9/3/20

Ch 28: The Protists (a.k.a. Protoctists)

(meet these in more detail in your book and lab)

1

Protists invent: eukaryotic cells

size

complexity Remember: 1°(primary) endosymbiosis?

-> mitochondrion -> chloroplast

genome

unicellular -> multicellular

2

1 9/3/20

For chloroplasts 2° (secondary) happened

(more complicated)

{3°(tertiary) happened too}

3

4 Eukaryotic “supergroups” (SG; between K and P)

4

2 9/3/20

Protists invent sex: meiosis and fertilization

-> 3 Life Cycles/Histories (Fig 13.6)

Spores

and some protists (Humans do this one)

5

“Algae” Group PS Pigments Euglenoids chl a & b (& carotenoids) Dinoflagellates chl a & c (usually) (& carotenoids) Diatoms chl a & c (& carotenoids) Xanthophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Chrysophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Coccolithophorids chl a & c (& carotenoids) Browns chl a & c (& carotenoids) Reds chl a, phycobilins (& carotenoids) Greens chl a & b (& carotenoids) (more groups exist)

6

3 9/3/20

Name word roots (indicate nutrition) “algae” (-phyt-) protozoa (no consistent word ending) “fungal-like” (-myc-)

Ecological terms

plankton phytoplankton zooplankton

7

SG: Excavata/Excavates

“excavated” feeding groove

some have reduced mitochondria (e.g.: mitosomes, hydrogenosomes)

8

4 9/3/20

SG: Excavata O: Diplomonads: †Giardia

Cl: Parabasalids: Trichonympha (bk only) †Trichomonas

P: Euglenophyta/zoa C: Kinetoplastids = trypanosomes/hemoflagellates: †Trypanosoma C: Euglenids: Euglena

9

SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates cell membrane

10

5 9/3/20

SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Dinoflagellata/Pyrrophyta: Peridinum, Ceratium

Ecologic importance - “grass of the sea” (1 of 3 major groups) - dinoflagellate poisoning syndromes (usu. “___ shellfish” poisoning) - zooxanthellae (endosymbiosis with some cnidarians and mollusks)

11

Ventura 2017

A local (†)Lingulodinium/Gonyaula x

At UCSB

Bioluminescence San Diego: parking lot light https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=Fvob6L8q3I8

12

6 9/3/20

SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Apicomplexa: †Plasmodium

Some other genera: †Cryptosporidium †Toxoplasma

13

SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Ciliata/Ciliates: Paramecium,

Vorticella (lab)

“ciliate conjugation” adults (2n)

binary fission (mitosis)

14

7 9/3/20

SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Stramenopiles = Heterokonts

(when they have flagella)

15

Clade Stramenopiles P: Bacillariophyta/Diatoms - unusual cell walls (uses) - “grass of the sea”, biofuel?

centric 2 morphologies pennate

side view

Diatom cells: asexual reproduction (by mitosis) {usually diploid (2N cells}

top view A few dangerous species -> Amnesiac shellfish/ domoic acid poisoning

16

8 9/3/20

Clade Stramenopiles

P: Chrysophyta/Golden algae: Dinobryon (bk only)

17

Clade Stramenopiles Alternation of P: generation LC Phaeophyta/Brown algae

Postelsia

Laminaria spp.

18

9 9/3/20

Local Macrocystis = giant kelp

Uses of kelp food (sea vegetables) algin/alginate/alginic acid (gelling agent, emulsifier) Nutraceuticals & personal care products

19

Clade Stramenopiles

P: Oomycetes = water molds (lab): Saprolegnia, Phytopthora infestans

~1 million died ~1 million migrated

sudden oak death

20

10 9/3/20

SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Rhizarians - thin pseudopods

P: Radiolaria silica “shells”

P: Foraminifera (a.k.a. forams)

CaCO3 “shells”

21

Clade Rhizaria P: Cercozoa Most chemohetero, but some exceptions

Paulinella ?

mixotroph

22

11 9/3/20

SG: Archaeplastida - 1° (primary) endosymbiosis chloroplasts P: Rhodophyta/Red algae phycobilins Bonnemaisonia, Palmaria (bk)Porphyridium, Polysiphonia (lab)

Pyropia = nori

23

SG: Archaeplastida P: Chlorophyta/most Green algae Chlamydomonas

Pandorina, Volvox, Haematococcus, Caulerpa, Ulva (lab) Uses: nutraceuticals and other chemicals, biofuels

24

12 9/3/20

SG: Archaeplastida P: Charophyta/Stoneworts

Zygnema (bk)

Chara

desmids,

Spirogyra (lab)

25

SG: Unikonta (means?)

Clade Amoebozoans (means?) P: Myxomycota/plasmodial slime molds: Physarum

26

13 9/3/20

SG: Unikonta Clade Amoebozoans P: Cellular slime molds: Dictyostelium

27

SG: Unikonta Clade Amoebozoans P: Tubulinids free-living Amoeba proteus

28

14 9/3/20

SG: Unikonta Clade Amoebozoans P: Entamoebas Entamoeba histolytica (bk) parasites

29

SG: Unikonta

Clade Opisthokonts (means?) P: Nucleariids (bk) small chemoheterotrophs; freshwater & soil; can have silica spines sister group to Fungi

30

15 9/3/20

SG: Unikonta Clade Opisthokonts P: Choanoflagellates (bk)

sister group to?

31

16