Harmful Algae News
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Risk Analysis: Vessel Biofouling
Risk Analysis: Vessel Biofouling ISBN 978-0-478-37548-0 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-37549-7 (online) 15 February 2011 Risk Analysis: Vessel Biofouling 15 February 2011 Approved for general release Christine Reed Manager, Risk Analysis Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publication Adviser MAF Information Bureau P O Box 2526 WELLINGTON Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the MAF website at http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/regs/imports/ihs/risk © Crown Copyright - Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry i Contributors to this risk analysis 1. Primary author/s Dr Andrew Bell Senior Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington Simon Phillips Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington Dr Eugene Georgiades Senior Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington Dr Daniel Kluza Senior Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington 2. Secondary contributors Dr Christopher Denny Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Border Standards Wellington 3. External peer review John Lewis Principal Marine Consultant ES Link Services Pty Ltd Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Richard Piola Senior Scientist Cawthron Institute Nelson, New Zealand The draft risk analysis has also been internally reviewed by: Liz Jones (Border Standards); Justin McDonald (Post-Clearance); Melanie Newfield (Risk Analysis); Howard Pharo (Risk Analysis); Sandy Toy (Risk Analysis). The contribution of all the reviewers is gratefully acknowledged. ii Contents Page Executive summary 1 Definitions 7 1. Introduction 8 1.1. Background 8 1.2. Scope 13 1.3. References 14 2. Methodology 19 2.1. -
Toxicity Screening of a Gambierdiscus Australes Strain from the Western Mediterranean Sea and Identification of a Novel Maitotoxin Analogue
marine drugs Article Toxicity Screening of a Gambierdiscus australes Strain from the Western Mediterranean Sea and Identification of a Novel Maitotoxin Analogue Pablo Estevez 1 , David Castro 1, José Manuel Leão-Martins 1 , Manoëlla Sibat 2 , Angels Tudó 3 , Robert Dickey 4, Jorge Diogene 3 , Philipp Hess 2 and Ana Gago-Martinez 1,* 1 Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; [email protected] (P.E.); [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (J.M.L.-M.) 2 Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (P.H.) 3 Marine and Continental Waters Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (J.D.) 4 Department of Marine Science, Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-64-734-3417 Abstract: Dinoflagellate species of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are known to produce ciguatera poisoning-associated toxic compounds, such as ciguatoxins, or other toxins, such as Citation: Estevez, P.; Castro, D.; maitotoxins. However, many species and strains remain poorly characterized in areas where they Leão-Martins, J.M.; Sibat, M.; Tudó, were recently identified, such as the western Mediterranean Sea. In previous studies carried out by A.; Dickey, R.; Diogene, J.; Hess, P.; our research group, a G. -
"Lophophorates" Brachiopoda Echinodermata Asterozoa
Deuterostomes Bryozoa Phoronida "lophophorates" Brachiopoda Echinodermata Asterozoa Stelleroidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinozoa Holothuroidea Echinoidea Crinozoa Crinoidea Chaetognatha (arrow worms) Hemichordata (acorn worms) Chordata Urochordata (sea squirt) Cephalochordata (amphioxoius) Vertebrata PHYLUM CHAETOGNATHA (70 spp) Arrow worms Fossils from the Cambrium Carnivorous - link between small phytoplankton and larger zooplankton (1-15 cm long) Pharyngeal gill pores No notochord Peculiar origin for mesoderm (not strictly enterocoelous) Uncertain relationship with echinoderms PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA (120 spp) Acorn worms Pharyngeal gill pores No notochord (Stomochord cartilaginous and once thought homologous w/notochord) Tornaria larvae very similar to asteroidea Bipinnaria larvae CLASS ENTEROPNEUSTA (acorn worms) Marine, bottom dwellers CLASS PTEROBRANCHIA Colonial, sessile, filter feeding, tube dwellers Small (1-2 mm), "U" shaped gut, no gill slits PHYLUM CHORDATA Body segmented Axial notochord Dorsal hollow nerve chord Paired gill slits Post anal tail SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA Marine, sessile Body covered in a cellulose tunic ("Tunicates") Filter feeder (» 200 L/day) - perforated pharnx adapted for filtering & repiration Pharyngeal basket contractable - squirts water when exposed at low tide Hermaphrodites Tadpole larvae w/chordate characteristics (neoteny) CLASS ASCIDIACEA (sea squirt/tunicate - sessile) No excretory system Open circulatory system (can reverse blood flow) Endostyle - (homologous to thyroid of vertebrates) ciliated groove -
28-Protistsf20r.Ppt [Compatibility Mode]
9/3/20 Ch 28: The Protists (a.k.a. Protoctists) (meet these in more detail in your book and lab) 1 Protists invent: eukaryotic cells size complexity Remember: 1°(primary) endosymbiosis? -> mitochondrion -> chloroplast genome unicellular -> multicellular 2 1 9/3/20 For chloroplasts 2° (secondary) happened (more complicated) {3°(tertiary) happened too} 3 4 Eukaryotic “supergroups” (SG; between K and P) 4 2 9/3/20 Protists invent sex: meiosis and fertilization -> 3 Life Cycles/Histories (Fig 13.6) Spores and some protists (Humans do this one) 5 “Algae” Group PS Pigments Euglenoids chl a & b (& carotenoids) Dinoflagellates chl a & c (usually) (& carotenoids) Diatoms chl a & c (& carotenoids) Xanthophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Chrysophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Coccolithophorids chl a & c (& carotenoids) Browns chl a & c (& carotenoids) Reds chl a, phycobilins (& carotenoids) Greens chl a & b (& carotenoids) (more groups exist) 6 3 9/3/20 Name word roots (indicate nutrition) “algae” (-phyt-) protozoa (no consistent word ending) “fungal-like” (-myc-) Ecological terms plankton phytoplankton zooplankton 7 SG: Excavata/Excavates “excavated” feeding groove some have reduced mitochondria (e.g.: mitosomes, hydrogenosomes) 8 4 9/3/20 SG: Excavata O: Diplomonads: †Giardia Cl: Parabasalids: Trichonympha (bk only) †Trichomonas P: Euglenophyta/zoa C: Kinetoplastids = trypanosomes/hemoflagellates: †Trypanosoma C: Euglenids: Euglena 9 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates cell membrane 10 5 9/3/20 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Dinoflagellata/Pyrrophyta: -
University of Oklahoma
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE MACRONUTRIENTS SHAPE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN EVOLUTION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By JOSHUA THOMAS COOPER Norman, Oklahoma 2017 MACRONUTRIENTS SHAPE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN EVOLUTION A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Boris Wawrik, Chair ______________________________ Dr. J. Phil Gibson ______________________________ Dr. Anne K. Dunn ______________________________ Dr. John Paul Masly ______________________________ Dr. K. David Hambright ii © Copyright by JOSHUA THOMAS COOPER 2017 All Rights Reserved. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my two advisors Dr. Boris Wawrik and Dr. J. Phil Gibson for helping me become a better scientist and better educator. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Anne K. Dunn, Dr. K. David Hambright, and Dr. J.P. Masly for providing valuable inputs that lead me to carefully consider my research questions. I would also like to thank Dr. J.P. Masly for the opportunity to coauthor a book chapter on the speciation of diatoms. It is still such a privilege that you believed in me and my crazy diatom ideas to form a concise chapter in addition to learn your style of writing has been a benefit to my professional development. I’m also thankful for my first undergraduate research mentor, Dr. Miriam Steinitz-Kannan, now retired from Northern Kentucky University, who was the first to show the amazing wonders of pond scum. Who knew that studying diatoms and algae as an undergraduate would lead me all the way to a Ph.D. -
Number of Living Species in Australia and the World
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World 2nd edition Arthur D. Chapman Australian Biodiversity Information Services australia’s nature Toowoomba, Australia there is more still to be discovered… Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study Canberra, Australia September 2009 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Insecta (insects) 23 Plants 43 Viruses 59 Arachnida Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) 43 Protoctista (mainly Introduction 2 (spiders, scorpions, etc) 26 Gymnosperms (Coniferophyta, Protozoa—others included Executive Summary 6 Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 28 Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta under fungi, algae, Myriapoda and Ginkgophyta) 45 Chromista, etc) 60 Detailed discussion by Group 12 (millipedes, centipedes) 29 Ferns and Allies 46 Chordates 13 Acknowledgements 63 Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, etc) 31 Bryophyta Mammalia (mammals) 13 Onychophora (velvet worms) 32 (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 47 References 66 Aves (birds) 14 Hexapoda (proturans, springtails) 33 Plant Algae (including green Reptilia (reptiles) 15 Mollusca (molluscs, shellfish) 34 algae, red algae, glaucophytes) 49 Amphibia (frogs, etc) 16 Annelida (segmented worms) 35 Fungi 51 Pisces (fishes including Nematoda Fungi (excluding taxa Chondrichthyes and (nematodes, roundworms) 36 treated under Chromista Osteichthyes) 17 and Protoctista) 51 Acanthocephala Agnatha (hagfish, (thorny-headed worms) 37 Lichen-forming fungi 53 lampreys, slime eels) 18 Platyhelminthes (flat worms) 38 Others 54 Cephalochordata (lancelets) 19 Cnidaria (jellyfish, Prokaryota (Bacteria Tunicata or Urochordata sea anenomes, corals) 39 [Monera] of previous report) 54 (sea squirts, doliolids, salps) 20 Porifera (sponges) 40 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 55 Invertebrates 21 Other Invertebrates 41 Chromista (including some Hemichordata (hemichordates) 21 species previously included Echinodermata (starfish, under either algae or fungi) 56 sea cucumbers, etc) 22 FOREWORD In Australia and around the world, biodiversity is under huge Harnessing core science and knowledge bases, like and growing pressure. -
View PDF Version
Food & Function View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Chia seed mucilage – a vegan thickener: isolation, tailoring viscoelasticity and rehydration Cite this: Food Funct., 2019, 10, 4854 Linda Brütsch, Fiona J. Stringer, Simon Kuster, Erich J. Windhab and Peter Fischer * Chia seeds and their mucilage gels provide a nutritionally and functionally promising ingredient for the food and pharmaceutical industry. Application and utilization of the gel remain limited due to the tightly adhesion of the mucilage to the seeds, which affects the organoleptic properties, control of concen- tration and structuring possibilities. To exploit the full potential of chia mucilage gels as a functional ingre- dient calls for separation and purification of the gel. Herein, the gel was extracted by centrifugation and characterized rheologically and microscopically to link the viscoelastic properties to the structural pro- perties. Subsequently, the gel was dried employing three different methods for facilitated storage and prolonged shelf life. The dried gels were readily soluble and its viscoelastic properties were fully regener- Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. ated upon rehydration demonstrating its potential to envisage industrial applications. The viscoelastic chia mucilage demonstrated shear-thinning behavior with complete relaxation upon stress removal. The gel’s Received 26th January 2018, elasticity was enhanced with increasing mucilage concentration resulting in a highly tunable system. The Accepted 13th July 2019 extractable and rehydratable functional chia gel is a viable candidate as additive for the development of DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00173a products requiring specific viscoelastic properties. Addition of the gel enhances the nutritional profile rsc.li/food-function without interfering with the organoleptic properties. -
Development of a Quantitative PCR Assay for the Detection And
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/544247; this version posted February 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Development of a quantitative PCR assay for the detection and enumeration of a potentially ciguatoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus lapillus (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). Key words:Ciguatera fish poisoning, Gambierdiscus lapillus, Quantitative PCR assay, Great Barrier Reef Kretzschmar, A.L.1,2, Verma, A.1, Kohli, G.S.1,3, Murray, S.A.1 1Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007 NSW, Australia 2ithree institute (i3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007 NSW, Australia, [email protected] 3Alfred Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany Abstract Ciguatera fish poisoning is an illness contracted through the ingestion of seafood containing ciguatoxins. It is prevalent in tropical regions worldwide, including in Australia. Ciguatoxins are produced by some species of Gambierdiscus. Therefore, screening of Gambierdiscus species identification through quantitative PCR (qPCR), along with the determination of species toxicity, can be useful in monitoring potential ciguatera risk in these regions. In Australia, the identity, distribution and abundance of ciguatoxin producing Gambierdiscus spp. is largely unknown. In this study we developed a rapid qPCR assay to quantify the presence and abundance of Gambierdiscus lapillus, a likely ciguatoxic species. We assessed the specificity and efficiency of the qPCR assay. The assay was tested on 25 environmental samples from the Heron Island reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef, a ciguatera endemic region, in triplicate to determine the presence and patchiness of these species across samples from Chnoospora sp., Padina sp. -
Life Cycle Stages of the Benthic Palytoxin-Producing Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis Cf. Ovata (Dinophyceae)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC Life cycle stages of the benthic palytoxin-producing dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyceae) Isabel Bravo1*, Magda Vila2, Silvia Casabianca3, Francisco Rodriguez1, Pilar Rial1, Pilar Riobó1, Antonella Penna3 1Unidad Asociada Fitoplancton Tóxico (CSIC-IEO), Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO). Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain 2Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 3Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, V.le Trieste 296, 61100 Pesaro, Italy *E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Bravo) ABSTRACT The asexual and sexual reproduction of Ostreopsis cf. ovata was studied in the field and in cultures isolated from two locations in the Mediterranean Sea. Asexual division took place in the motile stage by the sharing of theca (desmoschisis). High cell-size variability and differences in division capability were detected in the cultures. Thecal analyses and nuclear division patterns allowed characterization of the different phases of dividing cells obtained during an in situ cell-cycle sampling performed off Llavaneres beach (Northeast Spain). During the 45-h cycle, binucleated cells accounted for 2.6% of the population. Division was initiated with the onset of dusk and reached a maximum 3–4 h before dawn. No dividing cells were detected after 09:00 AM. Sexuality occurred both in cultures and in natural populations of O. cf. ovata. Mating gamete pairs were the only sexual stages that could be distinguished from vegetative stages. The differences between these pairs and dividing cells are described herein. -
The Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Minutum Impairs the Performance Of
The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum impairs the performance of oyster embryos and larvae Justine Castrec, Helene Hegaret, Matthias Huber, Jacqueline Le Grand, Arnaud Huvet, Kevin Tallec, Myrina Boulais, Philippe Soudant, Caroline Fabioux To cite this version: Justine Castrec, Helene Hegaret, Matthias Huber, Jacqueline Le Grand, Arnaud Huvet, et al.. The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum impairs the performance of oyster embryos and larvae. Harmful Algae, Elsevier, 2020, 92, pp.101744. 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101744. hal-02879884 HAL Id: hal-02879884 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02879884 Submitted on 24 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum impairs the performance of oyster 2 embryos and larvae 3 Justine Castrec1, Hélène Hégaret1, Matthias Huber2, Jacqueline Le Grand2, Arnaud Huvet2, 4 Kevin Tallec2, Myrina Boulais1, Philippe Soudant1, and Caroline Fabioux1. 5 1 Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzane, France 6 2 Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzane, France 7 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 8 Abstract 9 The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium comprises species that produce highly potent 10 neurotoxins known as paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), and bioactive extracellular compounds 11 (BEC) of unknown structure and ecological significance. -
Harmful Algae 91 (2020) 101587
Harmful Algae 91 (2020) 101587 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Harmful Algae journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hal Review Progress and promise of omics for predicting the impacts of climate change T on harmful algal blooms Gwenn M.M. Hennona,c,*, Sonya T. Dyhrmana,b,* a Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States c College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Climate change is predicted to increase the severity and prevalence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). In the past Genomics twenty years, omics techniques such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics have trans- Transcriptomics formed that data landscape of many fields including the study of HABs. Advances in technology have facilitated Proteomics the creation of many publicly available omics datasets that are complementary and shed new light on the Metabolomics mechanisms of HAB formation and toxin production. Genomics have been used to reveal differences in toxicity Climate change and nutritional requirements, while transcriptomics and proteomics have been used to explore HAB species Phytoplankton Harmful algae responses to environmental stressors, and metabolomics can reveal mechanisms of allelopathy and toxicity. In Cyanobacteria this review, we explore how omics data may be leveraged to improve predictions of how climate change will impact HAB dynamics. We also highlight important gaps in our knowledge of HAB prediction, which include swimming behaviors, microbial interactions and evolution that can be addressed by future studies with omics tools. Lastly, we discuss approaches to incorporate current omics datasets into predictive numerical models that may enhance HAB prediction in a changing world. -
Mucilage Problem in the Semi-Enclosed Seas: Recent Outbreak in the Sea of Marmara
ISSN: 2148-9173 Vol: Issue:4 December 2021 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQWDQG*HRLQIRUPDWLFV ,-(*(2 LVDQLQWHUQDWLRQDO PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\SHHUUHYLHZHGRSHQDFFHVVMRXUQDO Mucilage Problem in the Semi-Enclosed Seas: Recent Outbreak in the Sea of Marmara Başak SAVUN-HEKİMOĞLU, Cem GAZİOĞLU &KLHILQ(GLWRU 3URI'U&HP*D]LR÷OX &R(GLWRUV 3URI'U'XUVXQ=DIHUùHNHU3URI'UùLQDVL.D\D 3URI'U$\úHJO7DQÕNDQG$VVLVW3URI'U9RONDQ'HPLU (GLWRULDO&RPPLWWHH December $VVRc3URI'U$EGXOODK$NVX 75 $VVLW3URI'U8÷XU$OJDQFÕ 75 3URI'U%HGUL$OSDU 75 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aslı Aslan (US), 3URI'U/HYHQW%DW 75 3URI'U3DXO%DWHV 8. øUúDG%D\ÕUKDQ 75 3URI'U%OHQW %D\UDP 75 3URI'U/XLV0%RWDQD (6 3URI'U1XUD\dD÷ODU 75 3URI'U6XNDQWD'DVK ,1 'U6RRILD7 (OLDV 8. 3URI'U$(YUHQ(UJLQDO 75 $VVRF3URI'U&QH\W(UHQR÷OX 75 'U'LHWHU)ULWVFK '( 3URI 'UdL÷GHP*|NVHO 75 3URI'U/HQD+DORXQRYD &= 3URI'U0DQLN.DOXEDUPH ,1 'U+DNDQ.D\D 75 $VVLVW3URI'U6HUNDQ.NUHU 75 $VVRF3URI'U0DJHG0DUJKDQ\ 0< 3URI'U0LFKDHO0HDGRZV =$ 3URI 'U 1HEL\H 0XVDR÷OX 75 3URI 'U 0DVDIXPL 1DNDJDZD -3 3URI 'U +DVDQ g]GHPLU 75 3URI 'U &KU\VV\3RWVLRX *5 3URI'U(URO6DUÕ 75 3URI'U0DULD3DUDGLVR ,7 3URI'U3HWURV3DWLDV *5 3URI'U (OLI6HUWHO 75 3URI'U1NHW6LYUL 75 3URI'U)VXQ%DOÕNùDQOÕ 75 3URI'U8÷XUùDQOÕ 75 'X\JXhONHU 75 3URI'U6H\IHWWLQ7Dú 75 $VVRF3URI'UgPHU6XDW7DúNÕQ TR Assist. Prof. Dr. Tuba Ünsal (TR), Dr. Manousos Valyrakis (UK), 'UøQHVH9DUQD /9 'U3HWUD9LVVHU 1/ 3URI'U6HOPDhQO 75 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Oral Yağcı (TR), 3URI'U0XUDW<DNDU 75 Assoc. Prof. Dr. İ. Noyan Yılmaz (AU); $VVLW3URI'U6LEHO=HNL 75 $EVWUDFWLQJ DQG ,QGH[LQJ 75 ',=,1 '2$- ,QGH[ &RSHUQLFXV 2$-, 6FLHQWLILF ,QGH[LQJ 6HUYLFHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6FLHQWLILF ,QGH[LQJ-RXUQDO)DFWRU*RRJOH6FKRODU8OULFK V3HULRGLFDOV'LUHFWRU\:RUOG&DW'5-,5HVHDUFK%LE62%,$' International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 8(4): 402-413 (2021) Review Article Mucilage Problem in the Semi-Enclosed Seas: Recent Outbreak in the Sea of Marmara Başak Savun-Hekimoğlu* , Cem Gazioğlu Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey * Corresponding author: B.