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Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Ilköğretim Anabilim Dali

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Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Ilköğretim Anabilim Dali T.C ATATÜRK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İLKÖĞRETİM ANABİLİM DALI Ufuk ŞİMŞEK OSMANLI DEVLETİ VE TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ DEVLETİ’NİN KİMLİK ARAYIŞLARI (1718-1938) DOKTORA TEZİ TEZ YÖNETİCİSİ Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yavuz ÖZDEMİR ERZURUM-2008 I İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. III ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................ V KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................ VII GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ........................................................................................................... 5 1.ODAK KAVRAMLAR ................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Kültür ............................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Kimlik .......................................................................................................... 13 1.3. Ulusal kimlik ............................................................................................... 23 1.4. Modernleşme ............................................................................................... 37 1.5. Ulus, Ulusçuluk ve Ulus devlet ................................................................... 51 1.5.1. Ulus ................................................................................................ 52 1.5.2. Ulusçuluk ....................................................................................... 71 1.5.3. Ulus devlet ..................................................................................... 95 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ......................................................................................................... 107 2. OSMANLI KİMLİĞİ Ve KİMLİK SORUNU ..................................................... 107 2.1. Klâsik Dönem Osmanlı Devleti, Felsefesi ve Sınıf Sistemi ..................... 107 2.1.1 Osmanlı millet sistemi .................................................................. 112 2.1.2 Osmanlı kimliği ............................................................................. 115 2.2. Osmanlı Devleti’nin “Modern Dünya” ile Yüzleşmesi (1718–1839) ...... 119 2.3. Tanzimat Dönemi (1839-1876) ................................................................. 124 2.4. II. Abdülhamit Dönemi (1876-1909) ........................................................ 143 2.5. II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi (1908-1918) .......................................................... 154 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ..................................................................................................... 178 3. CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİ ULUSAL KİMLİK OLUŞTURMADA SİYASİ POLİTİKALAR .......................................................................................................... 178 3.1. Türk Ulusal Kimliğinin Oluşumunda Milli Mücadele’nin Etkisi ............. 179 II 3.2. Türk Ulusal Kimliğinin Oluşmasında Siyasi İnkılâplar ............................ 192 3.2.1. Saltanatın kaldırılması .................................................................. 192 3.2.2. Cumhuriyet’in ilanı ...................................................................... 195 3.2.3. Halifeliğin kaldırılması ................................................................ 200 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ............................................................................................... 206 4. CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİ ULUSAL KİMLİK OLUŞTURMADA HUKUKİ, KÜLTÜREL VE SOSYAL POLİTİKALAR (TOPLUMSAL PROJE) ................ 206 4.1. Ulusun İnşa Aracı Olarak Eğitimin Ulusallaştırılması............................. 207 4. 2. Uluslaşma Sürecinde Hukukun Lâikleştirilmesi ..................................... 228 4. 3. Ulusal Kimliğin inşası sürecinde doğrudan müdahale: Kılık Kıyafet Devrimi .............................................................................................................. 235 4. 4. Ulusal Kimliğin İnşası Sürecinde Tekke, Zaviye, Türbe ve Tarikatların Kapatılması ........................................................................................................ 247 4. 5. “Yeni ulus” İçin Yeni Takvim, Saat, Rakam, Ölçü, Tatil Günü ve Ulusal Bayram .............................................................................................................. 254 4. 6. ‘Ulus İnşası’nın Önemli Bir Aracı Olarak Dil Devrimi ve Tezi .............. 258 4. 7. Ulus İnşası Sürecinde Bir Unutma, Hatırlama ve Kimlik Aracı Olarak Tarihin Kullanımı .............................................................................................. 275 4. 8. Yeni Oluşturulan Ulusal Değerlerin Yayınlaştırma Aracı Olarak Halk Evleri ................................................................................................................. 293 4. 9. Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Ulusçuluk Anlayışı ve Oluşturulmaya Çalışılan Ulusal Kimlik ..................................................................................... 300 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 313 KAYNAKLAR ............................................................................................................ 317 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ................................................................................................................. 367 III ÖZET DOKTORA TEZİ OSMANLI DEVLETİ VE TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ DEVLETİ’NİN KİMLİK ARAYIŞLARI (1718-1938) Ufuk ŞİMŞEK Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yavuz ÖZDEMİR 2008-sayfa:367+VII Jüri: Yrd. Doç.Dr Yavuz ÖZDEMİR Prof. Dr. Hikmet ÖKSÜZ Doç.Dr. A.Sinan BİLGİLİ Doç.Dr. Nevzat CAN Yrd. Doç.Dr. Selahattin TOZLU Bu çalışmada tarihsel süreç içerisinde Türk ulusal kimliğinin oluşumu incelenmiştir. Dönem olarak ulusal kimliklerin oluşmaya başladığı ve şekillendiği 1718- 1938 yılları alınmıştır. 1718 tarihinde bir uyanma başlamış 1938 ‘e kadar ise “aydınlanma” gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışmada geçtiğimiz iki yüzyılda meşruiyet zeminleri, ideolojiler, üretim biçimleri, toplum yapıları gibi birçok alanda yaşanan köklü değişimlerin izleri sürülmeye çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı Devletinun etkisinde kaldığı bu süreçte, geleneksel devlet ve toplum formları çözülmüştür. İmparatorlukların yerini ulus-devletler, geleneksel toplumların yerini modern toplumlar almıştır. Meşruiyet zemini gökten yere inmiş, hanedana ve dine olan aidiyetler ulusa ve ulusal kimliğe doğru evirilmiştir. Bu süreçte ister mevcut devlet yapısı değiştirilerek ister yeni bir devlet kurularak oluşturulan her ulus-devlet, kendi meşruiyetini sağlayacak ulusu oluşturmayı amaçlamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti ve akabinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti bu amaca yönelik politikalar üretmiştir. Türk ulus-devleti Atatürk önderliğinde kurulan cumhuriyetle mümkün olmuştur. Modern devletin kontrolündeki eğitim, ordu, hukuk gibi unsurlarla bir Türk ulusal kimliği yaratılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu inşa süreci çağdaşları ile paralellik arz etmiştir. Yine bu inşa sürecine muhatap, herhangi farklı bir etnik grup değil Anadolu’da yaşayan herkes olmuştur IV ABSTRACT Ph.D. THESIS SEARCH OF IDENTITY OF THE OTTOMAN STATE AND REPUBLIC OF TURKEY (1718–1938) UFUK ŞİMŞEK Advisor: Assistant Professor. Dr. Yavuz ÖZDEMİR 2008- Page: 367+VII Jury: Assistant Professor. Dr. Yavuz ÖZDEMİR Professor. Dr. Hikmet ÖKSÜZ Associate Professor. Dr. A.Sinan BİLGİLİ Associate Professor. Dr. Nevzat CAN Assistant Professor. Dr. Selahattin TOZLU The study was centred upon the formation of Turkish national identity in the course of history. The years 1718-1938 when the reshaping and formation of national identity started were studied. National consciousness began to rise around 1718 and 1938 became a turning point for ‘’enlightenment’’. The study goes through the changes in the fields of legitimacy, ideologies, production methods and social structure. The period when the Ottoman Empire made itself felt on traditional state and social forms was analysed. Empires were replaced by the nation states and traditional communities by modern ones. The structure of legitimacy lost ground during this period. The privileges dynasty and religion enjoyed were directed towards the nation. Every nation state aimed to build its own identity which would provide it with legitimacy by either altering its own state structure or establishing a new state. The Ottoman Empire and the following Turkish Republic went heavily ahead with nation state- oriented policies. Turkish nation state emerged through the newly founded republic in Atatürk’s lead. Turkish national identity was created by the initiatives in the fields of education, army and law under the control of the modern state. This formation process corresponded with that of its contemporaries. Every single person living in Anatolia not any other ethnicity group experienced the process of formation. V ÖNSÖZ Yaşadığımız çağda, ulus-devletlerin, ulusun, ulusçuluğun ve ulusal kimliğin ciddi bir şekilde sorgulandığına, buna karşın sırasıyla modern dönemin en meşru devlet formu, toplum formu, ideolojisi ve kimlik kategorisi olan bu olguların da güncelliğini koruduğuna şahit olmaktayız. Modern çağda dünya, ifade edilen olgular temelinde bir alt-üst oluş yaşamıştır.
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