Planting Parliaments in Eurasia, 1850–1950 Parliaments are often seen as Western European and North American institutions and their establishment in other parts of the world as a derivative and mostly defec- tive process. This book challenges such Eurocentric visions by retracing the evo- lution of modern institutions of collective decision-making in Eurasia. Breaching the divide between different area studies, the book provides nine case studies cov- ering the area between the eastern edge of Asia and Eastern Europe, including the former Russian, Ottoman, Qing, and Japanese Empires as well as their succes- sor states. In particular, it explores the appeals to concepts of parliamentarism, deliberative decision-making, and constitutionalism; historical practices related to parliamentarism; and political mythologies across Eurasia. It focuses on the historical and “reestablished” institutions of decision-making, which consciously hark back to indigenous traditions and adapt them to the changing circumstances in imperial and postimperial contexts. Thereby, the book explains how represent- ative institutions were needed for the establishment of modernized empires or postimperial states but at the same time offered a connection to the past. Ivan Sablin is a research group leader in the Department of History at Heidelberg University, Germany. Egas Moniz Bandeira is a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia 152. Caste in Early Modern Japan Danzaemon and the Edo Outcaste Order Timothy D. Amos 153. Performing the Politics of Translation in Modern Japan Staging the Resistance Aragorn Quinn 154. Malaysia and the Cold War Era Edited by Ooi Keat Gin 155. Chinese Hinterland Capitalism and Shanxi Piaohao Banking, State, and Family, 1720–1910 Luman Wang 156. Eisaku Satō, Japanese Prime Minister, 1964–72 Okinawa, Foreign Relations, Domestic Politics and the Nobel Prize Ryuji Hattori 157. Japan’s Pan-Asian Empire Wartime Intellectuals and the Korea Question, 1931–1945 Seok-Won Lee 158. Britain, Japan and China, 1876–1895 East Asian International Relations before the First Sino-Japanese War Yu Suzuki 159. A History of the Modern Chinese Navy, 1840–2020 Bruce A. Elleman 160. Planting Parliaments in Eurasia, 1850–1950 Concepts, Practices, and Mythologies Edited by Ivan Sablin and Egas Moniz Bandeira For a full list of available titles, please visit: https :/ /ww​​w .rou​​tledg​​e .com​​/Rout​​ ledge​​-Stud​​ies -i​​n -the​​-Mode​​rn -Hi​​story​​-of -A​​sia /b​​ook​​-s​​eries​​/MODH​​ISTAS​​IA Planting Parliaments in Eurasia, 1850–1950 Concepts, Practices, and Mythologies Edited by Ivan Sablin and Egas Moniz Bandeira First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Ivan Sablin and Egas Moniz Bandeira; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Ivan Sablin and Egas Moniz Bandeira to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www .taylorfrancis .com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-69127-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-74586-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-15860-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003158608 Typeset in Times by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Content Contributor bios vii Acknowledgments x Introduction 1 IVAN SABLIN AND EGAS MONIZ BANDEIRA 1 Duma, yuan, and beyond: Conceptualizing parliaments and parliamentarism in and after the Russian and Qing Empires 13 IVAN SABLIN, EGAS MONIZ BANDEIRA, JARGAL BADAGAROV, MARTIN DORN, AND IRINA SODNOMOVA 2 Montesquieu vs. Bagehot: Two visions of parliamentarism in Japan 53 YURI KONO (TRANSLATED BY EGAS MONIZ BANDEIRA) 3 Public opinion under imperial benevolence: Japanese “national essence” leader Torio Koyata’s anti-liberal parliamentarianism in the Genrō-in and the House of Lords 75 BRUCE GROVER 4 The assembly of the land (zemskii sobor): Historiographies and mythologies of a Russian “parliament” 103 IVAN SABLIN AND KUZMA KUKUSHKIN 5 The 22 Frimaire of Yuan Shikai: Privy councils in the constitutional architectures of Japan and China, 1887–1917 150 EGAS MONIZ BANDEIRA vi Content 6 A rada for the empire: Inventing the tradition of Cossack self- governance during the 1905 Revolution 188 OLEKSANDR POLIANICHEV 7 Ottoman parliamentary procedure in the Chamber of Deputies (Meclis-i Mebusan) and the Great National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi), 1876–1923 220 ELLINOR MORACK 8 Nominal democracy in Stalinism: The Soviet Constitution of 1936 256 OLGA VELIKANOVA 9 The preparations for the first Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and the quest for legitimacy 282 HENRIKE RUDOLPH Index 311 Contributor bios Jargal Badagarov (0000-0002-0084-126X) is a postdoctoral fellow in the Research Group “Entangled Parliamentarisms: Constitutional Practices in Russia, Ukraine, China and Mongolia, 1905–2005,” sponsored by the European Research Council (ERC) at Heidelberg University. His background includes research and teaching on Mongolic languages at the Institute of Oriental Studies, Buryat State University (Ulaan-Ude, Buryatia, Russian Federation), as well as activities in the Buryad language revitalization and language tech- nology development. Martin Dorn is a member of the Research Group “Entangled Parliamentarisms: Constitutional Practices in Russia, Ukraine, China and Mongolia, 1905–2005,” sponsored by the European Research Council (ERC) at Heidelberg University. His research focuses on the transitional period during the immediate aftermath of the First World War and draws particular attention to the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic, a short-lived state in East-Central Europe between 1918 and 1919. His research interests include Ukrainian and Jewish history in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as the history of antisemitism and pogroms. Bruce Grover is a doctoral candidate at Heidelberg University, Germany. He received an MA in the History of the Middle East from the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. He researches left and right political thought in modern Japan and its global convergences. He is currently completing a dissertation analyzing continuities in political and economic ethics from the Meiji to Shōwa periods among leading reformist total war planners within the military and bureaucracy. The dissertation also deals with the collaboration of progressive labor leaders and labor educators with reformist nationalists and ultimately argues that the reformist social ideals and aspirations for an alter- native to liberalism associated with interwar total war planning in Japan was formed to a significant degree before the First World War. Yuri Kono, Ph.D. (2008), Tokyo University, is Professor of the History of Japanese Political Thought at Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan. He has published on the intellectual history of the “Western impact” and the Confucian viii Contributor bios revival during the transition to the Edo–Meiji period, including Meiroku Zasshi no seiji shisō (“The Meiroku Journal’s political thought,” Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 2011), Taguchi Ukichi no yume (“Taguchi Ukichi’s dream,” Tokyo: Keio University Press, 2013), and Gishi no seijigaku (“The political science of pseudohistory,” Tokyo: Hakusuisha 2017). Kuzma V. Kukushkin (0000-0001-9752-596X) is a researcher at the Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University. He studied Conflict Resolution and History at Saint Petersburg State University and the Higher School of Economics in Saint Petersburg. His research interests include border history, history of governmentality, history of political institutions, and socio-eco- nomic research. Egas Moniz Bandeira (0000-0002-8563-0380) is a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory in Frankfurt, Germany, as a mem- ber of a comparative research project on the emergence of modern legal prac- tices in Japan, China, and the Ottoman Empire. After studying Law and East Asian Studies at Heidelberg University, he completed his Ph.D. program at Heidelberg and Tohoku Universities with a dissertation on late Qing consti- tutional history. His main research interest is global intellectual history with a focus on its refractions in modern East Asia. His work has been published in The Journal of Transcultural Studies, Global Intellectual History, the Journal of Eurasian Studies, and others. Ellinor Morack (0000-0002-6798-0803) is a historian of the late Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey. She is a research and teaching associate (Akademische Rätin auf Zeit) at the Chair for Turcology at Bamberg University. After study- ing History and Turkish Studies at the Free University of Berlin and Boğaziçi