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Environmental Quality Standards for Barium in Surface Water Proposal for an Update According to the Methodology of the Water Framework Directive

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Environmental Quality Standards for Barium in Surface Water Proposal for an Update According to the Methodology of the Water Framework Directive Environmental quality standards for barium in surface water Proposal for an update according to the methodology of the Water Framework Directive This report contains an erratum d.d. 29-01-2021 on page 111 RIVM letter report 2020-0024 E.M.J. Verbruggen | C.E. Smit | P.L.A. van Vlaardingen Environmental quality standards for barium in surface water Proposal for an update according to the methodology of the Water Framework Directive This report contains an erratum d.d. 29-01-2021 on page 111 RIVM letter report 2020-0024 E.M.J. Verbruggen | C.E. Smit | P.L.A. van Vlaardingen RIVM letter report 2020-0024 Colophon © RIVM 2020 Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided acknowledgement is given to: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, along with the title and year of publication. DOI 10.21945/RIVM-2020-0024 E.M.J. Verbruggen (author), RIVM C.E. Smit (author), RIVM P.L.A. van Vlaardingen. (author), RIVM Contact: Els Smit Centre for Safety of Substances and Products [email protected] This investigation has been performed by order and for the account of Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, within the framework of the project ‘Chemical substances, standard setting and Priority Substances Directive’. Published by: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM P.O. Box1 | 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands www.rivm.nl/en Page 2 of 111 RIVM letter report 2020-0024 Synopsis Environmental quality standards for barium in surface water Proposal for an update according to the methodology of the Water Framework Directive RIVM is proposing new water quality standards for barium in surface water. These standards represent a safe concentration in water for aquatic organisms, for fish consumption by humans and for animals feeding on fish. The update is necessary because new information has become available on the effects of barium on humans, animals and plants. The health based risk limit has become less stringent. This risk limit indicates the intake level without harmful effects on human health. Barium is a natural compound and humans may be exposed to it via food and drinking water. The amount of barium that humans can ingest daily without health risk is a known factor. This value was used to calculate the maximum allowable concentration in fish for daily lifetime consumption by humans. Data from the scientific literature show that barium concentrations in fish and shellfish do not exceed this safe concentration for humans. Birds and mammals can be exposed to barium via consumption of aquatic vegetation, but negative effects are not expected for concentrations up to 93 microgram per litre water. This also applies to fish, water fleas and other aquatic organisms. Concentrations in Dutch surface water are generally below this value. To determine the new standard, RIVM used recent literature on the environmental behaviour and effects of barium and the uptake of barium by plants and animals. The natural presence of barium in the environment was taken into account in calculating the new standard. Keywords: water quality standard; barium; Water Framework Directive Page 3 of 111 RIVM letter report 2020-0024 Page 4 of 111 RIVM letter report 2020-0024 Publiekssamenvatting Milieukwaliteitsnormen voor barium in oppervlaktewater Voorstel voor een herziening volgens de methodiek van de Kaderrichtlijn Water Het RIVM stelt nieuwe waterkwaliteitsnormen voor de stof barium voor. Deze normen geven aan welke concentratie in het water veilig is voor planten en dieren die in het water leven, en voor mensen en dieren die vis uit dat water eten. De aanpassing is nodig omdat er nieuwe informatie is over de effecten van barium op mensen, dieren en planten. Zo is de gezondheidskundige risicogrens soepeler geworden. Deze risicogrens geeft aan hoeveel van een stof mensen mogen binnenkrijgen zonder schadelijke effecten voor hun gezondheid. Barium komt van nature voor in het milieu. Mensen kunnen daarom barium binnenkrijgen via hun voedsel en drinkwater. Het is bekend hoeveel barium mensen dagelijks mogen binnenkrijgen zonder schadelijke gevolgen voor hun gezondheid. Met die waarde is berekend wat er maximaal in vis mag zitten als mensen tijdens hun hele leven elke dag vis zouden eten. Gegevens uit de wetenschappelijke literatuur laten zien dat de concentraties van barium in vis en schaaldieren niet over die veilige waarde voor mensen heen gaan. Vogels en zoogdieren kunnen barium binnenkrijgen door waterplanten te eten, maar tot een concentratie van 93 microgram per liter water zijn er geen negatieve effecten te verwachten. Dit geldt ook voor vissen, watervlooien en andere dieren die in het water leven. De concentraties in het Nederlandse water zijn over het algemeen lager dan deze waarde. Om de nieuwe norm te bepalen heeft het RIVM recente literatuur gebruikt over het gedrag en de effecten van barium in het milieu en over de hoeveelheid barium die planten en dieren opnemen. Bij de normafleiding is er rekening mee gehouden dat barium van nature in het milieu zit. Kernwoorden: waterkwaliteitsnorm; barium; Kaderrichtlijn Water Page 5 of 111 RIVM letter report 2020-0024 Page 6 of 111 RIVM letter report 2020-0024 Contents Summary — 9 1 Introduction — 11 1.1 Background of this report — 11 1.2 Methodology — 13 1.2.1 Derivation of the QSwater, hh food — 13 1.2.2 Derivation of the QSfw, secpois and QSsw, secpois — 14 1.2.3 Derivation of the quality standard for drinking water abstraction — 14 1.2.4 Derivation of the QSeco and MAC-QSeco for direct ecotoxicity — 14 1.2.5 Bioavailability — 15 2 Information on the substance — 17 2.1 Regulatory status of barium — 17 2.2 Occurrence, use and emission sources — 17 2.3 Environmental behaviour of barium — 19 2.3.1 Dissolved and total concentrations: limited influence of sorption — 20 2.3.2 Influence of sulfate — 21 3 Biota standards: human health and secondary poisoning — 23 3.1 Toxicity mechanism — 23 3.2 Uptake and excretion of barium — 23 3.3 Absorption efficiency and influence of chemical form on uptake — 24 3.4 Dose dependent deposition in bones — 26 3.5 Human toxicological risk limit and QSbiota, hh food — 26 3.6 Effects on birds and mammals — 27 3.6.1 Chickens — 28 3.6.2 Mice — 29 3.6.3 Rats — 31 3.7 Biota based quality standard for secondary poisoning — 32 4 Bioaccumulation of barium in aquatic organisms — 33 4.1 Field monitoring studies — 33 4.2 Use of dissolved or total concentrations — 33 4.3 Range of concentrations in biota — 34 4.4 Relationship with external concentrations — 35 4.5 Difference between freshwater and saltwater — 37 4.6 Relationship with trophic level — 38 4.7 Relationship with fish weight — 39 4.8 Summary of the findings and choice of the BAF — 40 5 Ecotoxicity of barium to aquatic organisms — 41 5.1 Considerations on reliability assessment — 41 5.2 Overview of accepted ecotoxicity tests — 42 5.3 Relevant sulfate and hardness conditions for the Netherlands — 44 6 Derivation of water quality standards — 45 6.1 Derivation of the QSwater, hh food — 45 6.2 Derivation of the QSwater, secpois — 46 6.3 Derivation of the QSeco for direct ecotoxicity — 47 6.3.1 Derivation of the MAC-EQSeco — 47 Page 7 of 111 RIVM letter report 2020-0024 6.3.2 Derivation of the chronic QSeco — 48 6.3.3 Expression of the MAC-EQSfw, eco and QSfw, eco — 49 7 Discussion and conclusions — 51 8 References — 53 Appendix 1. Summary of field monitoring studies — 61 Appendix 2. Bioaccumulation factors derived from field studies — 69 Erratum — 111 Page 8 of 111 RIVM letter report 2020-0024 Summary In this report, RIVM proposes updated environmental quality standards (EQS) for barium in surface water in accordance with the methodology of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Barium is a non-essential trace element that has a widely distributed natural occurrence. Barium and barium compounds are used for many purposes. The use in drilling mud and for production of ceramics, paint, glass and rubber are just a few examples. Barium enters the environment through weathering and anthropogenic releases. The most recent scientifically derived annual average EQS is 9.3 µg/L, which is lower than the officially set background concentration of barium in Dutch freshwaters. Therefore, the current legal annual average EQS for barium in freshwater is set to the background value of 73 µg/L. During the past years, the human toxicological risk limit underlying the AA-EQS was updated and new information on bioaccumulation has become available. Furthermore, a new methodology for the derivation of water quality standards for secondary poisoning was developed and implemented in the European technical guidance for derivation of WFD- water quality standards. The evaluation of human fish consumption and secondary poisoning is based on an extensive review of the scientific literature on barium accumulation. It is concluded that human fish consumption is not relevant for derivation of the EQS for barium, because concentrations in fish and other aquatic organisms would not lead to unacceptable exposure of humans. The uptake of barium by birds and mammals via consumption of water plants appears to be critical for the overall quality standard. However, when following the default methods for deriving safe levels for birds and mammals, the resulting safe concentration is much lower than ambient concentrations in Dutch surface water. This would mean that at present barium concentrations would severely hamper the maintenance of bird and mammal populations in the field, which is not a realistic assumption. It is concluded that the margin between toxicity and background concentrations is very small for barium, which is a reason not to apply the default assessment factors that are normally used to extrapolate toxicity data to the field situation.
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