Turchia, Laboratorio Costituzionale

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Turchia, Laboratorio Costituzionale Dipartimento di Relazioni Internazionali Cattedra di Diritto Pubblico Comparato Turchia, laboratorio costituzionale RELATORE Prof.ssa Carmela Decaro Bonella CORRELATORE Prof. Giovanni Rizzoni CANDIDATO Mattia Basso Matr. 631542 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2018/2019 1 Indice Introduzione..................................................................................................5 Capitolo I: La Fine dell'Impero ottomano e la proclamazione della Repubblica 1.1 Dalla Tanzimat alla Costituzione Ottomana del 1876.................................................7 1.2 Dalla Pace di Santo Stefano alla Revisione del 1909.................................................13 1.3 Il Trattato di Sèvres del 1920......................................................................................16 1.3.1 La questione curda..............................................................................................17 1.3.2 Il Manifesto Costituzionale del 1921.................................................................18 Capitolo II: Novecento turco 2.1 Una giovane Repubblica (1924-1960)........................................................................21 2.1.1 La Costituzione del 1924 e il Kemalismo..........................................................22 2.1.2 Inönü e l'apertura al multipartitismo..................................................................28 2.1.3 L'egemonia della maggioranza...........................................................................31 2.2 Anni incerti (1961-1982).............................................................................................33 2.2.1 Il golpe del 1960 e la Costituzione "dei professori"...........................................34 2.2.2 I Governi Demirel e il Colpo di Stato "del memorandum"................................38 2.2.3 I difficili anni '70 e il golpe del 1980.................................................................40 2 2.3 Fine di un secolo (1982-1999)....................................................................................42 2.3.1 La Costituzione del 1982...................................................................................43 2.3.2 Il colpo di Stato "post-moderno".......................................................................46 Capitolo III: Il decennio riformista e l'egemonia dell'AKP 3.1 L'inizio del nuovo millennio (1999-2002)..................................................................48 3.1.1 La crisi bancaria del 2000-20001.......................................................................49 3.1.2 La Riforma costituzionale del 2001...................................................................50 3.2 L'avvento dell'Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (2002-2010).............................................52 3.2.1 Un decennio di riforme......................................................................................53 3.3. Cambio di rotta (2011-2015)......................................................................................55 3.3.1 La Commissione per la conciliazione costituzionale.........................................58 3.3.2 Erdoğan Presidente............................................................................................59 Capitolo IV: Il presidenzialismo "alla turca" 4.1 Il colpo di Stato del 2016............................................................................................62 4.1.1 Fethullah Gülen..................................................................................................63 4.1.2 Il golpe del 2016: una cronaca dei fatti..............................................................65 4.1.3 Il golpe del 2016: la reazione di Erdoğan..........................................................67 4.2 La Riforma costituzionale...........................................................................................68 4.2.1 Il referendum costituzionale...............................................................................71 4.3 Le elezioni del 2018....................................................................................................73 3 4.4 Ultimi sviluppi............................................................................................................76 Conclusioni...................................................................................................................81 Schede Risultati elezioni generali turche (1950-2018)..................................................................83 Sigle...................................................................................................................................85 Bibliografia...................................................................................................................88 Sitografia.......................................................................................................................91 Riassunto.......................................................................................................................95 4 Introduzione Sebbene recentemente i rapporti tra la Repubblica turca e l'Europa si siano drammaticamente raffreddati, tanto da trasformarsi da "promessi sposi" a "semplici" alleati1, la Turchia continua ad essere un importante "Stato-pivot", come ebbe a definirla l'ex Segretario di Stato Henry Kissinger 2; non solo in relazione alla sua straordinaria importanza strategica, al centro di tre grandi aree geopolitiche (Europa, Medio Oriente e area ex-sovietica), ma anche per il ruolo di principale modello di democrazia laica in un Paese di religione islamica. Negli ultimi anni questo ruolo chiave viene ulteriormente in evidenza, a cominciare dal significativo accordo sui migranti firmato nel marzo del 20163 , passando per il decisivo contributo nella lotta all'ISIS e per il recente impegno nel processo di pacificazione in Siria. Ecco dunque che la stabilità della Turchia diventa di interesse primario per l'Europa, tanto che quest'ultima sembra non aver condannato con la dovuta decisione la c.d. svolta autoritaria operata recentemente da Erdoğan, proprio per non destabilizzare ulteriormente i rapporti con un partner tanto importante per le sorti e la sicurezza dell'Europa, e forse anche per scongiurare un suo avvicinamento alla Russia di Putin4. I recenti sviluppi in politica interna operati dall'AKP possono essere letti come l'ennesimo episodio di una tensione costante che serpeggia tra le fondamenta della società turca, sin dalla proclamazione della Repubblica, e che emerge prepotentemente solo dopo la morte di Atatürk: la tensione tra laicità e religione, tra "occidentalizzazione" e tradizione islamica. Se infatti Kemal era riuscito durante tutta la sua Presidenza a porre il principio di laicità al vertice dei valori cui ispirarsi per strutturare il nuovo Stato turco, con l'apertura al 1 Cfr. Daniele Santoro, «Da promessi sposi a "semplici" alleati: la presa di coscienza dell'Unione Europea sulla Turchia», in limesonline, 04/04/2018. 2 Cfr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, La grande scacchiera. Il mondo e la politica nell'era della supremazia americana, Longanesi, 1998. 3 In base al quale la Turchia si impegnava a riprendere tutti i migranti irregolari fermati in Grecia, così da congelare la c.d. "rotta balcanica", in cambio dell'impegno da parte dell'Unione Europea ad ospitare un profugo siriano per ogni migrante accolto da Ankara, oltre all'esborso di tre miliardi di euro come indennizzo per il maggior controllo richiesto alle frontiere e alla promessa dell'apertura del capitolo negoziale 33 (effettivamente aperto nel giugno del 2016) relativo all'ingresso della Turchia nell'UE; nonostante ciò, ad oggi Ankara ha accolto oltre tre volte il numero di rifugiati siriani accolti da tutta l'Unione Europea. 4 Eventualità che recentemente sembra però prendere forma; al riguardo vd. § 4.4. 5 multipartitismo operata dal suo successore Inönü, alcuni dei nuovi partiti si fanno portatori di una retorica più dichiaratamente filo-islamica, forti del consenso di una popolazione che, su oltre ottanta milioni di abitanti, conta il 98% di musulmani. Per garantire il pieno rispetto del principio cardine del Kemalismo intervengono più volte, durante la Storia della Turchia moderna, i c.d. custodi della laicità, cioè i militari: il ricorso ai colpi di Stato, al fine di riorientare la politica interna turca verso l'osservanza di tale principio, è una costante rintracciabile periodicamente (ogni dieci-quindici anni) negli ultimi sessant'anni di Storia turca. Questo è forse il segnale più lampante del fatto che tale tensione tra laicità e religione sia costantemente presente nella società turca; le iniziative più recenti prese dall'AKP, che tanto sembrano discostarsi da molte altre prese ad inizio secolo 5 , e il consenso di buona parte della popolazione verso tali politiche non fanno che confermare tale contrasto. Non va però dimenticato come, dopo ogni loro intervento, i militari si siano sempre preoccupati di gestire il pieno ritorno alla Democrazia e come abbiano cercato di garantire la governabilità e il rispetto di tutti i principi del Kemalismo attraverso il varo di una nuova Costituzione, altra costante nel percorso storico della Turchia: in meno di cento anni infatti la Repubblica turca ha adottato ben tre diversi Testi costituzionali6. Nel lavoro tracceremo dunque una Storia politica della Turchia, dalla fine dell'Impero ottomano fino agli sviluppi più recenti, focalizzandoci su alcuni momenti chiave, come sono stati i numerosi golpe e il successivo varo delle nuove Costituzioni, tentando di fornire un quadro dei
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