.> 3

/

AIfOLO-rRJNCH lllVAtRy OVER ACADIA .

TO m:s ~RAft O"I stt. G~ IN -,. 10M L. Mahar , A. D.

A Thosis 8ubmltted to the 7aoultl" ot the Oradua te School, Marquette UnlTerslty 1& Partial J'\ll.tl1laent 0"1 tbe Re­ ulremeGts tor the »egr~e ot ster ot Arts

Ul1wt\uk•• , WlsooDs1n 'I, 1950 /

PREFAOE

'!'he beginnings in a small way of OOl!11"lel"oe And Mnutac­ ture in Oanada are tound in Port Royal . There was COn­ struoted and launched the first Tessel known to have been built in Amer1oa, a.nd on a stream that empties into the Bay of. Fundy was built the tirst mill in Canada . Here, too. the waters were reddened by the first bloodshed in Canflda in the lons and bitter struggle between England and Oanada tor supremacy in America . The :purpose ot this papt,lr 1s to trace the early Anglo­

Frenoh rivalry tor posse8~ions in the New World. Most general historians have slIghted Port Roye.l in tavor 01' the settlement at Quebeo . Other historians who treat the founding and settlement 01' Port Royal err either throuf.b nationsl bias. or tail to oonault the primary sources. I am deeply indebted to the Reverend Raphael J . HAmilton . 8 .J •• who direoted this study and whose Bugeest lons and oritioisms proved to be of the utmost vt'llue. H H ~ ...H H

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/ CHAPTER !

EARLY RIVALRY FO}~ lJ'lIE HEW lJlIOa LD

The discovery o~ America. in 1492 i by OhrlatopMr Oolumbus did not have the 1lfl!11edia t e etfee t upon the eoonomy ot Europe that the finding of a new route to Ind1a b'1 Vasco da Gama did in 1499.. The Portuguese tt-led the way by Af:rlaa and suo­ ceeded. Vasoo daGama rounded t he Cap., salled up the iast­ ern coast of Af'riofl and crossed to Ind1a. The S,an1.a.rc!a eat sail in t he 'O ppos ite direction and t a iling tn the ir origi­ nal design, found instead a New World. That the newly dis ... covered lands "ere to be a source ot ,C!t1ae ord and contention bet"een the two oountr-t e& was 800n a pparent .. The, rulers of Portugal and Spain appealed t o Pope Alexander VI , to as tabU.ah the spheres of influence. In his fstI'Jotts Line of J;)emQroatlon of 1493, .hloh was later amende d and ratlf1ed by the Treaty of Tordas1l1as, the Pope fixed t he limits of eaoh country's future e xplore.t1ons. 1

Ipope Alexander VI , on the 4th of May , 1493, issued a bull, by virtu. of his a post.011oa l and pontifioal power by whioh he established 11 line 01' I lml tatton, runn1.ng trom the North and South poles" distant one hundred leagues west of the Azores and the Cape Verde Islands , giving t o Spain all t he territory" whieh she had disoovered, or mlghtdiscoverjl to the "est. and which had not been taken poss ession of by any Christ1an monarch at any t1.l!!$ pPElceding Chr1stmas, 1492 . To the Portuguese , i n s intl 1ar mar ner, and 6ubjeet to the same prov1so, the Pope gr a.nted a ll the terri tory which lay to t;he eas t of the 1 1ne of 11ml ta HOD . Because there Was some d1.s .. satisfaction as to t he diviSion , a meeting wa s arranged be .. 6 tween t he comm issioners of Spain nnd Portugal at 'l'ordaslllas, in Spain, in 1494 . 131 the Treaty of 1'ord9.8111a8, thtl line of demaroation was shifted to suoh a posit1on that it should pau l' north and south, three hundred and seventy leagues / west of the Cape Verde Islands • all to the west of that limitation to belong t o Spa.in , and all to the east to Portu ... ga l~ This 'Preaty W9.$ confirmed by the. Pope in $. papal bull of June 24; 1506.

Spain and Portugal, a t this +1:me were better qualified f or Bxploration, more consolidat ed, more nearly come t o theIr prime , more full of expansive forae than the people of

Northern Europa, so that. their history comb~ned w1~h the1r geograph1oal position made them foremost i n exploration and oolonization. Both Spain and Portugal looked to the Sou t hwe s t , in p,art gUided no doubt by the Canaries , Madeira, and the Azores . From these semi-mythica.l goals of ancient navtgatlon, wind and thQ tide presoribed the line of disoovery. Thus we find that the We s t Indies , Oentral and South Amerioa w~r e dlacQvered before the North Am.rl~an Oontinent. Easier t o reaoh than l~orth Amerloa, the 'West Indies , and Centra.l Amerioa were also more attraotive whenreaohed. The Span .. iards found r i ohes beyond their hopes, pearls in t he se a ~ gold and silver in the so11 , and a 1'a08 of n$.t1ves who could bO forced to fish for the one , and mine for the other. Thus, for a ce ntury after Oolumbus t'lrst satled to the west, whil Ce ntral and South America became organized into a colleotion of S.panish provinces the ext%'eme Nort h wa·a lett to Basque , Breton and English fishermen. ' ~, Difficult to reaoh, cold and unattraotive when roached,

North Am&rio4 came to be oonsidered as B stepping stone to another goal .. The explorers, therefore, kept ' perpetually ./

push1ng on I . seeking a northwest passage to Ohina. France and England were late comers to the :f1eld of explo­

ration and oolon1zatlQn. France W9:8 continually hampered by oont1nGntal troubles, and England had not as yet assumed the proud. title. M1stress of the Seas. Both oountries re­ sented the papal partition between Portugal and Spaln, and eomple tel,. d1srega.rc1ed 1 t .. With the opening or the seventeenth century France an4 England began a oontest for the ownership of fiorth America

which WQS to r8J1181.n undeoided tor a century and a halt. England olaimed the oont1.nent through the discovery by the

Cabota 1n 149'7 and 1498, and Franee ole.tme~ 1 t through the voyage of Verrazzano 1n 1524 .,

Probably no qU88 tion in the hts tory of this conttnen t has been tbeeubject of s.o 'IIuch dllcuss10n as the liv.s and voyage's of t'he two Caeota. Some wrl tars attribute every­ thing to h11 Il.cond. /!Ion,. Sebastian. Their personal ohare-c ...

tel', their naUonallt,'1. the number of voyages they made anti the extent and (lit-Get-lonot their disooverles hav. been and aUll are k ••~11 d18puted. 2 Some even go so far al to

2 Samuel Edward Dawson , "Tbe Voyages of t:he Canota in 149'7 and 1498". Prooeed'.ng an~ Trans~ot;lon8 of the· Royal Sooiety of Canada (Toronto, 1894), vol. 12, sec . 2, 51. 8 claim that t he voyages ap8 a pooryphal, the discoveries pre­ tended. Nevertheless, lolely upon the discoveri es of the Cabots have always rested t he original olaims of tbe English I race t oa foothold upon North America. Edmund Burke, the

B~l t1,sh ~ta tesman, wrote ,ln h1s AQcount of European Set tl!.­ me n to in America J e der1,v$ our rights in Amer.:1oa , from the dis­ oovery of SehasUnn Oabot, whQ, first made the Northern Oontinent 1n 149'7.. The faot 115 sufficient... 1,. oertaln t o es t~hlhh a r '·Etht to OU1;' se ttlement s in North America .

3 Edmund Burke, An Account of the European Se t tlementa 1n All'.erlea(tondon , !"7'f1"t Vol. 2, 138 • .

St r Angely enough_ in the puhlhhed annals o.f England, no contemporary aQOQunta ot the Ca.bots exist. Not a sing1e .crap ot wrl ting oflohu Cabot has been preserved. The map and globe of John Oabot no longer exist. EnglIsh olaims re.t solely upon, two lett ers of Patent , entries in the Privy Purse accQunts, two letters from Sl?an18h Ambassadors, and on three newa letters trom Itallane in London. 4 From the !lIeager

------~~.. ~------~--~--~---- ..--~ .... ----~------~---- ..I-- · ~ 4 Clements R. Markham, ed., "The JQurnal of ChrhtopherCo­ lumbus and Doouments Relat ing to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Cort e Real"" iakluyt Sooiety Publioation (London, 1893), vol . 86, 1x. sourCes it has been established that John Oabot was moat proba­ bly a aenoeso , S who after having resided 1n Venioe for fifteen

5 IbId. , "Despa.tch from Ruy de Puebla to t he Catholic Sover .. e i gns . July 25, 1498". 207. 9 years from 1461 - 14'76, was admitted to elt1zenshlp.6

--~"------~------~------"~~--"------"~------i 6 G. E_ Weare, Cabota Discovery of. NO)'t.h amerIca (London,. 1897 ) ,. n.g, '70.. Entry in Venet1an Archives reproduced: ·'14"6, dIe U8.l"t11, - Quod fiat pr1v11eglum clvl11taUs de lntus et extra loan! Caboto per babl tat1onemarmorum XV .. , iuxta consuetum.. De Parte ... 149 De Non ... 0 De Sinet-tti - 0" ..

ThlitJohll Cabot was an experienoed navigatop 1s attested by 80001no# who wrote to the Iiuke of Milan, Ludovlco Sl'or!1a that he (Cabot) had been e ngaged in commercial transaotion along the Arabian coast, even visiti ng Meooa .. '7 1'lhen ne •• of

r; Markham, ?p. oit., "Second Despat(jh of Raimondo dl Sonelno to the Duke of Mllan. December 18, 149'7" . 203, 204.

the discovery of 1492 reaohed Cabot,. he sought more detaIled information, and det ermined t o emulate Columbus. There being no immedia.te prospect of turtheri~8 his ent erprises at Venice , John Oabot went to Seville and Liebon toaeek f1nancial a14 .8

a Ibl

Spain and ~ortUgal , no doubt surrel ted with would be advent. urers, turned him down. .Tohn Oabot then settled in tondon a a J::l8rohan t ,,1 th his ..11'. and t.hree sona. Soon after hi. ar .. rival he presented himself at the court of Henry VI!. Henry VIt, Issued a Letter of Patent, dated March 5, 1496; which granted to John Cabot, Clt1aen of Veniee , and to his sons 10

Lewis, Sebastian, a nd San01o; the r13ht to navigate i n any d1~eo tiOD they ple aSEI JI under the King t s flag, a nd a t the 11" i own costa and oharges, to seek out and discover unknown la~ds . and islands . The Le ttet' of Patent further authorized them to become govenors of the new terr1tories , a nd exhorted all 81"1 Ush subjects ·to respect tho olaims of the Cabots and to I'enderl:.hem all possible ass1stance.,9

9 Ibl(1. j ft:tettel'S Patent G:ranted to John Cabot and fIt, Sone ~ ~M o.reii g, 1496". 11'7 - 119 f

John Cabot .elected t;he port of Bristol for the equipment of h1s e"l\!td1t1on; and ther e he embarked 1n a ship believed to hal1e bee,n called th~ Matthew, w1 the. crew ot e1ghtee,n men_ nearly all Eng Hs11men , and na t1ves of' Bris tol . 10 His young

10 Ibid., "Second Despatch of Raimondo d1 $oncino to the Duke of Milan. December 18; 1497." 203. son. Sebastian, then at least aged twenty-two, probably ae ... oompanied him; but the other two sons are no where ment10ned except in the Letters Paton t .

lIh small sh1p after hav ing passed INlland.,11 eet s a il on

11 Ibtd., 203. a north weAt,rl, course: Ilnd baving hndered t hus for a long U me,. at lengt h he h1.t upon I e. nd, where he hoisted the royal standard, a nd took possession for this 11

Highness, and, having ohta,lned various proofs tJf the d tao 0\'01''1 , he 1'6 turned. . 12 , ------12 ------Ibid" 203 .

'.I.'ho exa,() t Cia te of the disoovery ao(.~ord1ng to the legend on the map of Sebastian Ca.bot, which was made in 1544, b given as 1497, ,June 24 , the fenst of st. Job!'!. In honor of which saint one of the tw laland$ was called St,. ,John.. The exaot l and fall of John Cabot has not been determined without a shadoW' of doubt. , Tbere are three oonflicting opinions on the ma tter . Some hold that the E7iJ'llfl Thrra Vista , on the le-e;el'ld of SebHstbn Cabot' t $ map of 154~, refers to Newfoundl and, others t ,o the Coast of l..abrador , sUll others to Cap~ Bre t on. Most of the latest researchers 1n the field have accepted Ca.pe Bre ton Island to be Prima. Tierra V1sty. .l3

13 Benry JIarrisse , olaims in The DiSCOVert of North Amerioa (London, 1893), 30 ... 33, that the eJl:piora' t~on a of J a cques Ca.rt1er., from 1534 ... 1543 J had brought to light a valuable region around Ca pe Breton .. aui tnble for cQIOniea ; and that Sebastian placed the land tall there 1n 1644, $8 e. suggestion of Sri tlsh olaL"ns , a decl are. tion the. t the reg10n ot the Gulf of St p Lawrence belonged to Bngland.

Soon a1' t ·er his re tux-n. John Os bot pe t1 t10ned Henry VII. for new letter$ patent, authorizIng him to visit again the country whioh he had disoovered .. The King granted hiB re­ quest on t.he 5rd of Fe bruary, 1498 . 14 A 'veil ot mystery he.

14 14arkhatn, 0t oit,,; "Second Letters Patent Granted to tt John Oabot , ~ ~. 12

surrounded t he - second voyage of John a,ahot, dU6 for t he most to Sill bas t ian Ca hot, who has minimized the explt)zoa tions of his.;, father, and augmented his role 1n them . No direot information oonoerning this ~oya6e 1s available , nor 1s it known when

Cabot returned to England. It is important to nO,ta; bowever. that tho expedl tiona of 149'7 and 1498.;. are the only ones which 1n the fifteenth oentury sailed to the New florId under the :8.1"1 t1sh f'lag ~ and comprise, therefore I all the transs t -

1an':; 1C d1scoverie~ made by Oabot before the year 1500. 15

15 Juan de La Oosa t • Map of 1500, wsa mQde presumably with the missing lnap of lohn Oabot as e. guide. See Dawson, 10c. 01t . -

FrOI:! the' Ume of the sailing of this expedlUon John Qabot vanished into the unknown; and henceforth Sehast1an alone appears 1n tbe hi,tor1e record.

The CallOt discoveries marked the beginning of Et'l", land' $ maritime supremaoy. It 'laS in reality the beginning of Eng ... lanats oolonial system. w1th a sound baais for her olaims to North lunerloa. Engla nd aoquired a moral prestige. whioh aided her in the ultimate overth row of Pre,noh Dominion in North

Ame!'lofl~1.6

16 J . Wllliam Blaekr '*The Dawn of We stern Disoovery" . Ma1¥e Histori cal Soole tl Collection , 2dseries, ( Portlano, lag?, \151. IB, 3.

ImmedIately after the dIscoveries of the Cabots , HenI'y VII, issued letters of patent to dif feren t merchants of London and 13

:81'18 tol " Presumably further expeoi tiona wero lTledt ta *:ed and prepared, but no results are mentioned 1n the chronioles or / histories "

'he claims of It''rance to , North America reD t on the voyages of John Verrazzano. and Jacques 09.l"tier 1" John Verrazzano* like Columbus and Cabot was an Ital1&:n, born in Florenoe around the year 1482" Vbrra~zano makes his f1rs f; a.ppearance

1n h i story as .. Fl'eneh corsair preying upon t he cOll'lll1erce be ... tween Spain anI! Amerloa~ and tt waS most probably whtle en­ gaged 1n this oocupation that he gained the notice and favor of Francie I.

Late 1n 1523. he started on his V()ya~flaar09a the Atlantic, in t he DA.uph1.ne " his object boing, to reach natbay on the extreme ooast of Asia , expecting ; however,. to find 1.0 the newly dis ­ covered land some such an obstacle as they have proved to be, ye t I dtd not dObht that I should pane t11il te by some pa.Bsage to the eas torn ocean. ' '''

17 ItJohn De Verr'azzano, Letter to Hls Most 3eI'ene Ma jesty, t.l'he King of ~'ran6eft, Old Soutb Leaflets, vol . 1, no . 1'1, 13.,

On Ja.nuary 1'7, 1524, Verl's;zzano se t sail from Ii deeola te rock near Madet'18, Ieland, with a erew of fifty ll'Ien . 18 Sail..

18 Ibid. t 23.

ing wee tward, V.9rl'QZZano, after rIding out hurrloare woa. theI". m'1 de as he decla.res land never before soan. This WQ:3 on the J.I+

7th of Maroh, 1624.19 His landfall 1e almost unlvEl:r'fJal ly

19

accepted as being somewhere 1.n the vie1nity of the present Wilmington, :North 0,.ro11.08.. F:rom t here Verrazzano proceeded noerthwart! along the coast, aaiUng into bayn and up rivers looking for a pS.S8ag e througb the land 1tlflSlh; Among t he places he desert bes are, Hew York, Blook Island" IiHld N~H,port .20 He

20 Verrazza no •. 1n his letter gives the lat! tude and longitude of thes e places; t.he. t ., cOllloined with his' desoription of the harboure almQst eonclus1velyprovea his pr(HI.n ee i» Nor·th - w«;;l'1cQ!l wu ter a. traversed the coast of Maine, Nova Sootia nnd Newfoundland, arriving at Dleppe sometime 1n early July_ There ,are e.x­ tnnt two Oopies .of Verrazzano ' II 1e tter to the ~1ng da ted

July 8 , 1524 ", 'tn the letter VEtl"1'azzano ciescribes in ao~ detail the- coast, terrain, and people that Inhabited North America. The letter has been the oocassion ot' much oontra .. ver~r:r . s ome say that Ve1"ra~zA Do, andtm king oon~p1red to falsify t.he letter and +'h~ vOY!lge in ox-de"!' to eet.abl1sha ola-im to AmGrioa!'l terr itory.21 But these are ably refuted by

21 Henry O. Murphy, The 'Tonge .of VerralllzaX;1 A Cha~ter in the tar].! alston .of FAat:lt!me,;51scoverl In ~,rrea (~ew Yo:rk, tm ). · 45. Attempts to sHow 'bHat the ol aim of diSCOVery in AmQr1ca by Ve:rr,azzano, was without any real foundation. He holds · that,. 1) the lett,er 1$ untrue . Qnd not genuine , 2) mitt ... represents geography, that the desor iption .of tn. people and 15 the fruits of the land are not of personal observation. Buokingham Smith abets Murphy in his attaok on Verratzano.

,(

Justin Wi nsor in his Narrflt1ve and Critioal lUstor¥ of Atner1ea.22

, 2S "IIhe edition used, (lJew Yo:rk, 1884 ), vol . 4, 1 - 33.

~~~~.--~ - .~~.,-~~-~ . - - Afte!' h18 return from the voyage. there 18 very 11 t:tle known about Verrazzano . There are two versions on how b met hlS' deat.h. Murphy, who deapiaed VerrQ,zzano, held that he lnet his death !.gnom1n'.o\1s1y, having heenoaptured and hanged by the Spaniards, at Cad1z;a3 the other that he made

23 Murphy, op_ ott.,. 148. another voyage to America and there met his death. FranoU I . was at this time in no position to oapitalize upon the cUsoovery of Verrazzano. He was employed in trying to stave-off defeat at the hands of Charles V. and Europe itself WaS 1n a, ohaotic state caused by the reU.glou8 revolts of the M.me. In addition, 1i':rancla I , Was SO!Mwbat d,t&appoint... ed that North America dld not yield the gold and s11ver that the Spanish were taking out of South Amerioa, 80 he made no eft·ort to establish a oolony. In 1 533, however, as a result of an interview with Jacques Cartier, in whioh no doubt,

Cartier convinced. him of allu~1ng riches to be gained, Fra.n ..

018 I ag:r-eed to outfit an exped1t1on whleh should :make one ore effort to find a waterway to the East. J.O

Cartier saUad from the ancieht port of St. Malo , April 20,

1534.24 Uo sailed north of N6TNfoundland through the Straits I

24 Henry S . BurTs '; 0 . ed .. ., "Pirst Rela. tion of Jaoques Cartier of St. ),1 a10, 1534" . Orltinal Narratives Qf Early American 1ston.... l~arlr Bng11s and French VOlagee « 1534 .. 1608 Hew York. 1932 , S.

or Bell. Island into the Gulf of the St. La~6noe . Setting up a. oros,s a t Gaspe ·2 5 ,he prooeeded into the St. Lawrence

25 " Ibid., 24 . 25 .. It ie the Gaspe t eross; the. t furnishes the basis tor French olaims to the maihIe.nd. On the eross was affbed 8. shi.eld w1. th t.he fieurs .. de-lis and the in. scrlpttol'l, "Vlve Ie Roy de Franee . "

River al'ong the shor"'/!! of Antloosti Island, kIdnapped two

Indians' lured by t reachery aboard his shiP. and sailed baoK to France. In ,1 536 . Cartier returned and pro'Jeeded up the

St. Lawrencet'o Quebec and Montrca.l.,26 After wlnt, tH'~ng at

26 Cartier 1s respons1 ble for many of, the place . names still used 1n Canada. Montreal, e .. g .; is derived from Mount Roiall; t~e name he gave t o a mountain near the oity of Hochelaga. The name, "Oanada". waa the name which Oartier found attaohed to the land.,

Qtl(tbec he agal~ returned to Fl'&lnce . Oartier's third vo:;age in 1541, wall a more pretent10usattempt ateolonlmation. On

t:his voyage h~ .as assoc1at.a with Jean Franco1.s de la Roobe, Lord of Roberval,. who wu appointed by th.e king as Lieutenant 17 and Governor of Canada . 27 In all five ships were employed 1n

27 · . j It was at this time that the name New France was applied to the now territory, for Rober~al was em powered to found colonies, buIld torts , oarry on war. the operat1on, Cartier sailed with three of them, and Rober­ val followed later with two more . Through 80me mi sunder.. standing Oartier and Roberval did not meet at the appOinted rendezvous . Tbe attempt at colonization was shortl1ved, mismanagement, d18e~s9 , a oold winter, and attaoks by the Indians wasted the strength 01' the colonizers . The following yea.r found Cartier and Roberval baek in France, wrangling about their aocounts·. Cartier had opened the door on a land whioh offered glimpses of 1"1.ver8 , Inland seas , mountains, plains and forests. French fishermen and f ur traders via 1. ted the at. Le.~ ence. laying the f oundation of future settlements, the firat or whieh was Port Royalln Nova ScoUa .. Sf

g, c

olft f/O$Q '~ (701 Pold f/J,uton 18

CRAPTEH I I

FOUNDING qm S F. ""l ' LID ~ E N 'l' OF PORT ROYAL i

Toward t.he C10S6 of the s ixteenth centur y Franoe had at- ta 4 ned s ome degree of domestic t r anquilit y af~ e r ~ he e x- haustive Huguenot wa rs An ~ w ~ s in 8 p osl~1 0 n ~o t urn t o mor-e peaceful pursu 1 ts . Honry I V, hrnT:l ng fir mly a s t-ah_ lished himself on t he thr'one :ma de e ffor t s t o improve t. he t rade and resour ce s of France . It Was onl y natura l that a ttenti on was agai n di r e oted t o t he New World . Engl and ha.d begun i n ear nest t o pl ant colonl es j and for m t r a d ing c o r>'lpanies f or expl oita t i on a nd ool on:hat ion of the New Worl d ; and Fran ce of necessity had t o enter t he compe ti­ tion and renew her efforts of f or mer year s . l Other fao-

t ors , wh i ch motivated t he a oquhtion of colonie s we r e: passion f or t errttorl al ag gr and~. ze rn e nt , t he pi ou s wi sh t o convert heathens , t he de s i r e f or wea l ~ ~ h throu ~h t he f ur t r ade , poss ibil ity of t he di scovery of preo ious me t als, and the yearning f or e.dvent ure . 2

2 Reuben G. Thwa ites . e d . , The Jesuit Re l ations a nd All1e4 Do cume nts (Olevela nd , l896 ) l v ol. 1 , 5 .

From Henry IV" the Marquis de 1a Roche, a Bre t on g8fltl e - .J.."J

man , obta i .ned a c ommiss ion i n 1598, t o col onize t he coun.

t r i es of Canada, Hochelaga, Newfoundland, Labrador, RIver ,,. of the Great Bay, Nortmbegue and t he adjacent lands . 3 The

3 P. F . X. Charl evoix, S . J ., History a nd r.renera l Descrlp.. t ton of flew Fr ance , translated by J ohn Gl1mar y Shea. (N York, 1866) vol . 1, 242 .

same year de 1a Roche fi t ted out a ves sel, the crew of wh 'l. ch was oomposed of convicts. He landed some forty of t hem on Sable I sland, wh ile he went on to find a site for a more

permane nt settlement i il A. cadia;' ar tel' obtaining all such

4 W. L. Grant; ea., Ori 8inal Narrattves of Early Alu.er1ean H1 stort .. Voy age!! of Samuel De Ohamplaln, H304 - 1618 ( 'New York, 190'), 2 :''5 .

information as be thought he ne,eded, he set Sfl ! 1 f or France. It WaS his intention to $a l 1 back by t he way of Sable Island, a nd take on board those whom he had left there; but a storm drove h im baok +:0 France.5 Upon his arriva l in Franoe, de

5 Charle voix, oe . c i t ., 24,...

1a Roche W9:8 thrown :tnto prison by an old enemy . While he languished 1n prison the conviots eked out a miserable existence on Sable Island. Five years later Henry IV, hav­ ing he aX' d of their plight sent a ship for them. Only twelve of the original forty Viere found all ve, t hese were bronght zu

back to I-~ ranoe.6 The . king gave them fifty orowns a piece ,

6 . . . ' Ibi d_;. ~44, 245; Grant ,op ctt., 24; oonfer also; Richard Hakluyt, A Discourse Concern1n, Western Pl ant1ns, e d it.ad by Oharles Deane (Cambridge t 1&7'7, 19'7, 198 .

a nd sent t hem home relea sed from all process of law. 7

'7 Oha. rlev(::>i x , 0E, oit., 245 .

The f a ilure of the a ttempt of the Marquis de ls. Roche did

not prevent others from solicit ing, on his death, Ii ~ r ant

of the cor.:rn1as10n which he had obtained from the k ing . The S1eur de Pontgr ave , an able navigator and one of the chIef me r chant s of St, Malo , saw great poss 1bllities i n t he fur trade . With Captain Chauvin, late of the Klng ts navy, he made two voyages 'to North Alnerioa, br inging baok a, great amo unt Elf' furs. Ml11e preparing for a t h ird voyage, Chauvin d1ed . 8

8 Ibid., 246.

Chauvin "" s uccessor, the Commander de Chat t e, 9 governor

9 de Ohatte's nanla 1s sometimes spelled de Chaste .

of' D1eppe, formed 8. company of Rouen merchants " a nd fit ted out an expedItion, which he confided to the direct ion of Pontgrave, t o whom the king had g iven let ters patent to con- 21 t1nue d i s coverie s i n the "HtvElro of Ca nada a nd to make settlements there.it 10 At the s ame time Samuel de Cham ..

,(

10 Charlevotx II 100. C '- t . plain, a sea oaptain, arr'1ved from the West Indies whe1"'e he had s pe nt two and a half years . I1 Commander de Chatte pro-

11 Ibid." 246 .

posed iii, voyage to Oanada to him, a nd he consented" with 1;h. king a's appr ova l .

He set out with Pontgrave in 1605. fJ.'hey traversed the s ame grotmd oovered by Jacques Cartier . On their return

t o FI'anee , t h ey found Oommander de Chatte dead, and h is oQmn iBs1·on given to Pe t er o.u GUast , Sleur de Mon t s . 12

12 Marc Lesoarbot, Nova r'rancia. trBnslat ed ~'Y' P .. Erondelle (London , 1928), 1. - 5.

Chare pl a1n in his account of t he first voyage wr i tes con­ oerning t he commission of de Monts :

So many voyages and dis coveri es without resul t , and attended with so much hardship and expense , have caused us Fr e nch 1n late year s t o attemp t a permanent ~Hl ttle m8, n t in those lands whlch we ea ll New France ..... Notwt thabw ding all those aooiden ts an(! disappointmen t s. Sleur de Mont s des11"ed to at­ t e mpt what had bee n given u p i n despair and re­ quested a c OT!1m lss1on for this purp0lf) f:rt"ltn h i ' Majesty_ • •he .. proposed t o his Ma jesty 9. ine.oa of covering expenses, without drawing anything frtlIn the royal r evenue ; vis; by gr anting ttl him t he ....

monopoly of t:ht'l fur trade i n thh l and .13

13 i Gr an t, 0R.«:l it .• , 22 ... 24.

De !~: vHt 5. was a man of w:tde e xperie nce and great talents, a soldia-i' and a stat esma n , zealous fop the· gl ory of Franca. upri ght (Uld h one st. uHe Was til Pr otestant who was t o f ()und a Catholi,e oolony t but this lJakes his Just <.lea11nga mor e o on s t;>1.euous. "14 At 1'lli'f:t ther e was muchoppos1tlof'lto the

14 It«nnay, 012. cit., 62.

King fs choioe of de ll!ont s , in a8 much as t he prime, a111 of the proposed undel'tak1n('j was to oonvert the a:avages of the

New '~"i o :l'l d to Catho:U.ohm. We , being of a l ong time informe d of the s Hua .. t10nand oondition of the l a nd:1a a nd t errltor ies Cit LaCacUe ,.15 n'tovedabove all thing s ••.• tel callse the

15 There are V'tU'· !ous lnterpretatitms f or the or1gin of tbe tlnwe Aoad1a. $omeauthorltiee hold that 1t 1s deriVed from t he Micmao Aloe-tit_ s ig:oii'ylng a oamp Qr se ttlement .. others he'ffl traoed It t o the Ml omacaJ

peopl. whton do lnhabl t the 00unt:t"y, men barbar­ ous, atheists, without f a1th or religion, t o be oonverted to ohristian1 t.y I and to the 'belte·f and profe.stonel· our fait h nnd r811'j100; ~ nd to draw them i'l'om the i gnOr ance !l nd unbelief \YMre ifl they are.1S 23

16 LeSC Br bot, op_ cit., l - 5 . Re pr odu ct t on of pa t e nt . t o M. de Mon ts .. i ·

i

When tile Monts sought t o reg is t er h h eomrn1as1onat Rouen., the Parliament of Normandy ref used t wice t o re ~ l st er t he patent , .a nti it r e quired. a s pe cta l let te'r f r om the king to overcome its resistance, and to assure it tha t Oatholic priest 'sal,eme wOI! ld hfl~6c o nt r ol of :mission work. l ?

1.? 'It . P. Biggar, fJ" he :Barll TNtdl~ Compe.niefl of Now I"ranO, I (f{ew York, 191B ), 53~ Samuel t . ' WSOD , Th.s t . l~J're n oej Olew Yor1r , 190 5). 240, 241 .

By t he patent de Mon ts was named Lieutenant General of

.l\oa dia., Rnd e n1 powered t o a ppoi nt , establish , a nd (' on ~tl ­ t ut e all offioer s i n the colony ) t o g1v$ f;itles ; let ter s , and s uoh provisos as s ha l l be t H'} cess nry; to huil d fort3 ,

town s, Elata bllah garrisons .

There we~e no e xac~ limita.tion!! as to the t er r ltory t o be ool onized. No longitude is s tated" the l atitude :1s fixed between the 40th and 46 t h paral lels.1S Th i s t er r itory was

18 Lescarbot , 0p . Ql! •• 1 - 5.

(Hi l led Acadia , a deslgna t ion of' terr itory so uncertai n that

it WM to be dispute·:d freque ntly i n the ne xt hunt'tred Ilnd fifty years . De Montsa.:r.ter r&oe l ving his co mn ission,. da ted November ?,J,.

8t h ; 1603;19 was t ed l1tHe t iwe .obt'fi tnlng sbtps , And per-

~------"~------~------~------~--~--"-----~------~i19 -Ibid., 5.

sonel f or his i ntended voyage a nd oolony., He maint a i ned

the oompany for med by h is predeoessor, and even increased;

it by several mart'hau t e f r om the ohi ef' port s· of Pr ance,

e xpecially Rochelle. $ 0 mu ch t'o:poe combined a·na nled him t o make a more cons iderable outf it than any of those he

succeeded, t he e xpedition wa S assembled partly at Dle ppe ,. and partl y a t Havre de Graoe.20

20 Oharlevolx, 02- oit., 247.

A olause in De l1cnte t oommiss ion empowered. hlm t o i mprese tdlers I'In d vagr a nts as ma terial f or his 0010ny; 2l an o:m ln-

21 Leacarbot, OPe cit., 4, 5.

oua provision of which he l argely availed himsel f . His conlpany wa.s stra ngely incongr uous. The best a nd meanest of France wer e crowded t o ... ge ther 1n his t wo ships. Here W6 r !!) thieves and r uffian s draGc ed on board by foroe, and her e were many volunteers of condition and charact:er wi t h , Baron de Poutrincourt n nd t he indefatlgable Champl a1n . 22 2$

Abbott termS it a ft w l1d company, hal f Protestant , ha.lf

Catholio, wholly adventurers .. n23 The coloni.sts numbered i

.:;""5 W11Ham C. Abbott, Tha 'S cp-~ nslon of 5 uro120 (New York, 1 918 ), ~ ol . 1 , 406. al:)out a hundred and twe n ty persons : artis"ns , 8.E4ricultur ... 1ats , priest s,. a. nd Huguenot rninis ters wa r e re pr osent ed ".24

24 One Hugue not minister wa S the private chaplaln of de Monts , t he: ot her Vlas t.o take oare of the spiritual needs of the Protestan t colonists " They wex:oe instructed not to try and convel't the I nd'.ans "

De Mont-a wishe d t o obtain all the farm.ers he (:\/'Iuld. he had made pr .evieus veyages to Ca nada , a nd in Ac a dia. because of 1ta mild c l ima t e and fertile so11 , he saw a s ui t Able pl a ce f er f armers . He wa s de termined to cembine t he pelt t rade and the- col ony llnd !'!lake them assis t each other . 25

--~~~------~------~~ --~------~~--~------~------~~-----~ ~ 25 ...... Hannay., OP. Q1t ., 61 ..

In all, f our ships cons ti t u t ed the e xpediti on . One ship wa.s intended for the f ur trade a t Tadouasac . Pont ,g r a. v8 reoeived orders to take t heeecond to Canan , t.he nce t o run the whol& channel f ormed lJ,Y Ca pe Bret on flnd St " John fS l s- l /jl.nd , f o·1" the purpose of preventing strangers from oarry­ i ng on an illiel. t trade with t,he Indhms . 26 The other t wo 26

26 Oharlevoix, Ope cH .•• 248 ; Thom8 S c. Jial lbur t vn . !!1 lU a tor t cal a nd Statistioal Aocount of Nova So{) tla (Edln ­ hurgh , it32§), vol . 1, 12. i und") !' de },;on t s . Carr ted the colonists. Samn el de Champ lain aDd Jorm de Bienoourt , the Sieur de Poutri ncourt accompanied de Monts . 2 ,,?

27 LesOa r bot, og_ Q it ~, 7; Parkman, op .• e lt., 248; Grtln t , 0p . oit _. 24 • $ .

28 The company s a i led from Ha vre de Grace t March 7 , 1604, '

28 I b1A. '7 .

and on the sixt h of May , de t~ ont lf' entered a h~rbor in AeaClla, where he f ound Ca ptai n Ross ignol of Uew Haven trad~ng i n s kin s w1 th the Indiana . '.rhis heing a ga i nst the pate nt given t o de Monta, he confiscated the ship and named the h&rhor , Port du Ro s s:tgnol . 29 On leaving t.his por t , they

29 Ibid •• 8 . Port du Rossignol now bears the Dame Liver·.. pool. s a ile d a long the coast until ' t hey a.rrived at another port, wh1t';h t hey named Port au )!outon , b e oause 11 sheep leaped overbo8.rdand was drowned . 30 Here de Mont e l anded all the

30 lbld., 8 . -27 oolonists, 9.nd spent more tha n a month, whil.e Champl ain in a small sloopsearohed the Coast f or a s uitabl e site f or 31 i t he proposed eett lement . Hav1ng found no promis ing site

31 Grant, Op e cit., 28 - 32 . de Monts coas t ed the peninsula t o t he SOUt:hW0st , rounde d Cape Sinble 8.nd anchored in the Bay of S t . Mary. Here he rema.ined several days ,. whil e the coast was s urv€lyed . 32

32 Hal iburtol'll OR . 01 t it., 14 .

An a c cident occ urred he r e which gave r ise to lfl utua l re ... cri mination be twee n t he Protas t 6l!1 t a and the Oatholics . A Cathol ic pr i es t ;; Daubre , had aocompanied many of the searoh­ :t.ng pa.rties , on one of t hese he l)ecame sepa r ated from the group . Tr umpe t s we r e sounded, and cannon fired f rom the ships, hut the pr i est dld not appear. By s ome 1t was s a i d tha t he be came lost and had fallen prey t o wild animals, while many openly a onused a Protes tant of h avtng murdered Mm, he oal.lse they had s ometimes had heated dts fl utes on the subjec~ of religion . De Mo nts W~, S 9s pectall y desirous of Vindicat i ng his co-religionist , so he sen t s earching parties, fIred ..gun s t sO Ullded t r um pets without resul t s. lIaving aba.n­ doned all hope of findlng l+ i m they l eft to e xp:! ol"s the Ba,. ot Fundy., While engaged in r e searches ther e , tl SIDs,l l f ish­ ing vessel was attracted by t be .figure of s, man \'lavlng v10- lently ;from the shore . It via. t he unf ortunate Da ubre, pale , f eeble, and emaciated. Ue had s ustalned. hhnself for s i x .. ,: .ea n days , on bel'ries a nil pl ants . He ret urned wtth the par - t y t o t he inexpressible ,joy of de Monts , a nd t o t he great r elief of the poor man who :had been un,1ust ly accused of h !:1vlng assass 1.naf;ed hirn. 53

33 Gr a.n t , op. c lt., 33; Parkmtm , QP . c t t ~ . 2 f)2 .. 2 54; R;. lihurt on , Okh crt ., 14 - 18 ; Lescarbot , OP e c it ~ , 12, 13.

The i r firs t notable discovery 1n the Bay of I;'tmdy wa s

Port Royal , 34so named by Champlain who g i ves a good des.

M . . . . Ther e i s ,s.ol'l'le dts pute as t o who act ually named Port Royal, ' Le scarbot a ocuses Champlai n of unjustly cla1:ml11gored ... it f or the nal1le , WhOM choice wa s real ly due t o de }.~ ont 8. Gharlev1ox, OJ _ ci t .. , 253, f ollows Lesoarbot " Pill rkman, op. o ~ t .t 253; a n iffilihurton , 0R~ clt.,. 15, with no evident justification g1ve the credIt f or naming it to PoutriJ!:HHDurt . I n 1710 Port Royn l wa s ca pt ured by the Bl"ltish a nd :renamed Anna polis Royal after Queen Anne. cr1ptlon of the harbor . We entered ene the fine st h9.rbors I had seen a long t hese ooasts , in which two thousand ves­ s els mi ght 1113 in secur ity _ The on tra noe 18 e 11!.,h t h undred paoes br o ad~ t hen you enter a harbor two 10.1.)18ue835 long .and one br oad, \"fh 1. ch

35 A league when Hsed nauticall y i s usual1y considered to be 3 ,, 45 miles .

I have name~ Port Royal . Three r i vers e mpty into it •.• 3 29

36 Gr ant , OP e eH; -e 34 , :3 5 .

i Lescar hot wr t tea:

It is the most beaut1ful llabit.at.:i...... n {Jod ever mA de •• 3~ port that (laD s ecurely har bor' 20 ., 000 ships .

37 Adam Sho:rt t and Ar thur G. Dought.y , eds ., Ca. nada and Its Pr ovinoes (Toronto , 1914 ) ,. vol. 13, 20.

Pout rineourt was delie;h:\>ed with the pla oe, and as he i n­ t e nded to bring his family over to t he New WOl"l d,38 asked

39 LeS0 a r b o t ~ op . c it., 7 .

G Mont s f or Ill. ~ r ant or the l and . De Monts' intention was to settle tn wi l lier cU IT'.ote f urther 8Nlt.h , nnd hy vtrtue ot

the powers inve sts ., i n him hy the King t s cO !:"ission, a:r ant ... ed Pout rlncourt the alte. 59

59 GI' S. n t ., 0 p. C 1 t • I 44 "

From Port Royal the vo , agers p:roeeoded until they carne

1..; 0 an isl and , which beca. use of its cross l ike configura­ t ion, de Monts name d St .• Oro1x . 40 Not f tnl1 ing an ymore

40 Ib1,d ., 40.

sui be. hl e place than this 'teland , the y d$te:rmined t o set tle .:m

the re . V-i ithout l ostng time, Sieur de :Monte proceeded t o e mploy ths workme n in buildi ng houses , and :tn ge neral to i mske the place as habtta ble as possible a gain.s t the ap­ prcachlng winter . Ch9:mple.in was sent by de Houts to sear­ oh f or a pUl'e ec ppe l~ mine re puted to be s ome twenty-odd miles up the St . J ohn River . CrJ1H1pl ain had little success

1n this ven ture ; although he did fj,nd s ome one which was assayed. bY' the miners t o nyield e ighteen per cent . " 41

41 Ibid., 4." . ------

After the return of Champl ain, de r~ o n ts resol ved to send his vessels back to Ii'rance . Poutr ineourt and R<;ll leau, de

!00nts I secreta r y , returne d to Fra.nce wlth the ships, leav­ log st .. Cr oix,; August 31 , 1604 , 42 The seventy- nine colon-

42 Ibid., 4 4 .

!ate used th~ lnof:1 th of Septeml'l!fz' ., in clearing l a nds , plant­ ing ga.rde ns " rand working on their dwellings . Champlain wasaga t n sent out to explore the coast l ine , leavi ng St . Croix t he 2nd of Septern 't'er , he returnod the 2nd of Oetober.43

43 Ibid., 45 ... 62 .

On this voyage he discovered ~U"l d named the Island of Mount )1

Desel"t l ater to be t.he s1te of ~u1 l)t her Fr ench settle... mi'll1 t .44 ,;'

44 I bid., 45.

tf:1he f'renoh were no t long in discove r ing t hat t hey ha d ma de a very injudioious choice f or a. settlement f or the first winter' a t Eft . Crol x e. tta cked t he set t ler s wt t h unexpected s eve l~1 t y .

~~e s nows began on the s i xth of Oo tobel:' . on +:he 31.'0 of De cerr. ber , we saw i oe pass whlch came f rom some f r o zen rivor . The cold W9.9 sha.rp. lnc;;re sever e t ha. n in 'fi'ra "'lee . and of muoh l ong er durat 1on; a nd i t s Cf:l. r sly r a.! ned at a, ll t he e n­ tire winter ••••.D urtng ·t;ha "... 1ni:er, ma ny of our rompa ny we i's a tto.oked by a c '1 r ta i n mtd a dy ca ll­ e d '!"he .ma l de l a tcT'T' 6; o +'h et' w ~s e fW~t"iT Y , .'J S I he. ve s i nce hea'l" d f rom l e aI'ne'd me n ..

45 Ibid .. .p 52 , 53 .

Lescar hot wriUng ahout the fla rdshlps of the n .r s t winter states:

"' • t hey wo r e f orced to l~ e main i ndoors , and t o live e veryone a t h1 s own home , dur ' ng wh:.;!h t ime our me n had t hree s pecial dlsool'lTl'l odlties 1n this ishtnd , videlice t , want of wood (f or tha t wh ich WHS i n the 8 hid 1. 510 t If/ a s ape nti 1n bui ldi ngs) , l a ck of fres h wa t er , a nd t he con­ tinual wa toh f.1ade by night fearing s orno sur .. pr ise f rom the sl!lVages t hat had lodgod t hem.. selves at t he f oot of the s !}l1 d island, or s ame other a net'1 y •••• Br!ef ly t he unknown s t c 1m e g ~ aa like to thos e deSM'1. bed unt.o us by J qmes Car­ tier, i n h i s re1a+.1 0n, assaileo us . P OI' re­ me d i es ther e was none t o be i" ound . 46

46 teseer bot, OR . c it,. 53, 34 . 32

An epi donic ( s nur\ry ) kil l e d thirty - f1 u$ of the ori ginal seventy- nIna , Bnd morA tha n twenty were on the poin t of i detllth . 4 The hea l th and spir-its of the t'anmar>t of the

47 trf

------~- ---- company ;r>a turnGd with the b!'eaking up of tho 5.c e, fi nd the me l t1ng e.f the snow . But t o mtsery succeeded a.nx iety !';an d s us pe nsa., for the provislon ships from F'r ance e xpec ted around -" end of Apr i l , were long overdue . 48 Pontgr Qv$

48 Ibid., 53.

a.da 1s' bel.a t ed but welcomed a.ppearance on the 16t h of J ~me , 1605 . 49 The f:rEJsh stores pnd war m we at,her s oon put

49 -I h:t d ., 55. new lif e into all. De Monts , howevor . had ma.ds up h is f!1tnd tba t o\vlng to the uns 9.t:l s .factory s 1 tun t :i on of )'; h e 1 s - l and w1 th 1 ts sa.ndy 8011 lil.nd l a ck cf wa tar a new a1 t e must be f ound at onc e ~ Ac cprd1.ngly, Champlain a. nd de Monts a gtlln examined the coast a s f ar s outh as Oape Cod , but with

o be tter s uc ce ss than Char:pl aln h a d had the previous fall.50

50 Ibid., 56 .. 81. j J

Slnoe the possibility ot pe.csing a ~eoond winter at St .

Croix oould not be c onsidered, it Was finally deoided to ,;" trar,sport tho colony to the be~ l nt iful h ar hor of PO!·t Royal, acrose the Bay of Fundy _ Al though .this rep- 1on hud alrea dy e ,m ceded to Poutrir.court , t. l1ero seer'ad 111"tle chp nee tbat he would be able t ooacupy tt fo!' a 'Y'(Hl!' or so a t

l eru3t . In t.he n~en n wt. l 1e tbe sae.!'c11 for e. ",ore southern

site ('ould ho at:e odi ly pushe d \-m .

~'t han the decision we s arri ved at , pro'ITis \ons ., people , st.ores , a '1d r.ntmala were tra n s port ~d t.o Por't ROYlll l . 51 Her'S

51 !bid.., 78# Biggar , Ope alt,. 59, 60.

a point oi' land , which co nula.nded the navigation of t he

river WaS seleoted as i he most s nitahle place f'o~ se ttle­

me nt . 52 Port Royal WA S i n a pos 1 tion, oa sily forti.fled,

52 !h l:!bUT'f;on , op. c1t. ~ 20.

'I\vorahle f',,!, traff:tc wi +:h t ,he !nd~ ar>" , ~ndh e f.\ut: H·ul by

na tUl'6 • The I s. nd w~s s omewha t. stony, but wa s strong 0. nd

f ertlle , and t'. h e J'nar ah la.nds , lH)!'n6 d :t.~ta r ee B 'qa.;r. were of inexhaustible richness . The olimate -was mil der thqn t he

p, rN'I.t:(;r p~. rt of the pen1nst'lls., well adapted to (nnt!va. .. tion o.r fr'u1 t , the thnber wa s of t he bes'!:; quality , and t he a bundant fisheries were nearby . 53 ... ~

53 PhilIp H. Smith, IJ. Lo~t Chapt er in ./%.me rios n. IU.ator:r (New YOI'k , 1 884 ), 46 . .'

1'he colonists once more set to work . Dwellings were ereot ed , s torehotlses buIlt, a.nd a small f ort wa.$ constr uct-

ed, as means of defer.se a g e. inst a.t': e:\erq;' . .~nd hc"(' tha

first water mil l wa s pu t up , a n eX J'! edie nt that ~e.v e d t hit

coloni sts 8. fJ:r e a t amount of the severest l abor . 54

54 I bid . , 46 .

De Monte ; disturood by t.he re r ortsof enorOa CnY'lEm ts on

his 000'il18810 n ttl FNl.r. ce , a nd w 18h~l n 6 also to' pr ocure Iwore

provis.1.on s for the new settlemen t , pl a. ced Pontgrave in

command of' for t Roya l , and depar ted. f or' F'ranoe. With him

went n1t:l ny dissa.tisfied o.olon1s t s it Champl ain und aunte d by t he past \dnter , volunteered for a. second winter in the wJ. l derness .• 55

55 Par ktruUI, 912'" cit ., 262 .

The firs t winte "' n t Port Royal was not; as severe (is it hadheen at. St . Cr o i x . Tbe s eti-lel"s were n1!11rl.<:h,n tly s up .. ,

pl i ed with fresh ~eat ~y the friendl y Ind i ans . An act i ve

trade waS alao Carried on wi th the Ind :1 .ai1 s In furs . 'l'he

winter was passed in cornplU'e.\..ive comfort.. 'i'her'e was no

r eoconrrence of the e pl demie of t he pre \-' iOU8 wi nter, a l - )5 though six men diad, their deaths we r' s a. s cI' 1.be d to '(J e glect in not drai n i ng t heir dwe llings . 56

i 56 HannaY, OP t ett., '79 .

By sp.ring t:he lonely company was we. tohing a nxiously for s\.lpplies i'rom l''rr.:J.n ce . De Monts had l e f t orders that 1.f none had arrived by J ul y 16th, t he French s hOU ld abandon

Port Royal and go in sma ll hOe.ts to Ce pe Bl'eto ~ , in oJ;'del' to f1nd PB.ss8..",; e to E'ran ce in SOl sh~n ~ vessel. 57 No

57 J r ant , o e ~ olt .~ 85 .

relief , came on the e xao t da t o named by de Mo n t s _ i n two s ~l11l11 'boats , the c ol onlsts se t out . Two men hr.fl, how - ever , agr eed t o stay be hind to hol d this out post for Pr ance .

NemlJ6',t't;ou, chie t' of the Sagamo s Indians , promi sed t o -CaIre care of t;hem flas k indly 8.:.J his own cr..i l ctren . 1158 l~ e mbertou ,

50 I bid .. , 85 .

(i lthough havi ng the re.putat.1on of' heing the mo s t tre/lch er ..

ous m€'Tl of his tr1'be, p1.'('ved to he <:I st;eRdfng t. ~ nd help­ ful f''r'~ , 6 n d . 59

b9 I bi d., 85,. 36

Port Royal. had not bee n abandone d . In F'l" a r, ee , de Monts had to faoe the: acti ve opposition of t he enemies of hl ~ mon opoly,. '!'e h 1s e,1d GalTle his devoted ,friena Poutrincourt/

\vho put up mu ch of the .money to fina.nce anothf)1' exped1 t 1on.

The r est was aclvan ced by ;::; ercht:!rl:; s of La Roohell e • 'It wa s not e&BY to E!0C11re colon1 s t .s , for!;hose who had r eturned told st. O f' ~ o s of &e'Toro bllf'dshi ps . 60 This d'lfftculty \' a s

60 IM.ct ., 85 • ..... solved by paying the oolonists f lxed wages , part payment n advan ce.51 Poutr:1ncourt also endeavored to provail up ..

61 George M. Wr ong , TJ.1e IUsf), /"and Ii' ~l + l o;f New [<'r anM ( New York ) , V91 . 1 , un.

on some priest to aoc ompany t he ship, but as 1. t \lUiS the Len ten season, the:r6 were nODe a. vaHable . 62 The co l en1

62 Leece-root ; op. cit., 62; 83. needed a priest, the unfortunate Da. ubre had rlStur ned t o

)!'l" anee w1t;h Poutr!ncollJ't, "l.nd the other prios t IH1d min1ats'r bad died durlng l'ihe I;1dnter of 1605 - 1606 . 63 On the 13t h

-~ ~- -.------63 Shortt an d Douehty , OR, o it., vol . 2, 381. 37 of r.iay , 1606, the band of' colonists lef t ROCbal1e . 64 Do

i 64 Lescarbot " 012 . Cit., 70.

lv.: onts did not sail VI l t:h t hem, but hls ansano. w~s oompelh . SD. t.ed f or "'"'y the pre"l e-n ce of Marc TA51SCR r hot , a d :l ss't U S .. f1ad lawyer t and a close ft!tend of Pout rlncour t. One of the bast , as well as tlia ellT' l 1.E;lst· recor ds of t be e arly s ett lement of' !~orth Amerioa ls d ue to his pen . 55

65 Lescarbot I s history of New F'ra nge is the cne used f or most of the d.a.ta on the early settlemen t a nd. developmen t of Port Royal. Alth ough he wag not a ctually presen t at the found'.ng , his I n.formati on \'Ins obta1ned from the a ctual f'oun .. deI's . .

When the vessel ar:r'1.ved at Canso, Pout r lnc r urt d i spatched a. 3m,, 11 b oat to i,hl'Sa.d its wayalo:f1g the Acadian coast . 'l'hl s shallop me t the t wo boats of .I'ontgrave and Uh a11'lpla.in on July 24 , 1606 . 66 They tur ned back to Port Royal and

66 Grant , 0B' c 1 t ., 86 "

found t hat Po utrjncoul't had alr®ady /It''/"·'. VCllO . 'I'lle poetiO

La·s ca r 1)o t tell~ of t be welcome rece1ved by '.: he t wo men l e ft t o guard t.he f ort .. Sudde1l1y t.hese t wo men r an upo» the bul wark .. and wi t h diligence made re;q dy the oannons ,--­ Membe:rt ou. t¥lthont dela.y , came "n a canoe - .. - and having found bu t f ri0ndsh1p !:.nd knowl r.g us to be Frenohmen, made n0 &l arllh Notwi th­ standing, one at the l-'r e nelrmen l~ft there.,; 38

called l'Ja 'PaUle , cam!;l to the shore of the Port., his rna tC'Jh on the cock to know what we were ( thout.:\h he knew .full we 11. •• )6'7 i

6'7 Le s earhot , op . c it., S8 .

The voyagers landed , r'eturne d thanks to God , a nd s pent the :rest of the day inspe c t ing with ourious eyes the settle- ment and the wigwams of the Indians ll~ ing near by. Pout­ r i ncourt r$solved that it Was too late i n the season to find a n fHV set tlement. , a nd deoided to s t ay at Port Hoyal . I Mmedi at" ste ps were taken to make t he sett lemen t habit ... able arId self- sufficient. Bui ldi ng s were repaired , new dwellings built, a.nd at t he insisten oe of Lesoarbot , wheat, rye , hemp, and se veral other kind of seed were sown . 68

68 Gra. nt , op .• elt. , 8'7.

De Monts had enjQi ned Poutrinc ourt before he had lef t Fr ance t o Be Ak some ot her s1te more to the s outhwar d . In oompliance wtth de Monts· wishes ,. Champl ain a nd Poutrl n ­ court left Port Royal on August 28th, 59 and sailed down a s

69 I bid., 8'7 . far as Ga pe Ood. 'fhis voyage wa.s as unplea.sant and un. s a t isfact ory a.a t hat of de Monts had been . '70 Pontgr ave , 39

'70 Hfiliburtion, op_ cH ., 23. .. also , get s a il on the 28th of August for France hoping on h ts way to seize cont:rabl.:md fur- tra.ders , reported to be at CanSo and: Cape Breton.71

71 Parklnan , op. o.1.t ., 269 .

Lescarbot left in charge at Port .Royal, e xp lored the sur­ rounding country, conduoted religious serv1.ces of'a sort f or the colonists, "!J orked on his garden, and gathered ma .. ter1al for his !lis.tory of New F';ranoe " He had no t rouble keeping hims·elf occupied, but some dlf'fl cultry was found in finding mt;lployment f or the looksmHhs, masons , t ailors , and s tone cutt e:Nh These " he finally interested in ItlJald.ng

bread equal to the. t of Frl!! noe . "'72

72 Wrong , op . oit ., 156.

The long ansence of Poutrlncourt a nd. Champlai n ended only as winter drew nes.r . When on Novmn ber 14 t. h, '73 after many

73 Gra.nt , op._ oit. , 106; Lescarbot, QP. cit.; 115.

perils thoy sailed into the basin, they wer0 weloomed by a

joy-ous oeremorry arr'tinged by Lescarbo t. .In s pite of the lateness of the season, labor still oontinued . Champlain, trying to make up for lost time surveyed and worked upon 40

neadEll d roads, while pOll t. r h wourt bui lt 8c dam and a mill. ?4

Mw______~ ______~-- ____ i

'74 Ibid Of 1 0'7 , 108 .

The wint er was not severe . Champl ain statos: We s pent this winter very pleasantl y _ and fared generously try means of the Ordre ' De Bon Tempa, whi ch I :tntroduoed . This all r ound usef ul fQr thei r he a l th, anc:'l more a dVfi n t age ­ ous t han all the medi,oines tbat could have bean used. By the r ule s of the order. a chs. itl was put , with some l ittl e ceremonies , on t he ne ck of one of' the company , corrmb "' ioning him for the day to go hunt ing . The next day it was confe'rred upon a nother . and thus i.n s uo. Masion. All exerted thems elves to t he ut ­ most t o se B who w~u ld do t he beat a nd brtng h0:me the f inest t;ame . "i'5

75 Ibid ." 110.

The dreaded scurvy a ppeared, hut the casas we re not a.s v iolent as i n the prevtous years , nevertheles s , seven d i ed

i'rom H . '76 Spring w.a s slow in coming. On May l Oth; it

76 tQ1d., 112.

sn ow~d all night . When " however, a s Lesoar bot puts i t:

the sun did begin to oheer the ear th a~~ t o behol d hIs mistrElS3 wit h amorous as pe ct,

'77 Lesoarbot, or. oi t ., 125. 41

the li tUe company was aga t n busy wHh~a.rda n 1 ng ,

On MIlY 2 4th " a sa l l was :~d ghted by t. he Indi an chief Mem- ,; be tou . Al l r nshed t. o see the ship a nd whe n it was aacer- t e inad to be Fr ench " the cannon of t.he f ort roared a we l­ Oome . It was only a sma ll bt.l.rque of "six or seven tons burthen" . sent on from the Jonas , the vessel 1n which Pout­ rlncourt and Lesoarbot had come from France, and 1n wh i ch Pontgrave had retur ned. In command was a. young man f rom St . Ma lo, name d Che valier, who brought let. t er s f rom Sieu!' de Mont s t o Siaur de Poutl'inoourt: 78 Ohevalier brought

$Ii! - ) pii . 78 Grant, op. Ci t . , 111.

tho di sheartening inf orma t itJn t.llu t the company of merchants ha d been broken up, and that the comdss 1on of de Monts had been ca ncelled. Poutr1ncourt wa s t o br 'i n~ h i S company back t o F'r anc8.'79 Efforts to enfor ce the monopoly had

79 Ibid., 111; Le scar bot , OP A a it . , 125 - 127. stirred opposition in France . Complaints had be en ma de that f ishe·r me n ' s vess els bad been 111egally se i zed under the pretonse that they were bar t ering i n f urs . 80 In add! -

80 B1ggar , OPe c~t ., 63. tion Rasquea wer e stea ling f urs along the Atlant:10

and the Dutch were carr y i ng on a n illioi t t r ade on t he St. .. Uiwrence with Frenchme n conducting their '116856 1 8 . 81 The

81 Les car hot , o p. c it., 126·.

~ o n o po ly Wa S fur ther accused of ke ~p ing the price s of furs t oo high. 82

82 Bi ggar . op, c i t ., 6 5 , 66 .

Uothlng now rema i ned but t o leave Port Royal, wheI'Elso mu ch had bee n e xpende d to no purpo se . Poutr-1 nc ourt, t hough d1.atressed at t he news , was de t ermined t o resi de at Port Royal , t hough none hut his famtly aecompany htm. 8:5 He

83 Lescar bo t , OP e c ~t ., 126 . de cided t o t ake visih le token s of the excell e ncies of

A c <> d'tQ back. to li'x'H"l Q9 wlth him. When a l l w "'~ re r eady to sail Poutrlncourt de l ayed eleven daya longer tr.l8.l'l t he r est, that he mi ght oarr'y home the fir s t fru1ts of the har vest . Havi. ng asked Membertou t o t ake care of the e.l:Qndoned sett. le­ ment a.gainst his retur n , t he full hody of' coloni s ts l eft Port Royal, August 11 , 160'7 , 84 On t he 28th of September,

84 Grant, 02. oit ., 114. ex> <:1" 0'1 ~

cf 1-" r....?' II ll' ..... OJ ..... OJ CD po .... <: al !:"i 0.. CII CQ !-'" Q :rJ jl.'} '1 "l:l d "11 0 ~ <:1" ::s "!t Q CII •CO . ~ (JI ...... ;.. 0 •

' .. 44

CHAPTER III

DES 'I'RUCTION OF' PORT ROYAL BY 1'HE ENGLI SH i

Upon his arrival In Fr ance , Poutr l noourt has t ened to pre­ sEl nt himself before the king at Parls . Henry IV recei ved him graciously. Specimens of the wheat , r ye, barley. and oa ts , were shown to t:he king , which, wi t h the other pro .. duce of the country" a nimal a nd mineral were highly ac­ ceptable . The Idng was espe cially deli;;;hted wHh five

Canadian ge ese , whi ch be directed to be ke pt at Fontllj.ne­ bleau . Mu ch 1mpre ~ s ed by these v ialble signs of the pr a c ­ tioality of further e.olonizat i on at Po rt Royal , and jea l ­ ous of' the progres 3 of the En ~~ 1 1 s h , Henry oonf:1rmed de

Monts t gra.nt to Po utrlncourt . l Poutrl.ncourt i tnmedia tell"

1 Lesca:r bot, 0p", ott., 14~h set about the arduous task of securing the necessary funds , and recrultl ng colonists . Champl ain upon h1.s ret urn con­ te.cted the de- commis:,:d:.oned de Mont s al"'d convinced him that they would find be t. t er sites for colonization along the St . u l wrence River . 2 De Monts , reoeived another comm 18 ~ 1on f or

2 Grant , OP. cit ., 121 . one year f rom the Ki ng . Pontgrave joined Champlai n and 45 ,

de Mont s 1n this undertaking, ao Poutri ncourt Wa s without

the services of three e xperienced lea ders . i

'l'he K~. ng in ct>n.fir m1, ng the grant of Port Royal to Poutr1n-

c ourt by de Monts , noti fied l;he grantee thAt it was time to l abor for the conversion of the Ind1ans" a,no that i t was his wish tha t Jeau! ts s hould be taken over there. IU s ma jas-

t y at the ,same time directed h:t s confessor , Fat.her Ootton, S . J ., to seleot mi s s ionaries for Acadia . Many of the or der volunteered ,; two vIera accepte d - Father Pe t er Biard, ac:: d Father Enedmond Ma sse.3 They w{.'tre ready to embark,; hut

3 Charlevoix , op . cit . " 260.

Pout r tncourt although a. devout CatholiO had & decided anti­ pathy t oward the Jesuits a nd was fully datermin0d .rlot t o taka them t.o Port Royal.' 'Phe pr l es t; s hastened t o Bordeaux ,

~~~"~.~------~--~--~------~------.----.------.. 4 Par kma rl ,. 0 p.,. c 1. t • j 283.

where thay waited in vain for a year while Poutr3.ncourt made preparations at Dieppe, M .d quietly slipped out of' the hal' ... bor for Port Royal on i;he twenty- sixth of Februar y ; 1610, 5

5 Thwaites , QP • . Cit., 65.

Unfavorable we ather conditions and adverse winds k6pt the .... -

new band of t \'lfl:mty - thr ee coloni s t s fr om rea chlng the i r dest:tnat.ton before e a rly June . 6 The tedium of the long ..

6 Ibid. , 6?

voyage wa s unplGSlsantJ.y broken Fry a mu t iny am OD;,"; the crew.

It was s u p pre$rH~d . howav61' , witho1,t; .:00 mlwh difficul ty, and

Poutrincour t e ntered at leog+.h the fa~ 11iar harb or of Port

Royal . 7 Upon thtJir arrival the Indians gave them t1 .1oyo\Js

? P~. rkm~"" J. pn,- Cit ." 2 84. vudcome . tescarbot w1"i t ea: Arrived at last at Port Royal, i t 1s i mpo s sible to describe the joy with which t he se poor people r aool ved the Ste urand his company •••• s ince the y had lost all hope of ever aga.in seeing the French 1 tve among them . They had had some experience of our k'.nd treatment while we were there , and , see ... ing thernsalv e ~ ds ;:rrlvad of it, the y wept; bit.terly when we left t;hem three ye.arsago . 8

8 Thwa ites , Op e ot t ., 6'7 .

The IndifHl s had respected the property of the J'rencb , the

buil ding s were still st~ n ding . t he fur nit ure untouched. 9

9 Ibid., 69 11

Mambertou , the ·chief had not betrayed the trust of the Frenoh. 47

Pout r'tncour i; f a ('11"si" nhjee t:1 ve after lJe tf' ~n ~ the colonists to thgi,. \·s,:t

zealous that Ii.Lfter t hree weeks pr() selyt1z~ ng twent'Y- one con­ verts were obtalned. 10 ehief art'ong "hem , MembertO'll. An ex-

10 . lM.d•• ' I 109, Samuel fur ch!il!l1 , lfakluytus P.OStl)l1lllU$ ... ~u· ... P ur' c ~ l Bs Hi.s P ilijl"11lt$;j3 (G1(.l.sgow , 1 9(0 ) , vol . H! , ~ 96 .,

i:raot from the l"~ e' s t er of l1~ptl e m in the church of' f'ort

1\0';1'41 conta.ined ~n ,wat teo f'e c ord~ the Indian n Bl7leS Iilnd

-'::he rtiven ChI'istlan n.'lT"l60 . Mell'lhertou wa s nllmt'ld ITIi':1!'Y after- the K1ng s his w~fe , tlar :1 e , at'tcr t;he Queen ; one S''''rl WR,I nQ~ed afts!' the Pope , snothe%' Qrt~r the P"u phtn. 11 1i'Wo weelrs

11 Il:>id ~ ~ l m~ ... 113.

later,. or~.Tu17 9th, Puutrtneou1"t ' s lion, Blencourt, a oapable

YO\'lth of e1t;b,teen, ealled away t o F'rance wi t.h Q eax'atul1y prepared list 01' the baptlama , t o prove 'that J esuIt a i d wn ~ not needtH'l.

B1eneourt pr e B~ fi t e d bimeel! at the French oourt , and was directed 'by the widow(;Hl quean to tQ. k~ two Jesuit mls ·· 1on... aries, Ji'a. ther e Masse Qnd 'Btard, wit h him on his r e tnrn . U~

12 Henry IV , wae aestlsalr.tated Ii:8.Y 14 , 1610 . q.o

Bie ncourt a greed . The .F'athers pr oceeded t o Dleppe ; but on the 11" arrival a t tha t pOI·t , two Hug uen o t s , partner- s of Bl en-" court r 0fus e d t o per!'li t the 11' pas sage • ~ l ada '!"l e de Guerche - ville , an tnf luentta.l noble woman , close to the queen , ever

~El a lous for the propogation of the faith, and gcod f r i e·nd t o the Jes ul 1~ s , eoll«!c ted money sUf'f' ieient t.o buy out the interests of the Huguenots " and t he pr iests were a llowed t o erllbark , not as passeng ers , buta.s part owners . 13

13 ,'hwa1 te s , of e c1 t ., 127 - 13'7 .

'Jlhe small vessel of sixty t ons , named The Grace of God, s ailed f rom Dle ppe, J a nuar y 26, 1611 . On board were thirty... s".x persona . Unfavorable weill ther forced them t o seek s hel­ t er in the Bn g1:1sh ports of Hyrl'l'li ce a. nd Ne wport . 14 Fathel"

14 Ibid " 145 .

Bi ard in a letter t o his Feth er Pr ov1noial , Christopher Bal .. tazar , gives a.n in1;eresting a cc ount of the f our mon ths voy ... age . 15 Ba.d wea ther was not the only cause of the l engthy

15 I b1 ~ ., 189 - 183 . v oyage, fer Biencourt, captain a.nd na.v igator be c13.:t:1e lost . Fortunately they :met Oham plai n ' s vess el and he .:!B.ve the m 49 the true course to Port Royal . lS The Grace of God f i nally

.: 16 Grnn t , on. ott., 2 00 ~ 201 .

arr'lv(> d at Port Royal , }~s:y 22 , 1611. Father Bi.ard writing on t heir rece ption state Ths ,10y of MOl:d.eur de Poutrincourt a nd h' s f ollowers " ••• is i ndescrihable . '1'hoy had heen, dur 'ng t he entire winter , reduced t o sore s t raUs , ... . We all we pt at this mee ting , \7h1ch seemed p',h'os t like a dream •• • Wh1ch V<1 a s the ha ppier of t he two , Monsieur de Poutri.n­ oourt an ~. h1 .e p':'Jl"' pl a , or !l1 0ns ie~ r de Biancour +; a n d his'lJ.'"

I? Thwe.1tes , Op e e~ t •." 1 51 - 159 .

The J esuit fathers were soon i nformed that thelr pr esence in Port Royal wa S not de Sired . Soon after tt.eir arrival

Poutrineourt gave ':ho)'ll t~ underst and. that they weI'S not to

ha.ve I1n.ythtng 1~ 0 do w1 t h ~he r u l :1n ~ of t be col ony,

it he ~ ng h 1. s part t o rule t.hem on (b rt-;h , p",d the i rs to gUide 111m t.o heaven "le

18 Ha l iburton, Op e c i t ~, 33 .

Placi ng his SOIl Biancourt in charge of the colony, Poutrin­ oourt lef t f or Fr ance in July, t o arrange f or the regul ar

furnishi ng of suppB .es until POI"" Royal woul d bacome self ..

s ustaining . Life in t he colony \'{t!Hlt on very much a.s it had t he years before . The colonis ts planted gardens " and trqd- 50

ad with the I ndians.

The two r:ries ts (Fa the!' Flechf.\ had ret.urned to Fr ance ), ,:' WeN) employed in learntng the .language, and i nstructing t.he ne. t {.ves .. The I ndia.n C onvcrts bspttzod by Plache ~'1ere fo und le.cklnr; 6\Ten the fundamental concepts of T'·he Cat holi0 r ellgl on " Dts pu t 8s arose between the J esnits 'J nd Bienoourt on Me:rnhertou ' s buria l pl ace , and on t he educa tion of t.he natives and their baptism . 19

19 Hannay, OR - cit •. , 92 - ~ 6 _ l'ro exact date 4 3 ab1e to b e fixed for the .death of ~e :mhart ou . Moat probahl y h 1:\1 death oCH'urred in the month of Se ptember , 1611. Pt' ~ or to h la dea­ th, Blencourt had pr om lsed Membertou that he wo uld be in .. t e r red i n his ancestral b urial plaoe. b'a ther Biard deola:N,4 that; he could not consent t o t hts f or Me mbertou az !!L Chr i s ­ tian should be burie d in oonsecrat ed ground . ti1e mbertou the day of :p.is de6l. th reque sted the usual Cm'lstdan bur i al.

B1eneourt made. e xcuI'sion s tl,:) the S t: . John River, s n d t o

S t . Cr oix" tbere he me t. French fur t.raders, of whom he de ... ma nded one- fifth of their furs , thus for fei· 1ng the ir friend­ sh ip, so that; whe n , the pr'ovhions of Port Royal ran out. no 1101p waB forthcoming f r om them . 20 I" a t heI' Biard a ceompanied

20 Bi ggar , op.. 01 t ., 84 .

Blencourt on SOl't'.e of h1sexpe di t i ona . On one e xcurs i on to the River St • .John , they received news t hat a Ca ptain Plat .. r iel' of Honfleur \Va,s taken prisoner by two Eng l i ah s hj ps .

The captu1n &ff ected hiS r~le a se from ". :'le ISnCUsb , by g iving them presents, and prom1s1ngno t to tra.de along the co·Qat . &1

~..

Biard writes regarding this: i For the English want t o be cons i d&red masters 0·£ it, and they produced letters from their King t o t his e f feot , but these we believe to he f fllse . 21

21 ThwEtltes , or>. ctt., vol . 2 , 33.

Bienoourt enoouraged t he people to resist any usurpations by t he Eng lis h , cit5.np; the grant to de 1i1on t s , he also stat .. ad t hat his :f'ather 8.nd l"ltnse l f had •••• taken a c tual po s session of all the coun ... tryJ amI this; three or f our years be fore t he En,g llsh hQd ever f req\.l e nted it, or before any ­ thing had e vel' been heard of t hese claims of thelrs.22

22 Ib1d.,t 53 .

Th-e winter wa s severe, the provls10ns Were exha\1 sted by the end of November , 25and aid was eagerly awaited fram

23 Ibid •. , 233.

It'ranc, . Relief for the colony ftnally arrived late in Janu­ ary, 1612 . The vessel had be en sent 1.n purSU!lnos of an ar­ rangement whioh Poutrlncourt had made wit.h Madame de Guer­ eheville, who had already exerted herself so str0::1otl sly to promote the millS ion of the Jesu1 ta . Poutrlnoourt with hie credit gone, was forced to accept aid proffered by Madame 52

de GUElrchevl11e . Th1s eneru;e t1c I ndy had obt a1 ned f rom de " ~ o nts , a transfer of ~ ll his ola ~ m8 t o t he lands of Acadia ; and in additi on the young kin,:.; , LouIs XIII , wss persuaded to gi va her , a new €p' fl n t of a ll t;he terr" tory of North Amer1 - ca , from t.he St. . Lawrence t o F'lor1da . 24 Port Royal , how -

24 ~ . , ~~:'15 1' 237 . ever , the t 1 t I e of which had bean gr anted t o Poutr1ncourt a nd confirme d by the late King , w'-' s unal'll ., to be procured by lladame d e GU0 rche ville. 'j'o· protect h e r interests on t he v oyage, Mad ~"Lm e de Guerchevl11e, sent a l ong a Jesuit bro t~ ller.· , Gilbert du That . This man , ever watchf'ul for his patr one s s ' s welfare , a nd t ha.t of the Soci e ty of Jesus, detected short ... a ges in t he provls1ons , a nd oalled Imher t , Pout r l ncou.rt t s re ')resentqtlv e to 8tH' ount .25 Quar r e ls ensued , rea ,-'hlng their

25 Ib~d •• 235.

climax upon arr ival at Port Royal . Imbert , brought Charges a; alnst the J f}sui ts , t.he Jesutts count.er char ges . B1en court,

listened to both s i des of the controversy , but only succeed ...

ad in alienating the J esuits whe n be Mtlde his deolsion . Du That" was t o r e turn t.o Fr ol'lCe , a nd there air hJ s grievanoes . 26

26 Ibid., 237 . 53

This truce set tled nothl nc; , for fact ions develope d in the

..' colony, liable t o explode into open warfare at any time.

Du Thet sailed back r. o FJrance, t o g ~ va an account of his s t. ewardship, and of condl Hons at Port Royal . JUs relation of events det ermined Madame de Guer chevl lle t o remOve the two Jesuits from Port Royal, and to establish anot.her col ­ ony s ome where 1.n the violnit y , wher e they migh t meet with no I nterrupt'.ons to t heir pl ous l a bors . .Father .m .ard writes: Me antlme i n France the authority of the Que e n was interposed, that we m!e;ht at t.he first opportunlty be relievod f rom our bond­ age at Port Royal, and tha t we migh t be al .. lowed, in any part of New France, e Ither to study the language of the natives , or pr a c ­ tice among the s a. vages wha t we had a l ready learned by our own r ight , and seek:' ng the pel,~mlssion of no ItlEUh Th.e refore , t wo of our members, provided wi t h a r oyal commission t or t h i s undertaking, .... - l"ather Quinti n , and he who previously had sailed from Port Roya.1 for P:rance , Gil bert du That, -- safely and joyfully rEt .ached t. he coas t of New Fl:'ance 1n the middle of Ma y of t he year 1613. It was provided in the comm ission that we s hou l d be allowed t o establish a new settlement ina suitable place , and to have a eu~f!e 1 ei~ number of colonists to protect i t; ••••

2'7 ~ ., 247 .

Madame de Guercht:nrtlle f l t ted out a vessel o.f a hundred

tons burden at HODf leuT' , a nd gnve t::h e ()o tr''''1and of t he expe -

colony. The vessel left fir ancG w J th :rorty-e 1 ght persons

aboard,. March 12, 1613, 9. 1'1 d reached Acadia the 16th of M8.y . 28 54

28 Ibt d ., vol . 3 , 261 ; Haliburton, op. edt .. , 36, without oiting any primary source sets t -he numb er onbo3.:r d the Jonas," at s:!.xty .

~ t Port Royal , they only f ound five pers ons , the two Jesuits , their servant , the apothecary He bert, and another who se ....

is not recorded. In the absence of Bi~m(lourt , Heber''!'; was 1_0 oommand . To him was presented the Queen fa l ett ers , which contat ned the rGyal command to relea se the Jesuits . Du e to

inclement weather the co1on-l s t s r~l1'la~n e d at Port Royal five days .29

29 Ibld., 261, 26 3 .

The JO l' l ~ set sail from Port Royal , and r-a de 8 . landfall a t Mount De sert Island, off the coast of Maine . The har­

bor Was deep, secure I and COMrI,odious and they judged this

would be a favorable site f or iii. colony , and named t he pla ce St . Sauveur . 30 Here the colonists di$embarked . First they

30 !bid., 265 .

pl anted a cross ; the n they began tb e ~r l abors . Wlth the beginning of work, a lso hega n the quarr e ls.

The ca ~ , l s e of t he s e d~_ ss eJ'"lsion 8 was princ i ­ pally the.+; ls. Saussaye , our Ca pta tn amused bi~ sel f too much in cul tivating tbe land , while all the chiefs of the enterpr!se we re urging him not to employ t.he l ahor ers for that purpose , but t o get to work without de- 55

lay upon the houses and f ortif i c a tions , whI ch h o did n o t wis h t o d o . 51

31 ~ ., 2'7 3 .

'rhe s e dispute s we re quelled only by the a pproacb of a c om- mon danger .

T1" 9 Eng l'sh had l)een QCC1'sto.f:'od to conre nort.h from Vir g ~ n ...

1a e ve ry ye ~l r to f" ah for c od off the Pe nco H I s la.nd s on the c oa st of Ma l ne . In , the ~ u mJ""' e r of 1613, Ca ptrd.n 31iHl'luel

Argall , of Vlr g:l.nia , os tens 5.b l y on a fl s hin !~ t rip, hu1; wi th a ship carry1n8 fourteen guns and sixty me n , got off his course due t o rain find f og , and ma de lit l andfall around IJe n _ ob scot ;, '£he1'8 , Ind ians beli e ving Ar g a l l t o b e l-rench i n - f ormed him t hat t her e were o t her Fr e nch :irl the vio i nity.

Theref ore , t:h e Engl i s h , who were i n n eed of food and a ll other thinGs , r agged and half .. a ked , seeking no th~tne but b o oty, i nqui:red di ligently as to the s t ze of our sh tp , ~ o w any cannon we ha d , how many Ne n , ot c . 3

32 I bid .. , 2 7'7 .

Argall , a l s o c nr -rie d a c Ol"-:m i sslon from g~r ".'horr.o.s Dale , c. ove r nor of Vire t nta ,. empower lng h im t o .ox pel !a ll !<'lrench ... li en withtn the homds of Brg H sh t e rri t or y . 53 James I , on

33 .. 'Phomas o tGorman , A Hi stor y of the Roma.!l Catholio Church i n the Unite d Stat e s (New York , 1895 ), vol. 9, 128. 56

the basls of the Cabot d lscover 4 aa, hu d issuer patel"\ts grqnt -

n g all North Ame r 1.ca. from +:h~ t;hlrt.y- fourth t o the for·ty- .: fifth denreB north latitude , to t~o co~panies , t h at of Lon- don and t hat of Plymouth. 'Po the for me r w ~. s as'>igned Vir-

~ lnia , to the latter M~!n e qnd Acadia . he king s of' Frsn ee h a d i s sued patents eerlter thli\n 1606 coverIng l-,he S ~ 1"' e terr1- tory. .If vie are t o bO by patent$ , Pran ce was in possession , if we are to g o by dlscoveries , the question wa s doubtful . 34

34 IM.d •• 129 . See also, PUN~ha s , op , cit .,. " 01 . 19, 20'7- 217 .

Althou ~h En~ l n nc ~ nd Fr~l"\ oe were a t pea ce, Ar gall ad- vanced on S.int S.uve ur , a nd Ca u3ht t he coloni s t s unprepared.

After an e xch!l.nge of '~hots in '.''I t ·1. c}J. ClJ 'l"bet w ~ . s the only one fat;e. lly wounded , the colony was captured . 35 The isl and wa s

35 Thwa ite s , OP t Ci t ., 2'7 - 283 .

then taken pos s e ssi on o,f i n the n ame of t';be K1.ng of Rn g land.

Ar gall in the I1b~HPl oe of Sauasaye, rans acked hi.s trunk, d i s ­ covered t he King t s cor-m i s sion, which he c once n.led . Wh en Saussoya surrendered himself the next day, ArgAll requir ed h lm to exhibit the nu thorH.y under which he h s d at i;e mpted

to make the sett lement ; Saus saye , after his fruitless sear-

oh f or the mis s tng document, Win s declareo e. pirate . Sa Int Sauv t')ur wa e pillaged , a nd the huildings l evel ed . Some of 57

the c olonists , Ar gall f urnished with a slIIall boat In which to f i nd the 1.r way t o Fr ance , others , ~. n (j l u d 1ng . Father Bt- i aro., Area1l car ried wt~h h im to Vi r g lnla . 36

;36 I bid., vol 4 , 9 - I P .

A t J amesto wn the li'rench were t. hrown into prison Hnd con­ demned t o be executed as pir ates . Fortuna.tely, for them , howe ver,. Argall shocked at the issue of his stratagem , con- feased h is d upl 1. c 1 t y , Bn d preducad the missing cO :tr:!ni s s ion .

'l'hls document and the i nvestigation c onnec ted wit h i t 5.n- du ced Governor De le t o spare tho l 'l vea of t he capti ve col ...

Ofli s t s • jI!1oreover , Da le a lso d ecided to fi tout an expedi­ t ion to 'dislodge the French from Ac adta . Bi a rd sta.t es: For It wa s decreed that C·e pta 'l n Arga.l , with his tbree vessels , shoul d re turn to Itey; Fr'_Plca, plunder nnd demo lish all the fortifies. t:ion s ac e! -settlements of t he Freno}'l which he could ftnd ~ long tbe entlre c oas t ili S far as C9.pe B:r' et ... on ; namely; to 46 Ilnd one half (~ e gre es l1 f' rt.h atitudo ! for they l ~ y c l a~m to all t h i s t err1 - tOl'Y: ••• '()'7

3'7 Ibid., 35.

In nocordon ce w1.th this deCision , Arga ll a gain set s <~ il f or New Pranoe . Biard a ccompanied him . First t hey return- ad t o st. Sauvour, bur nod what little for tificat i ons were 8tHl s t Sl. !'!d i ng , t ore down all t he orosses t he French had ereoted , and in their pla ce erected ono, on whioh was ear­ ved t he name of t he King of Grea t Br1tia.n . 38 From Saint 58

3 8 Ihiq., 35 - 37 . ,i

Sauve ur t he Engl i sh s Riled t o the a bandoned St . Cr oix .

There Arga ll s eized a l a r ~ e qua ntity of s a lt found stored there , bUl'ned tb.. sett leme n t , "an d de str oyed all tra ces of the name and claims (!)f l" ran ce •'l 39

39 I£id., 3'7 . Ca rl Wittke s h ows, in A lUstorl of Cflnada (3d ed., Ne w York, 1941) , 150 ... 160, that Ar gall did not de Ktroy the St . CrDix Island settlement as thorough ly a s Biard thnught . In 1'7 95, t hree co ""'m 1.8 ~lonel"s , 1n settlll1g the houndar y disputes o et\\ree n the United states and the British Mor th 4\merican prov i nces, f ound it expedient to actually visit the Isle of St . Oroix . Ex cavations dating from Ohample.l n ts U me revealed the r nma ins or the sett le ... me nt . With this t nforme. tlon the ~ o !1'1M l s " ioners were 801'>)le to determine which of t. be three rl Vel'S was the St . Croix Rtver . , The actual mar 1dng of t1'le r.~ . v er was ·"ot. complet until 1913.

Areall after de stroy1. ng St . Croix , was delayed ~ n attack­ i ng Port Royal until he c oul d find a pilot to d i rect him there. Fa t her Biard in his Relation of 1616 , s t ates that he ref used to pilot t h e vess el, so Arga ll s'scured the ser­ vices of a savage.40 Pur ohas, sta tea : that Btard, "out of

40 Thwaltes , OP e olt., vol. , 39.

the '.ndigastab1e mali ce tha.t he had eonee1ved aglltnst Bl e n­ c ourt ,.tt41 did conduct A. rga11 to Port Hoyal. Both Ha libur-

41 Purohas, Op e cit., 215 . ")'J

ton a nd Parkman follow Pur chgs's account , B l thnu~h in other ,. " a t tar s they a ccept BiArd 's Re l a tion a s cr~d'hle *

The Eng l ish e ntered the por i; by moon ll:~hf: , but a s the tide wa s out they l!lnchored. overnigh t in sight of the set L. lement .

The nex t "!'Iorni ng around e l even 0 t cloc k , the r:ngl1 sh ship hea ve d anchors and (' losed in on the f ort . '1'1'..9 f ort wa s de- e r ted " most of the col onist s were about f ive or six miles S.'fIBY working in t he fif:lldS , others were with Bi oncourt s ur .. veylng the country. In the f ort were stores beyond t he ex ... pe ctat ions of the EngHsh, since a s u ppl y ship had recently arrived from r~Bnc e.42

2 Thwa1 t o9 , Ope c it., 39, 41.

This un100ked f or capt ure of hooty nearly ost Fn t h e ~·· BttH'd h Is l Ue , 1n this way •••• L1eute r ant Tur nel (comIl'snder of one of i;h e t hree shi ps ) \'faS of the op1nlon tha.t ~t wo uld b e be tter t o abandon the voyage to Por t Royal , • • .;:~ !.ving as h:ts rensons the. t the place ,was v ary dangerous and the sea Son too far -adv(;n ced ~f or . it was the end of Oc toher (1613»; .. . they would f:tnd nothing t here but misery and I·'r anch hll tred • •• Li eute na.n~ . Turne 1 had heard t hese arguments from' B 1ard ,. ·~ . 43

43 Ibid,., 41 .

lYecause t he entry weseaay, and t. here was a l ar ge a mount of provlsions , Turnel turned on the Jesuit f ather , a nd was alr.1ost persuaded to leave Father' Biard ashore . Ar gall took 60

possession of the f ort . Then went up t he r iver where the barns , ~heat fields. fruit trees, a nd ~he mi ll .e~e located. ' 'rhe wheat 're r- onfiscated, the fruit t rees he destroyed, and the barns a~d mill ~a lef t untouched. 44 On his return he

44 Pur chas , op ~ ait ., 215 . burned the for-t after 6y.tr acting a ll th$ holts , locks , and nails , and def aced the arms of the Ki ng of Frar;ce . 45

45 Thwaitas , op . c 11; ., 45.

Biencourt on h1 a re turn, requested fi conference wtth the

Eng l~. s h oomma.nder . They met i n a meadow , with a few of t heir followers , - aft er an i n eff e~tual as !il ertion of :r>;lghta , equal­

y nla i med by both, Blannour t proposed. i f he could obtRin protection from the Crown of En ,:~ la nd , and ge t II the Ol.lf\oxloUa Jesuit in his pDssess ion» , 46 to d1v'de the fur trade , and

46 flali burton ,. OB . c1 t ., 38. disclose the mines of the country . But ArKall re f used t o make any treaty, alleg1.ng that his orders were only to dis- possess h im , a.nd threatening i f he should ftnd him t. here a - gain to cons ider him BS an enemy . 4' 61

47 Purahas , OR . olt., 215 , 216 .

./ His work of des truction done . and as he thought " the Fren ­ ch set ~ leme n~ s of Acad Ia e ffectual ly hl otte ~ ou~ A r~all 1'e- turne(~ to V!.r rr,-inia: l eav": ng t,he colonis t s to support them .... s olves a s they host could . The ship e arrytng Biard after enc ountering had we a ther' , f "nully ",,~,. de 'gng l and , where Pather

Biard wa. s re l e ased e nd r'e tur ned t. o Pr ance . 4 ,_

48 Thwa1. t e !'J , 2.!2.:_..9.,:.t ., 69 .

Early in the spring following the En glish a t t e.o ~ · i' Poutrln­ court camo to Port 1-

49 Parlnnan , oR - ell., 329 .

and his son ,. Blenco'Urt , w1 t;h the few men under his comm and, sti ll t enaciously cl inging to B hold on Acad 4 a . Poutr l n­ court, r eturned to Fr a~c e "attributed all his mi sfortunes to t he Jeani t a ,."50 and did not concern htmse1f further with

50 Hanny, 02 - cit., 104 .

AcadI a . 51 B1e ncourt , however , ref used to abandon the coun-

51 Poutr:tncourt , entered t heser'v ice of' tho King , and Via s killed at the s'iege o.f Mary- sur-Se ine 1n 1615. 62

try, but with a fow companions maintained hlmsalf in it the i N.llnntnde r of his life ., sometimes living VI:!. th the savages , 50metlmes at Port Royal .. Ooe of the friends ·,.,ho shared hl.s eX l. le was Oharles de La Tour , a n~Uile afterward s meMorable i n

"'":he annll ls of M~ad ·'a . Of their life t n the wilderness little is known , f or B#enoourt Iloe I,a Tour loft no r e cord ,, 52

52 Hannay. op. cit., 104., 1 05 . Go fe of Coll a a

/ 1/ 6)

CHAP'rEH IV .'

PORT ROYAl, '1'0 'fHE TR ~A ' PY OF S T . GBH!.5ATN

For Be ver al y e a T' s after t he d e s truc 1",l on of t he Fr e nch s ettleme n t s by Argal l t h$re "f a a blank In the ll 1""t na ls of

Ac adta , s nd one which it i s 8.1 l"1o st im pos s i ble to f1 11 . The European powe r s invol ved , France and E>"Ig land , d id no t s eem l"' u ch co n ce r ~ ed w'U:h Acad ia . Th e t til k lno; of Por t Roya l d oe s not a ope nr to have been a ~ rr ovBd by the cour t of Enql and or r esent ed My t he Crown of F'r'nnce . 1 I t Wa S evi de n t , how-

1 Ha l iburton , op . c it., 39 .

aver , that n e ~' ther c ount r y a s s erted or all owed a r l :;ht de ­ r i ve d .\:) '1 oO (' upancy . Had there be"' n a set t l eme nt by the law of na t i ons , the a c t of Ar ga ll woul d. ha ve f ur n i. s he d j u st cause for oompl a i nt . Tha t: the a c t d id not 13 0 unnottced 1 s a tt.ested by the att ernp t of the F'ren oh ambn s slldor to Eng l a nd , to olltFl ·t n t he c a ptur ed Frenoh sh i p I n wh ~ ch Biar d had re­ tur ned t o En r; l Elnd . 2 At the s ame time Madame de Gl1 erohevi lle

2 Thwaibes t OR. c it., vol . 4 , 7 5 .

sent a. r eprosent ll t lv8 to London , t o r equest the s ur r ender 64

of the ship, a.nd reparation for the "wrongs involved in t-he j nquitous robhl"1 r y . n3 'l'he ship Was ret.urned hut n othing ,;

3 IM.d ., 79 .

!!I lse . Fat.her Biard tri e d to hring the dhpute over Acad-tu , to the at tentton of the French people . To t his e nd he In. eluded in his Relation of 1616 , t wo chapters , in t he f irst he stat. es: the rea.sons why the Fr enoh have appropriated by good r 1 ;h t the lH. nds of New {ra.nee , agrd.ns t the prete ns i ons of the En 31ish.

4 Ibld ~, 99 • 109.

He presents the a.rgument s which po s s~ . b ly coul d be advanoed by both inter., sted part.ies . The ~ng 1 1ah did not dis pute all of Ne w Fr ance.

1<'01' they dare not refuse wha.t everybody gr Rnts · us; hut they o nly centes t some of t.he b onnda r 1.. es . 't'hey grant us then a Nl3 w Fra r: ce , but bound it hy the s hores of the Gu l f a nd great river Sa1nt Lawrence , am}. restrict us w1l-M. n+ih~ 47th , 48th; and 49 th degree s of nor t:b. I e t 1. t:uoe • .

5 I bid ., 101.

The pate nts of the kings , the d isoovel'les of explorers ,

the occupa.ncy by t he colonists, a nd the geographica. l loca-

t ion of t he col onies are then investigated by Biard and 05

evaluated, wit h the concl l.1 s i on that l:" r ~l.rl Ce Is f' ully justifi ed

in ever y insta.nce . i In chapter thirty .. e ight , Bia.rd advance s "reasons why the cu1ttvat ion of New Pr ance ought t o be undertaken in ear nest . lta

6 Ibid" III - 117 .

Temporally Fr anoe would profit by the large amount of flsh and fur IIlhleh i s conta Ine d in Ne w F' r ~'tn oe . 'T'he ter.,.. ttor y , be i ng ten or twelve times l a r ger 'N ou l d .g l ao F; lve .France ma s tery of the sea . Spiri tua lly, Father Biard points out

a ll the savages t. o whom ahrl stian i~y migh t be brought .

Fa ther Biard proved to be 8. poor publicht for Anadla , f or the Frenoh ma de no att empt to rec l aim that country at this

t ime . After t he founding of ~t uebec , Canada became the

favorite colony, and t h R ~ ol ony in Ac adia l anguished through neglect . 9 True, Biencourt s till rema i ned in Acadia , retai n-

7 Shol"tt and Doughty. Op e oit., v ol. 13, 35.

lng for France a t e nuous hol d on that. colony . M ~ n y of his

o11owers , how t'llvf'lr t t.r ~m .o fel"r a d the ir aet ivi tes to Quebec . Hehert , and his fa",il y is went:;'oned by Champl aln a s i)elng ot Quebeo in 1617 . 8

8 Gr ant , Ope cit., 350. 66

The continental part of Acadia received a litt le a t t.en­

i tion. In 1619, two trading c o ~ pa n ies were f orme d for the purpose of developi ng the resources of Acadia . One, en- gaged in t, he fur trade e s tablished a pos.t on the River Rt . J ohn . The other engaged in fishing ente rprIses was at Mis­

COll, on the Gulf of St . Lawrenoe . 9 Te provide f or the re-

9 Hannay, op" ot t . , 109.

111510\13 wants of t he employees of t he two companies" and of t he coloni sts , Wll O still rerraine c.! a t PDrt: RO ~T al J three Reeollet missionaries from Acquita1ne , were s ent to Aca di a . They were f orced to abandon the rnl s s lon in 1624, and joined the Q,uebeo misdQn of thelr order . 10

10 Thwa lta3 , op _ c i t ., vol . 1 , 13 .

Ei ght years elapsed a.fter t ho destruotion of Port Ro yal; before the En~ l1 . s h began to t M.nk of sett ling a ny part of Acadia . The French who cont i nued there t hey r egarded as interlopers , whose pres e nce like that of t he Indi ans, wa s simply tolerated f or the Hrne.1l In the year 1621 , ~'i r

11 Philipp Smith , cp. cit., 5'7 .

WilHa m Alexa nder , a Scottish nol'leman , (afterwards better known as Earl of Stirling ) appltEJd for a gr ant of the pr ov- 67 ince o.f Aeadla from J ames I , King of Engl"" 00 . In a letter .' to the king" Alex::mder pointed out that the whole terri tory bordering upon the east ern part of New England was an unin­ haM.ted wilderness, ana that unless some aotive meas ures were adopted foZ' H s aettlement , i t was llkely t o be encro~ohed upon by the Pronoh. 1S

12 Ha l1bur ten , OR. cit •.1 41.

Alex8. l".der a lso s ta ted the. t :

a great f:) l1mber of Scotch families had l ately emlgrated t o Pol and , Sweden and Rus l'lla , and that it woul d be he neficial t o t be interests of the IO.n gdom , U they were permitted to Bo ~t le this valuahle a~S fertile portion of His i,fa jesty' s Kingdom .

13 tb1S., 41 .

On Sept ember 10, 1621, J ames I , granted a charter to

Sir Wi lliam Alexander, his he irs or aS ~1 igns , hereditarily, all and single, the l ands of the continent , and islands situated and lying in America , wi thin the head of pr omon tory CO Mmon- . 1y called CapEl of Sa hle ••• from the O~. pes tre t .. ching alene; t he shores of the sea, we stward to the :roads ted of st. Alary ••• a nd t.he nce nort,h­ ward by a straight line ••• to the river gener­ ally known by the name of St . Cr oix and t o the remotest apr'ngs, or source ••• t:honce by an 1m­ a g~. na l'Y straight l ine ... t. o the gr eat r tver of Gl;U1a.da ..... and going from that eastward along the low s hores of the s ame river of Canada . ~ ~ to Gaspt.e., thence s outh- southeast ••• to the head... l and or point of C"l pe Bre ton ••• thence south and vie s t t o • .•• Cape Sable •• • 68

The a hove - described I nnds shall 1n All f uture t1 me be a r t he name of Nsw Scotland 'in America, i an d also the aforesa id Sl~ William shall d i vide 1. t into pa.rts a nd po rtions as seemtll best to him, and shall gi ve names ' to the same at his plea s,ure .14 '

14 John G. Bourlnot, Builders of Nova Boo t !a ('l'oronto , 1 900) " 106, 1 0'7 . Re product ion 01' charter issued to Sir William Alexander .

This charter cle arly d$.fined the limits of Nova Sootia, whereas the pt;I. tent. g ive n to de Monts by Henr,. IV, was very i ndef:i.nlt(f. In t;he later hifl tory of Nove. Sootia t he English claimed tha t Nova sootia and Acadlawere €lne , the Il'renoh, howe ver , maintai ned t,hat Acadia wase. separate part of the peninsula, .'11 th dhti nct limt ts # f orming til port ion of New Fr ance . l S

15 of I1;a y

In 1622 Alexandel' embar ked Q body of em1grant s to begin a settll)menn , in his late l y aoqu ired ter:d.tory . Because it

was too lat~ in the seaaCHl they were obliged to winter at Newf oundland. In the sprl ng ot 1623, t hey set out from

St . JOhriiol'· Harbour in Newfoundland, t ouched ' Cape Breton ,

t hen C 08.S ~HH.;1· along .tne ooas t of Aoadia, near Port Mouton t hey met a Frenoh fish ing ship, This e ncounter prot')ably decided them not ' to attempt to plant a ool ony, for they then 69 r etur ned to N'e wf'oundland, loa ded tha ir ship with fish , and r eturned to Engl and. 1S On t heir _arrival i n Eng l and,. the ,;

16 Purchas, 0R; cit., vol. 19,399 ,400 .

oolonists pub l ished an aocount of t he t' oun t r y , tn wh ich the y b oasted of f erti le plaJ.ns , 1' 1 vel'S well s'to(! ked with flah, s afe harbors, And a ceun t r y abounding wi 1:11 game of a ll ki nda~l'7 I n s pite of the g lowtn rs report. , Btl" Wi lli am

1'7 Henr y IH r ke , The _ F ~. r st Engl i sh Gonquant of' C i ~ n ad$. (Lon. aon, 1871 h 56 , 5'7.

Alexander did not tTHlke any e f fort to plant a colony u nt il 1628. The ex terl t of his activity during this period. was t he construc t ion of a cbart on wh ich names taken t r am S cot... l and replaced tho.se f ormel'ly a ppl i ed to Aoe.di a .. The ;) t . John River beoame the Clyde, the s t . Crab: which div ided New Engl and a nd New Sootl,a nd, Alexa nct er oalled the Tweed, t he Bay of Fundy he named Ar gall's Bay , the peni naular part of Acadi a he oalled the Pr ovi nce of Ca1edon i s .18

18 Shortt a nd Doughty , op _ o tt., 36.

In 1625. J ame s I , died , and Alexa nder obtained fr-om his s on Charles I , a confirmation of his gI'nnt of Nova Scot i a, and, for t he purpose of infus i ng fresh life i nt o his e nter .. 70

prise , and prov1ding funds ,for the s ubsistence of the pro­

posed settlement, an order of ba.!I"onets of Nova Scoti a was I created . The number of ba rone t s wa s fixed a t one hundred and f itty, in the course of ten years one hundred a.ndseven were crea t ed. Each of t he baronets Was t o contrll)ute money for the f oundlng of a colony, and tn addition to their title,

they were t o reoet vea portion of land In Nova 8cot~ ia Jl t hree mI les long upon t. he seacoast, and ten miles up into the

~ oountry. l' ~

1 9 Ibi d ., 36,3'7; Ha nnay, OPe c lt •• 112,113, Haliburton, Ope oi t ., 42; Garneau, OP e cIt'., 106; Winsor, OP e cit., 142.

Meanwhile , Blencourt, who r ema ine d i n- Acadla aftel:' Arl2:al l f 8 raid, and led the l i fe of a ooureur-de-bols wrote a letter from Port Royal in Sf! pteml'rer . 1618, i n whioh he tri ed t o

interest France i n 'stltabl ~. ph ing fortified posts in Acadi a , thus def ending it against the 'incursions of' t ho Engli sh.20

20 Parkman, OR. oit ., 330.

The letter was probably gtven to one of the more than f t v.

hundred French vessels wh1, ch Biard states anrma11y vis1 ted

Ame rica , on wha l ini7, expe d lt1ons, or t o fish f or cod and t o carryon the f ur trade .21 Bhncourt' s voluntary exi le was

21 Thwaites , op_ c~ t, ~, vol . 4, 113. 71

shared 11'y Oharles d,e 1a Tour , who had come t;o Po rt Ro yal

i wHh his father , Cl aude in 1610 . 'The elder La Tour , Cl aude, returne d to Fr anoe after Port Royal ha d beon destroyed i n 1613.22 When B1encourt died in 1623 , he bequ,eated t o

22 T. J . Campbell, ):>10n6er Laymen of , Nortb Am~rloa (New York, 1 91'5)* vol, 1, 16'7".

Oharles La Touz'" b1~ ins e parable friend duri ng 1tfe, all his r i ghtfJ to Port Royal" and made M.m his suecessor in t he

government of the Cl olony .23 Charles La Tour, beeauS4iI' of the

23 Hannay, Op e oit ., 114.

conven ien os of Cape Sa bl~ a s Ii depot f or the f ur trade, moved from Fort Ro yal, and ereo t ed a fort on t he Ca pe , now

known 4sflol'"t r.,a 'f'our.24 He was residing a t Cape ,Sable in

24 I Q1 d./ , 115. ' .' 4

1627 whel\ war broke out b etween F'r anoe and Eng l a nd . Peroeiv­ ing that Aoasia ' was 1"n gre,at danger of being lost to the , En ~JHfh , 'I,Charles La Tour .sent a let teI'\ t o the King. in whiQh

he ,Qsked t o be a ppointed commander of Acadi a, and stated

that 11' the colony waS to be saved for- FH rJC. ~ a mmunition, and arms mu s t be provided at onee. France was in a goodp.os '- etle ll to hel p the eolonieson t he 72 st. taV'JI'enoe and 1.n Acadia . The ccmpa n1f of New France had

just 'be an organized by Cheva11ep ,de Raz1l1y and Cardinal #.1

Rl ohell~u. The Company ws s ~om posed of the chief merchants of Fr an ce. As there were one hundred a nd twe.nty share­ ho lders in the company, each of whom had advanced t hree thousand Itvres for h1s share , the new oompany had the naces .. s s1"y 'cap,ita1 t o cl'trry out its pro.ject of colonizat i on . The company in return for a monopoly of the fur trade for fif­

teen ·year s . agreed to ta.ke t.o New I<~ 1" a:n ce three huadrad Cath­ ol i c colonists a year , or some f our thousand by t he year 1643. 25

25 Blgga!' , OPl! p l t~, 136 ; 13"1.

Charles La Tour ' 8 communioa t ion was fa1;'orably received, and e i ghteen ships were f'itted out, nnder the cOnl!.1'fl n d of Roque­ mont ( a French naval commander), and the elder La Tour, with cannon , ammunition ~nd s t ores for Acadia and Qu ebec. 'rho English naval f oroe under the command of Sir Dav id ltil'"ke interoe ptedthe Fr ench off Ga.spe Poi nt . BS Af ter a short en ...

26 Kirke , 0p. clt., 63, 63.

:)a.gement t he Fre nch vessels were oaptured . Hav 'l ng rif led , ton of the smaller ships , Kirke set them on fire , and fill-

O tt t.ha l'amalndflr lid . th t.he mC'st; v fJll uable s tora s sent them to Newfoundland'• . La Tour wa.s sent t e ·Engl a.nd a prisoner, and K1rke prQc_.sded t o Aeadle., · and took posBesaton of Port Roy.l, 73

leavlnst, a rew man there in chargo ~ with ins trl: ctlon s to

i prepare the pl ace f or the r ecept l on of Q colony in t,h e fol l owing year . Kirke , the n s ailed f or Que bec, which was hel d by Ghamplaln and the Frenoh. 2'7

2'7 Hanna" or. .C it:! 115; Kir ke , OP e c it., 65. 66 ; Hali­ burton, QP . 0 t., 4X.

In May , 1628, f our vessels s ai led from Soot.l and t o Nova Scotia with seventy ool on!sts under Sir Wtll1am Alex"nderta son of the Same name . They arr i ved i n s afety at Port Royal ana immedia te l y occupied the site of the old Fre n oh fort .. They a lso b \dlt new fort , wh i eh Came t o be known as. the Scotch f ort. The neVI colonists suf fer-ad severely durl ng the

.f l1'3 t winter , ar.d when young Alexander r e t;.; rne d t h e f ollow.. ing ye ar hQ learned t hat thir t y of the m had d i e d . 28

2 8 Shortt and Doughty , OR- olt., 37 , 38 . Hanna y . 120 . Wr i t es that the Scotch 'undor Sir 'VU ll1e.:m Alexander h~'!. d f0unded a c olony a t Por t Royal, i n 162 0 " This d08S not agree wHh tho pri mary s ources a nd Hannay, i s tho only one of the eecondary wr i ters to me nt.ion it.

Cl a ude La Tour . i n rneant'1me , had be nn convey a o Eng l and . He was no sooner t he re t.h.e. n be renoll noaa h t s alleg iance to

~S country . Be 1 rv.; a Huguenot he \'las a oce pted everY\lJnere .

He necmlle a cquat nt e ~ with Sir Willh.m Alexnnder , and was

presen ted at c ourt, wh ere he wa.s reee ived wt t h fav or . 'iVh ~ 1. in London , La 'l'our married one of t:he Sootch :maids of honor 74

to the Queen Henriett a Mari a . 2 9 The Ki ng created i,11m a /

29 Cmopbe l1, o.p . cit.; 16'7 .

barone t of No va Scotia, a nd Si r Wj,.11i am Alexfin der gran t ed

La '1' 0 111" nnd his son Charles a tract of land on t he :? outll- we st ~.. r n coast of Nova Scotia . To repay t;ht e mun ificence

Cl aude La '1'our wa s 1 nduced t o strengthen t:he Scottis h colony at POl't Hoyal, and to persuade h is son t o s urrender his fort on Cepe S ~ ble and help promote the t nterests of Sir Wtl11am Alexan der . 30

30 +. Shortt nd Doughty., op .. cH.. 40 ; Hanne. y , 011. C ., 118 .

In 1630 , Claude La Tour set sni l with a numb~r of coloni s t s • i n t wo vess e l s . When t h e $hips arri ved at }'lort La Tour . the father reoounte d his reception 1n Bngl and to his sort, and the hDnar a t.hat had bean bestowed on him and hls s on . Char- les lla 'l'our r e fus ed t o s witch allegi an ce , and no a mo unt of f 111al pl eading or threaten~ng coul d shake hts de ter mination .

The' fath er tr1.ed t.Q take the fort f or two days , but; lost so

ma.ny men that the 'Eng1 1s h decided t.he gn1 n t;o t- e obtained

d i d not warrnnt the e xpen se , 80 they refused to a t t a ok t he third day . Cl aude La Tour , was now i n a.n embsJ"r!;l.8S ing

position , hy the Jorench he was re garded as a traitor" b,­ the Eng1 1sh as a dece iYR r . As hamed t o return to Eng l a nd,

and afra~, d to g o t o IPrs.nce " the e lder La Tour with the 75

Scotch colonists wen t t o Por t B0'19. 1.31 I

31 John B . Brebner' , Now Enp.: land ' s out ~o st .. ACadia Before the Conquest of C ~nada (i1:ew 'York , 19~74~ 24 , 25 . Han nay, OP e oi t., 120., 121; Carr bell, Ope oit., 168. 169; Sbortt an. 1 Doughty , 012_ olt ., 40.

"'1' • Kirke with h iB squadron made his appe arance in t he S t .• Lawrenoe again 1n 1629, not having been success ful in tak­ ing Quebec the year before . Thh time t here wae no t hought of resistance. Champlai n , Quebec lacking provi s ions and ammunition was forced to a ocept tbe f avorable terms offer­ ed. hy lUrke.. Quebec fell t;o the En!jlish, J uly 2 9, 1629 ,32

32 Hannay, OJh c~, t, ., 116 ; Klrke , o p., ci t ~, '7 0 .. '73 .

While this conflict was gotng on i n .4.m erl ca, all hostili­ ties betwe en Engl and and Frf.)."i ce ha d been put to an end in Europe bya treaty concluded a t Su z. on the 29th of Apr i l, 1629 . Port Ro ya l was i n t he poasess:ion of t he Engl t sh , a.nd , with the exception of La. Tour ' s stronghold, they may be said to have had possess i on of the entire t erritor y of Acadi a. Quebec had bee n captured after pea ce had been decl ared, so there was still some work f or t he signat ory power s to do .

All dH'ficult i es were resolved by t he Treaty of s t . Ger ... ma in, signed March 29th, 1632.33

33 Charlevoix, op , oH., 2 , 5 - 8 . -(0

C1uu"le. I , of England; in desperate need of money consent- , r eO. to give up Quebec and Port R~yal, prov1ded be rece.1ved .: the rest ot the dowry ot Queen Henrietta .M81'1e . The dowry amounted to eight hundx-ed thousand crowns , and had been but half paid. The Freneh paid the r emainder and C;h&rles I, re- signed the right wh,lohhe had claimed to New France to Louis XIII. 34 Prevlouely, on July 10, 16:31; Charles had given

34 Parkman, OR. cit., 454,.

orders to Sir William Alexander, to demolish the tort built by his 80n at Port Royal and to remove all the people, good., ordnance, and cattle belonging to the colony. leaving the bounds' altogldder waist and un­ reopled as it was at the tyroe your sone anaed first to plant there by vertew of our oonuni8aion.:i5

35 Shortt and Doughty, OPe cit., 38.

A.lthough none ot the historlans wr iting on Acadian h1star y explicitly state that the action of Charles I in rel1nquish­ lng Acadia .as a disavowal of claims to that territory, it would appear to be so. Events which transpired subsquent to the Treaty ot St. Germain indicate that Charles I virtually admitted that England had no right to Acadia. Every future attempt, which England made to wliest New France and Aca.d1a trom Franee, occurred while a state of war existed between 77 the two countries. During the next twenty-three years Eng­ land did not' assert any right based elther on prior explora.. , - .: tlon, or prI0.J' colonization. It was only in time of war that England exhumed her claim to Acadia. The task of diap.ossessing t he Scots and making Ac adia again a French colony was committed to Isaac de Razilly, a relative of Oardinal Richelieu and a captain in the navy. 36 With him

:36 Hannay, OP e cit., 124 .

to Acadia came a number of peasants and artisans, and d'Aul .. nay Charnisay and Nicholas Denys. Charnisay was a triend

of Richelleu, and out of ,R spirit of adventure, joined De Razilly on his voyage to the New World. Denys was a l1euten­

ant or Pe Razilly, who after R life of adventure in AcadIa, became its historian. Por t Royal wa. immediately surrender­

ed to ,Do Ra~illy by the Engllah. The Scottish eolony was in a feeble state and the majority were glad of the opportunity to return to their native land. A. tew remained and merged with the French population. The net result or Alexander'. grandiose scheme was the continuance of the name of Nova Scotia. :37

37 Hannay, Op e cit . , 128 - 130.

Charles La Tour in recognition of hiB patriotism was ap­ l>olnted to command as the King's lieutenant general i n Nova 78,

Scotia. IUs resouroeful tather, Claude, managed to be re­ oonciled with h1s son, just prior to the aurrendoJ' ot Port ,(

Royal to the Pl'enoh. When t he elder La 'l'c~'r arrived at Cape S(l.ole he brought inf'orma t1on that t he Eng11sh intended to ttack the fort. ithQugh the attack never ma,ter1alized, Charles dec1ded to move his oolony to the mouth of the St . John It!ve l' . 38

36 !bid., 122;

Pe Razl1l y was a forceful and during .tour act1ve year. did a great deal for the colony, mos t i mportant ot all, he settled 1n Acadia botwe~ 'l one ~ ::: f. two hundred permanent .!lettlera. 1'heao, wi th onl y occassion.. l small addltlons under later Freneh oommanders, .ere the an­ cestors ot t he Acadlan people. 39

39 Brsoner, OR . ott., 2S.

After tak1ng pos8ession ot Port Royal,De fbu:,illy went to

La liave and t here t>~!,nted his oolony. The plaoe had lODS been known to the Frenoh fishinS f leets, and the f Ishery was one ot the ma1 n objects ot the company at lie·. France. Signa of progress in Aoadia ...re now evld311t. Port ROjal was re-eatabl1shed &8 a French oolony and De Razil11, Denys and La Tour each bade. settlement . Denls; at Fort Rossig­ nol. where he was engag.a. i n f ishing . Oharnieay .as holding bat~k t he New England ooloniet s at Penob$cot" havi ng been sent t here by De Ha s tIly as his lieutenant . Penobsoot was never i anythIng more than a fortified trading post with a 8m~11 garrl ... - son . ,La Tour had l ett Cape SIble and established a tort at the mouth of t he St. John III ve~\.~O \ , 40 Shortt and Doughty, Ope cit., 4il!,t , '.

In 1636, Isaac de Raz11!,. dIed, leaving t he young colony without its guiding spirlt. He bequeathed hia autholtity to O'harniaQ,y, who was a relative. The peaceful development ot the country was interrupted, while Charai ...y and La Tour,

(who, had reoe! ved his co mt!1 1~slon t Dom the king) strove for t he master y . ChlU'nlsay retired to Port ' Royal, to atrengthef;). his position, Gharn1say removed t he majorityo! t he colon1sts of La Have to Port Ro'y~ , :.., ~nd brought out from France twenty f amilies , Whom he set tl'ed on the banks at the Annapol Is HI..,"" er~ He also ereeted iii. new :fort at t he slte Q)f tp,6l present town of Annapolis Ro yal, about the year 1643. Under Charni­ say's autocratic leaderslllp, Port Royal bega n 'to becom6 .form... idab!e. Mill, were bull t tor gr 1 ;~;;'j. !.r..g corn and sawing tim.. bel', dikes weI-e oonstruc'ted bJ which marshes were reclaimed, a ohurch w&serected , a school establlshed. 41

41 '.'fo l d '• .; 44- .J '41.

, 80

From thll time on Port Royal', "'became the principal settle- .: ment 1n Acadla. "42

42 Hannay, op.cit" 141.

Charnisay, 80 rortifled Port Royal that La Tour was un­ able to offer a.ny real opposition 1n the internecine strife. Port Royal came to be regarded as the key to Nova Scotia.

He who possessed Port Royal pGsaessed No va Scotia. During the perIod of 1 ts existence as Port Royal for the grea.ter part of .the time it rema ined 1n t he possession of the Frenoh . lievertheless 1t was repeatedly taken by the English, who looked upon 1t as a threat to their North American colon1es . It was taker. only to be restored to its .former owners by eonques t or tree ty. . For more than 8 century Port Royal was the shuttlecock o.f fortune, Argall, Alexander, and

Klr ke held possession for. E~g:t~ 114 , but only for short peri ... ,. " . ods during the first fifty years of its existence . In the next fifty years it was to be l'aken three more t imes . In 1654, Major Sedgwick in accordance with secret i nstructions trom Cramwell took Port R-oyal, and subjugated Acadia; ,f t re­ mained under EngUsh r'.ll~ ur;:> 1 l1 ~ ,e ,. , .

. 4~ by the Treaty o.f Br eda . Sir WI l liam Phlps reduced Port

43 Winsor t Jm_~ __ ~, 145 . 81

Royal again in 1690, and again F.ra.noe reoel,,-ed 1 t baclc by the Tr eaty of .Ryswlck in 1697. 44 It, was not until 1710 t hat POl"t

4 Ibiq. ... 146.

Royal was stormed by (Jolonel Nicholson, after a brave defense and finally held as a British possession, Port Royal in its ohequered existenoe went through more vicissitudes than any other American town. Its history

1s one oJ: neglect, V/El StL\ misunderstandi ng, and misdireo­

tion ; a reoord of feuds betw-een petty chiera, and or teeble r esistanc e to the atta.cks of more• powerful neighbors . The mos t populQUS settlement and the most powerful was that built a.nd fortified by Charnlsay at Port Royal, powerful as 1t was, however, it was not able to withstand the repeated

attacks of t he flew E;}glantl' oolon1sts. 45

45 Shortt and Doughty, op . c1t ~, ~a . U '"

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