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JCR Thesis Dec 2011 PARTICIPATORY METHODS IN SOCIOLINGUISTIC SIGN LANGUAGE SURVEY: A CASE STUDY IN EL SALVADOR by Julia Ciupek-Reed Bachelor of Arts, Fresno Pacific University, 2004 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2012 This thesis, submitted by Julia Ciupek-Reed in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. ___________________________________ Chair ___________________________________ ___________________________________ This thesis meets the standards for appearance, conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby approved. __________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School __________________________________ Date ii PERMISSION Title Participatory Methods in Sociolinguistic Sign Language Survey: A Case Study in El Salvador Department Linguistics Degree Master of Arts In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Signature ______________________________ Date __________________________________ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................... viii ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................... x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 1 Changing Approaches to Sign Language Survey.............................. 1 Participatory Research and Methodology.......................................... 4 The Participatory Sociolinguistic Survey of El Salvador.................. 11 II. METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................... 15 Previously Utilized (Traditional) Research Tools............................. 18 Participant Observation........................................................ 18 Sociolinguistic Questionnaire............................................... 20 Recorded Text Testing.......................................................... 21 Participatory Research Tools............................................................. 24 Appreciative Inquiry............................................................. 27 Dialect Mapping................................................................... 28 Force Field Analysis............................................................. 31 Stakeholder's Analysis.......................................................... 32 Domains of Language Use................................................... 33 Cause and Effect Trees......................................................... 34 III. SOCIAL NETWORKS, ASSOCIATIONS, RELIGION AND EDUCATION...................................................................................... 36 Key Associations and Organizations................................................. 37 Asociación Salvadoreña de Sordos (ASS)........................... 37 Asociación pro Desarrollo Integral de la Comunidad Sorda Salvadoreña (ASDICSSA)...................................... 40 Fundación Manos Magicas (FMM)...................................... 41 Fundación Pro Educación de El Salvador (FUNPRES)....... 44 iv Asociación Cooperativa el Grupo Independiente Pro Rehabilitación Integral............................................ 44 The Asociación Pro Personas con Discapacidad de Cojutepeque............................................................. 45 Religious Practice and Groups.......................................................... 45 Grupo Efetá.......................................................................... 46 Iglesia Bautista Miramonte (IBM)....................................... 47 Iglesia Nazaret...................................................................... 49 Iglesia Tabernaculo Biblico Bautista Amigos de Israel........ 50 Iglesia Nuevo Pacto.............................................................. 50 Iglesia de Sordos Effatá........................................................ 51 Tabernaculo Bautista San Miguel (San Miguel Baptist Tabernacle).............................................................. 52 Jehovah's Witnesses.............................................................. 53 Other Religious Groups........................................................ 55 Education and Educational Institutions............................................. 56 Public education for Deaf students....................................... 57 Centro de Audicion y Lenguaje (Centro)............................. 61 Circulos de Alfabetización................................................... 62 Escuela Cristiana para Sordos (ECS)................................... 63 Integrated or Mainstream Programs..................................... 65 Conclusion......................................................................................... 66 IV. DEAF CULTURE, IDENTITY, AND LANGUAGE IN EL SALVADOR.... 68 Identity and Culture of Deaf Salvadorans......................................... 68 Perceptions of City Prominence and Other Social Arenas... 71 Social Justice and the Media................................................ 72 Sign Language Use and Attitudes...................................................... 73 ASL Comprehension............................................................ 79 Perceptions of the history and relative value of signed languages in El Salvador......................................... 81 Attitudes: LESSA, ASL, and LESCO.................................. 83 Language Use and Perceptions of Hearing People.............. 86 Language Development and Future Goals........................................ 89 Literature regarding Sign Language in El Salvador............. 93 v Community Perspectives about a LESSA Bible Translation project................................................... 94 Conclusion......................................................................................... 99 V. MEASURING THE SURVEY OF EL SALVADOR TO NINE PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH PRINCIPLES................................. 101 Self-awareness and rapport............................................................... 101 Learning together............................................................................... 104 Culturally Accessible Collaborative Analysis................................... 107 The Community's Authority and Involvement on Every Level........ 112 Measures of Participatory Value in the Languages of Elicitation..... 114 Conclusion......................................................................................... 115 VI. MEASURES FOR EVALUATING TRUSTWORTHINESS OF PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH DATA............................................. 118 Levels and kinds of Triangulation: Triangulation by Multiple Sources, Methods, and Investigators.................................... 119 Triangulation Across Tools for Each of the Survey's Research Questions.............................................................................. 121 Expression and Analysis of Difference............................................. 128 Other frameworks for evaluating trustworthiness............................. 129 Interaction, Observation, and Journaling............................. 129 Interaction With Other Researchers..................................... 130 Local Impact......................................................................... 131 Translation and Trustworthiness....................................................... 132 VII. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................ 134 APPENDICES.......................................................................................................................... 139 The Sociolinguistic Questionnaire.............................................................................. 139 RTT text and point system........................................................................................... 140 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................
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