Las Referencias Asiáticas En La Producción De Björk

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Las Referencias Asiáticas En La Producción De Björk INTER ASIA PAPERS © Inter Asia Papers es una publicación conjunta del Instituto de Estudios Internacionales e Interculturales y el Grupo de Investigación Inter Asia de la Universitat Autònoma de INTER ASIA PAPERS Barcelona. ISSN 2013-1747 Contacto editorial Instituto de Estudios Internacionales e Interculturales Grupo de Investigación Inter Asia Edifici E1 nº 1 / 2008 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona España LAS REFERENCIAS ASIÁTICAS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BJÖRK Tel: + 34 - 93 581 2111 Fax: + 34 - 93 581 3266 Jordi Mas López E-mail: [email protected] Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Página web: http://www.uab.cat/grup-recerca/interasia © Grupo de Investigación Inter Asia Edita Instituto de Estudios Internacionales e Interculturales Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona 2008 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ISSN 2013-1739 (versión impresa) Depósito Legal: B-50443-2008 (versión impresa) Instituto de Estudios Internacionales e Interculturales ISSN 2013-1747 (versión en línea) Depósito Legal: B-50442-2008 (versión en línea) Grupo de Investigación Inter Asia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Las referencias asiáticas en la producción de Björk Jordi Mas López Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Resumen Se analizan las referencias asiáticas presentes en la producción de Björk para considerar cuáles son los valores que se asocian con Asia Oriental y explicar su sentido poniéndolas en relación con la imagen del cuerpo como identidad que se construye en sus discos. La conclusión es que, mientras que la visión que se da de Asia Oriental es muy semejante a la que generalmente se ha construido en Occidente, el uso que de ellas hace Björk es coherente con su producción, y parte de la conciencia de que uno mismo no puede definirse si no es a partir de la presencia del otro. Palabras clave Asia Oriental, género, cultura popular Abstract References to Asia in Björk’s work are analyzed in order to consider which are the values associated in them to East Asia and to explain their meaning. To do the latter, those references are put in relation to the body as an image of the identity built in Björk’s albums. The author concludes that Björk offers a vision of East Asia very similar to the one most current in the West. Nevertheless, the use that the artist makes of it is very coherent with her whole work, and she is quite aware that the Self cannot be defined without taking the Other into account. Key words East Asia, gender, popular culture. Inter Asia Papers ISSN 2013-1747 nº 1/2008 1 2 Jordi Mas López LAS REFERENCIAS ASIÁTICAS EN LA 2001a y 2004)—. Así, no resulta extraño que la autora, en parte PRODUCCIÓN DE BJÖRK1 gracias a la forma almendrada de sus ojos, haya utilizado imágenes o sonidos de inspiración asiática para hablar de una Jordi Mas López identidad que debe construirse desde la alteridad o la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona subalternidad. Ciertamente, la asociación entre feminidad y exotismo no es ninguna novedad en las representaciones de Introducción Asia fabricadas en Occidente, pero quizás sí lo es el gesto de El objetivo de este breve estudio es analizar las referencias a Björk, que a veces se muestra a través de un filtro oriental Asia que encontramos en la obra de la cantante Björk. precisamente para revelar algo propio e íntimo. Quizás esta Utilizamos la palabra referencia de una manera muy laxa, innovación es debida al hecho de que quien crea la puesto que en las instancias que hemos identificado la cultura representación femenina no es, como ha sido habitual, un oriental no se convierte propiamente en tema del discurso, sino hombre que quiere hablar de lo que él no es, sino una mujer que en un medio, una metáfora, para hablar de la propia identidad. quiere explicar —y explicarse— quién es. Quizás podríamos haber usado la palabra evocación, que, no Así, pues, nuestro objetivo es identificar las referencias obstante, suena demasiado modernista, y resulta poco claro. orientales en la producción de Björk para analizarlas y explicar Occidente cuenta con una larga tradición de creación de cuáles son los valores que vehiculan —qué imagen transmiten representaciones de Asia, con las cuales se ha intentado crear la sobre Asia Oriental— y cómo encajan en el conjunto de su obra imagen de Otro contra el cual definirse: Oriente ha sido, —es decir, como deben interpretarse y qué dicen sobre la necesariamente, lo que no es Occidente. En consecuencia, identidad del personaje que se dibuja en la obra. hablar de Oriente es también, consciente o inconscientemente, Un par de precisiones sobre el ámbito del estudio. En primer hablar de Occidente (Said: 2-9 y 14-15). lugar, cuando nos referimos a Björk, no lo hacemos a una Del mismo modo en que la cultura occidental ha dado muestras persona de carne y hueso, sino a un personaje que se ha ido muy numerosas de ser etnocéntrica, también las ha dado de ser conformando y modificando a medida que crecía su obra androcéntrica, y la mujer se ha convertido, así, en otro Otro (Björk, 2003). No nos interesa la Björk que crea sus canciones, (Beauvoir, 2000-2001 y Irigaray, 1985). La obra de Björk, y el sino la que, en todo caso, se deriva de ellas (Barthes, 1984). discurso que en ella se construye, no se podría explicar sin Por otro lado, es evidente que la autora no trabaja sola: tener en cuenta que la cantante es y se siente mujer —este es un colabora con una serie de músicos, productores, fotógrafos, tema fundamental en los discos Vespertine y Medúlla (Björk, directores de videoclips... que aportan sus conocimientos en la creación de los productos que rodean las canciones. Por lo 1 Este trabajo es resultado del proyecto de investigación MEC I + D tanto, su producción, incluso la estrictamente musical, es fruto (HUM2005-08151) “Interculturalidad de Asia Oriental en la era de la de un trabajo colectivo. No obstante, un examen general globalización”. evidencia una coherencia de motivos y recursos expresivos, Inter Asia Papers ISSN 2013-1747 nº 1/2008 Inter Asia Papers ISSN 2013-1747 nº 1/2008 Las referencias asiáticas en la producción de Björk 3 4 Jordi Mas López tanto en un mismo disco como en discos sucesivos, que desafiaba la hegemonía de la canción pop, y a pesar de que sugieren que la cantante colabora muy estrechamente con estos después esta combinación ha tenido mucho rendimiento en la profesionales para conseguir que los videoclips y las carátulas música moderna, entonces aún era una propuesta insólita, que de sus discos reflejen fielmente el contenido de las canciones. llamó mucho la atención del público (Björk, 2003). (Björk, 2003). Desde el punto de vista sonoro, Debut se caracteriza por la En consecuencia, en el corpus de nuestra investigación combinación de sonidos electrónicos muy sofisticados con incluimos los discos de estudio de la trayectoria en solitario de otros acústicos producidos desde una sensibilidad más cercana Björk —Debut (1993), Post (1995a), Homogenic (1997), a la música clásica o el jazz que a la pop rock (Björk, 2003). El Vespertine (2001), Medúlla (2004) y Volta (2007)—, así como conjunto del disco es bastante coherente, pero cada canción se las carátulas de los discos y los videoclips de los singles que se decanta más hacia un ámbito sonoro u otro, y en términos extrajeron de ellos. Excluimos, en cambio, aquellas obras o diferentes. Lo que distingue Venus As A Boy del resto de piezas productos en que Björk trabaja al servicio de otro creador —por es precisamente la inclusión de un conjunto instrumental indio, ejemplo, al escribir las bandas sonoras Selmasongs (2001) y que con la sinuosidad de la línea melódica que dibuja contrasta Drawing Restraint 9 (2005)— o, como en el caso de las vivamente con la precisión de los sonidos electrónicos. Hay que remezclas, cuando es otro profesional quien se hace tener en cuenta, también, que en el año 1993 los sonidos responsable del producto final. Tampoco atribuimos valor de étnicos, tan presentes en la música new age, aún no habían referencia a las colaboraciones de Björk con artistas de Asia hecho entrada en el pop rock, y la sonoridad de Venus As A Boy Oriental, como Eiko Ishioka en el videoclip de Cocoon (Björk, llamaba mucho la atención. De hecho, hasta el año 1998 Talvin 2002) o el cantante Dokaka en algunas canciones de Medúlla Singh, que toca la tabla y dirige la sección de cuerdas de la (2004). Hay, también, alguna instancia dudosa, como, por canción, no conseguiría fama mundial con el disco Ok (Singh, ejemplo, el uso de una tabla en la canción Come To Me, de 1998). Debut (1993), pero sólo hemos considerado aquellas en que la presencia de un elemento asiático tiene, realmente, un valor Referencia 2: la apariencia y el decorado chinos del videoclip referencial, ya sea literal o metafóricamente. de Possibly Maybe (Björk, 2002), de Post (1995a). El videoclip de la canción Possibly Maybe está concebido de una manera Las referencias asiáticas muy teatral: prácticamente todas las escenas se graban en un En total, tal como detallamos a continuación, son seis las mismo espacio, que se va transformando gracias a los cambios referencias asiáticas que encontramos en la obra de Björk. en la decoración y en el vestido, peinado y maquillaje de la cantante. En una de estas transformaciones, Björk aparece Referencia 1: la orquesta india de la canción Venus As A Boy, vestida con un vestido corto de inspiración vagamente china y del álbum Debut (1993). El primer disco en solitario de Björk, peinada con dos moños a cada lado de la cabeza que también Debut, fue pionero en la combinación de sonidos electrónicos evocan este país.
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