9/3/20 Ch 28: The Protists (a.k.a. Protoctists) (meet these in more detail in your book and lab) 1 Protists invent: eukaryotic cells size complexity Remember: 1°(primary) endosymbiosis? -> mitochondrion -> chloroplast genome unicellular -> multicellular 2 1 9/3/20 For chloroplasts 2° (secondary) happened (more complicated) {3°(tertiary) happened too} 3 4 Eukaryotic “supergroups” (SG; between K and P) 4 2 9/3/20 Protists invent sex: meiosis and fertilization -> 3 Life Cycles/Histories (Fig 13.6) Spores and some protists (Humans do this one) 5 “Algae” Group PS Pigments Euglenoids chl a & b (& carotenoids) Dinoflagellates chl a & c (usually) (& carotenoids) Diatoms chl a & c (& carotenoids) Xanthophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Chrysophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Coccolithophorids chl a & c (& carotenoids) Browns chl a & c (& carotenoids) Reds chl a, phycobilins (& carotenoids) Greens chl a & b (& carotenoids) (more groups exist) 6 3 9/3/20 Name word roots (indicate nutrition) “algae” (-phyt-) protozoa (no consistent word ending) “fungal-like” (-myc-) Ecological terms plankton phytoplankton zooplankton 7 SG: Excavata/Excavates “excavated” feeding groove some have reduced mitochondria (e.g.: mitosomes, hydrogenosomes) 8 4 9/3/20 SG: Excavata O: Diplomonads: †Giardia Cl: Parabasalids: Trichonympha (bk only) †Trichomonas P: Euglenophyta/zoa C: Kinetoplastids = trypanosomes/hemoflagellates: †Trypanosoma C: Euglenids: Euglena 9 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates cell membrane 10 5 9/3/20 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Dinoflagellata/Pyrrophyta: Peridinum, Ceratium Ecologic importance - “grass of the sea” (1 of 3 major groups) - dinoflagellate poisoning syndromes (usu. “___ shellfish” poisoning) - zooxanthellae (endosymbiosis with some cnidarians and mollusks) 11 Ventura 2017 A local (†)Lingulodinium/Gonyaula x At UCSB Bioluminescence San Diego: parking lot light https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=Fvob6L8q3I8 12 6 9/3/20 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Apicomplexa: †Plasmodium Some other genera: †Cryptosporidium †Toxoplasma 13 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Ciliata/Ciliates: Paramecium, Vorticella (lab) “ciliate conjugation” adults (2n) binary fission (mitosis) 14 7 9/3/20 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Stramenopiles = Heterokonts (when they have flagella) 15 Clade Stramenopiles P: Bacillariophyta/Diatoms - unusual cell walls (uses) - “grass of the sea”, biofuel? centric 2 morphologies pennate side view Diatom cells: asexual reproduction (by mitosis) {usually diploid (2N cells} top view A few dangerous species -> Amnesiac shellfish/ domoic acid poisoning 16 8 9/3/20 Clade Stramenopiles P: Chrysophyta/Golden algae: Dinobryon (bk only) 17 Clade Stramenopiles Alternation of P: generation LC Phaeophyta/Brown algae Postelsia Laminaria spp. 18 9 9/3/20 Local Macrocystis = giant kelp Uses of kelp food (sea vegetables) algin/alginate/alginic acid (gelling agent, emulsifier) Nutraceuticals & personal care products 19 Clade Stramenopiles P: Oomycetes = water molds (lab): Saprolegnia, Phytopthora infestans ~1 million died ~1 million migrated sudden oak death 20 10 9/3/20 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Rhizarians - thin pseudopods P: Radiolaria silica “shells” P: Foraminifera (a.k.a. forams) CaCO3 “shells” 21 Clade Rhizaria P: Cercozoa Most chemohetero, but some exceptions Paulinella ? mixotroph 22 11 9/3/20 SG: Archaeplastida - 1° (primary) endosymbiosis chloroplasts P: Rhodophyta/Red algae phycobilins Bonnemaisonia, Palmaria (bk)Porphyridium, Polysiphonia (lab) Pyropia = nori 23 SG: Archaeplastida P: Chlorophyta/most Green algae Chlamydomonas Pandorina, Volvox, Haematococcus, Caulerpa, Ulva (lab) Uses: nutraceuticals and other chemicals, biofuels 24 12 9/3/20 SG: Archaeplastida P: Charophyta/Stoneworts Zygnema (bk) Chara desmids, Spirogyra (lab) 25 SG: Unikonta (means?) Clade Amoebozoans (means?) P: Myxomycota/plasmodial slime molds: Physarum 26 13 9/3/20 SG: Unikonta Clade Amoebozoans P: Cellular slime molds: Dictyostelium 27 SG: Unikonta Clade Amoebozoans P: Tubulinids free-living Amoeba proteus 28 14 9/3/20 SG: Unikonta Clade Amoebozoans P: Entamoebas Entamoeba histolytica (bk) parasites 29 SG: Unikonta Clade Opisthokonts (means?) P: Nucleariids (bk) small chemoheterotrophs; freshwater & soil; can have silica spines sister group to Fungi 30 15 9/3/20 SG: Unikonta Clade Opisthokonts P: Choanoflagellates (bk) sister group to? 31 16.