The Emergence of Health & Welfare Policy in Pre-Bismarckian Prussia
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The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism. -
Fabulous Firsts: Hanover (December 1, 1850) by B
Fabulous Firsts: Hanover (December 1, 1850) by B. W. H. Poole (This article is from the July 5, 1937 issue of Mekeel’s Weekly with images added and minor changes in the text. JFD.) The former kingdom of Hanover, or Hannover as our Teutonic friends spell it, has been a province of Prus- sia since 1866. The second Elector of Hanover became George I of England in 1714 and from that date until 1837 the Electors of Hanover sat on the English throne. When Queen Victoria ascended the throne Ha- nover passed to her uncle the Duke of Cumberland. On his death (Nov. 15, 1851) the blind George V succeeded to the kingdom and he, siding with Austria in 1866, took up arms against Prussia, was de- feated and driven from his throne, and the little kingdom was annexed to Prussia. A year before the death of King Ernest (Duke of Cum- berland) Hanover issued its first postage stamp. This stamp, bearing the facial value of 1 gutegroschen, was placed on sale on December 1, 1850. HANOVER, 1850, 1g Black on Gray Blue (1). Huge to enormous mar- gins incl. bottom right sheet corner, strong paper color, on neat folded cover tied by Emden Dec. 31 circular datestamp Issue 22 - October 5, 2012 - StampNewsOnline.net If you enjoy this article, and are not already a subscriber, for $12 a year you can enjoy 60+ pages a month. To subscribe, email [email protected] The design shows a large open numeral “1”, inscribed “GUTENGR”, in a shield with an arabesque background. -
Planting Parliaments in Eurasia, 1850–1950
Planting Parliaments in Eurasia, 1850–1950 Parliaments are often seen as Western European and North American institutions and their establishment in other parts of the world as a derivative and mostly defec- tive process. This book challenges such Eurocentric visions by retracing the evo- lution of modern institutions of collective decision-making in Eurasia. Breaching the divide between different area studies, the book provides nine case studies cov- ering the area between the eastern edge of Asia and Eastern Europe, including the former Russian, Ottoman, Qing, and Japanese Empires as well as their succes- sor states. In particular, it explores the appeals to concepts of parliamentarism, deliberative decision-making, and constitutionalism; historical practices related to parliamentarism; and political mythologies across Eurasia. It focuses on the historical and “reestablished” institutions of decision-making, which consciously hark back to indigenous traditions and adapt them to the changing circumstances in imperial and postimperial contexts. Thereby, the book explains how represent- ative institutions were needed for the establishment of modernized empires or postimperial states but at the same time offered a connection to the past. Ivan Sablin is a research group leader in the Department of History at Heidelberg University, Germany. Egas Moniz Bandeira is a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia 152. Caste in Early Modern Japan Danzaemon and the Edo Outcaste Order Timothy D. Amos 153. Performing the Politics of Translation in Modern Japan Staging the Resistance Aragorn Quinn 154. Malaysia and the Cold War Era Edited by Ooi Keat Gin 155. -
Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts
Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts Imprint Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts Publisher: German Museums Association Contributing editors and authors: Working Group on behalf of the Board of the German Museums Association: Wiebke Ahrndt (Chair), Hans-Jörg Czech, Jonathan Fine, Larissa Förster, Michael Geißdorf, Matthias Glaubrecht, Katarina Horst, Melanie Kölling, Silke Reuther, Anja Schaluschke, Carola Thielecke, Hilke Thode-Arora, Anne Wesche, Jürgen Zimmerer External authors: Veit Didczuneit, Christoph Grunenberg Cover page: Two ancestor figures, Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea, about 1900, © Übersee-Museum Bremen, photo: Volker Beinhorn Editing (German Edition): Sabine Lang Editing (English Edition*): TechniText Translations Translation: Translation service of the German Federal Foreign Office Design: blum design und kommunikation GmbH, Hamburg Printing: primeline print berlin GmbH, Berlin Funded by * parts edited: Foreword, Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Background Information 4.4, Recommendations 5.2. Category 1 Returning museum objects © German Museums Association, Berlin, July 2018 ISBN 978-3-9819866-0-0 Content 4 Foreword – A preliminary contribution to an essential discussion 6 1. Introduction – An interdisciplinary guide to active engagement with collections from colonial contexts 9 2. Addressees and terminology 9 2.1 For whom are these guidelines intended? 9 2.2 What are historically and culturally sensitive objects? 11 2.3 What is the temporal and geographic scope of these guidelines? 11 2.4 What is meant by “colonial contexts”? 16 3. Categories of colonial contexts 16 Category 1: Objects from formal colonial rule contexts 18 Category 2: Objects from colonial contexts outside formal colonial rule 21 Category 3: Objects that reflect colonialism 23 3.1 Conclusion 23 3.2 Prioritisation when examining collections 24 4. -
War and Peace in Europe from Napoleon to the Kaiser: the Wars of German Unification, 1864- 1871 Transcript
War and Peace in Europe from Napoleon to the Kaiser: The Wars of German Unification, 1864- 1871 Transcript Date: Thursday, 4 February 2010 - 12:00AM Location: Museum of London The Wars of German Unification 1864-1871 Professor Richard J Evans 4/2/2010 Of all the war that took place in the nineteenth century, perhaps the most effective in gaining their objectives, the most carefully delimited in scope, the best planned, and the most clinically and efficiently executed, were the three wars fought by Prussia in the 1860s, against Denmark, against Austria, and against France. Not all of them went entirely to plan, as we shall see, particularly not the last of the three, but all of them were in nearly all respects classic examples of limited war, of the Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz's dictum that war is politics continued by other means. After the muddle, incompetence and indecisiveness of the Crimean War, the wars of the 1860s seemed to belong to another world. How and why were these three wars fought? I argued in my earlier lectures that the 1848 Revolutions, though they failed in many if not most respects, undermined the international order established at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, opening up the international scene to new initiatives and instabilities. The joker in the pack here was the French Emperor Napoleon III, whose search for foreign glory and foreign victories as a way of legitimating his dictatorial rule at home led him into one military adventure after another, some successful, others less so. It was among other things French military intervention that secured victory for Piedmont-Sardinia over the Austrians in 1859, though the drive for Italian unity then became unstoppable, thanks not least to the activities of the revolutionary nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi, much to Napoleon III's discomfiture. -
Modern German History
THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF MODERN GERMAN HISTORY Edited by HELMUT W ALSER SMITH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS PART III GERMANY: THE NATION STATE sALfiC sE:A NORTH sf.A RUSSIA Kingdom of Prussia Annexed by Prussia in 1866 Joined the North German Confederation, 1 Joined the German Empire, 1871 Annexed by Germany, 1871 0 100 200 FRANCE Mi! es AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Map 2 Creation of the German Empire Source: James Retallack (ed.), Short Oxford History of Germany: Imperial Germany 1871-1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 313. CHAPTER 13 NATION STATE, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, AND CULTURE WAR, 1850-1878 SIEGFRIED WEICHLEIN RITUALs combine past and present. At least this is the intention of their protagonists. During the nineteenth century, this was particularly true for monarchs whose rule had always been symbolically charged. The French king of the restoration, Charles X, had himself crowned like a medieval monarch in the Cathedral of Reims on 31 May 1825. This event was followed by a ceremony of healing the sick in the tradition of the 'rais thaumaturges,' with Charles X speaking the traditional formula used to eure those · suffering from scrofula: 'Le rai te tauche, Dieu te guerisse' ('the king touches you, may the Lord heal you'). 1 Charles X possessed, however, as much faith in modern science as in divine assistance, as three ofhis personal physicians were present at the ceremony to look after the siele. On 18 October 1861, King Wilhelm I of Prussia, who had a monarchic family history of a mere 160 years, similarly employed symbols to empha size his royal status. -
Planting Parliaments in Eurasia, 1850–1950; Concepts, Practices, And
5 The 22 Frimaire of Yuan Shikai Privy councils in the constitutional architectures of Japan and China, 1887–1917 Egas Moniz Bandeira1 It was indeed a grand political idea whereof even England could be jealous of us, this Council of State, which was heard over all big questions, conserved from the great political traditions of the Empire. … This admirable creation of the Brazilian spirit, which completed the other, no less admirable one taken from Benjamin Constant, the Moderating Power, united, thus, around the Emperor the political heads of the one and the other side, all of their consum- mated experience, whenever it was necessary to hold consultations about an important public interest.2 Joaquim Nabuco (1849–1910) This can be dealt with by a completely new invention of my own devising. When you inquire into the basic principles of our Constitution, you will see that sov- ereignty resides firmly in the imperial house, and that in a crisis His Majesty’s judgment is to be the basis for the final decision. … There must be conscientious imperial advisers who can clearly ascertain the state of the nation and the senti- ments of the people, and in the end secure what is in their best interests. I am convinced that only a Privy Council can provide the place where such advisers may be found.3 Itō Hirobumi 伊藤博文 (1841–1909) Introduction Advisory bodies to monarchs are among the most traditional forms of collective decision-making, but as institutions of modern states, they are among the least conspicuous ones. As monarchs had their powers limited by constitutional gov- ernments or even became symbolical figures in parliamentary political systems, their advisory bodies lost their legislative attributions to parliaments and their executive attributions to the cabinet. -
NSA/OF/Ports (Aug.).Pages
Niedersachsen/Bremen/Hamburg/Ostfriesland Resources Introduction to Lower Saxony, Bremen & Hamburg Wikipedia states in regard to the regions of this modern German Bundesland: “Lower Saxony has clear regional divisions that manifest themselves both geographically as well as historically and culturally. In the regions that used to be independent, especially the heartlands of the former states of Brunswick, Hanover, Oldenburg and Schaumburg- Lippe, there is a marked local regional awareness. By contrast, the areas surrounding the Hanseatic cities of Bremen and Hamburg are much more oriented towards those centres.” A number of the Map Guides to German Parish Registers will need to be used to find your town if you are studying this region, among them numbers 4 (Oldenburg), 10 (Hessen-Nassau), 27 (Brunswick), 30-32 (Hannover), 39 (Westphalia & Schaumburg- Lippe) Online (a sampling) Niedersächsische Landesarchiv — http://aidaonline.niedersachsen.de Oldenburg emigrants — http://www.auswanderer-oldenburg.de Ahnenforschung.org “Regional Research” — http://forum.genealogy.net Hamburg Gen. Soc. — http://www.genealogy.net/vereine/GGHH/ Osnabrück Genealogical Society (German) — http://www.osfa.de Bremen’s “Mouse” Gen. Soc. (German) — http://www.die-maus-bremen.de/index.php Mailing Lists (for all German regions, plus German-speaking areas in Europe) -- http://list.genealogy.net/mm/listinfo/ Periodicals IGS/German-American Genealogy: “Niedersachsen Research,” by Eliz. Sharp (1990) “Niedersächsische Auswanderer in den U.S.A.” (Spr’98) “Researching Church -
The Pretender's Folly: Jacobitism and the Hanoverian Succession
The Pretender’s Folly: Jacobitism and the Hanoverian Succession Zhechao Raphael Qiu College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida Though the Jacobite rebellions lasted only sixty years, they left an indelible mark on English political and cultural society. The secretive nature of the Jacobite, together with bad luck and inconsistent foreign support, deprived the Jacobites of ultimate victory. Nevertheless, the Jacobite threat forced Parliament to pass important legislation in order to prevent a Jacobite restoration. Since these laws established the foundation of the British state, the Jacobites were responsible for the shaping, modernization, and centralization of Great Britain after the Glorious Revolution. The Jacobites’ main ideological principles, namely divine right and passive obedience, helped to define the Whig and Tory divide while their associations with the Tory party led to the Whig ascendance within the English government following the Hanoverian Succession of 1715. Thus, Jacobite ideals significantly influenced the development of English conservatism, which sought to promote traditional institutions and a hierarchical society built on divine right. Furthermore, their movement involved a broader social component as common dissenters seeking to express discontentment with the royal monarchy adopted their rhetoric and symbols. However, their impact on English culture was more ephemeral as government censorship and repression dampened the effect of their propaganda and literature. Following the death of Prince William, Princess Anne’s was very much displeased with continued intervention in only living heir in 1700, the English Parliament passed the its politics by its southern neighbor. In fact, Jacobite Act of Settlement in order to prevent the throne from sympathizers claimed that public disapproval of the Union reverting back to the Pretender. -
The Consequences of Radical Patent-Regime Change
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Donges, Alexander; Selgert, Felix Conference Paper The Consequences of Radical Patent-Regime Change Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2019: 30 Jahre Mauerfall - Demokratie und Marktwirtschaft - Session: Economic History I, No. B24-V3 Provided in Cooperation with: Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association Suggested Citation: Donges, Alexander; Selgert, Felix (2019) : The Consequences of Radical Patent-Regime Change, Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2019: 30 Jahre Mauerfall - Demokratie und Marktwirtschaft - Session: Economic History I, No. B24-V3, ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Kiel, Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/203662 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. -
Congress of Vienna
CONGRESS OF VIENNA MUNUC 32 UPDATE PAPER Introduction to Nobility Understanding the Noble system is important to understanding hierarchy and alliances in Europe. Generally, land is organized as a ‘title’ which is presented to a family. These titles confer corresponding noble ranks upon their holder. The titles as well are arranged in a hierarchy, with larger titles usually including a series of enfiefed smaller titles below it. For example, an Empire may have several Kingdoms and numerous Duchies inside of it associated with its title. A generalized set of titles and the title-holder nomenclatures is giving below in descending order: 1. Empire - Emperor / Empress 2. Kingdom - King / Queen 3. Archduchy - Archduke / Archduchess 4. Grand Duchy - Grand Duke / Grand Duchess 5. Duchy - Duke / Duchess 6. County - Count / Countess 7. Barony - Baron / Baroness There are also cases where land is held by Christian theocratic leadership corresponding to ecclesiastical position: 1. Prince Archbishopric - Prince Archbishop (Compare to Duchy level title) 2. Prince Bishopric - Prince Bishop (Compare to County level title) 3. Prince Abbot - Prince Abbot (Compare to Barony title) Certain titles were bestowed as a reward for bureaucratic service or to recognize the non-successive low nobility. These titles did not bestow any land rights: 1. Marquis / Marquess 2. Viscount / Viscountess 3. Baronet / Baronetess 4. Master (Mr.) / Mistress (Ms. or Mrs.) Usage of these titles varied from culture to culture, and each title has different terminology in different languages ex. Herzog, Graf, and Freiherr are Duke, Count, and Baron in German. Titles could be held in the plural, united by only their monarch. -
The Royal House of Hanover
The Royal House of Hanover George I (George Louis), 1660-1727, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, from 1698 Elector of Brunswick and Lüneburg (“The Electorate of Hanover”), from 1714 King of Great Britain and Ireland. George II (George Augustus), 1683-1760, Elector of Hanover and King of Great Britain and Ireland. George III (George William Frederick), 1738-1820, Elector of Hanover and King of Great Britain and Ireland. George IV (George Augustus Frederick), 1762-1830, King of Hanover and King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. William IV (William Henry), 1765-1837, King of Hanover and King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. End of the Union of Crowns. Ernest Augustus, 1771-1851, Duke of Cumberland, from 1837 King of Hanover. George V, 1819-1878, King of Hanover. 1866: End of the Kingdom of Hanover. 2 Welcome! Dear Readers, Dear Visitors following in the footsteps of the Guelphs, For centuries, the history of the former Kingdom of Hanover and of the present-day State of Lower Saxony was closely intertwined with the story of the Electors and Kings of Hanover. When George Louis, Elector of Hanover, ascended the British throne as King George I in 1714, this marked the beginning of the 123-year reign of the House of Guelph over Great Britain, where it was known as the House of Hanover. As a result, the Guelphs, the oldest royal dynasty in Europe, left a decisive imprint on European, American and world history. Numerous testimonies to the days when the region was ruled by the House of Guelph are still to be found in and around Hanover today.