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Identità E Alterità Nella Turchia Contemporanea

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Identità E Alterità Nella Turchia Contemporanea Identità e alterità nella Turchia contemporanea Facoltà di Scienze Politiche, Sociologia e Comunicazione Corso di Dottorato Storia dell'Europa XXIX ciclo Candidata Iulia-Alexandra Oprea Tutor Prof. Giordano Altarozzi 2016/2017 Riassunto La tesi esplora le molteplici sfaccettature dell’identità turca tramite le lenti della storia e i processi d’esclusione storica/ideologica, etnica, religiosa e culturale. Identificare, immaginare e definire una comunità socio-culturale, sia un ente nazionale che una minoranza, è un processo reciproco e interdipendente; l’identità e anche l’alterità si definiscono non solo per antitesi uno all’altro ma vengono anche determinate dall’alterità che esse rappresentano per l’altro. La ricerca è condotta su quattro dimensioni: La prima dimensione analizza le fonti tradizionali-storiche dell’identità turca, mentre la seconda investiga le formulazioni ufficiali dell’identità costruite sulle alterità ideologiche (reali o manipolate) del passato. La terza dimensione mira a definire le forme contemporanee accettate e/o promosse dell’identità turca, in rapporto con le quattro categorie principali d’alterità esistenti nella realtà turca: le minoranze non turche (i curdi), le comunità non musulmane (gli armeni), le minoranze musulmane non sunnite (gli aleviti) e gli immigrati siriani. L'ultima parte esamina l’europeità dell'identità turca, in accordo con le definizioni d’Europa/europeo. Situata tra l’Oriente e l’Occidente, sotto l'ombrello delle ideologie d’appartenenza apparentemente contrastanti, il caso della Turchia ci fornisce prove sull’evoluzione del nazionalismo, delle storie nazionali, delle identità e delle alterità in un mondo globalizzante e multiculturale. Abstract The project explores the multiple facets of Turkish identity through the lenses of history and processes of historical/ideological, ethnic, religious and broader cultural exclusion. Identifying and imagining a socio-cultural community, whether we talk about a national entity or a minority, is a mutual and interdependent process, both identities and alterities being (re)defined by the alterity they represent for each other. The research is conducted on four dimensions: the first dimension analyses the traditional-historical sources of Turkish identity, while the second one investigates the official identity formulations built on the (real or manipulated) ideological otherness of the past. The third dimension aims to define the contemporary accepted and/or promoted forms of Turkishness, in relation with the four main categories of “otherness” existing in the Turkish reality: the non-Turkish minorities (Kurds), the non-Muslim communities (Armenians), the non- Sunni Muslim minorities (Alevis) and Syrian immigrants. The last part examines the Europeanness of the Turkish identity, in accordance with the definitions of Europe/European. Situated between East and West, under the umbrella of apparently contrasting ideologies of belonging, the case of Turkey provides us with evidence on how nationalism, national histories, identities and alterities evolve in a globalizing and multicultural world. 2 Identità e alterità nella Turchia contemporanea Indice Introduzione .................................................................................................................... 6 I. Il quesito della ricerca e gli obiettivi .......................................................................... 6 II. Metodologia ........................................................................................................... 7 III. Importanza ............................................................................................................ 10 IV. Struttura della ricerca ........................................................................................... 12 1. Identità e alterità nel contesto della globalizzazione – Gli strumenti teorici della ricerca 14 1.1. L’identità riflessiva - “Sono colui che non sono” ................................................ 19 1.2. “Il sé” nazionale ................................................................................................... 22 1.3. “Il sé” globale – le identità in gara ....................................................................... 29 2. La storia come fonte identitaria .......................................................................... 32 2.1. Le tribù turche pre-ottomane ................................................................................ 33 2.2. Il sistema millet – Diversità nell’unità ottomana .................................................. 37 2.3. Al servizio del sogno nazionale turco - il panturchismo e l’anatolianismo .......... 56 2.4. La sindrome di Sèvres – costruendo un nuovo “sé” sulla paura .......................... 63 2.4.1. Breve contesto storico ....................................................................................... 63 2.4.2. Sèvres, kemalismo e identità ............................................................................. 66 2.4.3. La paura dell’alterità. „I turchi non hanno altri amici oltre ai turchi” ............... 70 2.5. La santa Turchia laica di Kemal ........................................................................... 73 2.5.1. Il secolarismo: Un’idea(le), molte definizioni ............................................... 75 2.5.2. Il Lâiklik turco ................................................................................................ 79 2.6. Il kemalismo aggiornato – La sintesi turco-islamica ............................................ 84 3. La storia come risorsa identitaria - L’alterità ideologica .................................... 94 3.1. L’alterità ottomana - Reinventando un passato secolare ...................................... 97 3.2. L’alterità kemalista – il patrimonio ottomano sotto I riflettori ........................... 103 3 4. “L’altro” nello specchio – Il ruolo delle minoranze nella formazione dell’identità turca .................................................................................................................... 116 4.1. L’alterità religioasa e l’identità islamica sunnita................................................ 118 4.1.1. I non-musulmani .......................................................................................... 118 4.1.1.1 Gli armeni ...................................................................................................... 126 4.1.1.1.1 L’importanza della parola tabù per le identità turca e armena ................ 126 4.1.2. Gli aleviti ...................................................................................................... 138 4.1.2.1 L’alevismo turco: religione, storia e politica ................................................. 138 4.1.2.2 Tra esclusione e sunnificazione: Gli aleviti “buoni” e gli aleviti “cattivi” ... 143 4.2. L’alterità etnica - I curdi ..................................................................................... 146 4.2.1. Chi sono i curdi? .......................................................................................... 146 4.2.2. I curdi della Turchia – Breve storia di una relazione complessa .................. 149 4.2.3 L’identità turca contestata – Quanto turchi sono i curdi?................................. 156 4.3. Gli immigranti siriani e il loro impatto sul bilancio etnico-religioso della Turchia Orientale 159 4.3.1. Immagine e atteggiamenti nei confronti dei profughi siriani in Ceylanpınar.. 163 5. Turchia – L’altro dell’Europa o l’altra Europa? ............................................... 178 5.1. Turchia ed Europa: Storia di un rapporto complicato ........................................ 179 5.2. Essere europeo o integrato nella struttura economica e politica europea? ......... 192 5.2.1. L’Europa pratica ........................................................................................... 193 5.2.2. L’Europa dei diritti ....................................................................................... 194 5.2.3. L’Europa culturale........................................................................................ 196 5.3. Cittadini europei e turchi sull’adesione della Turchia all’UE ................................ 205 5.3.1. Questionario sull’europeità della Turchia - Risultati ...................................... 206 Conclusioni ................................................................................................................. 212 Appendice ................................................................................................................... 220 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................. 230 Monografie e capitoli di libri ........................................................................................ 230 Articoli scientifici.......................................................................................................... 241 4 Articoli di stampa .......................................................................................................... 251 Documenti ufficiali e rapporti ....................................................................................... 257 Fonti online ................................................................................................................... 259 5 Introduzione I. Il quesito della ricerca e gli obiettivi L’idea di questa tesi è nata in parte nel 2012 quando ho svolto uno stage di pratica nella Turchia orientale, a Elazığ, una città multiculturale,
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