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Militarism, Democracy, and Concordance: the Role of Citizenry in (Re)

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Militarism, Democracy, and Concordance: the Role of Citizenry in (Re) Militarism, Democracy, and Concordance: The Role of Citizenry in (Re)- Establishing Democratic Order in Argentina and Turkey A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School Of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of Sociology Of the College of Arts and Sciences by Adem Üstün ÇATALBAŞ M.A. Selcuk University August 2012 Committee Chair: Steven Carlton-Ford, Ph.D. Abstract The role of the citizenry is often neglected in the literature about democratization but there is a growing scholarly attention – across the globe -- to the role of the citizenry in democratic development. This dissertation focuses on the democratic development in Argentinean and Turkish contexts with a specific emphasis on the role of citizenry in each case. Argentina and Turkey are two different social contexts – historically, regionally, culturally, etc. Yet, their political progress and civil-military relations show similarities. National militaries in each country have interrupted democratic order several times. This study examines the democratization efforts in each country after military rule. The research question -- ‘what defines the quality of a democracy during and after the period of transition of power from a military rule to a democratic one?’ -- is designed to comprehend both militarization and democratization contexts from a comparative historical sociological perspective. The comparative historical sociological methodology of the study not only focuses on comparing two countries but also considers the comparison of past and present transformations of civil-military relations and democratic order in each country. The study concludes that the quality of a democracy depends on how successful three actors – namely citizenry, military, and political elites – are in establishing concordance on the quality of the democratic regime. Keywords: military, civil-military relations, democracy, democratization, third wave, Argentina, Turkey, citizenry, concordance. COPYRIGHT © 2020 Adem Ustun CATALBAS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED in the memory of my father, Yakup Catalbas and, to my mother, Zehra Catalbas Acknowledgements A couple years ago, my supervisor Dr. Steve Carlton-Ford encouraged me to attend ERGOMAS (European Research Group on Military and Society) conferences. I attended the 2017 meeting of ERGOMAS in Athens, Greece to present my paper on public opinions about militaries and democracy in Argentina and Turkey. During my presentation, I questioned the quality of democracy in my case countries through the lenses of Rebecca Schiff’s ‘Concordance Theory’. Rebecca Schiff herself was in the audience and after the presentation she raised her hand and indicated that the concordance theory is mainly about civil-military relations, not democracy. She further indicated that the concordance theory questions the previous literature of civil-military relations and tries to extend its scope by bringing citizenry to the scene but it does not say much about the democratic establishment or the quality of democracy. Then she asked me, how I relate her concordance theory to democracy. It was a big moment for me and I was so excited because, as a doctoral student, I was in front of one of the biggest contemporary names of my topic. Being a good disciple, I replied that I did know that the concordance theory is about civil-military relations. Furthermore, it investigates the future expectations of civil-military relations in a country, especially those which traditionally have politically ambitious militaries. I continued by saying that I was investigating the possible application of the concordance theory to understanding the future of democratic establishments in the countries where the military rules have just transformed to democratic ones. She understood my motives and appreciated my paper and ideas. Then, she wished me a good luck for my future studies. I am thankful for her kind support and encouraging comments on my future studies. Of course, this dissertation came true after my hard-work spending hours doing research, learning v language, reading tons of material and of course writing hundreds of pages most of which I have deleted, extended, or rewritten. But the support and effort of the people around me during all these years has had deeper impact on the end-result. My biggest supporter has always been my advisor. I am from Black Sea Region in Turkey. The people from the Black Sea Region are quite moody and erratic. Patience is not our strong side for sure. I am telling this because during the process of writing my dissertation, I was amazed by my advisor’s unlimited patience with me. Steve listened to me, discussed every point in my writings for hours, and always encouraged me. He never said ‘no’ when I asked to meet him in his office, even it was an unscheduled meeting. I feel lucky for having him as my supervisor. And, as a future academic, I only hope to have the slightest shadow of his patience towards my future students. With all my heart, it was a great pleasure to work with my committee members. On the one hand, Dr. Annulla Linders challenged me at every point while I was structuring my argument, and without her passionate suggestions and encouraging comments (and of course, without heated debates between us), this work would not have come to light. Dr. Linders also was the Graduate Advisor in the department when I arrived. She contributed a lot to my academic development and I am more than thankful. On the other hand, Dr. Amy Lind, as a scholar whose expertise covers also Latin America, generously directed me with her insightful comments on my writings. I have no words to thank both of them properly. I am grateful for the support of my family and my friends. My significant other Shayla Wheat was more than helpful with just her presence but I am grateful for her support as well. It is very hard to say goodbye to my friends and professors in the Department of Sociology at the University of Cincinnati. I will miss them for sure but I will continue to follow their future vi achievements in academia. I am especially thankful to my dear friend Crystal Whetstone, a PhD student in Political Science, and a promising social scientist (and hopefully a future academic). She revised my writings, corrected my broken English and helped me turn my writings into something readable. Last but not least, I want to thank to the officials in the Turkish Ministry of National Education and in the Office of the Turkish Educational Attaché in New York for their patience and support during my education in the US. I am grateful for the generous scholarship from the Turkish Government through the Ministry of National Education. AUC Cincinnati, 2020 vii List of Tables, Figures, and Graphs TABLE 1: SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND GOVERNMENTAL COMPARISON BETWEEN ARGENTINA AND TUKEY (1946-1983) ......................................................................................................................... 18 TABLE 2: OLS REGRESSION TABLE - SUPPORT OF MILITARY AND DEMOCRACY IN ARGENTINA AND TURKEY .................................................................................................................. 27 TABLE 3: AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES AND LIBERALIZATION/DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESSES: 1974-1990........................................................................................................................... 58 TABLE 4: LIST OF MILITARY COUPS, INTERVENTIONS, AND INSURGENCIES IN ARGENTINA, 1930-1990 ................................................................................................................................................... 87 TABLE 5: LIST OF MILITARY COUPS, INTERVENTIONS, AND INSURGENCIES IN TURKEY, 1960- 2016 .......................................................................................................................................................... 137 TABLE 6: THE PROPORTION AND GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION IN ARGENTINA AND TURKEY 1983-2018 ................................................................................................................................ 167 TABLE 7: MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THIRD WAVE OF DEMOCRATIZATION IN ARGENTINA AND TURKEY IN TERMS OF DEMOCRATIC CONCORDANCE ...................... 169 TABLE 8: FREEDOM AND CIVIL LIBERTIES RATINGS OF ARGENTINA AND TURKEY: 1983-2018 (FREEDOM HOUSE .............................................................................................................................. 191 FIGURE 1: VARIATION IN REGIMES (TILLY 2007:17).............................................................................. 12 FIGURE 2: STATE CAPACITY AND DEMOCRACY IN ARGENTINA AND TURKEY .......................... 165 GRAPH 1: ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY INDEX IN ARGENTINA, 1900-1983 .............................................. 114 GRAPH 2: ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY INDEX OF TURKEY BETWEEN 1900-1983 ........................... 158 GRAPH 3: V-DEM COMPARATIVE ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY INDEX FOR ARGENTINA AND TURKEY: 1983-2018 .............................................................................................................................. 190 viii Abbreviations Argentina AAA – Argentine Anti-communist Alliance (Triple A) ARS – Argentine Rural Society GDP – Gross Domestic Product IRCU – Intransigent Radical Civic Union ISI – Import Substitution Industrialization JP – Justicialist Party LP – Labor Party MPM – Movimiento Peronista Montonero NAP – National Autonomist Party NPR – National Reorganization Process (El
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