DOCSLIB.ORG

Assyrian and Biblical Chronologies Are They Reliable? 3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Assyrian and biblical chronologies are they reliable ? Gerard Gertoux To cite this version: Gerard Gertoux. Assyrian and biblical chronologies are they reliable ?. 4th Oxford Postgraduate Conference in Assyriology 2015, Apr 2015, Oxford, United Kingdom. hal-03207471v2 HAL Id: hal-03207471 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03207471v2 Submitted on 1 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Assyrian and biblical chronologies are they reliable1 ? Gérard Gertoux Abstract: The Assyrian chronology of the 1st millennium BCE is well established, especially for the period 912-609 BCE (Pruzsinsky: 2009, 17), but it is difficult to determine whether there were overlapping reigns due to possible co-regencies (Hagens: 2005, 23-41). Assyriologists have assumed that there were no co-regencies among the Assyrian reigns. Based on this assumption, Edwin R. Thiele, in his 1943 thesis (published in 1951), established a chronology of the Hebrew kings, relying on the numerous synchronisms with the Assyrian kings. However, he encountered a difficulty because several of the required synchronisms exhibited gaps ranging from 10 to 45 years. He solved this problem by assuming the existence of nine co-regencies among the Hebrew reigns (Thiele: 1951, 173-177). Despite this arbitrary choice, which destroys the chronological coherence of the Hebrew reigns (Hughes: 1990, 264-266), Thiele’s chronology still serves as a reference for scholars. However, a careful examination of these synchronisms between Assyrian and biblical chronologies shows that there were several co-regencies among the Assyrian reigns, which they have been correctly dated in the biblical chronology, such as those of Sennacherib and Tiglath-Pileser III. These kings played a crucial role in Israel's history during their co-regencies, such as Sennacherib's campaign in Judah (his 3rd) with the siege of Lachish and Jerusalem, which took place in 712 BCE during the 10th campaign of Sargon II (722-705) with whom he was co-regent during the years 715 to 705 BCE. This agrees exactly with the biblical account stating that all these events occurred during the 14th year of Judean King Hezekiah (726-697) also dated 712 BCE (2Ki 18:13-17; 2Ch 32:9; Is 20:1; 36:1). Similarly, the Israelite king Menahem (771-760) had to pay a tribute (in 765 BCE) to an Assyrian king Pul (2Ki 15:19-20). The Assyrian word pulu, from apil/aplu, means “the heir (i.e., crown prince)”. King Pul(as) reigned 36 years, according to Josephus (Jewish Antiquities IX: 283-287), which corresponds exactly to the Assyrian king Pulu (co-regent) known by his Aramaic name Bar-Ga’yah “Son of the Majesty” who reigned from 782 to 746 BCE. CHRONOLOGY OF ASSYRIAN REIGNS OVER THE PERIOD 912–609 BCE Assyrian chronology may be reconstructed over the period 912–609 BCE using the list of Assyrian eponyms anchored on the total solar eclipse dated 15 June 763 BCE, which occurred on [30] Simanu (month III) in the eponymy of Bur-Sagale. The Assyrian period 912–648 BCE is dated based on its canonical eponyms (Parpola: 2007, 381–430) and the period 648–609 BCE by a prosopography of its eponyms (Parpola: 1998, XVIII-XX) but their ranking remains controversial (Novotny, Jeffers: 2018, 30-32). The chronological reconstruction of the Assyrian reigns based on eponyms is different from that given in the Assyrian King List (table below): TABLE 1 BCE ASSYRIAN KING According to years of reign (AKL) BABYLONIAN KING 630 Aššurbanipal (669–627) 39 18 Kandalanu 629 40 19 628 41 20 627 42 0 21 626 Aššur-etel-ilâni (627–626) 1 0 0 22 625 Sin-šar-iškun (626–612) 1 1 Nabopolassar 624 2 2 BCE ASSYRIAN KING According to eponyms BABYLONIAN KING 630 Aššurbanipal Salmu-šarri-iqbi? 39 0 18 Kandalanu 629 Aššur-etel-ilâni Nabû-šarru-uṣur? 1 [40] 19 628 Nur-salam-sarpi? 2 [41] 20 627 Marduk-šarru-uṣur? 3 [42] 0 21 626 Iqbi-ilani? /Marduk-remanni? 4 0 0 [1] Sin-šum-lišir 625 Sin-šar-iškun Sin-šarru-uṣur? 1 1 Nabopolassar 624 Kanunaiu? 2 2 The presence of co-regencies modifies the dating of synchronisms. For example, in the conventional Assyrian King List (AKL) there is a synchronism between Year 1 of the Assyrian king Aššur-etel-ilâni (627–626) and Year 22 of the Babylonian king Kandalanu in 626 BCE, but in fact this synchronism occurs between Year 1 of Aššur- etel-ilâni and Year 19 of Kandalanu in 629 BCE. The three years of co-regency between Aššur-etel-ilâni (630-626) and Aššurbanipal (669-627), according to the AKL, are therefore artificial (Aššurbanipal became senile or died in 631 BCE?), which modifies the dating of the synchronisms during this period. Consequently, King lists can be used to date synchronisms as long as the presence of co-regencies does not modify the chronology of the reigns. 1 A short report of this paper was presented in Oxford, at Wolfson College, on Saturday 25 April 2015 in the Oxford Postgraduate Conference in Assyriology (https://oxfordassyriology.wordpress.com/opca-2015-programme/). An abstract has been published (https://oxfordassyriology.wordpress.com/gerard-gertoux-university-of-lyon-2/). ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5916-0445 2 THE SIEGE OF LACHISH BY SENNACHERIB: 712 BCE (BIBLE) OR 701 BCE (AKL)? The traditional date of 701 BCE for Sennacherib's campaign in Judea is accepted by all historians without any significant controversy. During this campaign, there was the siege of Lachish, depicted on the walls of his palace (now visible in the British Museum) as well as the siege of Jerusalem and the battle of Eltekeh, which are described in his annals and dated during his 3rd campaign, in 701 BCE because it is assumed that Sennacherib (705-681) did not campaign during his first year of reign, in 704 BCE (Villard: 2001, 767-769). However, this calculated date is hypothetical as it does not appear in any Assyrian document and the capture of Lachish is not even mentioned in the annals of Sennacherib. Moreover, this hypothetical date is contradicted by several documents that fix this famous campaign in 712 BCE: for example, in the chronicle of Sargon II (722-705) the capture of Ashdod and the battle of Eltekeh are dated during the 10th year of his reign, in 712 BCE. Similarly, this campaign is abundantly described in the Bible. For example, the capture of Lachish by Sennacherib (during his 3rd campaign) and the siege of Jerusalem are both dated in the 14th year of Judean King Hezekiah (726-697), in 712 BCE (= 726 - 14). Similarly, the battle of Eltekeh led by Nubian co-regent Taharqa under the leadership of King Shabataka (712-689), with the probable disappearance of the Egyptian king Osorkon IV (Sô in the MT, Segor in the LXX), is dated during his 1st year of reign in 712 BCE. The biblical account states that all these events occurred during the 14th year of Judean King Hezekiah dated 712 BCE (2Ki 18:13-17, 19:9; 2Ch 32:9; Is 20:1, 36:1, 37:9). This paradox has been masked because Assyriologists use the biblical chronology of Edwin R. Thiele who shifted the reign of Hezekiah (715-686) to coincide with his 14th year occurring in 701 BCE (= 715 - 14). Although he was a competent religious man, Thiele believed that the biblical text was imbued with Babylonian myths and that its chronology needed to be revised on the Assyrian chronicles. To date the many synchronisms between the biblical and Assyrian chronologies he arbitrarily invented nine co-regencies among the Judean and Israelite reigns because he believed in the dogma of the absence of co-regencies in the Assyrian reigns (Thiele: 1951, 173-177). The calculated reign of Hezekiah (715-686), according to Thiele's biblical chronology, gives rise to several insoluble inconsistencies: this chronology destroys the biblical synchronisms between the kings of Israel and Judah (Tetley: 2005, 91-185); the numerous inconsistencies make it unusable to establish a reliable chronology (Hughes: 1990, 264-266). The method for establishing the chronology of the kings of Israel and Judah is therefore erroneous, it is first necessary to establish an unmodified biblical chronology, then to verify if this chronology agrees with Assyrian or Babylonian synchronisms anchored on absolute dates based on astronomy. The durations of the reigns come from the biblical text (Masoretic Text), the names in bold are those that appear in the Assyrian and Babylonian annals, and the parts highlighted in gray correspond to synchronisms. King of Judah Reign MT King of Israel Reign MT Reference David 1057-1017 40 2Sa 5:4 Solomon 1017-977 40 1Ki 11:42 Rehoboam 977-960 17 000 Jeroboam I 10/977 - Ezk 4:5-6 Abiyam 960-957 3 -05/955 22 1Ki 14:20-21 Asa 957 - 41 Nadab 06/955-05/954 2 1Ki 15:10,25 Baasha 06/954-04/931 24 1Ki 15:28,33 Elah 05/931-04/930 2 1Ki 16:8 Zimri 05/930 7 d 1Ki 16:10-16 Omri/ 06/930-05/919/ 12 1Ki 16:21-23 -916 [Tibni] [06/930-01/925] 6 Jehoshaphat 916 - 25 Ahab 06/919-01/898 22 1Ki 16:29 -891 Ahaziah 02/898-01/897 2 1Ki 22:51 Jehoram J.
Recommended publications
  • On Writing the History of Southern Mesopotamia* by Eva Von

    On Writing the History of Southern Mesopotamia* by Eva Von

    On Writing the History of Southern Mesopotamia* by Eva von Dassow — Colorado State University In his book Babylonia 689-627 B.C., G. Frame provides a maximally detailed his- tory of a specific region during a closely delimited time period, based on all available sources produced during that period or bearing on it. This review article critiques the methods used to derive the history from the sources and the conceptual framework used to apprehend the subject of the history. Babylonia 689-627 B. C , the revised version of Grant Frame's doc- toral dissertation, covers one of the most turbulent and exciting periods of Babylonian history, a time during which Babylon succes- sively experienced destruction and revival at Assyria's hands, then suf- fered rebellion and siege, and lastly awaited the opportunity to over- throw Assyria and inherit most of Assyria's empire. Although, as usual, the preserved textual sources cover these years unevenly, and often are insufficiently varied in type and origin (e.g., royal or non- royal, Babylonian or Assyrian), the years from Sennacherib's destruc- tion of Babylon in 689 to the eve of Nabopolassar's accession in 626 are also a richly documented period. Frame's work is an attempt to digest all of the available sources, including archaeological evidence as well as texts, in order to produce a maximally detailed history. Sur- rounding the book's core, chapters 5-9, which proceed reign by reign through this history, are chapters focussing on the sources (ch. 2), chronology (ch. 3), the composition of Babylonia's population (ch.
  • The History of Ancient Egypt “Passionate, Erudite, Living Legend Lecturers

    The History of Ancient Egypt “Passionate, Erudite, Living Legend Lecturers

    “Pure intellectual stimulation that can be popped into Topic Subtopic the [audio or video player] anytime.” History Ancient History —Harvard Magazine The History of Ancient Egypt “Passionate, erudite, living legend lecturers. Academia’s best lecturers are being captured on tape.” —The Los Angeles Times The History “A serious force in American education.” —The Wall Street Journal of Ancient Egypt Course Guidebook Professor Bob Brier Long Island University Professor Bob Brier is an Egyptologist and Professor of Philosophy at the C. W. Post Campus of Long Island University. He is renowned for his insights into ancient Egypt. He hosts The Learning Channel’s popular Great Egyptians series, and his research was the subject of the National Geographic television special Mr. Mummy. A dynamic instructor, Professor Brier has received Long Island University’s David Newton Award for Teaching Excellence. THE GREAT COURSES® Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, VA 20151-2299 Guidebook USA Phone: 1-800-832-2412 www.thegreatcourses.com Cover Image: © Hemera/Thinkstock. Course No. 350 © 1999 The Teaching Company. PB350A PUBLISHED BY: THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfi elds Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-2299 Phone: 1-800-TEACH-12 Fax: 703-378-3819 www.thegreatcourses.com Copyright © The Teaching Company, 1999 Printed in the United States of America This book is in copyright. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company.
  • Thiele's Biblical Chronology As a Corrective for Extrabiblical Dates

    Thiele's Biblical Chronology As a Corrective for Extrabiblical Dates

    Andm University Seminary Studies, Autumn 1996, Vol. 34, No. 2,295-317. Copyright 1996 by Andrews University Press.. THIELE'S BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY AS A CORRECTIVE FOR EXTRABIBLICAL DATES KENNETH A. STRAND Andrews University The outstanding work of Edwin R. Thiele in producing a coherent and internally consistent chronology for the period of the Hebrew Divided Monarchy is well known. By ascertaining and applying the principles and procedures used by the Hebrew scribes in recording the lengths of reign and synchronisms given in the OT books of Kings and Chronicles for the kings of Israel and Judah, he was able to demonstrate the accuracy of these biblical data. What has generally not been given due notice is the effect that Thiele's clarification of the Hebrew chronology of this period of history has had in furnishing a corrective for various dates in ancient Assyrian and Babylonian history. It is the purpose of this essay to look at several such dates.' 1. i%e Basic Question In a recent article in AUSS, Leslie McFall, who along with many other scholars has shown favor for Thiele's chronology, notes five vital variable factors which Thiele recognized, and then he sets forth the following opinion: In view of the complex interaction of several of the independent factors, it is clear that such factors could never have been discovered (or uncovered) if it had not been for extrabiblical evidence which established certain key absolute dates for events in Israel and Judah, such as 853, 841, 723, 701, 605, 597, and 586 B.C. It was as a result of trial and error in fitting the biblical data around these absolute dates that previous chronologists (and more recently Thiele) brought to light the factors outlined above.= '~lthou~hmuch of the information provided in this article can be found in Thiele's own published works, the presentation given here gathers it, together with certain other data, into a context and with a perspective not hitherto considered, so far as I have been able to determine.
  • Kings & Events of the Babylonian, Persian and Greek Dynasties

    Kings & Events of the Babylonian, Persian and Greek Dynasties

    KINGS AND EVENTS OF THE BABYLONIAN, PERSIAN, AND GREEK DYNASTIES 612 B.C. Nineveh falls to neo-Babylonian army (Nebuchadnezzar) 608 Pharaoh Necho II marched to Carchemesh to halt expansion of neo-Babylonian power Josiah, King of Judah, tries to stop him Death of Josiah and assumption of throne by his son, Jehoahaz Jehoiakim, another son of Josiah, replaced Jehoahaz on the authority of Pharaoh Necho II within 3 months Palestine and Syria under Egyptian rule Josiah’s reforms dissipate 605 Nabopolassar sends troops to fight remaining Assyrian army and the Egyptians at Carchemesh Nebuchadnezzar chased them all the way to the plains of Palestine Nebuchadnezzar got word of the death of his father (Nabopolassar) so he returned to Babylon to receive the crown On the way back he takes Daniel and other members of the royal family into exile 605 - 538 Babylon in control of Palestine, 597; 10,000 exiled to Babylon 586 Jerusalem and the temple destroyed and large deportation 582 Because Jewish guerilla fighters killed Gedaliah another last large deportation occurred SUCCESSORS OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR 562 - 560 Evil-Merodach released Jehoiakim (true Messianic line) from custody 560 - 556 Neriglissar 556 Labaski-Marduk reigned 556 - 539 Nabonidus: Spent most of the time building a temple to the mood god, Sin. This earned enmity of the priests of Marduk. Spent the rest of his time trying to put down revolts and stabilize the kingdom. He moved to Tema and left the affairs of state to his son, Belshazzar Belshazzar: Spent most of his time trying to restore order. Babylonia’s great threat was Media.
  • Tayinat's Building XVI: the Religious Dimensions and Significance of A

    Tayinat's Building XVI: the Religious Dimensions and Significance of A

    Tayinat’s Building XVI: The Religious Dimensions and Significance of a Tripartite Temple at Neo-Assyrian Kunulua by Douglas Neal Petrovich A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto © Copyright by Douglas Neal Petrovich, 2016 Building XVI at Tell Tayinat: The Religious Dimensions and Significance of a Tripartite Temple at Neo-Assyrian Kunulua Douglas N. Petrovich Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto 2016 Abstract After the collapse of the Hittite Empire and most of the power structures in the Levant at the end of the Late Bronze Age, new kingdoms and powerful city-states arose to fill the vacuum over the course of the Iron Age. One new player that surfaced on the regional scene was the Kingdom of Palistin, which was centered at Kunulua, the ancient capital that has been identified positively with the site of Tell Tayinat in the Amuq Valley. The archaeological and epigraphical evidence that has surfaced in recent years has revealed that Palistin was a formidable kingdom, with numerous cities and territories having been enveloped within its orb. Kunulua and its kingdom eventually fell prey to the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which decimated the capital in 738 BC under Tiglath-pileser III. After Kunulua was rebuilt under Neo- Assyrian control, the city served as a provincial capital under Neo-Assyrian administration. Excavations of the 1930s uncovered a palatial district atop the tell, including a temple (Building II) that was adjacent to the main bit hilani palace of the king (Building I).
  • Daniel Handout #1 Primary Documents Bible: 2 Kings 23:25

    Daniel Handout #1 Primary Documents Bible: 2 Kings 23:25

    Daniel Handout #1 Primary Documents Bible: 2 Kings 23:25-25:21; 2 Chronicles 35:1-36:21; Jeremiah 25:1; 46-47, 52; Daniel 1:1-2 D. J. Wiseman, Chronicles of Chaldean Kings, 626-556 B.C. (1956); A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (2000, new translation with commentary); J. B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts (ANET, excerpts) Superscription (Daniel 1:1-2) Jehoiakim, King of Judah Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon [ ← Sandwich ] Jehoiakim, King of Judah Frame (Daniel 1:1 and 21) _________ B.C. [ Bracket ] _________ B.C. Collapse of Assyrian Empire Ashurbanipal II (668-627 B.C.; alternative, 668-631 B.C.) Ashur-etel-ilani (627-623 B.C.; alternative, 631-627 B.C.) Sin-shar-iskun (627-612 B.C.; alternative, 623-612 B.C.) Assur-uballit II (612-?610/09 B.C.) Rise of the Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar (626-605 B.C.) Nebuchadnezzar II/Nebuchadrezzar (605-562 B.C.) Amel-Marduk (=Evil-merodach, 2 Kings 25:27-30) (562-560 B.C.) Neriglissar (560-558 B.C.) Labashi-marduk (557 B.C.) Nabonidus (556-539 B.C.) Co-Regent: Belshazzar (?553-539 B.C.) Contest with Egypt Rise of Saite (26th) Dynasty (664-525 B.C.); Decline of Nubian (25th) Dynasty (716-663 B.C.); Reunion of Upper and Lower Egypt (656 B.C.) Psammetichus I (Psamtik I) (664-610 B.C.) Necho II (610-595 B.C.) Psammetichus II (Psamtik II) (595-589 B.C.) Hophra/Apries (589-570 B.C.) Sandwich of Judah Josiah (640-609 B.C.) Jehohaz (3 months, 609 B.C.; 2 Kings 23:31) Jehoiakim (609-597 B.C.) Jehoiachin (3 months, 596 B.C.; 2 Kings 24:8) Zedekiah (597-586 B.C.) Nabopolassar’s Revolt Against Assyria “son of a nobody”—Nabopolassar cylinder (cf.
  • 2 the Assyrian Empire, the Conquest of Israel, and the Colonization of Judah 37 I

    2 the Assyrian Empire, the Conquest of Israel, and the Colonization of Judah 37 I

    ISRAEL AND EMPIRE ii ISRAEL AND EMPIRE A Postcolonial History of Israel and Early Judaism Leo G. Perdue and Warren Carter Edited by Coleman A. Baker LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY 1 Bloomsbury T&T Clark An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Imprint previously known as T&T Clark 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury, T&T Clark and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2015 © Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the authors. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-0-56705-409-8 PB: 978-0-56724-328-7 ePDF: 978-0-56728-051-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset by Forthcoming Publications (www.forthpub.com) 1 Contents Abbreviations vii Preface ix Introduction: Empires, Colonies, and Postcolonial Interpretation 1 I.
  • Baasha of Ammon

    Baasha of Ammon

    Baasha of Ammon GARY A. RENDSBURG Cornell University 1lVD'i' 'Xtl1' i1'1::J' i"'~ 1,T The identification of the members of the western coalition who fought Shal­ maneser HI at the battle of Qarqar has engaged Assyriologists since the 19th century. Among the more elusive members of the alliance has been Ba-J-sa miir 1 Ru-bu-bi .KUR A-ma-na-a-a, listed in the Monolith Inscription, column II, line 95. The majority view holds that the toponym A-ma-na-a-a refers to Ammon. the small state located in Transjordan = biblical cammon (Gen. 19:38, etc.). This iden­ tification ,:>riginated among late 19th and early 20th century scholars,2 is repeated in more recent works,3 and appears in standard translations.4 The ~llinority view was first offered by E. Forrer,S who identified the word with Amana, the mountainous region of southern Syria, more specifically the It is my pleasure to thank Peter Machinist and Samuel M. Paley whose helpful suggestions I have incorporated into this article. 1. For the original, see H. C. Rawlinson, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia (London, 1870),3: pliltes 7-8. 2. F. Delitzsch, Wo lag das Paradies ? (Leipzig, 1881),294; F. Hommel. Geschichte Babylolliells und Assyriells (Berlin, 1885), 609; C. P. Tiele, Babylollisch·assyrische Geschichte (Gotha, 1886). 201; E. Schrader. Sammlung von assyrischen und babylonischen Textell (Berlin, (889), I: 173; R. W. Rogers, A History of Babylollia and Assyria (New York, 1901),77; H. Winckler, The History of Babylonia and Assyria (New York, 1907),220; A.
  • Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue and Price List of Stereopticons

    Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue and Price List of Stereopticons

    —. ; I, £3,v; and Descriptive , Illustrated ;w j CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST- t&fs — r~* yv4 • .'../-.it *.•:.< : .. 4^. ; • ’• • • wjv* r,.^ N •’«* - . of . - VJ r .. « 7 **: „ S ; \ 1 ’ ; «•»'•: V. .c; ^ . \sK? *• .* Stereopticons . * ' «». .. • ” J- r . .. itzsg' Lantern Slides 1 -f ~ Accessories for Projection Stereopticon and Film Exchange W. B. MOORE, Manager. j. :rnu J ; 104 to no Franlclin Street ‘ Washington . (Cor. CHICAGO INDEX TO LANTERNS, ETC. FOR INDEX TO SLIDES SEE INDEX AT CLOSE OF CATALOGUE. Page Acetylene Dissolver 28 Champion Lantern 3g to 42 “ Gas 60 Check Valve S3 •* 1 • .• Gas Burner.... ; 19 Chemicals, Oxygen 74, 81 ** < .' I j Gas Generator.. ; 61 to 66 Chirograph 136 “ Gas Generator, Perfection to 66 64 Chlorate of Potash, tee Oxygen Chemicals 74 Adapter from to sire lenses, see Chromatrope.... 164 Miscellaneous....... 174 Cloak, How Made 151 Advertising Slides, Blank, see Miscellaneous.. 174 ** Slides 38010,387 " Slides 144 Color Slides or Tinters .^140 “ Slides, Ink for Writing, see Colored Films 297 Miscellaneous, 174 Coloring Films 134 “ Posters * *...153 " Slides Alcohol Vapor Mantle Light 20A v 147 Combined Check or Safety Valve 83 Alternating.Carbons, Special... 139 Comic and Mysterious Films 155 Allen Universal Focusing Lens 124, 125 Comparison of Portable Gas Outfits 93, 94 America, Wonders cf Description, 148 “Condensing Lens 128 Amet's Oro-Carbi Light 86 to 92, 94 " Lens Mounting 128 •Ancient Costumes ....! 131 Connections, Electric Lamp and Rheostat... 96, 97 Approximate Length of Focus 123 " Electric Stage 139 Arc Lamp 13 to 16 Costumes 130 to 152, 380 to 3S7 ** Lamp and Rheostat, How to Connect 96 Cover Glasses, see Miscellaneous ,....174 Arnold's Improved Calcium Light Outfit.
  • Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf

    Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf

    Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
  • Marten Stol WOMEN in the ANCIENT NEAR EAST

    Marten Stol WOMEN in the ANCIENT NEAR EAST

    Marten Stol WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson ISBN 978-1-61451-323-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-263-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0021-3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Original edition: Vrouwen van Babylon. Prinsessen, priesteressen, prostituees in de bakermat van de cultuur. Uitgeverij Kok, Utrecht (2012). Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson © 2016 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Cover Image: Marten Stol Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz GmbH & Co. KG, Lemförde Printing and binding: cpi books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Introduction 1 Map 5 1 Her outward appearance 7 1.1 Phases of life 7 1.2 The girl 10 1.3 The virgin 13 1.4 Women’s clothing 17 1.5 Cosmetics and beauty 47 1.6 The language of women 56 1.7 Women’s names 58 2 Marriage 60 2.1 Preparations 62 2.2 Age for marrying 66 2.3 Regulations 67 2.4 The betrothal 72 2.5 The wedding 93 2.6
  • The Neo-Babylonian Empire New Babylonia Emerged out of the Chaos That Engulfed the Assyrian Empire After the Death of the Akka

    The Neo-Babylonian Empire New Babylonia Emerged out of the Chaos That Engulfed the Assyrian Empire After the Death of the Akka

    NAME: DATE: The Neo-Babylonian Empire New Babylonia emerged out of the chaos that engulfed the Assyrian Empire after the death of the Akkadian king, Ashurbanipal. The Neo-Babylonian Empire extended across Mesopotamia. At its height, the region ruled by the Neo-Babylonian kings reached north into Anatolia, east into Persia, south into Arabia, and west into the Sinai Peninsula. It encompassed the Fertile Crescent and the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys. New Babylonia was a time of great cultural activity. Art and architecture flourished, particularly under the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, was determined to rebuild the city of Babylonia. His civil engineers built temples, processional roadways, canals, and irrigation works. Nebuchadnezzar II sought to make the city a testament not only to Babylonian greatness, but also to honor the Babylonian gods, including Marduk, chief among the gods. This cultural revival also aimed to glorify Babylonia’s ancient Mesopotamian heritage. During Assyrian rule, Akkadian language had largely been replaced by Aramaic. The Neo-Babylonians sought to revive Akkadian as well as Sumerian-Akkadian cuneiform. Though Aramaic remained common in spoken usage, Akkadian regained its status as the official language for politics and religious as well as among the arts. The Sumerian-Akkadian language, cuneiform script and artwork were resurrected, preserved, and adapted to contemporary uses. ©PBS LearningMedia, 2015 All rights reserved. Timeline of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 616 Nabopolassar unites 575 region as Neo- Ishtar Gate 561 Amel-Marduk becomes king. Babylonian Empire and Walls of 559 Nerglissar becomes king. under Babylon built. 556 Labashi-Marduk becomes king. Chaldean Dynasty.