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98 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES УДК 582.5(571.64) СИСТЕМА APG IV И ЕЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ С СИСТЕМОЙ ТАХТАДЖЯНА НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПОКРЫТОСЕМЕННЫХ САХАЛИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ Родина Е.Ю., Олейник Д.А. ФГБОУ «Сахалинский государственный университет», Южно-Сахалинск, e-mail: [email protected] В работе дана краткая характеристика слабо распространенной в России системы классификации по- крытосеменных, представленной «группой филогении покрытосеменных» – системы APG IV. Данная си- стема учитывает наиболее современные исследования в области генетики и сосредоточена на установлении связей «семейство – порядок». Анализ определенных консервативных участков ДНК у большого количества таксонов позволил расположить покрытосеменные в соответствии с естественными родственными связями растений, то есть выстроить филогенетическое древо APG IV. В данном исследовании проведено сравне- ние широко используемой в России системы Тахтаджяна и системы APG IV на примере покрытосеменных растений Сахалинской области. В качестве материала для исследования использовались 1389 образцов по- крытосеменных растений, среди которых выделено 476 видов покрытосеменных, составляющих 271 род. Согласно системе Тахтаджяна, данные растения представляют 77 семейств покрытосеменных. Выявлена значительная разница в количестве порядков, в которые объединяются исследованные растения по сравни- ваемым системам: 57 согласно системе Тахтаджяна и 32 по APG IV. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что система APG IV устанавливает больше родственных взаимосвязей между семействами, чем си- стема Тахтаджяна. Ключевые слова: покрытосеменные, систематика, APG, Сахалинская область THE APG IV SYSTEM AND ITS COMPARISON WITH THE TAKHTAJAN SYSTEM USING ANGIOSPERMS OF SAKHALIN REGION AS AN EXAMPLE Rodina E.Yu., Oleynik D.A. Sakhalin State University, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, e-mail: [email protected] In this project we have briefly described the system of angiosperm classification given by Angiosperm phylogeny group – the APG IV system – which is little known in Russia. This system reflects the latest genetic researches and focuses on making connections of the «family – order» type. The analysis of certain conservative DNA regions of a great number of taxons has made it possible to put angiosperms in order corresponding to natural relationships between the plants which means building up an APG IV phylogenetic tree. This research suggests a comparison of a system, that is wide-spread in our country – the Takhtajan system – and the APG IV system using angiosperms of Sakhalin region as an example. We used 1389 samples of angiosperm plants as a material for the research, among which there are 476 species of angiosperms which make up 271 genres. These plants represent 77 families according to the Takhtajan system. A considerable difference between the number of orders among the researched plants systematized according to compared systems was found: 57 by the Takhtajan system and 32 by the APG IV. The received data shows that the APG IV system makes more connections between families than the Takhtajan’s one. Keywords: angiosperms, systematics, APG, Sakhalin region В России и, частично, за рубежом ши- и была несколько раз обновлена с опорой роко распространилась и используется до на данные последних исследований, за- сих пор система Армена Леоновича Тах- трагивающих вопросы филогении в пре- таджяна (1910–2009 гг.) [1]. делах порядков. Данная система перерабатывалась не- Система APG основана на генетиче- однократно, следуя за новейшими иссле- ских признаках. Благодаря анализу боль- дованиями в области ботаники. Тахтад- шого количества таксонов и секвениро- жян стремился установить максимально ванию семи особых участков ДНК, среди однородные группы покрытосеменных которых: нуклеарные 18S rDNA, фитох- с учетом их происхождения, с чем связано ромы PHYA и PHYC, пластидные rbcL, сравнительно большое количество выде- atpB и митохондриальные atp1 и matR, ленных им семейств. стало возможным подтвердить, опровер- Система «группы филогении покрыто- гнуть существующие представления, ка- семенных» (Angiosperm phylogeny group – сающиеся взаимосвязей таксонов, или APG) впервые была представлена в 1998 г. выявить новые родственные связи. Для К. Бремером, М.В. Чейзом, П.Ф. Стивен- большинства случаев справедливыми ока- сом и др., однако в России широкой из- зываются зависимости, выявленные на вестности не обрела. Данная система (ри- основании классических признаков, одна- сунок) сосредоточена на уровне порядков ко внешнее сходство при классификации INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH № 9, 2018 БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ 99 по вышеуказанной системе во внимание ные названия тех или иных групп, принято утверж- не принимается. Например, внешне похо- денные Кодексом таксоны записывать с прописной жие представители семейств Падубовые буквы, а грады и клады − со строчной [3]. (Aquifoliaceae) и Икациновые (Icacinacae) Две наиболее крупные группы системы APG называются basal angiosperms и core angiosperms объединялись в один порядок – Падубоц- (иначе – mesangiosperms). Basal angiosperms – это ветные Aquifoliales [1]. При этом семей- группа, отделившаяся от ветви первых покрыто- ство Icacinacae отождествлялось с семей- семенных раньше подавляющего большинства ством Меттениусовые (Metteniusaceae). остальных. Она включает 3 порядка: Амборелло- В филогенетической системе APG IV – цветные (Amborellales), Кувшинкоцветные (Nym- последняя редакция системы от 2016 г. – pheales) и Австробэйлиецветные (Austrobaileyales), выделяют три самостоятельных порядка: согласно первым буквам которых эту группу назы- Aquifoliales, Icacinales и Metteniusales [2]. вают ANA-grade [2]. Основание филогенетического Цель данного исследования: провести древа и, соответственно, наиболее древние в эво- люционном отношении представители современ- сравнительный анализ систем Тахтаджяна ных покрытосеменных – порядок Амбореллоцвет- и APG IV на примере растений Сахалин- ные (Amborellales), признанный базальной линией. ской области. К данному порядку отнесен только один вид, оби- тающий в Новой Каледонии, поэтому можно сде- Материалы и методы исследования лать предположения о строении предков покрыто- Данное исследование проводилось в период семенных по внешнему виду Amborella, например с июля 2017 г. по май 2018 г. мелкие цветки (диаметр менее 5 мм) соответствуют В качестве материала для исследования ис- палеботаническим находкам. пользовались 1389 образцов, представляющих 476 Группа core angiosperms включает в себя ос- видов покрытосеменных, составляющих 271 род, новную массу семейств и видов покрытосеменных. объединенный в 77 семейств. Внутри нее выделяют следующие клады: magno- Для уточнения систематического положения liids, monocots, eudicots; также сюда входят неза- имеющихся в наличии образцов растений исполь- висимо развивавшаяся группа Хлорантоцветные зовали систему покрытосеменных Тахтаджяна [1] (Chloranthales), не включенная в последней редак- и систему APG IV [2]. ции APG в более широкую кладу, и Роголистни- Растения объединялись в семейства в соответ- коцветные (Ceratophyllales), чье положение пока ствии с системой классификации Тахтаджяна [1], тоже до конца не выяснено, но, предположительно, которая широко используется, так как включает данный порядок и eudicots – сестринские группы. наиболее полный список родов покрытосеменных Сестринскими называют группы, которые на кла- растений. Применение системы APG на уровне дограмме выходят из одного узла, то есть имеют распределения родов по семействам невозможно, общего предка, который не является таковым для поскольку она сосредоточена на установлении других групп [4]. связей «семейство – порядок», поэтому сравнение Magnoliids – следующая клада по хронологии этих двух классификаций проводилось на уровне за базальной. Предположительно, когда-то она порядков. была богата в видовом отношении и широко рас- пространена, о чем может свидетельствовать фраг- Краткая характеристика системы APG IV ментированный ареал: тропики и субтропики кон- тинентов. Отличительной чертой системы APG стало ре- Monocots – клада, являющаяся аналогом класса шение ее авторов отказаться от формальных бота- Однодольные. Исследования в области молекуляр- нических названий групп, которые по рангу стоят ной филогенетики, а также изучение морфологии выше порядка, что связано с недостаточностью пыльцевых зерен покрытосеменных привели к не- сведений о точном составе и родстве на таком гло- обходимости выделения этой клады, за чем после- бальном уровне организации, поэтому порядки довало изменение названия на неформальное [5]. объединены в группы, названия которых даны на Было установлено, что для представителей mono- английском языке. cots характерны 1-апертурные зерна и их произ- Филогенетическая система подразумевает ис- водные. В рамках группы выделяют клады Спар- пользование специальных систематических кате- жецветные (Asparagales), Лилиецветные (Liliales), горий, которые называются грады и клады. Под Диоскореецветные (Dioscoreales), Панданоцветные кладой понимают любую монофилетическую по (Pandanales), Петросавиецветные (Petrosaviales), происхождению группу, то есть группу, включаю- Частухоцветные (Alismatales), Аироцветные (Aco- щую всех потомков единственного предка. Таким rales) и commelinids. образом, все представители одной клады связаны Клада еudicots, в свою очередь, большей ча- родством определенной степени. В зависимости от стью соответствует двудольным. Впервые эта кла- степени разветвленности родственных связей круп- да была распознана в 1989 г. по морфологическим ная клада может включать в себя более мелкие. признакам, а максимального
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  • Plant Oddities - ! Plant Oddities - ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs !

    Plant Oddities - ! Plant Oddities - ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs !

    6/29/09! Plant Oddities - ! Plant Oddities - ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs ! Of all the plants, the most bizarre, the least Of all the plants, the most bizarre, the least understood, but yet the most interesting are understood, but yet the most interesting are those plants that have unusual modes of those plants that have unusual modes of nutrient uptake.! nutrient uptake.! Carnivore: Nepenthes! Parasite: Rafflesia! Plant Oddities - ! Plant Oddities - ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs ! Of all the plants, the most bizarre, the least understood, but yet the most interesting are those plants that have unusual modes of At the state, federal, and international levels, many of nutrient uptake.! these plants are extremely rare, threatened, or endangered. Many are protected internationally from collection by CITES.! Saprotroph: Monotropa! 1! 6/29/09! Plant Oddities - ! Plant Oddities - ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs ! the Carnivores, Parasites & Saprotrophs ! Three aspects of these plants present problems. ! Two factors for this systematic confusion! 1. The biology of how they trap animals, recognize and penetrate other plants, and how they interact with fungi is • !the specialized roles often involve reductions in both often little understood.! vegetative and floral features! 2. The basic anatomical and morphological structures of both • !often unrelated members of these groups converge unto the vegetative and floral parts of these
  • DDC) Stemming from the Adoption of the APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) III Classification As the Basis for the DDC’S Treatment of Flowering Plants

    DDC) Stemming from the Adoption of the APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) III Classification As the Basis for the DDC’S Treatment of Flowering Plants

    This PDF documents proposed changes throughout the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) stemming from the adoption of the APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) III classification as the basis for the DDC’s treatment of flowering plants. We request comment from any interested party, to be sent to Rebecca Green ([email protected]) by 31 January 2016. Please include “Angiosperm review comments” in your subject line. -------------------------------------------------------------- Why is the DDC adopting a new basis for classifying angiosperms (flowering plants)? During the latter half of the 20th century, biological classification turned from establishing taxa predominantly on the basis of morphological similarities to establishing taxa predominantly on the basis of shared ancestry / shared derived characters, with biological taxonomies mirroring evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic analysis typically underlies modern evolutionary classifications, but has resulted in the development of many competing classifications. Within the domain of flowering plants, different classification systems have been favored in different countries. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, a global consortium of botanists, has addressed this issue by developing a “consensus” classification that is monophyletic (i.e., its taxa include all but only the descendants of a common ancestor). Now in its third version, the APG III classification is considered relatively stable and useful for both research and practice (e.g., for organizing plants in herbaria). The development for flowering plants presented here is the culmination of DDC editorial work over a span of several years. An early version revised 583–584 to make the schedule compatible with the APG III classification, while trying to minimize relocations and using see references to establish the APG III logical hierarchy.
  • 1 © &lt;2021&gt;. This Manuscript Version Is Made Available Under the CC-BY

    1 © <2021>. This Manuscript Version Is Made Available Under the CC-BY

    1 © <2021>. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 2 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 3 This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared 4 in final form in Plant Science. To access the final edited and published work see 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.013.” 6 7 Digestive glands extraction and precise pigment analysis support the exclusion of 8 the carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula Ellis from the Caryophyllales order 9 10 Paula Henarejos-Escudero, Berenice Guadarrama-Flores, Francisco García-Carmona, 11 and Fernando Gandía-Herrero* 12 13 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, 14 Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare 15 Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain 16 17 *Corresponding author (Tel: +34 868 889592; Fax: +34 868 884147; E-mail: 18 [email protected]) 19 1 20 ABSTRACT 21 In the order Caryophyllales, plants synthesize betalains instead of anthocyanins, with only 22 two exceptions, the Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae. Dionaea muscipula Ellis was 23 included in the Caryophyllales order but recent research based on genetic studies 24 proposed the consideration of the Droseraceae family into the Nepenthales order. In this 25 work we face the dilemma of the phylogenetic classification of Dionaea from a 26 phytochemical point of view. Dionaea’s pigments were analyzed by using techniques of 27 structural analysis. Extracts from the leaves, mature stem and flowers of different 28 specimens of Dionaea were analyzed, to find possible differences in the types of pigments 29 or in their proportion in different parts of the plant.
  • Flora of the Guianas Project

    Flora of the Guianas Project

    Leiden, October 2012 The Flora of the Guianas is a co-operative programme of: Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, Centre de Cayenne, Cayenne; Department of Biology, University of Guyana, Georgetown; Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; New York Botanical Garden, New York; Nationaal Herbarium Suriname, Paramaribo; Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht University branch, Utrecht, and Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. For further information see the website: http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/FoGWebsite/index.html Published on June 2014 Flora of the Guianas Newsletter no 18. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Einsteiweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands 2 CONTENTS In Memorian M.F.Prévost, J. Florschutz 1. MEETING PROGRAM ...................................................................................................... 6 2. MINUTES OF THE ADVISORY BOARD MEETING .............................................................. 7 2.1. Opening and report on previous meeting in Washigton .............................................. 7 2.2. Board personnel changes ............................................................................................ 7 2.3. Memorandum of Understanding ................................................................................. 7 2.4. Report by the executive editor ...................................................................................