THE BLACK STUDIES READER THE BLACK STUDIES READER Jacqueline Bobo Cynthia Hudley Claudine Michel Editors Routledge New York & London Published in 2004 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 www.routledge-ny.com Published in Great Britain by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE www.routledge.co.uk Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc. Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. This edition published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Black studies reader / Jacqueline Bobo, Cynthia Hudley, Claudine Michel, editors. p.cm. ISBN 0-415-94553-4 (hardback) — ISBN 0-415-94554-2 (pbk.) 1.African Americans—Study and teaching. 2.African Americans—History. 3.African Americans—Social conditions. I.Bobo, Jacqueline. II.Hudley, Cynthia. III.Michel, Claudine. E184.7.B56 2004 305.896'073—dc22 2003027162 ISBN 0-203-49134-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-57688-8 (Adobe eReader Format) CONTENTS introduction 1 Jacqueline Bobo, Cynthia Hudley, Claudine Michel part 1 theorizing black studies section a evolution of consciousness 1 the intellectual and institutional development of africana studies 15 Robert L. Harris Jr. 2 black studies in liberal arts education 21 Johnnetta B. Cole 3 theorizing black studies 35 The Continuing Role of Community Service in the Study of Race and Class James Jennings 4 how the west was one 41 On the Uses and Limitations of Diaspora Robin D. G. Kelley section b black feminism: acts of resistance 5 womanist consciousness 47 Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke Elsa Barkley Brown 6 discontented black feminists 65 Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment Rosalyn Terborg-Penn 7 ella baker and the origins of “participatory democracy” 79 Carol Mueller 8 black women and the academy 91 Angela Y. Davis section c representing black men 9how deep,how wide? 101 Perspectives on the Making of The Massachusetts 54th Colored Infantry Jacqueline Shearer 10 military rites and wrongs 113 African Americans in the U.S. Armed Forces Phyllis R. Klotman 11 justifiable homicide, police brutality, or governmental repression? the 1962 los angeles police shooting of seven members of the nation of islam 139 Frederick Knight vi contents 12 some glances at the black fag 153 Race,Same-Sex Desire,and Cultural Belonging Marlon B. Ross part ii conceptualizing culture and ideology section d text creation and representation 13 the color purple 177 Black Women as Cultural Readers Jacqueline Bobo 14 black talk radio 193 Defining Community Needs and Identity Catherine R. Squires 15 chasing fae 211 The Watermelon Woman and Black Lesbian Possibility Laura L. Sullivan 16 dreadpath/lockspirit 225 Akasha Gloria Hull section e interrogating cultural expressions 17 in the year 1915 229 D.W. Griffith and the Whitening of America Cedric J. Robinson 18 what is this “black” in black popular culture? 255 Stuart Hall 19 dyes and dolls 265 Multicultural Barbie and the Merchandising of Difference Ann duCille 20 african signs and spirit writing 281 Harryette Mullen part iii sexuality, education, religion section f autonomy, subjectivity, sexuality 21 black (w)holes and the geometry of black female sexuality 301 Evelynn Hammonds 22 black bodies/gay bodies 315 The Politics of Race in the Gay/Military Battle Alycee J. Lane 23 hormones and melanin 329 The Dimensions of “Race,” Sex, and Gender in Africology; Reflexive Journeys Patrick Bellegarde-Smith contents vii 24 can the queen speak? 343 Racial Essentialism,Sexuality,and the Problem of Authority Dwight A. McBride section g education: pedagogy and practice 25 home-school partnership through the eyes of parents 359 Cynthia Hudley and Rhoda Barnes 26 desegregation experiences of minority students 367 Adolescent Coping Strategies in Five Connecticut High Schools Randi L. Miller 27 racial socialization strategies of parents in three black private schools 379 Deborah J. Johnson 28 talking about race, learning about racism 389 The Application of Racial Identity Development Theory in the Classroom Beverly Daniel Tatum section h religion in black life 29 slave ideology and biblical interpretation 413 Katie Geneva Cannon 30 black theology and the black woman 421 Jacquelyn Grant 31 teaching haitian vodou 435 Claudine Michel 32 islam in the african-american experience 445 Richard Brent Turner Selected Bibliography 473 Contributors 475 Permissions Acknowledgements 479 Index 483 CREDITS Bellegarde-Smith,Patrick,“Hormones and Melanin: The Dimensions of ‘Race,’Sex and Gender in Africology; Reflexive Journeys.”Copyright by the author Bobo,Jacqueline,“ The Color Purple: Black Women as Cultural Readers,” in E. Deidre Pri- bram,ed.,Female Spectators: Looking at Film and Television (London and New York: Verso,1988),90–109. Brown,Elsa Barkley,“Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Indeoendent Order of Saint Luke,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14:3 (spring 1989): 610–33. Cannon,Katie Geneva,“Slave Ideology and Biblical Interpretation,”Semeia 47 (1989): 9–22. Cole,Johnnetta B.,“Black Studies in Liberal Arts Education” in Johnnella E. Butler and John C. Walter,eds., Transforming the Curriculum Ethnic Studies and Women’s Studies (Al- bany: State University of New York Press,1991),131–47. Davis,Angela Y.,“Black Women and the Academy: Defending Our Name 1894–1994,” Callaloo 17:2 (summer 1994): 422–31. duCille,Ann,“Dyes and Dolls: Multicultural Barbie and the Deep Play of Difference,”dif- ferences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 6:1 (spring 1994): 48–68. Grant,Jacquelyn,“Black Theology and the Black Woman,”in Delores P.Aldridge and Car- lene Young,eds., Out of the Revolution: The Development of Africana Studies (Lanham,Md.: Lexington Books,2000),427–43. Hall,Stuart. “What Is This ‘Black’ in Black Popular Culture?” in Gina Dent,ed.,Black Pop- ular Culture (Seattle,Wash.: Bay Press,1992),21–33. (Now published by the New Press.) Hammonds,Evelynn,“Black (W)holes and the Geometry of Black Female Sexuality”(More Gender Trouble: Feminism Meets Queer Theory), differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 6:2–3 (summer–fall 1994): 126–46. Harris,Robert L.,Jr.,“The Intellectual and Institutional Development of Africana Stud- ies,”in Robert L. Harris Jr.,Darlene Clark Hine,and Nellie McKay,eds.,Three Essays: Black Studies in the United States (New York: The Ford Foundation,1990),7–14. Hudley,Cynthia,and Rhoda Barnes,“Home-School Partnership through the Eyes of Parents.” Research paper supported by the Center for Black Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara (1993). Hull,Akasha Gloria,“DreadPath/LockSpirit,”in Gloria Wade-Gayles,eds., My Soul Is a Witness: African-American Women’s Spirituality (Boston: Beacon Press,1995),229–33. x credits Jennings,James,“Theorizing Black Studies: The Continuing Role of Community Service in the Study of Race and Class,” in Manning Marable, ed., Dispatches from the Ebony Tower (New York: Columbia University Press,2000),177–85. Johnson,Deborah J.,“Racial Socialization Strategies of Parents in Three Black Private Schools,” in Diana T. Slaughter and Deborah J. Johnson, eds., Visible Now: Blacks in Private Schools (New York: Greenwood Press,1988),251–67. Kelley,Robin D. G.,“How the West Was One: On the Uses and Limitations of Diaspora,” The Black Scholar 30:3–4 (fall–winter 2000): 31–35. Klotman,Phyllis R.“Military Rites and Wrongs: African Americans in the U.S. Armed Forces,” in Phyllis R. Klotman and Janet K. Cutler,eds.Struggles for Representation: African American Documentary Film and Video (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1999),34–70. Knight,Frederick,“Justifiable Homicide,Police Brutality,or Governmental Repression? The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam,” The Jour- nal of Negro History 79:2 (spring 1994): 182–94. Lane,Alycee J.,“Black Bodies/Gay Bodies: The Politics of Race in the Gay/Military Battle,” Callaloo (1994): 1074–88. McBride,Dwight A. “Can the Queen Speak? Racial Essentialism,Sexuality,and the Prob- lem of Authority,” in Devon W. Carbado, ed. Black Men on Race, Gender and Sexuality: A Reader (New York: New York University Press,1999),253–75. Michel,Claudine,“Teaching Haitian Vodou,” Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture 61 (1997): 83–99. Miller,Randi L.,“Desegregation Experiences of Minority Students: Adolescent Coping Strategies in Five Connecticut High Schools,” Journal of Adolescent Research. 4:2 (Sage Publications,Inc.,April 1989): 173–89. Mueller,Carol,“Ella Baker and the Origins of ‘Participtory Democracy,’“ in Vicki L. Craw- ford,Jacqueline Anne Rouse,and Barbara Woods,eds.,Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers, 1941–1965 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1993), 51–70. (Formerly published by Carlson Publishing,Inc.,1990,Brooklyn,N.Y.) Mullen,Harryette,“African Signs and Spirit Writing,”Callaloo 19:3 (1996): 670–89. Robinson,Cedric J.,“In the Year 1915: D. W. Griffith and the Whitening of America,”Social Identities 3:2 (1997): 161–92. (Carfax Publishing Limited,P.O. Box 25,Abingdon,Oxford- shire OX14 3UE,United Kingdom.) Ross,Marlon B.,“Some Glances at the Black Fag: Race,Same-Sex Desire,and Cultural Be- longing,”Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 3 (1994): 191–219. credits xi Shearer,Jacqueline,“How Deep,How Wide? Prespectives on the Making of theMassachu- setts 54th Colored Infantry,” in Jacqueline Bobo, ed., Black Women Film and Video Artists (New York: Routledge,1998),109–23.