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In Akkadian Texte

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In Akkadian Texte Srun¡¿ OnrDNbÄr,ra EI¡IDIT SOO.IßTá,S OAIENTA!IS TENÑIO^A, 'å'. X IX: ll ABNORMAL PLENE WRITINGS IN AKKADIAN TEXTE BY JUSSr ARO .IIEIlSINKI r 95'9 Holsl¡h¡ 1053 Prl¡ted by guomolals€¡r Ktrrslusuuden goürß¡r trlrrapaltron Oy Abnormal plene writin$e in Akkadian texts BY Jussr Ano The rnethod of expressing vorvel'length in Akkadian syllabic writing, viz., by inserting a vowel sign aftel the sign for opeu syllable (formula cv * v), is usua,lly culled'plene ruit'i'ng. 'l'he tern is borrowed frorn Hebre\ry grà¡ntnat, where it tlenotes the methtld of writing out vowels by signs which originally expresseù consonants' but as a con- venient terrn its use seerls to be permissible iu Akkadian gramrnar too. Before tackling the questiort of certain particular abnormal plene wiitings it seems advisable to give a short sketch of the norrnal use of plene writing in Akkadian, especially in its classical form, Old Babylonian.r The definition of plene writing given by us excludes a priori a group of writings of the type v-vc, in rvhich the vorvel sign is used to express lveak consonants. Thtts Old Akkadian writes i-ik-rwi I gikmi and, u-ub-latn, f 'y'ublunr. (Gnla, MAD Il tto), and 'útu,qú-an, I urutgunt is attested in Old Babylonian (tinr.u). A glottal stop is expressed by a vowel sign in Old Akkadialn: è'ra'a'am'su I eru,'anrdu, u-á{'hi'it, -ni-a-ó{, e-'ìt-tim (Gnr,a, MAD II 161, 168). hl old Babylonian tliis fotm of writing appears very cottsistently in cases like Ío-i:ia¿, ir-di-a-am, i-ri-a-ab, ið't'í'u-at, u{-te'li'a-ul.-!u, am-tti'a'am, ki-a-arn | 'this ptelinrinary sketch has greatly profited by a letter from Dr. l, J. Gnln, to whom i express my most sincere thanks. I regret tl¡at I cannot in this connection examine so¡ue of the problerus r¡ìore comptehensively -- it would lead us too far lrom the original subject, å JusstAnr¡ etc. Exceptions are rere (cf., however, e.g. i-rai'ak YOS X 14,6, ,¡nø-li-øt-rna YOS X 31 X 92) and must probably be regartled as slipshotl orthography. A glottal stop in the beginning of ¿ word may also be expresfred by plene wr.iting¡ this is most often done when the root is rnonosyllabic, as ú'-trl, i-in-lru, a-aþ'{u, i4b-bu-'ú''tutl (CH)' e-td (YOS X). Very is the rvay a-al, i4r-tùm, e.-en'httìt', _interesting in rvhi'ch the lreseht G'añct pres/þrét. D'-fdrinÛ'df"verbd.þrimae gutturalis are writteu il the standard orthography, e.g. in CH i4l-lo,-alc, i4m'ma-tutn'a, i'ír-ri4ll..:.iç'çi-id, i-ipné'e{, ilp'pø'ol, úttp-pa-al, ú-up'pa'aç, u-ub'lio'-ii;ni-4íoo etc. (cf . v. SoouN GAG $ 23 d and $ 9? c). .lt seems that the original laryngal still influenced the pronunciatioä in sodie rvay'making it clearly distingirishable frour e.g. the pret erit it-ti-ik,fronr noune like ir-r'i-ft¿Ï¿ anrl also from verba primae rv, in the þresents of which we regulbrly find e.g. 'itg4a:a$, .vþ-ba-lu, us-¡"ú etc. Note, hówever, that old Akkadian evdli ivfitès i-ta:kùter"¡ l[A$ II 213) ¿rnd Southern Old Babylonian texts beãúr 'elð. 'Ð. tii pielbf thè wiitings i:kiak;" í'lorka, í-tno:r '(ih YOS l-,ater o_n. the practice degenerates and we may find writings likg tc-t1t-1e-er (Uxoxe-p BB Þ¿0, ii) ttãg-çr. (Lu'rz UCPSPh [X 5,17), i'ii'ti-¡i'øk-Ei' 'writing 'ttr<tüne-tu44ß,'i-òd,4a:ørl'(.KA_V 1). îhis type of is álso (perni. ,fie[uent in worils beþinning with e, for'iùSt¿iäcé'e.e\$nte-et or e.kêmann) in Yos x 3s tII 60.62.56. 6? (cl.ötmaí-i,t.ibid.line43) xnd, e-eiþl-ad+t (perm. of. eilêþwn) YOS,X 39'Obv. 26. 26, ¿'ep:ßa'?! YOS II {i8, I g, P.|es-þa'a'wi'n¿ YOS II 3, i?. Here, however' the motivé for using'ttris rvriting nray have been tbe desire to emphasizè the r" f;it tha; the vowel is e rather thaä to eÍþitss a glottal stop." .plene Even a writing propel of the type cv-v does not alwayå a phouetic dêuôte a long vowel. In somd iasæ it i¡r'rib¿td''a$ indicatg.L following a sign with ambiguous vowel qüâlity...roi Ofd Arua{i-a1. (Gor,u nf- cl..hi:a-iLu-ø2, lü*+ù-ßa-na-ds MAD If gi: .1,!s) lna *iti¡æ ku-nu-ki-i,'lw:bi-¡'i:i,'nN:¡¡-¡a:e; ri'trore o''i¡ päm¿rily tis'ed' vowel quality, qince quantity is almost to indicate lelel:xpressed in Okl.Akkadian. For latu AtUag¡aii note especiallyins-langæf!þ9 lit-t*ti:i&u (-E-n,-,eJ..VII 41.)' ^/\{uta'ùrú, !'iß:q.ø-lu, lp..,if¡q:.ú- '.- (Guw,AStudyof WritingP' 171)... .-'. .--: '.-: .:-.: .-ì -'. ¿'. .i'ïr' iì Abnor¡nal plene writings in Akkadia¡ texts 5 An isolated case is the writing o-ø which is generally held to deuote ai(a). In stanclard Old I3abylonian orthography plene lwiting as indicat- ing a long vorvel is normally used only lvhen the lottg vott'el is a result rrf cuntt¿rcti()ll, e.g. in CH r'u,-gtL-u;nt,-nt,e-e, a-h:u,'ú''uttc, i'li-i, 'i-nu- uLl-tlu,-rL-Su, lu,-'pi-i-im,, *u''pu'ø-ul, 'tttu-Fe'e'enbtna, rø-bu-rL-tir¿ etc. 'llrere are, lrowever, nunìerous exceptiotts like ru-ba-aùt,, ru'bu,-wt, r,t- gi. it n, r' u-bu- tirtu, É u.-nu-'ún r,, l ï ql-in t', ru,' grt -'tt ttù- TLa- anu (CH). llorphemir.: length is never intlicated ilr the orthography of Oodex Harrrrrrurabi except, often, in ferttinine plttra ls ki'i{' { ø' u- tinr,, çi-b u- a- at, du-nu-u-ttt, a-uta-a-ti-{tt-nø (contraction?). Note that Old Akkatli¿n c¿n rvrite ìrwa-a-ti (IUAD II 58, very ràt'el). 'lhe motive for using this writing is obviously to avoirl arnbiguity between singular and plural forms. Monosyllabic words rvith ;r lottg vowel in open syllable show plene writing al¡nost everyrvhere, like J'u-ú, {i-i, Iu-rL, sometimes ltr., but regularly lø (CH), later often la-a e.g. tsIl 165, 18. Much more liberal in the use of plene lvriting are e,g. the }Iari texts and especially texts u'ritten in Southern Old tsabylonian ortho- graphy.r In theur are found various kinds of plene writings never rnet with in the standard orthography, as will be shown in the follow- ing. A vorvel resultetl from the ìoss of ¿t rveak consonant is lvrittel plene e.g. in ttw-o,-ttt,ttt., nru'u't&ùr, n¿a'a-at (passirlr e.g. in Mali letters and in YOS X, cf., ltou'evet, ûtu,-ol Y()S X 3.3 IV 49). teçe'mø-uln CT Ztl, 8a(BB 16ó), 9, leo-ett'i-im Y()S II l, tl, úe4-e-ez¿ AIìM II40, l6 (bnt on the preceditrg line !e4-ntu'ant), te-e-gi-u \eg'ûin') Yt)S II 3' L The long vowel in hollorv verbs is seldour lvritten plene in the standard orthography, r:f. rnu,'te'ir, ntu-nreþ, nru-lei'in, i-ta-ar', ú-ba-ar-m,a but once 'ú-tu-a-ar in the Oode of Hammurabi, aud u-ha-a-al BB 21, ti (letter of Haurnrurabi!). Elsewhere it often may be written plene, cf. 'i-n¿u-u-ut YOS X 24, 39, le-e-er BB 194, 17, qu-ú-ul ARM I 67, L7. I Cl. Gonrz¿ apud Neugebauer and Sachs, Mathematical Cuneiform Texls p. 146. r,-JTr ð JussrAn,¡ ln Southern old l'liìbj'loliialr oi;thogr¿phv the lottg vowel that virtuallli exists t.g. it¡ tlte plttral fot'ttts of strrttlg verlts iìlld in the enrlingless fonns of verbs rvitlt rv¡ ¿rk 3l rl tatlictll, bttt is getterally short- ened, ilríly be rvrittell ¡rlene, e.g. li-lxrul-ld'lti.-ri lllJ l(ì6, õ.{ø-olc-nu,-'ti YOS Il l, 2fi (lur subjunctive!) i-.{'¿-ri YOS X 8,.1 (t:Jtr ibirl.8,25l), i-ba-uí-li-i YoS X 94, 20, ti4e-e 'l\)L X\¡II lgi. Lzi t{r-øt'-ta,-li'i BB 176; lu,<i ti'tl¿-t ARM I 6, 43, ri-li-ri (irrrpet'.) tsR 192, lT, bttt usually in l[âri.e,g. tq-bi.If'even looks as if any fitral vowel cou'ltt,be 'iit-ttt-tt written plele;' ¡:1, IJB ltì6, 14, o-r¡a-À'rr'-ri BB 188,. 12, 18, li-rs-sr¿-ri llêt-.|ltt I Y()l+ X't?,20, tlri-cs-.srt-ti Y()S X 56 II:ltf, tttt-u,lt- rr¿'ri illid. line 44, ?rr-rt'r.-Ju-ti YoS X (j2 l'ev. !3. Sueh t'owels are egperi¿rlll' rrften ut'ittett ¡tlette wltelt -lra follorvs: 'i-kru'i-i-tttn Yl)$ X 9ó;-8; it-lee-tnu ilrirl. ¡l XllI 3?, it'tu-u¡-lu'ri-¡rla ibid.
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