DOCSLIB.ORG

Rubicon – 28. Évf. 5. Sz. (2017. Május)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rubicon – 28. Évf. 5. Sz. (2017. Május) ÁRA : 695 F t TÖRTÉNELMI MAGAZIN 2017/ 5 Re mén yek ésillúz iók KÁL LAY MIKLÓS Miniszterelnök, Nem volt 194 2–1944 hintapolitikus Megjelent! 2017/1. Különszám TARTA LOM Soós István: Sisi és családja Niederhauser Emil: Ferenc József és Erzsébet F. Dózsa Katalin: Megértô feleség és szenvedélyes anya Niederhauser Emil: A magányos menekülô F. Dózsa Katalin: Erzsébet és a bécsi udvar Niederhauser Emil: Erzsébet és a magyarok F. Dózsa Katalin: Erzsébet társasága Kovács Éva: Erzsébet királyné Gödöllőn F. Dózsa Katalin: A világ legszebb asszonya Niederhauser Emil: A méltatlan vég KERESSE AZ ÚJSÁGÁRUSOKNÁL! Különszámainkat elôfizetőink is az újságárusoknál vásárolhatják meg! www.rubicon.hu TARTALOM 2017/5 KÁLLAY MIKLÓS – REMÉNYEK ÉS ILLÚZIÓK TÖRTÉNELMI MAGAZIN 4 Joó András: Kállay Miklós. XXVIII. ÉVFOLYAM 307. SZÁM Magyarország 31. miniszterelnöke LEKTORÁLT FOLYÓIRAT 14 Kerepeszki Róbert: Elveszett illúziók. 4 FŒ szer kesz tŒ: Szó sincs hintapolitikáról! Rácz Ár pád Kállay Miklós külpolitikájának háttere és realitása 14 Szer kesz tŒ bi zott ság: 26 Szabó Péter: Mély bizalmatlanság. Bács kai Ve ra, Bertényi Iván, Kállay Miklós miniszterelnök és a katonai vezetés Gyarmati György, Me zey Barna, 30 Estók János: Kállay, az agrárpolitikus Ormos Mária, Orosz Ist ván 38 Kosztolnyik Krisztián: Kállay Miklós Szer kesz tŒség: és az öntözésügy Csorba László, Hahner Péter, 40 Ujváry Gábor: Szinyei Merse JenŒ Hermann Róbert, Magyarics Tamás, és a Kállay-kormány kultúrpolitikája Németh György, Rainer M. János, Rácz György, Romsics Gergely, 46 Joó András – Orosz László – Sáringer János: Szakály Sándor, Ujváry Gábor A Kállay-kormány kulcsszemélyiségei 52 Orosz László: Kényszerhelyzet, meghasonlottság. OlvasószerkesztŒ: A magyarországi németek a Kállay-kormány idején Potencsik Erika 30 KépszerkesztŒ: 54 Joó András: Remények, illúziók, manŒverek Basics Beatrix, Vajda László 58 Fülöp Mihály: Kilépni nehéz. Fo tó: Kiugrások, kapitulációk, 1943–1944 Kardos Judit, 62 Ritter László: Szöktetés a szerájból? Mudrák Attila A brit Titkos HírszerzŒ Szolgálat és Kállay Miklós Térkép: Nagy Béla, SebŒk László 64 Janek István: Egy elvetélt elképzelés. Kísérletek a közös kiugrás megszervezésére TervezŒszerkesztŒ: Szlovákia vezetŒivel 1943–44-ben Czeizel Balázs Ki ad ja a Rubicon–Ház Kft. 66 Joó András: Kállay Miklós emigrációban Fe le lŒs ki adó: Rácz Ár pád 70 Bern Andrea: FŒméltóságos Úr! / Kedves Mica! A szer kesz tŒ ség cí me: 1161 Bu da pest, Sándor u. 60. Horthy Miklós és Kállay Miklós emigrációs Telefon: 402-1848 levelezése – 1947–1956 Fax: 402-1849 74 Kertész Tünde Fruzsina: Kállay Miklós e-mail: [email protected] dél-amerikai körútja 1956 nyarán honlap: www.rubicon.hu 78 Németh Péter: A Kállay-címer Megjelenik évente 12 szám 80 Zeidler Sándor: Hogyan kerül a Kállay-gyıjteménybe Nyomtatás: Ipress Center Central Europe Zrt. Horthy Miklós kormányzó egyik kitüntetése? 2600 Vác, Nádas utca 8. FelelŒs vezetŒ: Borbás Gábor ONLINE PLUSZ Ter jesz ti a Lapker Zrt. Hollósi Gábor: Az 1942. évi XVI. törvénycikk ElŒ fi zet he tŒ a RUBICON–HÁZ Kft.-nél a mezŒgazdaság fejlesztésérŒl. A Kállay-kormány (Bank szám la szám: Buda pest Bank Rt., 70 „nagy” mezŒgazdasági törvénye 10102237-77185300-00000001), Sáringer János: Emberek és sorsok. vala mint Budapes ten a Magyar Posta Zrt. Kállay Miklós és ifj. Horthy Miklós Levél- és Hírlapüzletági Igazgatóságán 78 (XIII., Lehel u. 10/A, E számunk a VERITAS Történetkutató Intézettel le vél cím: LHI, Budapest 1900), együttmıködésben, a Magyarország sorsfordító illetve kerületi ügyfélszolgálati irodáiban, esztendŒi: Kállay Miklós miniszterelnökségének vidéken a postahiva talokban. mérlege címı, 2017. március 10-én megrendezett Külföldön terjeszti a COLOR Interpress Kft. konferencia elŒadásai alapján készült. 1039 Budapest, Hatvany Lajos u. 14. Tel.: +36 1 243 9232 Fotó: Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Történelmi Képcsarnok és Történeti www.colorinterpress.hu Fotótár · Jósa András Múzeum, Kállay-gyıjtemény, Nyíregyháza · HU ISSN 0865-6347 Magyar MezŒgazdasági Múzeum · Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár · ifj. Kállay Miklós · Wettstein János · Zeidler Sándor · Photocon Joó András 74&£∞ ∞∞§£™ KÁLLAY MIKLÓS MAGYARORSZÁG 31. MINISZTERELNÖKE 74&£∞ ∞∞§£™ állay Miklóst a brit történész C. A. Macartney – aki rendszeres és személyes K kapcsolatban állt vele időskorában az emigrációban – úgy jellemezte, mint a magyar dzsentri „prototípusát”. A jómódú, igen erős politikai öntudattal és ha- gyományokkal bíró alföldi földbirtokosok között a közélet és a magánszféra terüle- tein egyaránt szövődtek hosszabb távon meghatározónak bizonyuló bizalmi szálak. Kállay Horthy úgynevezett „vadászköréhez” tartozónak számított, tehát olyan személynek, aki előtt a kormányzó ajtaja szinte mindig nyitva állt. oviális, rugalmas, pragmatikus és jól alkalmazkodó politikusi alkat volt, akinek Jpályája során alkalma nyílt arra, hogy az államélet szinte valamennyi területén tapasztalatokat szerezzen. Tisztelői elsősorban jó helyzetfelismerő képességét, ki- vételes politikai leleményességét és hazaszeretetét méltatták, kritikusai és ellenségei azonban következetlennek, ravaszkodónak és kétszínűnek igyekeztek bemutatni. korszellem és a radikális eszmék nem érintették meg, s közelebb álltak hozzá A a gyakorlati kérdések, a mezőgazdaság és a kereskedelem ügyei, ma talán úgy mondanánk, hogy jobbára a technokrata jellegű feladatok. Sokan nem tekin- tették igazán komoly államférfinak, így csupán a vármegyei politikában edződött, ügyes, de mégis inkább provinciális szemléletű politikust láttak benne. háború alatt rendkívüli és korábbi pályája során kevésbé megszokott kihívá- A sokkal kellett szembenéznie. A kihívás elsősorban külpolitikai jellegű volt. Az államfő rendkívüli és személyes bizalmán alapuló megbízatást a belpolitikában jelentős ellenszélben, a felszínen gyakran leplezett módon kellett Kállaynak telje - sítenie. Sokáig fenntartható volt azonban egy kényes egyensúly egyrészt a belső viszonyok tekintetében, másrészt Németországgal szemben, ami a hosszas manő - verezést és kiútkeresést is lehetővé tette egészen a német megszállás bekövetkeztéig. RUBICON TÖRTÉNELMI MAGAZIN 5 állay Miklós közismerten nagy múltú család tagja volt. A Sza- Kbolcs vármegyében őshonos Balog-Semjén nemzetség – amely a honfoglalás korában megtelepülő ún. ősnemzetségek egyike volt – tagjai év- századok óta éltek, gazdálkodtak és egyúttal politizáltak is az egykori nem- zetségi szállásterületeiken elhelyez- kedő birtoktesteikre támaszkodva. A család oklevelekből ismert legrégibb őse a Balog-Semjén (Bolok Simian) nembéli Ubul, aki II. András korában élt. A nemesi ősök – királyhűségük révén – egyre erősödtek és gyarapod- tak, különösképpen az Anjouk idejé- ben, de a 14. században többször kel- lett jogaikért és birtokaikért komoly küzdelmeket vállalniuk. Már a közép- korban Szabolcsból több megyébe ága- zott szét a népesedő család, miközben tisztségek elnyerése révén politikai ér- telemben is egyre jelentősebbé vált. A Kállay család egyike volt a legerő- sebb identitástudatú magyar nemesi famíliáknak. Tagjai a vármegyei és az országos közéletnek egyaránt ismert szereplőivé váltak. A 18. században Kál- lósemjén lett a katolikus vallású Kál- layak igazi fészke, amely az utóbb oly ismertté és tiszteltté vált nevet – az eredeti nemzetségnév egy részével – magában is hordozta. Az akkori megye- gyűlések színhelyéhez, Nagykállóhoz közel fekvő településen épült fel a sem- család hagyományainak ápolására és 74&£∞ ∞∞§£™ jéni kúria is, miközben a család több gyermekeinek neveltetésére. Ezekben Az édesapa: Kállay András, más szabolcsi községhez – így Nagyha- az években főleg Nagyhalászban élt a Szabolcs vármegye főispánja lászhoz, Napkorhoz vagy később Nyír- család. Az elemi iskolai tanulmányokat 74&£∞ ∞∞§£™ egyházához – szintén erősen kötődött. Miklós magántanulóként végezte, a kö- Kállay Miklós a család különösképpen zépiskolai évek egy részét pedig Nyír- érdeklődött, s a diplomáciai pálya lebe- Mária Terézia idején jelentőssé váló, ún. egyházán, az ágostai hitvallású Evangé- gett a szeme előtt, de – bár ebben túl napkori főágának leszármazottja volt, likus Főgimnázium falai között töl- szerényen ítélte meg önmagát – nem amely mind Szabolcs vármegyének, tötte, végül a gimnáziumi tanulmányo- érezte elég biztosnak a francia- s még mind az országos közéletnek több ki- kat a neves budapesti Magyar Királyi kevésbé a németnyelv-ismeretét ahhoz, emelkedő személyiséget adott, köztük Ferenc József Nevelőintézet kollégis - hogy ezt a pályát válassza. főispánt, országgyűlési képviselőket és tájaként fejezte be (az elitképzőnek Az egyetemi diákévek során – a pe- minisztereket is. Ebből az ágból szár- szánt intézetet a bécsi Theresianum regrináció lehetőségeivel élve – Drez- mazott például Kállay Tibor, aki 1921 mintájára 1888-ban hozták létre). dában, Genfben és Párizsban is tanult, és 1924 között pénzügyminiszter volt. A gyermek Miklós éles eszű, kivéte- majd Budapesten szerezte meg az ál- Távolabbi rokonságban állt Kállay Bé- les memóriával, továbbá igen korán lamtudományi diplomát és a doktori nivel, az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia megmutatkozó szónoki képességekkel oklevelet. Ifjúkorában alapvetően fran- közös pénzügyminiszterével is. is megáldott fiú volt, tanulni, leckét ké- ciás műveltségre tett szert, de tervei szíteni azonban nem szeretett. A nyelv- közt szerepelt egy hosszabb angliai ta- tan általában nehezen ment, a helyes- nulmányút is, amelyről rövid londoni GYERMEKÉVEK ÉS IFJÚKOR írás (főleg a szépírás) pedig valóságos tartózkodása után – mint időskorában küzdelem volt számára. A testedzés és egyszer említette – a zord időjárás
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ideias 46.Pdf
    OS_531_Ideias 46.indd 1 27/01/16 09:19 Edição INCAER Editor Responsável Maj Brig Ar R1 Wilmar Terroso Freitas Projeto Gráfico SO SAD 02 Wânia Branco Viana 2S SAD Jailson Carlos Fernandes Alvim 3S SIN Mauricio Barbosa Cavalcanti Filho 3S TCO Tiago de Oliveira e Souza Revisão, Diagramação de Textos e Impressão INGRAFOTO Nossa Capa Imagem da aeronave de interceptação Gripen NG, recém-adquirida pela FAB. O novo vetor será o responsável pela Defesa Aérea no território nacional. Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca do Instituto Histórico-Cultural da Aeronáutica Ideias em Destaque / Instituto Histórico-Cultural da Aeronáutica. v. – Quadrimestral até dez. 2014; a partir, semestral. ISSN 2175 0904 1. Aeronáutica – Periódico (Brasil). I. Instituto Histórico-Cultural da Aeronáutica. II. INCAER. CDU 354.73 (05) (81) Os artigos publicados nesta revista são de responsabilidade exclusiva de seus autores e não representam, necessariamente, o pensamento do editor de “Ideias em Destaque” e da Direção do INCAER. É permitida a reprodução, total ou parcial, dos artigos aqui publicados, desde que seja citada a fonte. OS_531_Ideias 46.indd 2 27/01/16 09:19 Apresentação É com satisfação que levamos aos nossos prezados leitores mais uma edição de Ideias em Destaque, elaborada com a valiosa contribuição de articulistas, pensadores e pesquisadores que abordam assuntos aeronáu- ticos, políticos, estratégicos e de cultura geral. Ao tempo da primeira edição, em abril de 1989, Ideias em Desta- que tinha como objetivo principal “dar publicidade à matéria de fontes mundiais de pensamentos relacionados com a Aviação” até que, em seu número 18, de agosto de 2006, passa a acolher “temas estratégicos, de Geopolítica e, acima de tudo, de cultura geral.” Em dezembro de 2011, foram inseridas duas seções perma- nentes: uma sobre o Museu Aeroespacial e outra sobre a Biblioteca do INCAER, dois importantes órgãos que concentram itens importan- tes da história da aviação, como aeronaves, equipamentos e literatura.
    [Show full text]
  • Il Rahmi M. Koç Müzesi Di Istanbul “Endüstriyel Mirasin Aynasi” the Rahmi M
    PAG 101-109_Pinna_MARCHIS VITTORIO CAPITOLO 10/12/15 10.23 Pagina 101 MUSEOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA nuova serie • 9: 101-109 • 2015 ISSN 1123-265X Europa 360° Il Rahmi M. Koç Müzesi di Istanbul “Endüstriyel Mirasin Aynasi” The Rahmi M. Koç Müzesi of Istanbul “Endüstriyel Mirasin Aynasi” Giovanni Pinna già direttore del Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano Fra la fine degli anni Ottanta e l’inizio degli anni In the late 1980s and early 1990s the industrialist Novanta l’industriale Rahmi M. Koç, in quegli anni Rahmi M. Koç, at that time Chairman of the Board presidente del consiglio di amministrazione della of Directors of Koç Holding Corp., Turkey’s largest Koç Holding Corp., il più importante gruppo indu- industrial group, fulfilled a dream cultivated since his striale della Turchia, ha realizzato un desiderio colti- youth and rooted in his interest in the history of vato fin dalla giovinezza e radicato nel suo interesse technology, his passion for collecting and his belief per la storia della tecnologia, nella passione per il that he must help promote the industrial progress of collezionismo e nella convi nzione di dover contri- his country. His dream was to create a great museum buire a promuovere il progresso industriale del pro- of science and technology able to provide scientific prio paese: creare un grande museo di scienza e tec- education to young people. nologia in grado di educare i giovani alla scienza. It is said that the idea of founding a museum came to Si dice che l’idea di fondare un museo venne a Rahmi Rahmi in 1956, when he was
    [Show full text]
  • International Spy Museum
    International Spy Museum Searchable Master Script, includes all sections and areas Area Location, ID, Description Labels, captions, and other explanatory text Area 1 – Museum Lobby M1.0.0.0 ΚΑΤΆΣΚΟΠΟΣ SPY SPION SPIJUN İSPİYON SZPIEG SPIA SPION ESPION ESPÍA ШПИОН Language of Espionage, printed on SCHPION MAJASUSI windows around entrance doors P1.1.0.0 Visitor Mission Statement For Your Eyes Only For Your Eyes Only Entry beyond this point is on a need-to-know basis. Who needs to know? All who would understand the world. All who would glimpse the unseen hands that touch our lives. You will learn the secrets of tradecraft – the tools and techniques that influence battles and sway governments. You will uncover extraordinary stories hidden behind the headlines. You will meet men and women living by their wits, lurking in the shadows of world affairs. More important, however, are the people you will not meet. The most successful spies are the unknown spies who remain undetected. Our task is to judge their craft, not their politics – their skill, not their loyalty. Our mission is to understand these daring professionals and their fallen comrades, to recognize their ingenuity and imagination. Our goal is to see past their maze of mirrors and deception to understand their world of intrigue. Intelligence facts written on glass How old is spying? First record of spying: 1800 BC, clay tablet from Hammurabi regarding his spies. panel on left side of lobby First manual on spy tactics written: Over 2,000 years ago, Sun Tzu’s The Art of War. 6 video screens behind glass panel with facts and images.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychology and Politics of Ludwig Carl Moyzisch, Author of Operation Cicero
    International Journal of Arts & Sciences, CD-ROM. ISSN: 1944-6934 :: 09(04):227–232 (2017) THE PSYCHOLOGY AND POLITICS OF LUDWIG CARL MOYZISCH, AUTHOR OF OPERATION CICERO William W. Bostock University of Tasmania, Australia This article explores the intimate relationship between psychology and personal politics, as shown in the life of Ludwig Carl Moyzisch, the handler of Cicero, who was arguably the most successful spy of World War II. An analysis of Moyzisch’s book ‘Operation Cicero’ and other sources reveal Moyzisch to be a man possessing the qualities of astuteness, imagination and empathy, but also being of doubtful moral compass. There is also evidence of uncertainty over personal identity, a characteristic which can explain his successful handling of Elyesa Bazna, also known as Cicero, himself a man of confused identity. Keywords: Moyzisch, Cicero, Bazna, Von Papen, Knatchbull-Hugessen, Schellenberg. From October 1943 until March 1944, the British Embassy in Ankara was the site of a leakage of information in the form of photographs of Most Secret documents that were potentially disastrous for the Allied cause in World War Two, had the Nazi leadership acted upon them. They included the texts of the Allied conferences at Cairo and Teheran, attempts to get Turkey into World War II on the Allied side, and references to Operation Overlord, the forthcoming D Day Landing. The source of this leakage was Elyesa Diello Bazna, an ethnic Albanian of Turkish citizenship and Muslim religion, who was valet to Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen, British Ambassador to Turkey. While Sir Hugh was sleeping or taking his twice daily bath, his valet Bazna was able to photograph a large number of important and top secret documents, which he then offered for sale to the German Embassy for an outrageous price.
    [Show full text]
  • The Entry of Turkey Into World War Ii
    THE ENTRY OF TURKEY INTO WORLD WAR II by HARRY N. HOWARD * During World War II the Turkish Republic, as was natural in view of its strategic position at the international crossroads, was of great interest to both the Axis powers and the nations against them, including the United States. A nonbelligerent ally of Great Britain and France, based on the preliminary agreements of May-June 1939 and the treaty of October I g, 1939, as the war moved down through the Balkan Peninsula during 1940-1941, there was much with the attitude of Turkey, particularly after Italian entry into the struggle in June 1940 and the attack on Greece on October 28, 1940, and the advance of German forces into Rumania and then Bulgaria, with the ultimate Nazi aggression against Yugoslavia and Greece on April 5-6, 1941. During January-February 1941 President Roosevelt sent Col. William J. Donovan to this troubled region to stimulate resis- tance to the Nazis, and Turkey and the United States seemed in basic agreement to the outlook toward the war. But Turkey remained a nonbelligerent substantially until the end of the war, although Ame- rican entry into the conflict on December 7, 1941, without doubt, had a very positive influence in Ankara, and the defense of Turkey was declared vital to that of the United States under the Lend-Lease Act. * Harry N. Howard is Professor of Middle East Studies, The School of Inter- national Service, The American University, Washington, D. C., and a retired U.S. Foreign Service Officer. He is the author, inter alia, of 7-he Partition of Turkey (1931), The Problem of the Turkish Straits (1947), and The King-Crane Commission (1963).
    [Show full text]
  • Istanbul Intrigues
    Istanbul Intrigues by Barry Rubin, 1950-2014 Published: 1989 J J J J J I I I I I Table of Contents Author‘s Note Preface Poems & Chapter 1 … Diplomacy by Murder. Chapter 2 … Sailing to Istanbul. Chapter 3 … Intimations of Catastrophe. Chapter 4 … At the Court of Spies. Chapter 5 … The Last Springtime. Chapter 6 … The Front Line Comes to Istanbul. Chapter 7 … The Story Pursues the Journalists. Chapter 8 … The Americans Arrive: 1942-1943. Chapter 9 … American Ignorance and Intelligence. Chapter 10 … The Archaeologist’s Navy: The OSS in the Aegean, 1943-1944. Chapter 11 … Dogwood’s Bark: OSS Successes in Istanbul. Chapter 12 … Dogwood’s Bite: The Fall of OSS-Istanbul. Chapter 13 … Rescue from Hell. Chapter 14 … Germany’s Defective Intelligence. Chapter 15 … The Valet Did It. Chapter 16 … World War to Cold War. Epilogue Selective List of Code Names for OSS-Turkey Intelligence Organizations Interviews Acknowledgements J J J J J I I I I I Author‘s Note This is the story of Istanbul—but also of Turkey, the Balkans, and the eastern Mediterranean—during World War II, based on extensive interviews and the use of archives, especially those of the OSS, which I was the first to see for this region. The book is written as a cross between a scholarly work and a real-life thriller. The status of Turkey as a neutral country made it a center of espionage, a sort of actual equivalent of the film Casablanca . Aspects of the story include the Allied-Axis struggle to get Turkey on their side; the spy rings set up in the Middle East and the Balkans; the attempts of Jews to escape through Turkey; the Allies’ covert war in Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and other countries; and the first accurate account of how the Germans recruited the British ambassador’s valet as a spy, who could have been their most successful agent of the war if only they had listened to his warnings.
    [Show full text]
  • Bir Propaganda Silahı Olarak Basın
    OKUR KATKISI.. İstiklal TÜRKER [email protected], 8.6.14 Kitabın adı: Bir Propaganda Silahı Olarak Basın http://www.dr.com.tr/kitap/bir-propaganda-silahi-olarak-basin/onur-oymen/arastirma-tarih/politika- arastirma/politika/urunno=0000000591699 Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Sansür Baskı ve Yönlendirme Yazarı: Onur Öymen Remzi Kitabevi A.Ş., 1. Baskı / Nisan 2014, 494 sayfa, 30.00 TL, İnternet Satış Fiyatı: 20.62 TL (...) Arka Kapak: Onur Öymen, Danimarka ve Almanya büyükelçiliklerinden sonra Dışişleri Bakanlığı Müsteşarlığı, daha sonra da NATO daimi Temsilciliği yaptı. Emekliye ayrıldıktan sonra siyasete girdi, İstanbul ve Bursa milletvekili oldu. Öymen bu kitabında geçmişten bugüne, dünyada ve Türkiye’de liderlerin halkın gerçekleri öğrenmesini engellemek için neler yaptıklarını anlatıyor. Sansür, baskı ve cezalandırma en sık başvurulan yöntemler. Bunlara karşı cesaretle direnip mücadele eden, mesleğinin yüz akı gazeteciler de var, boyun eğip hükümetlerin bir propaganda aracı olmayı kabul edenler de… Hapse girmeyi, hatta hayatını feda etmeyi göze alanlar da var, iliştirilmiş gazeteciliği kabul edenler de… Savaşta ve barışta devletler basını propaganda amacıyla geniş ölçüde kullanıyor. Bazen gazetecilerin vatanseverlik duygularından yararlanıyorlar, bazen de onları elde etmek için menfaat sağlama yoluna gidiyorlar. Türkiye’nin basın tarihinde de kısa özgürlük dönemlerini, baskı ve zulüm dönemleri izliyor. Kalemini işgal kuvvetlerinin övmek için kullananların yanında Milli Mücadele’yi cesaretle savunurken ölümü göze alanlar da var. Bugün ne yazık ki, Türkiye basın özgürlüğünde dünya devletlerinin çoğunun gerisinde kalıyor. Bu dönemde özgürlük ve demokrasi için mücadele edenler gelecek kuşakların övünç kaynağı olacak. (…) Sayfa 15: 1 Kendi çıkarlarının gereğini başka ülkelere kabul ettirmek için askeri gücü veya güç kullanma tehdidini çok açık biçimde kullanıyorlardı.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethics of Human Intelligence Operati'ons: ~F MICE and Men Donald A
    Ethics of Human Intelligence Operati'ons: ~f MICE and Men Donald A. Petkus . Recent debates on the ethics of espionage seem to center on questions of technical data collection and privacy rights, interrogation, covert intervention in foreign affairs (e.g., regime change), renditions, and conflicts of interest, but seldom .on the recruitment and management of agents. One issue that arises from the current espionage and ter­ rorism environment concerns standards for ethical decision making. For compelling reasons, members of the intelligence community must address the ethical issues Specific to human intelligence (HUMINT) . operatIOns. For those outside the intelligence community, the term "espionage ethics" may seem oxymoronic. With few exceptions, intelligence col­ lection overseas violates the target country's laws. Being expected to break a foreign country's laws and manipulate its citizens is part of the job for an intelligence officer, yet she or he is expected to scru­ pulously adhere to her or his own country's laws and professional standards. To some, the idea of espionage is itself distasteful. Prior to World War I, some of Great Britain's military attaches took the view that actual spying on the host country was ungentlemanly conduct for a "guest." For others, operational work with agents seemed to grate against their sensibilities, as in the case of an officer assigned to Ber­ lin just prior to World War I: With war now inevitable, Sir William Everett, the British military at­ tache in Berlin was asked by the Intelligence Branch to continue in secret service after leaving Germany. He declined, saying: "You will not have forgotten when we talked this matter over some months ago, that I mentioned how distasteful it would be to me when it no longer formed a necessary part of my duties.
    [Show full text]
  • Anticipating Overlord
    Anticipating Overlord ANTICIPATING OVERLORD INTELLIGENCE AND DECEPTION: GERMAN ESTIMATES OF ALLIED INTENTIONS TO LAND INVASION FORCES IN NORTHWEST EUROPE BY CAPTAIN THOMAS LEON CUBBAGE II MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BRANCH, U.S. ARMY A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GENERAL INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE SCHOOL, WASHINGTON, D.C. 06 JUNE 1969 (Re-Typed and Edited: 15 March 2016) Anticipating Overlord Table of Contents CHAPTER PAGE I INTRODUCTION …………………………………………….………….…….. 1 II GERMAN PLANS 1939-40 ……………………………….…….…….….….. 7 III ENGLISH INVASION PLANS 1940-41 ……………………….……….….. 11 IV GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES 1941 …………………………………... 14 V ALLIED INVASION PLANNING 1942 …………….……………………..… 17 VI GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES 1942 ……………………………….….. 20 VII ALLIED PLANS & DECEPTION OPS 1943 ..…………………….…….… 28 VIII GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES 1943 ……………….…………….….... 37 IX “FORTITUDE” – THE ALLIED DECEPTION PLAN ……….…...……,.…. 52 X ALLIED PLANNING: JANUARY THRU APRIL 1944………….…….….... 62 XI GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES: JANUARY THRU APRIL ……...….... 73 XII ALLIED INVASION PLANNING MAY 1944 ……………………...……….. 95 XIII GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES MAY 1944 ………………….…….…. 103 XIV THE FIRST FOUR DAYS OF JUNE 1944 ………………………….…… 122 XV THE LAST DAY BEFORE THE INVASION …………………………..…. 140 XVI D-DAY, TUESDAY, THE 6TH OF JUNE 1944 (0000 to 0530 Hours) …. 156 XVII D-DAY, TUESDAY, THE 6TH OF JUNE 1944 (0530 to 2400 Hours) …. 173 XVIII AFTERMATH — 7 JUNE THRU 25 JULY 1944 …………………….….. 190 XIX REVIEW OF GERMAN COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATES CAPABILITY………………………...…………………... 217 XX ROOTS OF THE GERMAN INTELLIGENCE FAILURE RE UNDERSTANDING D-DAY ….…………………………………… 225 XXI IMPLICATIONS OF THE GERMAN INTELLIGENCE FAILURE …..…. 236 i Anticipating Overlord BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………….………………... 239 Appendixes …………………………………………………………………...…….. 251 A. Table of Equivalent Ranks ……………………………………….………… 251 B. Glossary of German Individuals Appearing in this Paper ………..……... 252 C. Glossary of Code Names and Short Titles …………………………….… 255 D.
    [Show full text]
  • ERNST KALTENBRUNNER at the SUMMIT: a STUDY of the LAST CHIEF of the SECURITY POLICE and SECURITY SERVICE By
    RICE UNIVERSITY ERNST KALTENBRUNNER AT THE SUMMIT: A STUDY OF THE LAST CHIEF OF THE SECURITY POLICE AND SECURITY SERVICE by W. R. HOUSTON A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Thesis Director's signature: Houston, Texas June, 1966 Abstract ERNST KALTENBRUNNER. AT 'THE SUMMIT; ; A STUDY- OF THE LAST CHIEF OF THE SECURITY POLICE AND SECURITY SERVK W. R. Houston This thesis is a study of SS-ObergruppenfUhrer Dr. Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who, from January 30, 19^3> to May 8, 19^5, served as chief of the Security Police and Security Service of National Social¬ ist Germany. This post was one of the highest in the Nazi repressive machinery and one of the most important in the Reich as a whole. The first chapter of this study is devoted to Kaltenbrunner1s life from the time of his birth on October 3> 1903> until his ap¬ pointment as chief of the Security Police on January 30, 19^3* During this forty year period Kaltenbrunner, the son of a bourgeois lawyer, rose from law student to higher SS and police leader in Vienna. It was during these four decades that the interaction of the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy, the impoverishment of his parents, the tumult of the twenties, the depression, and other factors molded his character. During these years he first displayed the "bully-slave" nature which was later to become the dominant ele¬ ment in his character. It was also during the later years of this period that he joined the National Socialist Party and the SS.
    [Show full text]
  • 213471631.Pdf
    PREFACE This is a book about Istanbul and about those who conducted political and espionage missions there during the Second World War. It is a work of nonfiction based on extensive archival research and interviews. Each event and every conversation is reconstructed as accurately as possible. Whenever I interviewed those involved, four decades after the events herein described, there always came a moment when these Americans, Austrians, Czechs, Germans, Hungarians, Israelis, Russians, and Turks would almost visibly reach back in time. Their eyes would light up in recalling those remarkable days that had forever marked their Jives. To some, these were moments of great achievement and romance; to others, searing tragedy. For all of them, it was an era of great perils and passionate idealism when they hoped their actions would shape a new world. One of Istanbul's most intriguing wartime characters was Wilhelm Hamburger. A highly successful German intelligence officer who later defected to the British, Hamburger then disappeared from history until I found--on my last day of research in the OSS archives--one of his letters that the ass had intercepted in 1945. In a postscript, Hamburger mentioned the new name he was taking. After checking a Vienna telephone book, I had his address within an hour. It was particularly meaningful for me to visit Vienna a century to the day after my great- grandfather left there for America. I walked to Hamburger's apartment down streets named for the city's great composers. Wiry and charming, as described in Allied intelligence reports forty years earlier, he spoke with me for six hours.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Istanbul in Two Hollywood Spy Films About World War I and World War Ii
    University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES FILM REPRESENTATIONS OF ISTANBUL IN TWO HOLLYWOOD SPY FILMS ABOUT WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II by H. ALİCAN PAMİR Thesis for the degree of Master of Philosophy October 2015 i ii UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES FILM Thesis for the degree of Master of Philosophy REPRESENTATIONS OF ISTANBUL IN TWO HOLLYWOOD SPY FILMS ABOUT WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II Hüseyin Alican Pamir This thesis focuses on the representation of Istanbul in foreign spy films. Drawing on the work of Stephen Barber (2002), Charlotte Brundson (2007), David B. Clarke (1997) and Barbara Mennel (2008), the thesis proposes five city film properties, which are used when analysing Istanbul spy films. These properties are: first, ‘city landmarks, cityscapes and city spectacles’; second, ‘cinematic constructions of social life via social and power relations’; third, the ‘relationship between the protagonist and the city’; fourth, the ‘cinematic city trope and mise-en-scène’; and finally, the ‘story of a city’ or ‘the idea of a city’.
    [Show full text]