"Lophophorates" Brachiopoda Echinodermata Asterozoa

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Deuterostomes Bryozoa Phoronida "lophophorates" Brachiopoda Echinodermata Asterozoa Stelleroidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinozoa Holothuroidea Echinoidea Crinozoa Crinoidea Chaetognatha (arrow worms) Hemichordata (acorn worms) Chordata Urochordata (sea squirt) Cephalochordata (amphioxoius) Vertebrata PHYLUM CHAETOGNATHA (70 spp) Arrow worms Fossils from the Cambrium Carnivorous - link between small phytoplankton and larger zooplankton (1-15 cm long) Pharyngeal gill pores No notochord Peculiar origin for mesoderm (not strictly enterocoelous) Uncertain relationship with echinoderms PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA (120 spp) Acorn worms Pharyngeal gill pores No notochord (Stomochord cartilaginous and once thought homologous w/notochord) Tornaria larvae very similar to asteroidea Bipinnaria larvae CLASS ENTEROPNEUSTA (acorn worms) Marine, bottom dwellers CLASS PTEROBRANCHIA Colonial, sessile, filter feeding, tube dwellers Small (1-2 mm), "U" shaped gut, no gill slits PHYLUM CHORDATA Body segmented Axial notochord Dorsal hollow nerve chord Paired gill slits Post anal tail SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA Marine, sessile Body covered in a cellulose tunic ("Tunicates") Filter feeder (» 200 L/day) - perforated pharnx adapted for filtering & repiration Pharyngeal basket contractable - squirts water when exposed at low tide Hermaphrodites Tadpole larvae w/chordate characteristics (neoteny) CLASS ASCIDIACEA (sea squirt/tunicate - sessile) No excretory system Open circulatory system (can reverse blood flow) Endostyle - (homologous to thyroid of vertebrates) ciliated groove secretes mucous - cilia (distributed over pharyngeal basket) trap plankton which are transported to esophagous Monoecious - can reproduce by budding!! CLASS THALIACEA - free-swimming plankton CLASS LARVACEA - small neotonic plankton Phylum Chordata SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA (Amphioxus) Fish-like, borrows in sandy bottoms Metameristic Adult stage has all chordate characteristics Pharyngeal gill slits function in filter feeding Once thought to be direct line to vertebrates, but animals have too many specialized features to be considered primitive to vertebrates Metapleural Folds » to paired fins Myomeres - blocks of muscles for swimming Dioecious - external fertilization No heart - arteries contract No brain Protonephridia.

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Evidence for Selection on a Chordate Histocompatibility Locus
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