The Rules of the Game: Allende’s Chile, the United States and Cuba, 1970-1973. Tanya Harmer London School of Economics and Political Science February 2008 Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in International History, Department of international History, LSE. Word Count (excluding bibliography): 99,984. 1 UMI Number: U506B05 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U506305 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ti4es^ 5 F m Library British Litiwy o* Pivam* and Economic Sc«kk* li 3 5 \ q g Abstract This thesis is an international history of Chile and inter-American relations during the presidency of Salvador Allende. On the one hand, it investigates the impact external actors and international affairs had on Chilean politics up to and immediately following the brutal coup d’etat that overthrew Allende on 11 September 1973. On the other hand, it explores how the rise and fall of Allende’s peaceful democratic road to socialism affected the Cold War in Latin America and international affairs beyond. Based on multi-archival research, online resources and interviews conducted in Havana and Santiago, it places Chile - and the regional and international context in which Allende existed - at the heart of a story that has too often been told from Washington’s perspective and in isolation from the history of Latin American and Third World politics. It argues that the direct significance Allende’s Chile had for Latin America - and more specifically, the Southern Cone - between 1970 and 1973 was to reinvigorate a battle for control of the continent between those who sought socialist revolution and those who wanted to destroy it. 2 Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 4. Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 6. List of Illustrations............................................................................................................. 8. Maps..................................................................................................................................... 9. Introduction......................................................................................................................... 10. Chapter One: From Mature Partnership to Mortal Struggle........................................... 32. Chapter Two: In Pursuit of Radical Transformation..................................................... 59. Chapter Three: “In a Revolution Not Everything is Rose-Coloured”......................... 85. Chapter Four: Battle Lines............................................................................................... 114. Chapter Five: Crossroads................................................................................................. 140. Chapter Six: Endgame ..................................................................................................... 167. Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 198. Endnotes.............................................................................................................................. 213. Bibliography......................................................................................................................... 254. 3 Acknowledgements I A common phrase used by Cubans to describe the most mundane to the most complicated of tasks is es faciir (It is not easy). But with the help and support I received whilst researching and writing this thesis, the process was made considerably easier. Primarily, I owe an immense debt to the Department of International History at the London School of Economics and to my supervisor, Professor O. Arne Westad. The inspiration, warm encouragement, support and patience he has offered me over the past four years have been invaluable. My thanks also goes to Steve Casey for sharing the burden of supervising me in the first year of the PhD, and for reading later work and providing me with thoughtful comments. I have also been very fortunate to benefit from the inspiring research and teaching environment of the International History Department and its Cold War Studies Centre. My particular thanks to Robert Boyce for hosting his regular PhD workshops, to Antony Best as co-ordinator of the PhD Programme and to the staff at the Cold War Studies Centre (among them Lisa Aronsson, Liz Benning, Jeff Byrne, Tiha Franulovic, Martin A. Gonzalez, Garret Martin, Sue Onslow, Svetozar Rajak and Louise Woodroofe). Many thanks also to all those (particularly Jim Hershberg and Michael J. Sullivan) who offered insightful comments, posed thought-provoking questions and gave me encouragement when I presented earlier versions of chapters from the thesis at the CWSC’s Graduate Seminar Series, the LSE-GWU-UCSB International Graduate Conference on the Cold War, the IHR’s International History Seminar, and the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations’s annual confrence. The research and years I have dedicated to the PhD would simply not have been possible without the financial assistance I received from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the International History Department at the LSE and the University of London’s Central Research Fund. The AHRC’s generous doctoral scholarship and ‘study abroad’ grant allowed me to work full-time on the thesis and to conduct three months of research in Santiago, Brasilia and Havana at the end of 2004.1 am also very grateful to the University of London’s Central Research Fund, which provided me with funds to return for a second time to Havana. Similarly, the International History department’s travel bursaries covered my travel costs to Washington on two occasions and a third visit to Cuba. In the final year of the project, the research studentship I received from the LSE quite simply enabled me to pay my rent while I dedicated myself to the writing-up process. 4 The process of research in Cuba is as complicated as it is exciting but it would have been far more I daunting without the support and guidance of Professor Antoni Kapcia and members of the Cuba Research Forum based at the University of Nottingham and the University of Havana. For their help in obtaining the right visa, introducing me to the right people, providing a welcoming environment to discuss research in Cuba, and for inviting me to attend their annual conferences and graduate seminars, I am greatly indebted. In Havana, my thanks goes to Jorge Hernandez, and Luis Rene Fernandez at CESEU who not only gave me institutional backing for my project, but also gave me help and support during my three research trips. The staff at Casa Memorial Salvador Allende in Havana also deserve particular thanks for opening doors in my protracted mission to arrange interviews. Thanks also to Carlos Alzugaray and Luis Suarez Salazar at ISRI, as well as Mayra Rogers at the University of Havana. Outside Cuba, I would also like to pay thanks to CRF members: Guy Baron, Camillia Cowling, Chris Hull, Hal Klepak, Par Kumaraswami, Anne Luke, Kathy Riley and Olga Rodriguez not only for sharing their experiences with me, but also for making my own research as enjoyable as it was absorbing. Outside the field of Cuban studies, I am very grateful to my colleagues working in the field of Latin American and US history, Victor Figueroa Clark, Martin Gonzalez, Kristian Gustafson, Daniel Michael, Alessandro Santoni, Andy Scott and Matias Spektor, with whom I have enjoyed long and interesting conversations. Many colleagues, friends and family members also read chapters, commented on conference papers and/or gave me helpful advice and support in the last (and seemingly never-ending) stages of the writing process. My heartfelt thanks to Kate Annand, Jeff Byrne, Chris Connolly, Lindsay Evans, Thomas Field, Stephanie Hare-Cuming, Anita, Jeremy and Jessy Harmer, Ian Jasper, Garret Martin, Frederico Matos, Ed Packard, Mark Plumb, Andy Scott, Erica Wald, Alex Wieland and Louise Woodroofe. Most of all, however, thank you to my family who not only endured the worst of the PhD with me, but who also opened my eyes to the world and made the best of it possible. To my family, but especially my parents, Anita and Jeremy, I dedicate this thesis. 5 Abbreviations AR Chile’s Voice o f Democracy: Salvador Allende Reader edited by C.D. Cockroft. AMRE Archivo General Historico, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, (Chilean Foreign Ministry Archive), Santiago. AMRE-Brasilia Arquivo Historico, Ministerio de R ed o e s Exteriores, (Brazilian Foreign Ministry Archive), Brasilia. API Accion Popular Independiente (Popular Independent Action) ARA Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, United States CIA Central Intelligence Agency, United States. CDP Chile Declassification Project,