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Evolution in Politics: Bernard Shaw and Orhan Asena (A Contrastive Study)

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Evolution in Politics: Bernard Shaw and Orhan Asena (A Contrastive Study) T.R. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Evolution in Politics: Bernard Shaw and Orhan Asena (A Contrastive Study) ÖNDER ÇAKIRTAŞ DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LITERATURE PhD Thesis SUPERVISOR ASSOC. PROF. DR. ÖMER ŞEKERCİ ISPARTA, 2015 ABSTRACT EVOLUTION in POLITICS: BERNARD SHAW and ORHAN ASENA (A CONTRASTIVE STUDY) Önder ÇAKIRTAŞ Suleyman Demirel University, Department of Western Languages and Literatures PhD Thesis, 174 pages, November 2015 Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer ŞEKERCİ This PhD thesis underpins improved revision of attitudes towards ‘change, challenge and transition of politics and political ideologies’ in British and Turkish Drama in the 1900s and 1950s in respect with the defies of George Bernard Shaw’s social and political moves, his metaphorical and mythological standpoints, his ‘literal pen’ as a weapon against retrogressive policies of the ‘individual’ and community, and against traditional ‘well-made play’; on the other hand, a relative study on Orhan Asena who seems to be a transmitter of change and transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey, as a socialist who is keen on the social aura of the transition period and the metamorphoses within some of his significant histori-political and socio-political plays in terms of a logical periodization of them. The study is based upon two vital names of British and Turkish theater and the political overtones observed in their works. In addition, the evolution in political philosophy from ancient Greece to the present, other ideologies that influenced (by) the political thought, political themes in British and Turkish theater are tackled with on a comparative basis. Detailed studies are made on Bernard Shaw’s and Orhan Asena’s political considerations and the implications of these thoughts on the plays. Accordingly, within five sub-sections, it is explored how the playwrights portray the time period of 1950s of British and Turkish Drama together with the sub-themes of ‘politics and inter/national identity’, the contrasting and paralleling views of Shaw and Asena, their political references, Victorianism in Britain and Republicanism in Turkey. It is attempted to reconnoitre a modern British and a Turkish playwright that represent different strands of nationalities and legacies of history, culture, and politics. It is also aimed to frame a logical periodization of politics in Modern Turkish and British Drama from its birth till the present day by focusing on leading playwrights of the periods. Key Words: George Bernard Shaw, Orhan Asena, Politics, Comparative Drama. ii ÖZET POLİTİKADA EVRİM: BERNARD SHAW ve ORHAN ASENA (KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ÇALIŞMA) Önder ÇAKIRTAŞ Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Doktora Tezi, 174 sayfa, Kasım 2015 Danışman: Doç. Dr. Ömer ŞEKERCİ Bu çalışma, 1900'ler ve 1950'lerde İngiliz ve Türk Tiyatrolarında ‘politikadaki ve politik ideolojilerdeki değişim, iddia ve geçişlere’ yönelik tutumları ele almakta ve bunların geliştirilmiş bir tashihinin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu tashihte, tezin iskeleti mahiyetinde, bir taraftan George Bernard Shaw'un ideolojik fikirlerini barındıran toplumsal ve politik tutumlar, mecazi ve mitolojik bakış açıları, bireyin ve toplumun yozlaşan tavırları ve geleneksel ‘iyi kurulu oyunlara’ karşı silah olarak kullandığı ‘yazınsal kalemi’ incelenirken diğer taraftan, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne geçişteki değişim sürecinin aktarıcısı mahiyetinde olan Orhan Asena’nın bazı önemli tarihi-politik ve sosyo-politik oyunlarının içinde mantıklı bir dönemlendirme yapılarak konu irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışma, geçiş döneminin sosyal aura ve metamorfozlarına düşkün bir sosyalist olan yazarın yapıtlarında göreceli bir incelemeyi de kapsamaktadır. Çalışmanın temelini, İngiliz ve Türk tiyatrosunun iki önemli ismi ve onların eserlerinde gözlemlenen politik imalar oluşturmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, politik felsefenin Antik Yunan’dan günümüze kadar olan evrimi, politik düşüncenin etkile(n)diği ideolojiler, İngiliz ve Türk tiyatrosunda politik izlekler karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Bernard Shaw ve Orhan Asena’nın etkilendiği politik düşünceler ve bu düşüncelerin oyunlara teması üzerinde detaylı tespitler yapılmıştır. Beş alt bölümden oluşan bu çalışma, yazarların 1950’li yıllarda İngiliz ve Türk Tiyatrolarını nasıl tarif ettikleri, 'politika ve ulusal/uluslararası kimlik', Shaw ve Asena’nın fikirlerindeki paralel ve zıt yönler, politik referanslar, İngiltere’deki Viktorya Dönemi ve Türkiye'deki Cumhuriyet Dönemi gibi alt temalar bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Farklı milliyetleri ve farklı tarih, kültür ve siyaset mirasını temsil eden modern bir İngiliz ve modern bir Türk oyun yazarını yeniden okumayı amaçlamıştır. Ayrıca her dönemin önde gelen oyun yazarlarına odaklanarak, doğuşundan günümüze dek Çağdaş Türk ve İngiliz Tiyatrolarında politikanın mantıksal bir dönemlendirmesi de yapılmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: George Bernard Shaw, Orhan Asena, Politika, Karşılaştırmalı Tiyatro. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…. .......................................................................................................................................................ii ÖZET ………… .................................................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER ONE (INTRODUCTION) 1 – INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. The Scope of the Study ……………………………………………………...1 1.2. The Aim of the Study………………………………………………..……....7 1.3. The Significance of the Study…………………………………………….....8 1.4. The Limitations of the Study…………………………………...……………9 1.5. The Method of the Study…………………………………………………….10 CHAPTER TWO (POLITICS AND IDEOLOGY) 2 – POLITICS AND IDEOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Politics: Evolution in the Act of Governance ……………………………...11 2.2. Ideology and Political Ideologies…………………………………………..27 2.2.1. Political Ideologies…………………………………………………..34 2.2.1.1. Socialism and Communism………………………………....36 2.2.1.2. Republicanism, Laicism and Nationalism…………….…….38 2.2.1.3. Kemalism……………………………………………………42 CHAPTER THREE (POLITICS IN DRAMA) 3 – POLITICS IN DRAMA ................................................................................................................................ 44 iv 3.1. Politics in British Drama …………………………………………………..45 3.2. Politics in Turkish Drama…………………………………………………..68 CHAPTER FOUR (BERNARD SHAW AND ORHAN ASENA) 4 – BERNARD SHAW AND ORHAN ASENA ................................................................................................ 84 4.1. Political Evolution in Bernard Shaw………………………………………..86 4.2. Political Evolution in Orhan Asena……………………………………........98 CHAPTER FIVE (POLITICAL LANGUAGES OF SHAW AND ASENA) 5 – POLITICAL LANGUAGES OF SHAW AND ASENA ........................................................................... 107 5.1. Political Language of Bernard Shaw……………………………………...109 5.2. Political Language of Orhan Asena………………………..……………...123 CHAPTER SIX (CONCLUSION: SHAW VERSUS ASENA) 6 – CONCLUSION: SHAW VERSUS ASENA .............................................................................................. 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 144 APPENDIX I Shaw versus Asena ....................................................................................................................... 162 APPENDIX II Synopsis of Orhan Asena’s Plays ........................................................................................... 165 ENDNOTES……. ............................................................................................................................................... 170 CV……………….… ........................................................................................................................................... 172 v DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Sadrettin and Nafia, my wife Kübra and wonderful brother Hikmet and his family, my siblings Derya, and Özge, and my brother and friend Özgür and his family. Without their love, support, and encouragement I never would have achieved my love of learning and dream of teaching. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is a product of innumerable hours of study, research, and epistemological endeavors--none of which would be possible without my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer ŞEKERCİ’s support and guidance throughout my study. If not for his encouragement, patience, and investment, this thesis and my dreams would never have come to fulfillment. Special thanks go to Assoc. Prof. Mehmet Ali ÇELİKEL also, for his time and diligent interest. The person who rightly deserves my thanks and gratefulness is Prof. Dr. Hüseynağa RZAYEV.
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