The Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Social Welfare Strategies

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Social Protection Discussion Paper Series

No. 0109 Social Protection Discussion Paper Series Risk and Vulnerability: The Forward Looking Role of Social Protection in a Globalizing World Robert Holzmann March 2001 Social Protection Unit Human Development Network The World Bank Social Protection Discussion Papers are not formal publications of the World Bank. They present preliminary and unpolished results of analysis that are circulated to encourage discussion and comment; citation and the use of such a paper should take account of its provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. For free copies of this paper, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., MSN G8-802, Washington, D.C. 20433 USA. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: [email protected]. Or visit the Social Protection website at http://www.worldbank.org/sp. Risk and Vulnerability: The forward looking role of social protection in a globalizing world Robert Holzmann, World Bank* Paper prepared for “The Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty – Policy and Institutional Reforms for Poverty Reduction”, Asian Development Bank, Manila, February, 5-9, 2001. Abstract The paper outlines a forward-looking role of social protection against the background of increasing concerns about risk and vulnerability, exemplified by the recent East Asian crisis, the concerns of the World Development Report (WDR) 2000, the need for a better understanding of poverty dynamics, and the opportunity and risks created by globalization.
Workfare, Neoliberalism and the Welfare State

Workfare, neoliberalism and the welfare state Towards a historical materialist analysis of Australian workfare Daisy Farnham Honours Thesis Submitted as partial requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Political Economy, University of Sydney, 24 October 2013. 1 Supervised by Damien Cahill 2 University of Sydney This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of another degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis. 3 Acknowledgements First of all thanks go to my excellent supervisor Damien, who dedicated hours to providing me with detailed, thoughtful and challenging feedback, which was invaluable in developing my ideas. Thank you to my parents, Trish and Robert, for always encouraging me to write and for teaching me to stand up for the underdog. My wonderful friends, thank you all for your support, encouragement, advice and feedback on my work, particularly Jean, Portia, Claire, Feiyi, Jessie, Emma, Amir, Nay, Amy, Gareth, Dave, Nellie and Erin. A special thank you goes to Freya and Erima, whose company and constant support made days on end in Fisher Library as enjoyable as possible! This thesis is inspired by the political perspective and practice of the members of Solidarity. It is dedicated to all those familiar with the indignity and frustration of life on Centrelink. 4 CONTENTS List of figures....................................................................................................................7
The Status of Cantonese in the Education Policy of Hong Kong Kwai Sang Lee and Wai Mun Leung*

Lee and Leung Multilingual Education 2012, 2:2 http://www.multilingual-education.com/2/1/2 RESEARCH Open Access The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong Kwai Sang Lee and Wai Mun Leung* * Correspondence: waimun@ied. Abstract edu.hk Department of Chinese, The Hong After the handover of Hong Kong to China, a first-ever policy of “bi-literacy and Kong Institute of Education, Hong tri-lingualism” was put forward by the Special Administrative Region Government. Kong Under the trilingual policy, Cantonese, the most dominant local language, equally shares the official status with Putonghua and English only in name but not in spirit, as neither the promotion nor the funding approaches on Cantonese match its legal status. This paper reviews the status of Cantonese in Hong Kong under this policy with respect to the levels of government, education and curriculum, considers the consequences of neglecting Cantonese in the school curriculum, and discusses the importance of large-scale surveys for language policymaking. Keywords: the status of Cantonese, “bi-literacy and tri-lingualism” policy, language survey, Cantonese language education Background The adjustment of the language policy is a common phenomenon in post-colonial societies. It always results in raising the status of the regional vernacular, but the lan- guage of the ex-colonist still maintains a very strong influence on certain domains. Taking Singapore as an example, English became the dominant language in the work- place and families, and the local dialects were suppressed. It led to the degrading of both English and Chinese proficiency levels according to scholars’ evaluation (Goh 2009a, b).
Blended Concessional Finance: Governance Matters for Impact by Kruskaia Sierra-Escalante, Arthur Karlin & Morten Lykke Lauridsen

www.ifc.org/thoughtleadership NOTE 66 • MAR 2019 Blended Concessional Finance: Governance Matters for Impact By Kruskaia Sierra-Escalante, Arthur Karlin & Morten Lykke Lauridsen Blended concessional finance, the combination of concessional funds with other types of finance on commercial terms, has great potential to mobilize capital and accelerate high-impact private sector investments in new and challenging markets. Yet full development of these efforts requires strong governance. IFC has been working for some time to develop a robust governance system for blended concessional finance, guided by the Development Finance Institutions Enhanced Principles, a set of principles that employ special operating procedures and checks and balances when using blended concessional finance for private sector projects. While no universal approach will fit all implementers of blended concessional finance, good governance is a common challenge. These institutions need to learn from each other to ensure good governance, as the sharing of experiences is crucial to building global trust in the use of concessional funds. And to work well, governance structures need to be transparent and focus on solving potential conflicts of interest. The combination of concessional funds and other types of launch important private projects and crowd in sources of finance on commercial terms is called blended concessional commercial finance. These first demonstration projects can finance.1 It can play a central role in creating and help unlock new markets. reinforcing markets in developing countries and can help Commercial finance and development finance institution these countries reach their development goals. This type of (DFI) finance at commercial terms can address the finance has great potential for development impact through financing needs of many projects (Figure 1).
Lola V Skadden and the Automation of the Legal Profession

Simon et al.: Lola v Skadden and the Automation of the Legal Profession Lola v. Skadden and the Automation of the Legal Profession Michael Simon, Alvin F. Lindsay, Loly Sosa & Paige Comparato1 20 Yale J.L. & Tech. 234 (2018) Technological innovation has accelerated at an exponential pace in the last few decades, ushering in an era of unprecedented advancements in algorithms andartificial intelligence technologies. Traditionally,the legalfield has protected itselffrom technological disruptionsby maintaininga professionalmonopoly over legal work and limiting the "practiceof law" to only those who are licensed. This article analyzes the long-term impact of the Second Circuit's opinion in Lola v. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, 620 F. App 'x 37 (2d Cir. 2015), on the legal field's existing monopoly over the "practiceof law." In Lola, the Second Circuit underscored that "tasks that could otherwise be performed entirely by a machine" could not be said to fall under the "practiceof law." By distinguishing between mechanistic tasks and legal tasks, the Second Circuit repudiated the legal field's oft-cited appeals to tradition insisting that tasks fall under the "practice of law" because they have always fallen under the practice of law. The broader implications of this decision are threefold. (1) as machines evolve, they will encroach on and limit the tasks considered to be the "practice of law ", (2) mechanistic tasks removedfrom the "practiceof law" may no longer be regulatedby professionalrules governing the legalfield; and (3) to survive the rise of technology in the legalfield, lawyers will need to adapt to a new "practice of law" in which they will act as innovators, purveyors of judgment and wisdom, and guardians of fairness, impartiality,and accountabilitywithin the law.
What Is Child Welfare? a Guide for Educators Educators Make Crucial Contributions to the Development and Well-Being of Children and Youth

FACTSHEET June 2018 What Is Child Welfare? A Guide for Educators Educators make crucial contributions to the development and well-being of children and youth. Due to their close relationships with children and families, educators can play a key role in the prevention of child abuse and neglect and, when necessary, support children, youth, and families involved with child welfare. This guide for educators provides an overview of child welfare, describes how educators and child welfare workers can help each other, and lists resources for more information. What Is Child Welfare? Child welfare is a continuum of services designed to ensure that children are safe and that families have the necessary support to care for their children successfully. Child welfare agencies typically: Support or coordinate services to prevent child abuse and neglect Provide services to families that need help protecting and caring for their children Receive and investigate reports of possible child abuse and neglect; assess child and family needs, strengths, and resources Arrange for children to live with kin (i.e., relatives) or with foster families when safety cannot be ensured at home Support the well-being of children living with relatives or foster families, including ensuring that their educational needs are addressed Work with the children, youth, and families to achieve family reunification, adoption, or other permanent family connections for children and youth leaving foster care Each State or locality has a public child welfare agency responsible for receiving and investigating reports of child abuse and neglect and assessing child and family needs; however, the child welfare system is not a single entity.
Measuring Human Development and Human Deprivations Suman

Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) Oxford Department of International Development Queen Elizabeth House (QEH), University of Oxford OPHI WORKING PAPER NO. 110 Measuring Human Development and Human Deprivations Suman Seth* and Antonio Villar** March 2017 Abstract This paper is devoted to the discussion of the measurement of human development and poverty, especially in United Nations Development Program’s global Human Development Reports. We first outline the methodological evolution of different indices over the last two decades, focusing on the well-known Human Development Index (HDI) and the poverty indices. We then critically evaluate these measures and discuss possible improvements that could be made. Keywords: Human Development Report, Measurement of Human Development, Inequality- adjusted Human Development Index, Measurement of Multidimensional Poverty JEL classification: O15, D63, I3 * Economics Division, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, UK, and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford, UK. Email: [email protected]. ** Department of Economics, University Pablo de Olavide and Ivie, Seville, Spain. Email: [email protected]. This study has been prepared within the OPHI theme on multidimensional measurement. ISSN 2040-8188 ISBN 978-19-0719-491-13 Seth and Villar Measuring Human Development and Human Deprivations Acknowledgements We are grateful to Sabina Alkire for valuable comments. This work was done while the second author was visiting the Department of Mathematics for Decisions at the University of Florence. Thanks are due to the hospitality and facilities provided there. Funders: The research is covered by the projects ECO2010-21706 and SEJ-6882/ECON with financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, the Junta de Andalucía and the FEDER funds.
The Welfare Costs of Well-Being Inequality

NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE WELFARE COSTS OF WELL-BEING INEQUALITY Leonard Goff John F. Helliwell Guy Mayraz Working Paper 21900 http://www.nber.org/papers/w21900 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 January 2016 All three authors are grateful for research support from the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, through its program on Social Interactions, Identity and Well-Being. We are also grateful to Gallup for access to data from the Gallup World Poll and the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index® survey. The authors wish to thank Carol Graham, Richard Layard, Eric Snowberg and Joe Stiglitz for helpful comments on an earlier version. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2016 by Leonard Goff, John F. Helliwell, and Guy Mayraz. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. The Welfare Costs of Well-being Inequality Leonard Goff, John F. Helliwell, and Guy Mayraz NBER Working Paper No. 21900 January 2016, Revised April 2016 JEL No. D6,D63,I31 ABSTRACT If satisfaction with life (SWL) is used to measure individual well-being, its variance offers a natural measure of social inequality that includes all the various factors that affect well-being.
Commercial Property-Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) Financing

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CLEAN ENERGY FINANCE GUIDE Chapter 12. Commercial Property-Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) Financing Third Edition Update, March 2013 Introduction Summary The property-assessed clean energy (PACE) model is an innovative mechanism for financing energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements on private property. PACE programs allow local governments, state governments, or other inter-jurisdictional authorities, when authorized by state law, to fund the up-front cost of energy improvements on commercial and residential properties, which are paid back over time by the property owners. PACE financing for clean energy projects is generally based on an existing structure known as a “land- secured financing district,” often referred to as an assessment district, a local improvement district, or other similar phrase. In a typical assessment district, the local government issues bonds to fund projects with a public purpose such as streetlights, sewer systems, or underground utility lines. The recent extension of this financing model to energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) allows a property owner to implement improvements without a large up-front cash payment. Property owners voluntarily choose to participate in a PACE program repay their improvement costs over a set time period—typically 10 to 20 years—through property assessments, which are secured by the property itself and paid as an addition to the owners’ property tax bills. Nonpayment generally results in the same set of repercussions as the failure to pay any other portion of a property tax bill. The PACE Process *Depending upon program the structure, the lender may be a private capital provider or the local jurisdiction A PACE assessment is a debt of property, meaning the debt is tied to the property as opposed to the property owner(s), so the repayment obligation may transfers with property ownership depending upon state legislation.
SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE for MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE for MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 2015 EPAS Curricular Guide Resource Series SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE for MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE for MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 2015 EPAS Curricular Guide Resource Series Council on Social Work Education Alexandria, Virginia Copyright © 2018, Council on Social Work Education Published in the United States by the Council on Social Work Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any manner whatsoever without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-0-87293-188-6 Council on Social Work Education 1701 Duke Street, Suite 200 Alexandria, VA 22314-3457 www.cswe.org Acknowledgments This document was developed through a collaborative partnership with the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) and the Special Commission to Advance Macro Practice (SC) and with the generous support of the Fund for Social Policy Education and Practice (FSPEP). Additional support was provided by the following partner organizations: the Association for Community Organization and Social Administration (ACOSA), Influencing Social Policy (ISP), and the Network for Social Work Management (NSWM). COORDINATING FOCUS AREA TEAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS LEADERS Darlyne Bailey Bruce D. Friedman Bryn Mawr College (Administration/Management) California State University, Bakersfield Terry Mizrahi Capella University Hunter College, CUNY Sunny Harris Rome (Policy) Jo Ann Regan George Mason University Council on Social Work Education Tracy Soska (Community) Adrienne Walters University of Pittsburgh Council on Social Work Education v vi SPECIALIZED PRACTICE CURRICULAR GUIDE FOR MACRO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE TEAM LEADERSHIP CONSULTANTS Mimi Abramovitz (Policy) Kimberly Richards Hunter College, CUNY The People's Institute for Survival and Beyond Michálle E.
Social Protection

SDGN TE SOCIAL The ILO DW for SDGs Notes Series At a special UN summit in September 2015 world leaders adopted a new vision for PROTECTION global development: “Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. The 2030 Agenda embraces the three dimensions of sustainability – economic, With the Agenda 2030 the global community has recognized that decent work is both social and environmental a means and an end to achieve sustainable development. Consequently, the Decent – in an integrated and Work Agenda – an integrated policy framework in and of itself – features prominently interconnected manner. It across the SDGs and Agenda 2030. contains 17 Sustainable The 2030 Agenda calls for integrated and transformative policies to tackle Development Goals development challenges. The promotion of more and better jobs is a central element (SDGs) that will build on that cuts across many of the Sustainable Development Goals with SDG 8 at its core. the progress achieved The Director-General has stressed that Agenda 2030 is a major responsibility, under the Millennium opportunity, and at the same time, a challenge for the ILO. It thus requires a new way Development Goals. of working across the Office and a new way of communicating about Decent Work. The 2030 Agenda for The DW for SDGs Notes series is one building block in this process. It aims to provide Sustainable Development a thematic decent work perspective on the SDG framework for ILO officials engaging in SDG discussions with constituents, UN counterparts, as well as development puts people and the partners. SDG notes are envisaged for all Programme and Budget (P&B) outcomes.
Introduction to Law and Legal Reasoning Law Is

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND LEGAL REASONING LAW IS "MAN MADE" IT CHANGES OVER TIME TO ACCOMMODATE SOCIETY'S NEEDS LAW IS MADE BY LEGISLATURE LAW IS INTERPRETED BY COURTS TO DETERMINE 1)WHETHER IT IS "CONSTITUTIONAL" 2)WHO IS RIGHT OR WRONG THERE IS A PROCESS WHICH MUST BE FOLLOWED (CALLED "PROCEDURAL LAW") I. Thomas Jefferson: "The study of the law qualifies a man to be useful to himself, to his neighbors, and to the public." II. Ask Several Students to give their definition of "Law." A. Even after years and thousands of dollars, "LAW" still is not easy to define B. What does law Consist of ? Law consists of enforceable rule governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society. 1. Students Need to Understand. a. The law is a set of general ideas b. When these general ideas are applied, a judge cannot fit a case to suit a rule; he must fit (or find) a rule to suit the unique case at hand. c. The judge must also supply legitimate reasons for his decisions. C. So, How was the Law Created. The law considered in this text are "man made" law. This law can (and will) change over time in response to the changes and needs of society. D. Example. Grandma, who is 87 years old, walks into a pawn shop. She wants to sell her ring that has been in the family for 200 years. Grandma asks the dealer, "how much will you give me for this ring." The dealer, in good faith, tells Grandma he doesn't know what kind of metal is in the ring, but he will give her $150.