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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Social Welfare Strategies
Throughout the world, societies are reexamining, reforming, and restructuring their social welfare systems. New ways are being sought to manage and finance these systems, and new approaches are being developed that alter the relative roles of government, private business, and individ- uals. Not surprisingly, this activity has triggered spirited debate about the relative merits of the various ways of structuring social welfare systems in general and social security programs in particular. The current changes respond to a vari- ety of forces. First, many societies are ad- justing their institutions to reflect changes in social philosophies about the relative responsibilities of government and the individual. These philosophical changes are especially dramatic in China, the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union; but The Advantages and Disadvantages they are also occurring in what has tradi- of Different Social Welfare Strategies tionally been thought of as the capitalist West. Second, some societies are strug- by Lawrence H. Thompson* gling to adjust to the rising costs associated with aging populations, a problem particu- The following was delivered by the author to the High Level American larly acute in the OECD countries of Asia, Meeting of Experts on The Challenges of Social Reform and New Adminis- Europe, and North America. Third, some trative and Financial Management Techniques. The meeting, which took countries are adjusting their social institu- tions to reflect new development strate- place September 5-7, 1994, in Mar de1 Plata, Argentina, was sponsored gies, a change particularly important in by the International Social Security Association at the invitation of the those countries in the Americas that seek Argentine Secretariat for Social Security in collaboration with the ISSA economic growth through greater eco- Member Organizations of that country. -
Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians
138th IPU ASSEMBLY AND RELATED MEETINGS Geneva, 24 – 28.03.2018 Governing Council CL/202/11(b)-R.2 Item 11(b) Geneva, 28 March 2018 Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians Report on the mission to Mongolia 11 - 13 September 2017 MNG01 - Zorig Sanjasuuren Table of contents A. Origin and conduct of the mission ................................................................ 4 B. Outline of the case and the IPU follow up action ........................................... 5 C. Information gathered during the mission ...................................................... 7 D. Findings and recommendations further to the mission ................................ 15 E. Recent developments ................................................................................... 16 F. Observations provided by the authorities ..................................................... 17 G. Observations provided the complainant ....................................................... 26 H. Open letter of one of the persons sentenced for the murder of Zorig, recently published in the Mongolian media ................................................................ 27 * * * #IPU138 Mongolia © Zorig Foundation Executive Summary From 11 to 13 September 2017, a delegation of the Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians (hereinafter “the Committee”) conducted a mission to Mongolia to obtain further information on the recently concluded judicial proceedings that led to the final conviction of the three accused for the 1998 assassination of Mr. Zorig -
Harvard Polo Asia by Abigail Trafford
Horsing Around IN THE HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS OF POLO IN ASIA We all meet up during the six-hour stopover in the Beijing Airport. The invitation comes from the Genghis Khan Polo Club to play in Mongolia and then to head back to China for a university tournament at the Metropolitan Polo Club in Tianjin. Say, what? Yes, polo! Both countries are resurrecting the ancient sport—a tale of two cultures—and the Harvard players are to be emissaries to help generate a new ballgame in Asia. In a cavernous airport restaurant, I survey the Harvard Polo Team: Jane is captain of the women’s team; Shawn, captain of the men’s team; George, the quiet one, is a physicist; Danielle, a senior is a German major; Sarah, a biology major; Aemilia writes for the Harvard Crimson. Marina, a mathematician, will join us later. Neil and Johann are incoming freshmen; Merrall, still in high school, is a protégé of the actor Tommy Lee Jones—the godfather of Harvard polo. And where are the grownups? Moon Lai, a friend of Neil’s parents, is the photographer from Minnesota. Crocker Snow, Harvard alum and head of the Edward R. Murrow Center at Tufts, is tour director and coach. I am along as cheer leader and chronicler. We stagger onto the late-night plane to Ulan Bator (UB), the capital of Mongolia, pile into a van and drive into the darkness—always in the constant traffic of trucks. Our first camp of log cabins is near an official site of Naadam—Mongolia’s traditional summer festival of horse racing, wrestling and archery. -
LAW of MONGOLIA ORGANIC FOOD LAW of MONGOLIA 07 April, 2016 Ulaanbaatar City
LAW OF MONGOLIA ORGANIC FOOD LAW OF MONGOLIA 07 April, 2016 Ulaanbaatar city ORGANIC FOOD CHAPTER ONE General provisions Article 1 . Purpose 1.1. The purpose of this law is to regulate all aspects on organic agriculture, production of organic food, feed and fertilizer, their certification, trade, import, use of organic logo and advertisement. Article 2. The legislation on organic food 2.1. Legislation on organic food consists of the Constitution of Mongolia[l], Law on food[2], Law on food safety[3], Law on natural plants[4], Law on Forestry[5], Law on Standardization and Accreditation[6], Law on phytosani tary control of animal and plant originated products and raw materials at the border[7], and this law, and other legislative acts issued in conformity with all. 2.2. If an international treaty to which Mongolia is party states in different way, the provisions of international treaty shall prevail. Article 3. Scope 3.1. This law shall apply to agricultural originated organic food, unprocessed raw materials and products, natural plant originated organic food, organic feed, organic fertilizer and seed and seedlings. 3.2. This law shall not apply to produce food from raw materials of wild animals, and regulate activities of the public food. 17 Article 4. Definitions 4.1. The following terms, which used in this law shall be interpreted as follows: 4.1.1."organic food" is that given in 3.1.5 in Law on Food; 4.1.2."organic production" means to enterprise organic agricultural production of primary and food processing compliant with the requirements established in this Law; 4.1.3. -
2019 International Religious Freedom Report
CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution, which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, states that citizens have freedom of religious belief but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” and does not define “normal.” Despite Chairman Xi Jinping’s decree that all members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must be “unyielding Marxist atheists,” the government continued to exercise control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions – Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to the five state- sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices. There were several reports of individuals committing suicide in detention, or, according to sources, as a result of being threatened and surveilled. In December Pastor Wang Yi was tried in secret and sentenced to nine years in prison by a court in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, in connection to his peaceful advocacy for religious freedom. -
Lola V Skadden and the Automation of the Legal Profession
Simon et al.: Lola v Skadden and the Automation of the Legal Profession Lola v. Skadden and the Automation of the Legal Profession Michael Simon, Alvin F. Lindsay, Loly Sosa & Paige Comparato1 20 Yale J.L. & Tech. 234 (2018) Technological innovation has accelerated at an exponential pace in the last few decades, ushering in an era of unprecedented advancements in algorithms andartificial intelligence technologies. Traditionally,the legalfield has protected itselffrom technological disruptionsby maintaininga professionalmonopoly over legal work and limiting the "practiceof law" to only those who are licensed. This article analyzes the long-term impact of the Second Circuit's opinion in Lola v. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, 620 F. App 'x 37 (2d Cir. 2015), on the legal field's existing monopoly over the "practiceof law." In Lola, the Second Circuit underscored that "tasks that could otherwise be performed entirely by a machine" could not be said to fall under the "practiceof law." By distinguishing between mechanistic tasks and legal tasks, the Second Circuit repudiated the legal field's oft-cited appeals to tradition insisting that tasks fall under the "practice of law" because they have always fallen under the practice of law. The broader implications of this decision are threefold. (1) as machines evolve, they will encroach on and limit the tasks considered to be the "practice of law ", (2) mechanistic tasks removedfrom the "practiceof law" may no longer be regulatedby professionalrules governing the legalfield; and (3) to survive the rise of technology in the legalfield, lawyers will need to adapt to a new "practice of law" in which they will act as innovators, purveyors of judgment and wisdom, and guardians of fairness, impartiality,and accountabilitywithin the law. -
SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE for MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE for MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 2015 EPAS Curricular Guide Resource Series SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE for MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE for MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 2015 EPAS Curricular Guide Resource Series Council on Social Work Education Alexandria, Virginia Copyright © 2018, Council on Social Work Education Published in the United States by the Council on Social Work Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any manner whatsoever without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-0-87293-188-6 Council on Social Work Education 1701 Duke Street, Suite 200 Alexandria, VA 22314-3457 www.cswe.org Acknowledgments This document was developed through a collaborative partnership with the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) and the Special Commission to Advance Macro Practice (SC) and with the generous support of the Fund for Social Policy Education and Practice (FSPEP). Additional support was provided by the following partner organizations: the Association for Community Organization and Social Administration (ACOSA), Influencing Social Policy (ISP), and the Network for Social Work Management (NSWM). COORDINATING FOCUS AREA TEAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS LEADERS Darlyne Bailey Bruce D. Friedman Bryn Mawr College (Administration/Management) California State University, Bakersfield Terry Mizrahi Capella University Hunter College, CUNY Sunny Harris Rome (Policy) Jo Ann Regan George Mason University Council on Social Work Education Tracy Soska (Community) Adrienne Walters University of Pittsburgh Council on Social Work Education v vi SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE FOR MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE TEAM LEADERSHIP CONSULTANTS Mimi Abramovitz (Policy) Kimberly Richards Hunter College, CUNY The People's Institute for Survival and Beyond Michálle E. -
Introduction to Law and Legal Reasoning Law Is
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND LEGAL REASONING LAW IS "MAN MADE" IT CHANGES OVER TIME TO ACCOMMODATE SOCIETY'S NEEDS LAW IS MADE BY LEGISLATURE LAW IS INTERPRETED BY COURTS TO DETERMINE 1)WHETHER IT IS "CONSTITUTIONAL" 2)WHO IS RIGHT OR WRONG THERE IS A PROCESS WHICH MUST BE FOLLOWED (CALLED "PROCEDURAL LAW") I. Thomas Jefferson: "The study of the law qualifies a man to be useful to himself, to his neighbors, and to the public." II. Ask Several Students to give their definition of "Law." A. Even after years and thousands of dollars, "LAW" still is not easy to define B. What does law Consist of ? Law consists of enforceable rule governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society. 1. Students Need to Understand. a. The law is a set of general ideas b. When these general ideas are applied, a judge cannot fit a case to suit a rule; he must fit (or find) a rule to suit the unique case at hand. c. The judge must also supply legitimate reasons for his decisions. C. So, How was the Law Created. The law considered in this text are "man made" law. This law can (and will) change over time in response to the changes and needs of society. D. Example. Grandma, who is 87 years old, walks into a pawn shop. She wants to sell her ring that has been in the family for 200 years. Grandma asks the dealer, "how much will you give me for this ring." The dealer, in good faith, tells Grandma he doesn't know what kind of metal is in the ring, but he will give her $150. -
Factor Analysis of the Secondary School Students' Knowledge, Skills
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 Factor Analysis of the Secondary School Students‟ Knowledge, Skills on and Attitude towards the Traditional Customs Lkhagvamaa Baatar1, Narantuya Mend2, Myagmarsuren Boldbaatar3 1MONGEN secondary school. E-mail address: lkhagii0311[at]gmail.com 2Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. E-mail address: m.narantuya[at]num.edu.com 3Department of Demography, School of Social Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. E-mail address: boldmiga[at]gmail.com Abstract: The study is designed to assess current status and factors of the students’ knowledge, skills and attitude of and towards traditional customs with the utmost goal to direct national educational policy on Mongolian youth in the emerging globalized era. According to the findings, it is imperative for any nation to embrace customs, traditions that derive from daily life and education is considered a key tool to achieve the above goal. The research question is to what extent the national curriculum supports such inter- curriculum issues as youth’ knowledge and skills on the traditional customs and what are the factors of its successful implementation. The research framework covers the study of the students’ academic performance in the area of traditional customs by developing test, task, content analysis of the curriculum and the textbook analysis, parents’, teachers’ and schools’ factors as well. Totally 3, 095 students, 17 secondary schools of Ulaanbaatar city and regions covered. The result shows that poor performance of the students’ knowledge, skills and attitude towards tradition is directly connected to the national curriculum, such factors as an identified skill on the traditions [Sig=.000] and devoted time [Sig=000]. -
Is an Advertisement an Offer? Why It Is, and Why It Matters Jay M
Hastings Law Journal Volume 58 | Issue 1 Article 2 1-2006 Is an Advertisement an Offer? Why It Is, and Why It Matters Jay M. Feinman Stephen R. Brill Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Jay M. Feinman and Stephen R. Brill, Is an Advertisement an Offer? Why It Is, and Why It Matters, 58 Hastings L.J. 61 (2006). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol58/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Is an Advertisement an Offer? Why It Is, and Why It Matters JAY M. FEINMAN* AND STEPHEN R. BRILL** INTRODUCTION Courts and scholars uniformly recite the contract law rule familiar to all first-year students: An advertisement is not an offer. The courts and scholars are wrong. An advertisement is an offer. This Article explains why the purported rule is not the law, why the actual rule is that an advertisement is an offer, why that rule is correct, and what it tells us about contract law in particular and legal doctrine in general. I. THE TRADITIONAL RULE: AN ADVERTISEMENT Is NOT AN OFFER It is Hornbook law' that an advertisement is not an offer. Williston self-assuredly declared the rule to be an application of the dividing line between preliminary negotiations and offers: Frequently, negotiations for a contract are begun between parties by general expressions of willingness to enter into a bargain upon stated terms and yet the natural construction of the words and conduct of the parties is rather that they are inviting offers, or suggesting the terms of a possible future bargain than making positive offers. -
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Globalization ’s Impact on Mongolian Identity Issues and the Image of Chinggis Khan Alicia J. Campi PART I: The Mongols, this previously unheard-of nation that unexpectedly emerged to terrorize the whole world for two hundred years, disappeared again into obscurity with the advent of firearms. Even so, the name Mongol became one forever familiar to humankind, and the entire stretch of the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries has come to be known as the Mongol era.' PART II; The historic science was the science, which has been badly affect ed, and the people of Mongolia bid farewell to their history and learned by heart the bistort' with distortion but fuU of ideolog}'. Because of this, the Mong olians started to forget their religious rituals, customs and traditions and the pa triotic feelings of Mongolians turned to the side of perishing as the internation alism was put above aU.^ PART III: For decades, Mongolia had subordinated national identity to So viet priorities __Now, they were set adrift in a sea of uncertainty, and Mongol ians were determined to define themselves as a nation and as a people. The new freedom was an opportunity as well as a crisis." As the three above quotations indicate, identity issues for the Mongolian peoples have always been complicated. In our increas ingly interconnected, media-driven world culture, nations with Baabar, Histoij of Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar: Monsudar Publishing, 1999), 4. 2 “The Political Report of the First Congress of the Mongolian Social-Demo cratic Party” (March 31, 1990), 14. " Tsedendamdyn Batbayar, Mongolia’s Foreign Folicy in the 1990s: New Identity and New Challenges (Ulaanbaatar: Institute for Strategic Studies, 2002), 8. -
Mongolian European Chamber Of
MONGOL Since 1991 the MESSENGER 500 ¥ No. 07-08 (1076-1077) MONGOLIA’S FIRST ENGLISH WEEKLY PUBLISHED BY MONTSAME NEWS AGENCY Friday, February 17, 2012 Mongolia Economic Happy Tsagaan Sar! Forum planned for early March The Mongolian Economic Forum 2012 will run on March 5-6. At a February 10 press conference, organizers of the forum reported about the preparations and measures for the forum. As of information given by MP S. Oyun; Deputy Finance Minister Ch.Gankhuyag; Ch.Khashchuluun, head of the National Development and Innovation Committee; and P.Tsagaan, senior advisor to the President, the forum that is to be organized for the third time, will run this year under the motto ‘Together for Development’. The forum will have sub-meetings under themes on economic development, social policy and competitiveness, and bring together over 1000 foreign and domestic participants. During the forum, it is planned to publicly introduce Mongolia’s development forum until 2021 issued by Open Society. MP S. Oyun said, “In reality, why isn’t poverty decreasing while the economy has grown over the past five or six years. We believe that issues on how to decrease poverty and what should be done for the fruits of economic growth to improve livelihoods will develop into hot discussions during the forum. For instance, the statistical figures on poverty percentages are very confusing. The National Statistical Committee evaluates the poverty rate at 39 percent while the World Bank says it is lower using a different methodology to evaluate poverty. Therefore,