DOCSLIB.ORG

Anticipating Overlord

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anticipating Overlord Anticipating Overlord ANTICIPATING OVERLORD INTELLIGENCE AND DECEPTION: GERMAN ESTIMATES OF ALLIED INTENTIONS TO LAND INVASION FORCES IN NORTHWEST EUROPE BY CAPTAIN THOMAS LEON CUBBAGE II MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BRANCH, U.S. ARMY A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GENERAL INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE SCHOOL, WASHINGTON, D.C. 06 JUNE 1969 (Re-Typed and Edited: 15 March 2016) Anticipating Overlord Table of Contents CHAPTER PAGE I INTRODUCTION …………………………………………….………….…….. 1 II GERMAN PLANS 1939-40 ……………………………….…….…….….….. 7 III ENGLISH INVASION PLANS 1940-41 ……………………….……….….. 11 IV GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES 1941 …………………………………... 14 V ALLIED INVASION PLANNING 1942 …………….……………………..… 17 VI GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES 1942 ……………………………….….. 20 VII ALLIED PLANS & DECEPTION OPS 1943 ..…………………….…….… 28 VIII GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES 1943 ……………….…………….….... 37 IX “FORTITUDE” – THE ALLIED DECEPTION PLAN ……….…...……,.…. 52 X ALLIED PLANNING: JANUARY THRU APRIL 1944………….…….….... 62 XI GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES: JANUARY THRU APRIL ……...….... 73 XII ALLIED INVASION PLANNING MAY 1944 ……………………...……….. 95 XIII GERMAN PLANS & ESTIMATES MAY 1944 ………………….…….…. 103 XIV THE FIRST FOUR DAYS OF JUNE 1944 ………………………….…… 122 XV THE LAST DAY BEFORE THE INVASION …………………………..…. 140 XVI D-DAY, TUESDAY, THE 6TH OF JUNE 1944 (0000 to 0530 Hours) …. 156 XVII D-DAY, TUESDAY, THE 6TH OF JUNE 1944 (0530 to 2400 Hours) …. 173 XVIII AFTERMATH — 7 JUNE THRU 25 JULY 1944 …………………….….. 190 XIX REVIEW OF GERMAN COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATES CAPABILITY………………………...…………………... 217 XX ROOTS OF THE GERMAN INTELLIGENCE FAILURE RE UNDERSTANDING D-DAY ….…………………………………… 225 XXI IMPLICATIONS OF THE GERMAN INTELLIGENCE FAILURE …..…. 236 i Anticipating Overlord BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………….………………... 239 Appendixes …………………………………………………………………...…….. 251 A. Table of Equivalent Ranks ……………………………………….………… 251 B. Glossary of German Individuals Appearing in this Paper ………..……... 252 C. Glossary of Code Names and Short Titles …………………………….… 255 D. Glossary of German Terms and Words ………………………………….. 260 E. German Command in the West Hierarchy ……………………………..… 266 F. Maps ………………………………………………………………………….. 267 A. German Operation SEELÖWE (SEA LION) ………………………... 268 B. The Channel Invasion Coast …………………………………………. 269 C. Six Surveyed Assault Areas ……………………………………….…. 270 D. German Concept of Invasion Strategy ……………………….….….. 271 E. German Concept of Post Invasion Strategy ………………..….…… 272 F. German Order of Battle, OB West, 6 June 1944 …………….…..….273 G. Comparison of German OB for April and June 1944 ……………….274 H. Concentration and Marshalling Areas in England …………..………275 I. Allied Pre-Invasion Bombing ……………………………….………… 276 J. Transport and Glider Routes for Allied Airborne Assault ………..… 277 K. Invasion Fleet Channel-Crossing Routes …………………………… 278 L. D-Day, British Second Army Sector ……………………………….… 279 M. D-Day, First United States Army Sector …………………………….. 280 N. .D-Day Deployment at Normandy ………………………………...….. 281 O. D-Day to 13 June Deployment ………………………………….….… 282 P. Allied Deployment as of 24 July 1954 ……………………..……...… 283 ii Anticipating Overlord I. INTRODUCTION Twas in a summer day – the sixth of June – I like to be particular in dates, Not only of the age, and year, but moon; They are the sort of posthouse where the Fates Change horses, making History change its tune, Then spur away o’er Empires and o’er States| Byron – Don Juan D-Day, Tuesday, June 6, 1944 The Normandy Coast of France Operation Overlord, the Allied Invasion of Europe, began at precisely fifteen minutes after midnight on June 6, 1944—the first hour of a day that be forever known as D Day. At that moment a few specially chosen men of the American 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions stepped out of their planes into the moonlit night over Normandy. Five minutes later and fifty miles away a small group of men from the British 6th Airborne Division plunged out of their planes. These were the pathfinders, the men who were to light the dropping zones for the paratroopers and glider-borne infantry that were soon to follow. The Allied airborne armies clearly marked the extreme limits of the Normandy battlefield. Between them, and along the French coastline lay five invasion beaches: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Through the predawn hours as paratroopers fought in the dark hedgerows of Normandy, the greatest armada the world had ever known began to assemble off those beaches—almost five thousand ships carrying more than two hundred thousand soldiers, sailors and coastguardsmen. Beginning at 6:30 A.M., and preceded by a massive naval and air bombardment, a few thousands of these men waded ashore in the first wave of the invasion. Cornelius Ryan – The Longest Day What follows is not a complete history of the Normandy invasion, but it is an examination of the intelligence aspects of the Allied plans to mount and the German plans to destroy the invasion. The invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, came as a tactical surprise to the Germans. In the months that followed the 1 Anticipating Overlord initial assault, the German attempted without success, to destroy the forces on the beachhead. Some historians have labeled the German failure at Normandy as one of history’s most extraordinary military blunders, but that is too strong a charge. This study will show that there was nothing “extraordinary” about the German unreadiness for the main Allied assault, the Schwerpunkt as they called it. Rather, the German blunders—and there were many—resulted from an extremely complicated series of very ordinary mistakes. Tactical surprise resulted from the failure of a reasonably well informed military establishment, in the midst of wartime crisis, to anticipate correctly the next move of the Allied planners. If the entire Government of Nazi Germany, with its numerous military and Nazi Party establishment, is considered as a whole, then it is not true that they were caught totally unprepared for D-Day. Rarely has a nation at war been more expectant. The details of the expectations were simply wrong. Their failure cannot be wholly attributed to a failure of the German intelligence collection machinery. The German strategic and tactical analysis machinery must share the blame. The Germans prepared for what they reasoned was the “obvious” enemy move and neglected to adequately hedge against the “possible” moves that the Allied planners elected to make. The Allied planner’s choice of the Normandy sector for the Schwerpunkt was, in the German analysis, a strategic “improbable.” But in the minds of the British and American planners the Normandy sector was not at all “improbable.” Having decided to invade the hostile shores of northern France. The Allied decision to force their way ashore at a place less well defended than the closer but heavily defended shores of the Pas-de-Calais region cannot be said to have been a reckless choice. Some popular historians have labeled the failure of German "intelligence" regarding the Normandy landings as one of modern history's most extraordinary military blunders. In point of fact, there was nothing "extraordinary" about the Wehrmacht's apparent unreadiness for the main Allied assault, the Schwerpunkt 2 Anticipating Overlord as the Germans called it. Rarely has a nation at war been more expectant of invasion. By late April 1944, Radio Berlin had broadcast to the German people that an enemy invasion in France would come at "any minute, anywhere."1 On 18 May Radio Berlin announced that "the ports [of England] are bristling—crammed to the bursting point—with … invasion equipment."2 The Germans certainly were anticipating the Grosslandung; and yet, the critical details of their expectations about the Second Front invasion simply were wrong. The Germans were expecting diversionary attacks to be made in Normandy, but they were absolutely convinced that the Allied Schwerpunkt would come in the Pas-de-Calais sector. Everything was set to await the arrival of the Allied forces on the shores of France north of the River Seine—where, in due time, Adolf Hitler and the Wehrmacht expected to destroy them. But, in their effort to build and man the Atlantikwall, the Germans made one critical mistake— one the French had made earlier. They too forgot that a concrete and steel barrier with an exploitable weakness is no shield at all. The also forgot a basic maim of war: namely, if an enemy can discover the weakest sector in a defensive line, then it is surly there that the focus of the main assault will come. Because of their failure to anticipate properly the Allied invasion strategy, the Germans were subject to the embarrassment of tactical surprise. Thomas C. Schelling, in the "Forward" to Roberta Wholstetter's Pearl Harbor-–Warning and Decision, said the following about surprise: Surprise, when it happens to a government, is likely to be a complicated, diffuse, bureaucratic thing. It includes neglect of responsibility, but also responsibility so poorly defined or ambiguously delegated but action gets lost. It includes gaps in intelligence, but also the intelligence that, like a string of pearls too precious to wear, is too sensitive to give to those who 1 "World Battlefields," Time, 1 May 1944, 23. 2 Army Times Editors, The Tangled Web, (Washington: Robert B. Luce, Inc., 1963), 144. 3 Anticipating Overlord need it. It includes the alarm that fails to work, but also the alarm that has gone off so often that it has been disconnected. It includes the unalert, but also the one that knows he'll be chewed out by his
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The American Legion [Volume 135, No. 1 (July 1993)]
    1 D and EEE* 7 iVz 8 s'/z 9 avz 10 ioy2 ii 12 is *Add $1.50 per pair for EEE Widtins WHAT Dor HOW nG-40N SIZE? H?» MANY? B Natural Tassel Loafer E Black Saddle Loafer F Tan Oxford H Dove Grey Tassel Loafer purchase price, plus $3.50 tovi/ard postage and handling. Check Enclosed Off SEND NO MONEY if you use: ^^^^^ Exp. Mail Address Apt. # City . Zip- 100% Satisfaction Guaranteed or Full Refund of Purchase Price at Any Time'. Find a more comfortable leather casual, at any price, and we'll buy these back from you - ANYTIME! How can we do it? It's easy when you have the exclusive Aero-Step Comfort System going for you (see details below). Plus they iool< great too! Buttery soft pig leather uppers. A classic Oxford, easy loafers with handsome tassels, or a goldtone status accent. Every pair equipped with softly padded collars. Breathable foam-backed brushed tricot linings keep feet cool and dry Imported exclusively for Haband. t Walk ten steps in a pair of I Aero-Steps, and you'll be convinced — it really is just like walking on air! Don't wait another minute to start I enjoying the 1 Aero-Step™ Comfort I System — use the I form above order \ and send for yours RIGHT NOW! The Magazine for a Strong America Vol. 135, No. 1 July 1993 ART C L E S LOAN, SWEET, LOAN Changes in VA loan rules make it eaderfirr veterans to buy homes. By Lew Sichelman 14 DON'T FORCE US TO PRAY Religiousfiiith shouldn't be diluted bygovernment-sanctionedprayers, says an advocate Jbrseparation ofchurch and state.
    [Show full text]
  • Fighting Patton Photographs
    Fighting Patton Photographs [A]Mexican Punitive Expedition pershing-villa-obregon.tif: Patton’s first mortal enemy was the commander of Francisco “Pancho” Villa’s bodyguard during the Mexican Punitive Expedition. Left to right: General Álvaro Obregón, Villa, Brig. Gen. John Pershing, Capt. George Patton. [A]World War I Patton_France_1918.tif: Col. George Patton with one of his 1st Tank Brigade FT17s in France in 1918. Diepenbroick-Grüter_Otto Eitel_Friedrich.tif: Prince Freiherr von.tif: Otto Freiherr Friedrich Eitel commanded the von Diepenbroick-Grüter, 1st Guards Division in the pictured as a cadet in 1872, Argonnes. commanded the 10th Infantry Division at St. Mihiel. Gallwitz_Max von.tif: General Wilhelm_Crown Prince.tif: Crown der Artillerie Max von Prince Wilhelm commanded the Gallwitz’s army group defended region opposite the Americans. the St. Mihiel salient. [A]Morocco and Vichy France Patton_Hewitt.tif: Patton and Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt, commanding Western Naval Task Force, aboard the Augusta before invading Vichy-controlled Morocco in Operation Torch. NoguesLascroux: Arriving at Fedala to negotiate an armistice at 1400 on 11 November 1942, Gen. Charles Noguès (left) is met by Col. Hobart Gay. Major General Auguste Lahoulle, Commander of French Air Forces in Morocco, is on the right. Major General Georges Lascroux, Commander in Chief of Moroccan troops, carries a briefcase. Noguès_Charles.tif: Charles Petit_Jean.tif: Jean Petit, Noguès, was Vichy commander- commanded the garrison at in-chief in Morocco. Port Lyautey. (Courtesy of Stéphane Petit) [A]The Axis Powers Patton_Monty.tif: Patton and his rival Gen. Bernard Montgomery greet each other on Sicily in July 1943. The two fought the Axis powers in Tunisia, Sicily, and the European theater.
    [Show full text]
  • Deutsche Generäle in Britischer Gefangenschaft 1942–1945. Eine
    289 Von vielen deutschen Generälen des Zweiten Weltkriegs sind häufig nur die Laufbahndaten bekannt; Briefe und Tagebücher liegen nur wenige vor. Für die For­ schung sind sie oft genug nur eingeschränkt zugänglich. So fällt es nach wie vor schwer, zu beurteilen, wie die Generale selbst die militärischen und politischen Geschehnisse der Zeit zwischen 1939 und 1945 rezipiert haben und welche Folgerungen sie daraus zogen. Wichtige Aufschlüsse über ihre Kenntnisse von den nationalsozialistischen Massenmorden oder ihr Urteil über den deutschen Widerstand gegen Hitler bieten jedoch die Abhörprotokolle deutscher Stabsoffiziere in britischer Kriegsgefangen­ schaft. Sönke Neitzel Deutsche Generäle in britischer Gefangenschaft 1942-1945 Eine Auswahledition der Abhörprotokolle des Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre UK Die deutsche Generalität hat sich der öffentlichen Reflexion über ihre Rolle wäh­ rend des Zweiten Weltkrieges weitgehend verschlossen. Das Bild, das sie vor allem in ihren Memoiren von sich selbst zeichnete, läßt sich verkürzt auf die Formel bringen: Sie hat einen sauberen Krieg geführt, hatte von Kriegsverbrechen größe­ ren Ausmaßes keine oder kaum Kenntnis, und die militärische Niederlage war zu einem Gutteil den dilettantischen Eingriffen Hitlers als Obersten Befehlshaber in die Kriegführung zuzuschreiben. Es erübrigt sich näher darauf einzugehen, daß dieses Bild von der Geschichts­ wissenschaft längst gründlich widerlegt worden ist. Aber nach wie vor wissen wir wenig darüber, wie die Generäle die Zeit zwischen 1939 und 1945 rezipiert haben, welche Kenntnis sie von den militärischen und politischen Geschehnissen hatten, die über ihren engen Arbeitsbereich hinausgingen, und welche Schlußfolgerungen sie hieraus zogen. Zur Durchleuchtung dieses Komplexes ist vor allem der Rück­ griff auf persönliche Quellen wie Briefe und Tagebücher notwendig, die allerdings nur von einem kleinen Personenkreis vorliegen und zudem oft auch nur beschränkt zugänglich sind, da sie sich in Privatbesitz befinden1.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2002 Operation overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Emmert, James Clinton, "Operation overlord" (2002). LSU Master's Theses. 619. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/619 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OPERATION OVERLORD A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Arts in The Interdepartmental Program in Liberal Arts by James Clinton Emmert B.A., Louisiana State University, 1996 May 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the support of numerous persons. First, I would never have been able to finish if I had not had the help and support of my wife, Esther, who not only encouraged me and proofed my work, but also took care of our newborn twins alone while I wrote. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Stanley Hilton, who spent time helping me refine my thoughts about the invasion and whose editing skills helped give life to this paper. Finally, I would like to thank the faculty of Louisiana State University for their guidance and the knowledge that they shared with me.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideias 46.Pdf
    OS_531_Ideias 46.indd 1 27/01/16 09:19 Edição INCAER Editor Responsável Maj Brig Ar R1 Wilmar Terroso Freitas Projeto Gráfico SO SAD 02 Wânia Branco Viana 2S SAD Jailson Carlos Fernandes Alvim 3S SIN Mauricio Barbosa Cavalcanti Filho 3S TCO Tiago de Oliveira e Souza Revisão, Diagramação de Textos e Impressão INGRAFOTO Nossa Capa Imagem da aeronave de interceptação Gripen NG, recém-adquirida pela FAB. O novo vetor será o responsável pela Defesa Aérea no território nacional. Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca do Instituto Histórico-Cultural da Aeronáutica Ideias em Destaque / Instituto Histórico-Cultural da Aeronáutica. v. – Quadrimestral até dez. 2014; a partir, semestral. ISSN 2175 0904 1. Aeronáutica – Periódico (Brasil). I. Instituto Histórico-Cultural da Aeronáutica. II. INCAER. CDU 354.73 (05) (81) Os artigos publicados nesta revista são de responsabilidade exclusiva de seus autores e não representam, necessariamente, o pensamento do editor de “Ideias em Destaque” e da Direção do INCAER. É permitida a reprodução, total ou parcial, dos artigos aqui publicados, desde que seja citada a fonte. OS_531_Ideias 46.indd 2 27/01/16 09:19 Apresentação É com satisfação que levamos aos nossos prezados leitores mais uma edição de Ideias em Destaque, elaborada com a valiosa contribuição de articulistas, pensadores e pesquisadores que abordam assuntos aeronáu- ticos, políticos, estratégicos e de cultura geral. Ao tempo da primeira edição, em abril de 1989, Ideias em Desta- que tinha como objetivo principal “dar publicidade à matéria de fontes mundiais de pensamentos relacionados com a Aviação” até que, em seu número 18, de agosto de 2006, passa a acolher “temas estratégicos, de Geopolítica e, acima de tudo, de cultura geral.” Em dezembro de 2011, foram inseridas duas seções perma- nentes: uma sobre o Museu Aeroespacial e outra sobre a Biblioteca do INCAER, dois importantes órgãos que concentram itens importan- tes da história da aviação, como aeronaves, equipamentos e literatura.
    [Show full text]
  • Il Rahmi M. Koç Müzesi Di Istanbul “Endüstriyel Mirasin Aynasi” the Rahmi M
    PAG 101-109_Pinna_MARCHIS VITTORIO CAPITOLO 10/12/15 10.23 Pagina 101 MUSEOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA nuova serie • 9: 101-109 • 2015 ISSN 1123-265X Europa 360° Il Rahmi M. Koç Müzesi di Istanbul “Endüstriyel Mirasin Aynasi” The Rahmi M. Koç Müzesi of Istanbul “Endüstriyel Mirasin Aynasi” Giovanni Pinna già direttore del Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano Fra la fine degli anni Ottanta e l’inizio degli anni In the late 1980s and early 1990s the industrialist Novanta l’industriale Rahmi M. Koç, in quegli anni Rahmi M. Koç, at that time Chairman of the Board presidente del consiglio di amministrazione della of Directors of Koç Holding Corp., Turkey’s largest Koç Holding Corp., il più importante gruppo indu- industrial group, fulfilled a dream cultivated since his striale della Turchia, ha realizzato un desiderio colti- youth and rooted in his interest in the history of vato fin dalla giovinezza e radicato nel suo interesse technology, his passion for collecting and his belief per la storia della tecnologia, nella passione per il that he must help promote the industrial progress of collezionismo e nella convi nzione di dover contri- his country. His dream was to create a great museum buire a promuovere il progresso industriale del pro- of science and technology able to provide scientific prio paese: creare un grande museo di scienza e tec- education to young people. nologia in grado di educare i giovani alla scienza. It is said that the idea of founding a museum came to Si dice che l’idea di fondare un museo venne a Rahmi Rahmi in 1956, when he was
    [Show full text]
  • Military & Maritime Catalog
    SCHIFFER P U B L I S H I N G Military & Maritime Catalog AUTUMN/WINTER 2014 aviation: 18 naval: 43 ground forces: 45 militaria: 61 modeling & collectible figures: 76 American Civil War: 78 Cornell Maritime Press: 79 pin-ups: 86 transportation: 88 2 NEW BOOKS MARTIN B-26 MARAUDER: The Ultimate Look: From Drawing William Wolf Board to Widow Maker Vindicated • Fifth in the Ultimate Look bomber series • Photo coverage of the NMUSAF and MAPS restored B-26s • 20 color profiles of some of the most notable of the B-26 series In his fifth book in The Ultimate Look series, Dr. Wolf again brings the same degree of meticulous research to describe this unappreciated and misunderstood B-26 medium bomber. This massive, comprehensive volume is the first to give the reader a definitive description of this neglected bomber, its development, testing, and manufacture. The role of the enigmatic aviation icon Glenn L. Martin is described in the development of the American aviation industry and the Marauder. The author made extensive use of the massive document and photo collections of the Marauder Archives at Akron and Tucson, and the Air Force collection at the NMUSAF. Martin Company design and production information and flight and test evaluations, along with original Company Flight, Parts, and Maintenance Manuals, and rare archival microfilm of original material were also used. The author was given unprecedented access to the family records of B-26 designer Peyton Magruder. The text is complemented by archival photos and drawings, and new color photos of the Marauders at the NMUSAF, Fantasy of Flight, and MAPS Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • The Allies Who Liberated Paris, and the Nazi Who Saved It
    The Washington Post August 25, 2019 The Allies who liberated Paris, and the Nazi who saved it Book Review The Liberation of Paris by Jean Edward Smith Simon & Schuster, $27, 242 pp. by Charles Trueheart American troops march down the Champs Elysee after the liberation of Paris in July 1944. (Photo by: dpa/picture-alliance/dpa/AP Images) We know better than to believe that the war against Nazi Germany in Europe came to an end 75 summers ago with the Allied landings on the Normandy beaches of France. The war went on for nearly another grueling year, of course, there and in the Pacific. Yet Operation Overlord, on June 6, 1944, is rightly memorialized — for its audacity, its consequences, its enormous sacrifice on behalf of a beleaguered ally and an embattled principle — as the turning point. Some of that climactic finality clings to D-Day’s inspiring coda, 11 weeks later: the surrender of Nazi-occupied Paris to Allied and French forces. The liberation of Paris in the last days of August was a near-miracle of orderly capitulation that left nearly all of the venerated city and nearly all of its people unharmed. The liberation represented not just the end of the city’s darkest hour, with rapturous pent-up joy in the streets, but the very birth of modern France, the founding moment of the era that Charles de Gaulle would define and dominate. And it thrust Dwight D. Eisenhower, not for the last time, into the role of diplomat and political crisis manager. The loathing that President Franklin Roosevelt, and to a slightly lesser extent British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, held for the self-appointed leader of the Free French is no secret and no surprise.
    [Show full text]
  • International Spy Museum
    International Spy Museum Searchable Master Script, includes all sections and areas Area Location, ID, Description Labels, captions, and other explanatory text Area 1 – Museum Lobby M1.0.0.0 ΚΑΤΆΣΚΟΠΟΣ SPY SPION SPIJUN İSPİYON SZPIEG SPIA SPION ESPION ESPÍA ШПИОН Language of Espionage, printed on SCHPION MAJASUSI windows around entrance doors P1.1.0.0 Visitor Mission Statement For Your Eyes Only For Your Eyes Only Entry beyond this point is on a need-to-know basis. Who needs to know? All who would understand the world. All who would glimpse the unseen hands that touch our lives. You will learn the secrets of tradecraft – the tools and techniques that influence battles and sway governments. You will uncover extraordinary stories hidden behind the headlines. You will meet men and women living by their wits, lurking in the shadows of world affairs. More important, however, are the people you will not meet. The most successful spies are the unknown spies who remain undetected. Our task is to judge their craft, not their politics – their skill, not their loyalty. Our mission is to understand these daring professionals and their fallen comrades, to recognize their ingenuity and imagination. Our goal is to see past their maze of mirrors and deception to understand their world of intrigue. Intelligence facts written on glass How old is spying? First record of spying: 1800 BC, clay tablet from Hammurabi regarding his spies. panel on left side of lobby First manual on spy tactics written: Over 2,000 years ago, Sun Tzu’s The Art of War. 6 video screens behind glass panel with facts and images.
    [Show full text]
  • July 02,1867
    PORTLAND DAILY Established June 1862. 0. 33, Vol. PORTLAND, TUESDAY MORNING, JULY 2, is* 7. Terms Eight Dollars per annum, in advene. THE PORXLAM) DAILY PRESS i> publish d CAStllS. IKSUUANCl, BCIiAESS miMUUXAiUiOUB. up. The Reformer* have eve v day, .Sunday excepted,) ui No. 1 Printer** heretofore complain- Commercial Portland. _ KxcJi<tu*c, street. DAILY PRESS. ed chieflv of the lavish ex; enditures of the N. A. POSTER, pBOHUKl DB. BltADBUKY* BitAOBUBT. THE REMOV A l7z ATLANTIC government; but that is always the com- 'J CRMS: ixrilarr a year in advance. poriland —Eight ot the luive this clay removed to NO. 1 GALT plaint outs, and would be taken up by Counsellors at commercial where we snail THE MAINE STATE PRESS, is at tlit Law, WEBLOCK, Street, Mutual Insurance the Tories with readiness iftl e published mutual benefit continue the Flour ami Corn buKuet-a. Company. equal Reform- si'nc pl;»c« every morning ut $2.00 u year, Uauk 51 Wat, Tii' Thursday (taring. liuildiug, Uxcbnngc 81, llio name of our lirm i* ^t, cor. William, NEW YOBK, sday 2. 1867. ers should Invariably in advance. this day changed to Morning, July succeed to power. There Is at 1 BLAKL, JoM-S & GAGE. 1867. BluD Bradbury, Jasijauy, no of Ufe & F recent question any considerable mo- Rates cf ADvr.KTiftOo.—Une inch of space,in A. W. B.adbury. ) PORTLAND. Insurance BLAKE, JONES CO. June ?7-dtf Company, July 1. d2w«&w4w lotiith oi column, constitute* * “square/* Insures against Mabine and Inland Navi- REPUBLICAN NOMINATION. ment before the people of the Dominion.
    [Show full text]
  • Heinkel He 111: the Spade
    © 2008 Magnus Kimura [email protected] Heinkel He 111: The Spade The German Heinkel He 111 Twin-Engine Bomber variant for B-17: Queen of the Skies by MAGNUS KIMURA PLAY TEST VERSION 3-4 22 MAY 2008 25 JULY 2008 25 SEPTEMBER 2010 11 SEPTEMBER 2011 21 NOVEMBER 2012 B-17: Queen of the Skies needed to play Heineken He 111: The Spade CONTENTS He 111 Starting Model ……………………….………….……p. 2 ___Tour of Duty ___Starting Model, Replacement Model ___ He 111P-1 ~ H-3 ___ Explanation of the Crew Positions Your First Assignment ………………………..………….……p. 3 ___Kampfgeschwader 1, 4, 27, 53, 55 Intelligence about the Geschwader and Luftwaffe Ranks ….…p. 4 The First Mission ………………………………………………p. 7 ___Staffelkeil formation ___Take-Off, To and from the Target ___Gazetteer and RAF Defense Areas ___Table B-1, B-2 and B-3 ___Mechanical Failures ___In the Target Zone B-17 Tables in He 111 ….……………………………………….p. 14 Barrage Balloons ……………………………………………….p. 15 He 111 Cable Cutters ……………….….………………………p. 16 Evasive Action …………………………….…………………….p. 17 Night Missions …………………………..………………………p. 18 Low-Level Missions ……………………..………………………p. 23 Mining Missions ………………………..….……………………..p. 24 Reconnaissance Missions ……….………………………………..p. 24 Burst Inside Plane ………………………………………………..p. 25 Flying on One Engine ………..………..…………………………..P. 25 Out of Formation ………………..…..……………………………p. 25 Passing Shots Exchange …………………………………………..p. 25 Oxygen ……………………………………………………………..p. 26 Greenhouse Plexiglas ………………………………..……………p. 27 Dive Bombing ……………………………..………………………p. 27 Fighter Types ………………………………………….………….p. 27 ___Defiant ………..………….p. 27 ___Gladiator ………………….p. 28 ___Fulmar ……………………p. 28 ___Hurricane …………………p.29 ___Spitfire ……………………p. 30 ___Blenheim …………………p. 31 ___ New Weapon in He 111 …p. 31 ___Beaufighter ………………p. 32 Special Squadrons …………………………………………….p. 33 ___19 Squadron * 1st Spitfire Squadron * Will use Spitfire MK 1b ___303 Squadron * Polish Squadron * Fierce Fighters ___401 Squadron * Canadian Squadron * Green Squadron 1 He 111 Starting Model You will begin your campaign with a He 111 P-1.
    [Show full text]
  • D-Day HISTORYHIT.COM
    D-Day HISTORYHIT.COM 1 D-Day HISTORYHIT.COM On 6 June 1944, the Allies launched the greatest amphibious invasion in history. Codenamed “Overlord” but best known today as “D-Day”, the operation saw Allied forces landing on the beaches of Normandy in Nazi-occupied France in huge numbers. By the end of the day, the Allies had established a foothold on the French coastline. The statistics for the invasion force involved in the operation are staggering. By midnight on 6 June, 132,000 Allied forces had landed in France, while more than 2 million were eventually shipped there, comprising a total of 39 divisions. Thousands of vessels took part in the operation including 139 major warships; 221 smaller combat vessels; more than 1000 minesweepers and auxiliary vessels; 4,000 landing craft; 805 merchant ships; 59 blockships; and 300 miscellaneous small craft. Eleven thousand aircraft also took part including fighters, bombers, transports and gliders. The invasion force also had the support of around 350,000 members of the French Resistance, who launched hit-and-run attacks on German targets. From Omaha Beach to Operation Bodyguard this eBook explores D-Day and the beginning of the Battle of Normandy. Detailed articles explain key topics, edited from various History Hit resources. Included in this eBook are articles written for History Hit by some of the world’s leading World War Two historians, including Patrick Eriksson and Martin Bowman. Features written by History Hit staff past and present are also included. You can access all these articles on historyhit.com. D-Day was compiled by Tristan Hughes.
    [Show full text]