegraph, ‘Death of a Generous Man’, 25 July 2001

Telegraph, ‘Inside the world of the Kennedys of the Gulf’, 4 April 2010

Telegraph, ‘Revolution 2.0 by Wael Ghonim: review’, 13 January 2012

Telegraph, 'Barclays saviour Sheikh Mansour makes £2.25bn from sale of bank stake', 8 October 2010

Telegraph, 'Deposed Saudi princes sleeping on floor, as Trump says purge targets were “milking” the country', 7 November 2017

Telegraph, 'Dubai's financial crisis: a Q&A', 27 November 2009

Telegraph, 'Emirate prince ousted in women's rights row', 15 June 2003

Telegraph, 'Exclusive: MPs demand British universities stop accepting donations from dictatorships', 13 August 2017

72

Telegraph, 'Expansion of City Football Group knows no limits — the question is why they bother', 28 November 2019

Telegraph, 'Extremism fear over Islam studies donations', 13 April 2008

Telegraph, 'In pictures: the world's richest royals', 18 May 2018

Telegraph, 'Obituary: Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz al Saud', 17 June 2012

Telegraph, 'Qatar offered to give $1 million to Bill Clinton's charity for his birthday', 14 October 2016

Telegraph, 'Qatar to unveil £50m British horseracing deal', 24 May 2015

Telegraph, 'Queen's Gulf visit: Britain's historic ties to the United Arab Emirates', 24 November 2010

Telegraph, 'Saudi Arabia destabilising Arab world, German intelligence warns', 2 December 2015

Telegraph, 'Saudi Arabia increases oil output to crush US shale frackers', 27 January 2015

Telegraph, 'Saudi Arabia may go broke before the US oil industry buckles', 5 August 2015

Telegraph, 'Saudi general may have been tortured to death during Ritz-Carlton crackdown', 12 March 2018

Telegraph, 'Sky News drawn into Saudi propaganda battle over murder of Jamal Khashoggi', 22 October 2018

Telegraph, 'Special report: The complex relationship between Saudi Arabia and UAE that could soon shape the Premier League', 28 June 2020

Telegraph, 'The power struggle behind the Saudi night of the long knives', 11 November 2017

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Times, ‘British mercenary killed in Yemen', 10 December 2015

Times, ‘Obituary: Glencairn Balfour-Paul’, 10 August 2008

Times, ‘UAE arrests Al-Nashiri’, 24 December 2002

Times, ‘Young Saudi pretender’s days are numbered’, 14 September 2018

Times, 'Evian on tap at sheikh’s £60m Berkshire home', 22 June 2020

Times, 'MBS critic Iyad al-Baghdadi given police guard amid security fears', 8 May 2019

Times, 'Saudi Arabia: Oiling the wheels of economic change', 24 October 2017

Times, 'Trump sold nuclear tech to Saudis in secret after Khashoggi killing', 6 June 2019

73

United Press International, ‘Saudi Arabia creates new security council’, 21 October 2005

Vanity Fair, 'Saudi and Emirati Princes Feud Over Who Has More Control of Jared Kushner', 22 March 2018

Vice, 'Hacking Team Is Still Alive Thanks to a Mysterious Investor from Saudi Arabia', 31 January 2018

Vice, 'There's Evidence the Yemen Cyber Army Is Actually Iranian', 26 June 2015

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Wall Street Journal, ‘Al-Qaeda Fights on Same Side as Saudi-Backed Militias in Yemen’, 16 July 2015

Wall Street Journal, ‘Is Al-Qaeda Winning in Saudi-Iran Proxy War in Yemen?’, 10 September 2015

Wall Street Journal, ‘PointState Capital’s Zachary Schreiber says he’s shorting the Saudi riyal’, 4 May 2016

Wall Street Journal, ‘Saudi Appointment Suggests Bigger Regional Ambitions’, 20 July 2012

Wall Street Journal, ‘Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Identified as Buyer of Record-Breaking da Vinci’, 7 December 2017

Wall Street Journal, ‘Saudi Crackdown Targets Up to $800 Billion in Assets’, 7 November 2017

Wall Street Journal, ‘Saudi Princes, Former Ministers Arrested in Apparent Power Consolidation’, 5 November 2017

Wall Street Journal, ‘Woman Held for Abu Dhabi Killing of U.S. Teacher’, 4 December 2014

Wall Street Journal, 'A Prince’s $500 Billion Desert Dream: Flying Cars, Robot Dinosaurs and a Giant Artificial Moon', 25 June 2019

Wall Street Journal, 'Dana Gas Says It Wins Supply Ruling Against National Iranian Oil Co.', 10 August 2014

Wall Street Journal, 'For Aramco Insiders, Prince’s $2 Trillion IPO Valuation Doesn’t Add Up ', 25 April 2017

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Wall Street Journal, 'In Ports Furor, a Clash Over Dubai', 26 February 2006

Wall Street Journal, 'Saudi Arabia Accused of Torturing Women’s-Rights Activists in Widening Crackdown on Dissent', 20 November 2018

Wall Street Journal, 'Saudi Arabia’s Secret Plans to Unveil Its Hidden da Vinci—and Become an Art-World Heavyweight', 6 June 2020

Wall Street Journal, 'Saudi Authorities Begin Release of Princes Questioned in Roundup', 8 March 2020

Wall Street Journal, 'Saudi Authorities Freeze Former Crown Prince’s Bank Accounts', 8 November 2017

Wall Street Journal, 'Saudi Crown Prince Cements Authority Over Economy with Energy Ministry Pick', 8 September 2019

Wall Street Journal, 'Saudi-Backed Yemeni Government, Separatists Sign Power-Sharing Deal', 24 October 2019

Wall Street Journal, 'Saudis Warm to Muslim Brotherhood, Seeking Sunni Unity on Yemen', 2 April 2015

74

Wall Street Journal, 'Sheikh Abode a Sore Point in Seychelles', 9 September 2010

Wall Street Journal, 'Throughout Middle East, the Web is Being Walled Off', 18 July 2018

Wall Street Journal, 'Top Saudi Royal Family Members Detained', 6 March 2020

Wall Street Journal, 'Trump Administration Asks to Delay Release of 9/11-Related Documents', 6 September 2019

Wall Street Journal, 'UAE Removes Sunday London Times From Newsstands', 30 November 2009

Washington Post, ‘CIA sees increased threat in Yemen’, 24 August 2010

Washington Post, ‘Egyptian revolution sparks protest movement in democratic Iraq’, 12 February 2011

Washington Post, ‘Gulf states pursue unique approaches to falling oil prices’, 9 January 2015

Washington Post, ‘Has Mohammed bin Salman finally gone too far?’, 16 October 2018

Washington Post, ‘Latest Arabic news channel, Sky News Arabia, begins broadcasting from UAE capital Abu Dhabi’, 6 May 2012

Washington Post, ‘Our New Saddam Hussein’, 7 July 2019

Washington Post, ‘Practising checkbook diplomacy’, 21 December 1977

Washington Post, ‘Saudi Arabia is Moving to Rein in Its Religious Police. Sort Of’, 16 August 2017

Washington Post, ‘Saudi Arabia wasn’t always this repressive. Now it’s unbearable’, 18 September 2017

Washington Post, ‘Saudi Arabia’s crown prince is acting like Putin’, 5 November 2017

Washington Post, ‘The dazzling rise and tragic fall of Saudi Arabia’s Mohammed bin Nayef’, 5 July 2020

Washington Post, ‘The Towering Dream of Dubai’, 30 April 2006

Washington Post, ‘With vote to end U.S. involvement in Yemen's war, House sets up Trump's second veto’, 4 April 2019

Washington Post, 'Crown prince Mohammed bin Salman is “chief of the tribe” in a cowed House of Saud', 30 October 2018

Washington Post, 'Here’s this year’s (flawed) Corruption Perception Index: Those flaws are useful', 27 January 2016

Washington Post, 'In the UAE, the United States has a quiet, potent ally nicknamed "Little Sparta"', 9 November 2014

Washington Post, 'Meet the Saudi royal family’s rising star, Prince Mohammed bin Nayef', 23 January 2015

Washington Post, 'Saudi king greets Obama on eve of president's address', 4 June 2009

Washington Post, 'Saudi women win handful of seats in elections to local councils', 13 December 2015

Washington Post, 'The Arab coalition is making progress against extremists in Yemen', 12 September 2018

Washington Post, 'The crown prince of Saudi Arabia is giving his country shock therapy', 28 February 2018

75

Washington Post, 'The once flourishing Iranian community in Dubai faces pressure amid Gulf tensions', 13 August 2019

Washington Post, 'The Saudi blocking of Hasan Minhaj’s Netflix show proves nothing has changed in Riyadh', 9 January 2019

Washington Post, ‘Trump vetoes resolution to end U.S. participation in Yemen's civil war’, 16 April 2019 Washington Post, 'Turkey concludes Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi killed by 'murder', 6 October 2018

Washington Post, 'Ugandan Dictator Idi Amin, Ousted in 1979, Dies', 17 August 2003

Washington Post, ‘US Advice Guided Milosevic Opposition’, 11 December 2000 Washington Post, 'Why Saudi Arabia is building the tallest building in the world', 16 May 2019 Wired, 'Cairo Activists Use Facebook to Rattle Regime', 23 July 2008

Wired, 'Step Inside a Saudi Rehab Prison for Jihadists', 31 March 2017

Xinhua, ‘Al-Qaeda seizes southern Yemeni town’, 1 February 2016

Xinhua, 'Iran FM denies UAE security official's visit to Tehran ', 15 October 2019

Yahoo News, 'In court filing, FBI accidentally reveals name of Saudi official suspected of directing support for 9/11 hijackers', 13 May 2020

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76

Regional media sources (including state and ruling family-owned publications)

Al-Arabiya, 'First Jewish kosher service launches in UAE, making Gulf food history', 28 May 2020

Al-Arabiya, 'Who is the new Saudi culture minister and why was the ministry established?', 3 June 2018

Al-Arabiya, ‘Pictures: UAE presents evidence of Iran weapon links to Yemen’s Houthi militia’, 20 June 2018

Al-Arabiya, ‘Saudi Crown Prince to head new committee to combat corruption’, 4 November 2017

Al-Arabiya, ‘Saudi King Appoints New Minister of Education’, 22 December 2013

Al-Arabiya, ‘Saudi king named Khalid bin Bandar a new governor of Riyadh’, 14 February 2013

Al-Arabiya, ‘Saudi Prince Mohammed bin Salman named defense minister’, 23 January 2015

Al-Arabiya, ‘Saudi Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz passes away aged 87’, 22 December 2018

Al-Arabiya, ‘Saudi Research and Marketing Group appoints new chairman’, 10 February 2013

Al-Arabiya, ‘UAE’s RAK Ceramics fully acquires Iran unit, sees investment openings’, 6 August 2014

Al-Arabiya, 'Anti-corruption panel to continue campaign led by Saudi Crown Prince', 31 August 2019

Al-Arabiya, 'Bahrain's King: My sons will be sent to help coalition forces in Yemen', 7 September 2015

Al-Arabiya, 'Global Center for Combating Extremism in Riyadh adopts unprecedented techniques', 22 May 2017

Al-Arabiya, 'Meet Khalid al-Falih, again, now as Saudi Minister of Investment', 27 February 2020

Al-Arabiya, 'Pan-Arab newspaper al-Hayat hacked by Yemen Cyber Army', 14 April 2015

Al-Arabiya, 'Princess Reema bint Bandar: Saudi Arabia’s first female ambassador', 24 February 2019

Al-Arabiya, 'Profile: Meet Mohammed al-Sheikh, the new head of Saudi Sports Authority', 23 April 2017

Al-Arabiya, 'Profile: New Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef ', 21 June 2017

Al-Arabiya, 'Saudi and UAE leaders meet Yemen Islah party chairman ', 14 December 2017

Al-Arabiya, 'Saudi Arabia to celebrate 89th National Day with over 70 entertainment events', 16 September 2019

Al-Arabiya, 'Saudi Arabia to launch national security center, names new adviser', 23 April 2017

Al-Arabiya, 'Saudi Arabia’s new foreign minister: Businessman turned diplomat', 24 October 2019

Al-Arabiya, 'Saudi crown prince promotes new commander of naval forces', 7 November 2017

Al-Arabiya, 'Saudi King Salman issues major royal orders', 29 January 2015

Al-Arabiya, 'Saudi royal decree appoints Prince Faisal bin Farhan as new foreign minister', 23 October 2019

Al-Arabiya, 'Saudi Shura Council set to discuss new military service law', 18 November 2015

Al-Arabiya, 'Saudis banned from travel to Syria', 13 April 2015

Al-Arabiya, 'Sheikh Sultan bin Suhaim: Hamad bin Khalifa poisoned my father', 7 March 2018

77

Al-Arabiya, 'Spotlight on the Saudi succession process', 16 June 2012

Al-Arabiya, 'Sultan bin Suhaim: We are the founders of Qatar, we will cleanse it', 18 November 2017

Al-Arabiya, 'Timeline: Al-Qaeda and ISIS attacks in Saudi Arabia', 6 August 2015

Al-Arabiya, 'Transcript: Saudi Deputy Defense Minister Prince Khalid bin Salman’s interview', 27 July 2018

Al-Arabiya, 'UAE launches fatwa council', 31 May 2017

Al-Arabiya, 'UAE President Sheikh Khalifa makes rare appearance', 19 June 2018

Al-Arabiya, 'What does Saudi Arabia's mega project "NEOM" actually stand for?', 24 October 2017

Al-Arabiya, 'Who is Prince Khaled bin Salman, Saudi Arabia’s new ambassador to the US?', 23 April 2017

Al-Bawaba, ‘Curious Case of Emirati Emir: Sheikh Rashid Flees to Qatar, Reveals UAE Royal Secrets!’, 15 July 2018

Al-Bawaba, ‘Saudi Prince Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz al-Saud dies at age 83’, 29 September 2015

Al-Bawaba, 'First Ever Coptic Mass Held in Saudi Arabia Goes Viral', 3 December 2018

Al-Bawaba, '‘Mr. Bone Saw Is Not Welcome’: Tunisians File Lawsuit Against MBS Visit', 26 November 2018

Al-Bawaba, 'Mr. Bone Saw Online Comment Lands Another Saudi Twitter Activist in Jail', 1 June 2020

Al-Bawaba, 'Statement by HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa, Chairman of Abu Dhabi Department of Finance on the new Procurement Law', 18 March 2008

Al-Bawaba, 'Why You Should Be Skeptical of Mohammed bin Salman’s Disappearing Act', 9 April 2019

Al-Jazeera, ‘Al-Qaeda denies holding UK hostage freed in Yemen’, 26 August 2015

Al-Jazeera, ‘Bahrain FM: Muslim Brotherhood is a terrorist group’, 6 July 2017

Al-Jazeera, ‘Israel's annexation would 'upend' improving Arab ties: UAE envoy’, 12 June 2020

Al-Jazeera, ‘Khashoggi: Saudi Arabia can never be a democracy on MBS’s watch’, 3 October 2018

Al-Jazeera, ‘Saudi anti-corruption purge: All the latest updates’, 8 December 2017

Al-Jazeera, ‘Saudi Arabia princes detained, ministers dismissed’, 5 November 2017

Al-Jazeera, ‘Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman widens purge’, 6 November 2017

Al-Jazeera, ‘UAE's ENOC pays Iran $4 billion in oil dues’, 29 May 2017

Al-Jazeera, ‘What price for Dubai's bailout?’, 4 December 2009

Al-Jazeera, 'Bolton says Iranian mines likely used in UAE oil-tanker attacks', 29 May 2019

Al-Jazeera, 'Daniel Pipes' pro-Israel think-tank holds anti-Qatar event', 7 February 2019

Al-Jazeera, 'Hacked Twitter accounts used to promote Saudi Arabia, leadership', 12 February 2019

Al-Jazeera, 'Low turnout in Saudi Arabia's first poll open to women', 13 December 2015

Al-Jazeera, 'MBS-MBZ: A special bond between two Gulf princes', 17 March 2020

78

Al-Jazeera, 'Mysterious killing of Saudi King's bodyguard sparks intrigue', 10 October 2019

Al-Jazeera, 'Report: UK's Telegraph targeted Qatar over hotels', 15 June 2015

Al-Jazeera, Saudi anti-corruption purge: All the latest updates, 8 December 2017

Al-Jazeera, 'Saudi king replaces crown prince in cabinet reshuffle', 29 April 2015

Al-Jazeera, 'Saudi King Salman cements hold on power', 30 January 2015

Al-Jazeera, 'Saudi scholar 'held' after criticising entertainment authority', 11 September 2019

Al-Jazeera, 'Senior UAE official in Tehran on secret mission: MEE', 14 October 2019

Al-Jazeera, 'Suicide bombers blow themselves up in Saudi Arabia', 21 January 2017

Al-Jazeera, 'UAE and Bahrain grant Qatar Airways new routes', 9 August 2017

Al-Jazeera, 'UAE eases Qatar shipping ban amid continuing Gulf dispute', 20 February 2019

Al-Jazeera, 'UAE pardons jailed activists', 28 November 2011

Al-Masry Al-Youm, 'Prince Bandar bin Abdulaziz, brother of King Salman, has passed away at the age of 95', 28 July 2019 [in Arabic]

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