HISTORY OP THE SISTERS OF CHARITY IN NEW MEXICO

(1865-1900)

BY SISTER CATHERINE MIRIAM .LA Vi LOR S.C.

A THESIS

Submitted to th© Faculty of The Creighton University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In the Department of History

OMAHA, 1958 THESIS APPROVED

BY

Major Adviser

Dean

53993 CONTENTS

Chapter Pag®

PREFACE I. THE STAR OF VOCATION CALLS "OUT WHERE THE SOUTHWEST BEOINS" ------1 Isolation of the South-west in the 1860’sj status of the Church in New Mexico at this time? Bishop Lamy’s call for assis­ tance; response by the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati; their foundation and works

II. TRAIL DUST AND FRONTIER GRANDEUR - 5 Acceptance of the call and preparation for the journey; difficulties of the journey; variety and sublimity of the scenery III. THE CITY OF HOLY FAITH ------12 The Santa Fe scene; welcome by the Sisters of Loretto; meeting with Bishop Lamy; view of their new establishment

IV. PERILS OF THE SECOND JOURNEY - - - - 19 Meeting with Bishop Lamy and other Religious in SeJnt Louis; Hospitality of the Sisters at Leavenworth, and of the Jesuits at Saint Mary’s; Indian attack and the caravan’s escape; arrival in Santa Fe V. THE PIONEER COMMUNITY - - - — • - 2 4 Living conditions; charity dispensed; Sisters in the local Community VI. WORKS OF CHARITY (1868-1889) - - - - 29 Care of the Orphans educational endea­ vors; building and equipment; aid from the military forces; appropriations from the federal government and from the territorial legislature; numbers of orphans. Care of the Sick: finances; visits to the mining camps; the proposed Trade School; the chapel; types of patients hospital procedure; conversions. C h a p te r Page

Extension of the Works of Charity; occupation of the new sanatorium building; improvement of grounds; con­ struction of brick hospital; errands of mercy. VII* AS THE CENTURY CLOSES ------12 Social functions; distinguished guests; fire at the sanatorium; resolutions of the Santa Fo Board of Trade; efforts toward restoration

VIII. ALBUQUERQUE AND SAN MIGUEL MISSIONS 4© The period characterized; status of education in the state; Catholic educa­ tion; Old Town schools; New Town pub­ lic and parochial schools; San Miguel schools and charitable under­ takings

IN RETROSPECT ------61 Summary; service to the orphan, to the sick, the aged, and the poor Evaluation; contribution of the Sisters* work to society, to the Church, and to the Congregation COMMENT ON BIBLIOGRAPHY ------63 BIBLIOGRAPHY ------66

APPENDIX ------70 List of Sisters assigned to Hew Mexico Missions (1865-1900) Letter of Father Fayet— Photostat Copy Historical Data PREFACE

Occasional accounts of the experiences of pioneer missionaries in the Southwest aroused my desire to know the v&iole fascinating story of the Sisters of

Charity in New Mexico. Two years spent in the missions of that state provided an opportunity to collect much valuable information and to catch the spell of this land of tremendous contrasts, where one can 3tep baok a thousand years and enter Indian villages little changed since Coronado first viewed them in 1540.

This account covers the period from 1865-1900— the Inauguration of the charitable and educational endeavors of the Congregation in Santa Fe, Albuquerque, and San Miguel, and the progress of these labors during the first thirty-five years* From the arrival of the pioneer members of this illustrious Congregation in primitive Santa Fe in 1865 to the close of the nineteenth century we follow a trail of loving and devoted service to God in the person of suffering humanity. The sick and destitute, the orphan and the health-seeker, were the special objects of the tender solicitude of these Sisters of Charity in Saint Vincent Sanatorium and Hospital and Saint Vlnoent Orphanage. Travelers over the plains, miners and railroad workers found their way to this, the only Institution of its kind in the ■ft “ Southwest until 1885, and the only permanent Institu­ tion until 1901,

By a wisely directed program national attention , . 5' ? ; ’* • was first attracted to the superior climatio advantages of New Mexico and the entire hooky Mountain region for the cure of pulmonary diseases. At its very inception the presence of Christ*s "little ones" blessed the Sisters" undertaking, and since 1884 Saint Vincent Orphanage has received an annual appropriation from the legislature.

In the educational work of the state the Sisters of Charity were found quite as truly in the vanguard.

As the pioneer educators in Albuquerque, they taught in publio and parochial schools for nine years, and con­ ducted an academy for six years, before the passage of the first territorial law providing free publio schools.

Catholic education was their exclusive province in "Duke City" until the Sisters, of Saint Francis opened an orphanage there in 1914,

If in their humble way the Sisters of Charity have rendered a noteworthy contribution to the growth and upbuilding of the hooky Mountain region, their in­ fluence on souls and the consequent exter ’’.ion of the Churoh are immeasurable. The things of Time may be recorded, but the things of the Spirit, which are Eternal, can be written only In the Heart of God, A CRN QWLEDQMEN T Si Sincere gratitude is due Dr. P. Raymond Nielson of the Creighton University who directed my graduate work, for his constructive orltlclsra of the thesis; to Professor Lansing Bloom and Dr* Frank L. Reeves of the University of New Mexico for helpful suggestions concerning Southwestern background material; to Sister Leona Murphy for assist­ ance in scouring material from the Archives at Mount Saint Joseph; and most of eELl to my aunt, the late Miss

Mary Tracey,whose generous sponsorship made this pro­ ject possible* CHAPTER I

THE STAR OP VOCATION CALLS "OUT WHERE THE WEST BEGINS”

Out where the handclasp*s a little stronger Out where the smile dwells a little longer That’s where the West begins a The Southwest of the middle nineteenth century was a region isolated to some extent from the rest of the states by the oontrol which the fierce Indian tribes exercised in their native lands. While the Indians made frequent raids upon the outlying sections, rough whites, typloal of the bad element which floats Into frontier regions with the tide of immigration, per- 1 petrated murders and robberies. The power of the Pueblos was broken In the Taos Rebellion of 1847, and ♦ the raids of the Apaches and Nsvajos were interrupted for a time during the operation of the Bosque Redondo plan (1864-1869). The Apaches, "the last virile rem­ nant of a shattered race”, were led in rebellion by Vlotorlo in 1879, and later by Geronlmo who forsook the reservation for the warpath in May 1885. During the next year and a half these dreaded warriors defied the power of a nation of sixty million people, until

.. ... — .... — ------...... 1. William G. Hitch, The History, Resources, and Attractions of New Mexico." ’¿5 2 the superb campaigns of General Crook and General Nelson Milos had effectively crushed their savagery 2 ( 1886) . Between 1860 and 1870 the railroad mileage of the United States had almost doubled, and although it was another decade before the first railroad reached

New Mexico, the state now became a resort for desper­ ate characters* Feuds between the newcomers of the plains and the cattlemen of the territory form a 3 bloody chapter in the history of the state. A military road from Bent’s Fort through Raton Pass was built in

1846» Over this road the mail coaches traveled in I860, and the Sisters of Charity in their initial 4 journey traversed this route in 1865. Thus it was i that the difficulties and dangers of travel isolated the ancient city of Santa Pe and preserved its primi» tive customs* The condition of the Church in New Mexico at

2* Charles F* Lummls, The Land of Poco Tiempo, 155, 184 3. &. B. Andrews, The Last Quarter Century in the United States, cited in McCann,"Tilstory o'jTlfo'ther- Setoh* s Laughters, III, 4

4* M. Breshoar, All About Trinidad and Las Animas County, Colorado, 5S",' cited in op.clt,, lit, "3 3 this time is well described by Bishop Lamy In a letter to the Cethollc Council at Paris In August 1886: Only the most necessary supplies can be hod in New Mexico....New Mexico is the most thickly populated region of the diocese, with 110000 Mexican and 15000 Indian Catholics ... There are eighty-five new churches— «very poor, but well attended, and fréquentation of the Sac­ raments is noted. . . The total number of churches Is one-hundred thirty-five, with thirty- three priests. Three schools conducted by the Sisters have two-hundred pupils. 5 In another letter written to Archbishop Purcell of Cincinnati, dated December 27, 1871, this revered missionary bishop describes a nine-hundred mile tour of his diocese? he had given Confirmation in twenty-five settlements, had found seven new churches being built, and had assisted at the dedication of one 6 just recently completed* Such was the country to which the Star of

Vocation lured the Sisters of Charity In 1865, such the condition of the Catholic Church which they went forth to propagate in the wilderness of that "raanana" land-. When Bishop Lamy applied to the Cincinnati "otherhouse for Sisters who would care for the sick and 56

5. El Huevo Me.11cone, Santa Fe, Deo. 10, 1867 6. Letters of B1shop Lamy. Archives of Mount' Saint Joseph"’ 4 homeless, he sought Religious whose Congregation had been pioneers In such work* The history of the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati began in 1809 with the founda­ tion of the first distinctively American Religious

Community for women• Elizabeth Ann Bayley S0ton founded the Congregation In that year ct Emmltsburg, Maryland, with Its special object the Instruction of poor children and the Ofire of the sick and orphans. Foundations In Philadelphia and in flew York were followed by that in Cincinnati In 1829* Prom the Motherhouse, first at

Mount Saint Vincent, Cedar Grove (Cincinnati) and later at Mount Saint Joseph, Sisters went out to take charge of schools, academies, hospitals, foundling and orphan asylums, In Ohio, and still later in Michigan, Tennessee, 7 Illinois, Colorado, and flew Mexico* 7

7. Catholic Builders of the Nation, A Symposium of the CathoTTcTlTontritiutlon ¥o the -'Vv4 Mzatlon of the tThlted Statbh',~l:V7"5T?fgr 3 7 5 ------*

ì

------,------w y o M W o I MFß&ASKA i

) CHAPTER I I

TRAIL DUST AND FRONTIER GRANDEUR

A bequest of Father Stefano Abel, zealous pioneer priest of New Mexico, formed the nucleus of what A has become a veritable "Saint Vincent Colony" in Santa

Fe". Knowing that the Southv/ect could boast of no in­ stitution for the care of the sick poor, Father Abel gave ¿3000 toward the establishment of a hospital in 1 Santa Fe* Eight Keverend John Bj Lamy, Bishop of*Santa Fe, accordingly purchased a plot of ground adjoining the ancient San Miguel Church* Later this was sold and a stretch of ground near the cathedral was bought, as nearness to the church and the greater facility in securing the ministrations of a priest were distinct advantages. It was to the Motherhouse of the Sisters of

Charity, then at Mount Saint Vincent, Cedar Grove, Cincinnati, that Bishop Lamy appealed for Skaters to open the hospital and thus carry on in the primitive

Spanish settlement the Christllk© oharlty of the Master*

The call wes readily answered and on August 2, 1865 Sisters Catherine Mellon, Pauline Leo, Theodosia Fam,

1* Sister Mary Agnes McCann, op.clt,* II, 265Ô266 6 and Vincent 0*Keefe, Superior, left the Motherhouse— 2 the pioneer band of their Congregation. The morning of departure saw each Slater possessed of a modest black basket containing her personal effects. Various supplies and household furnishings for use in their new establishment were to follow via the overland caravan from Saint Louis. The party traveled by rail and boat to Omaha, where Mother

Ignatius of the Sisters of Mercy gave them hospitality. Here, too, the Sisters were befriended by Mr. and Mrs.

Edward Creighton, who supplied them with many comforts for the remainder of the journey. Intense heat, great thirst, and the constant fear of being attacked by the Indians marked the trip by stagecoach from this point. Eight grown people and a baby were crowded into the stage built for four passengers. For the luxury of this bumping, jolting ride the charge was twenty-five cents a mile, with an allowance of forty pounds for 5 baggage. To the eager gaze of these mid-century travel­ ers the landscape presented a wide variety* rolling 23

2. Ibid, 261-262

3. Sister Blandina Segale; àli. ££ -tM Santa Fe Trail. 95 7 prairiea, vast upland plains and In the distance, forest- covered hills and, far beyond, snow-olad mountain ranges. Touched by a light that hath no name A glory never sung, Aloft on sky and mountain wall, Are God'1 s great pictures hung. (Whittier) Following a cross-country rout© along the Platte River, the benver-bound stage branched off In a southwesterly direction on a trail paralleling the south

fork of the Platte to Fort Saint Vraln, and thenoe al­ most due south to Denver, a busy little city born of 4 the Pike’s Peak gold rush* It was located at the junc­ tion of the Platte River and Cherry Creek.

Upon their arrival in Denver, the Sisters dined at Planter’s Hotel, after which the future Bishop Maoheboeuf took them to the convent of the Sisters of

Loretto, where Mother Ann Joseph received them with that cordiality whloh has ever characterized the rela­

tions of the two Congregations. Indicative of the

curiosity and wonder which the Sisters* presence evoked was an announcement In the morning papers of Denver; "Four Sisters of Charity are going to New Mexico to 5 speculate"•

4. Arthur Charles Cole* The Irre oresslble Conflict* 1850-1865, (A History of American Life) TX, Map opposite page 94. Personal Memoirs of jp. H. Sheridan, II, 296-297

5. Sister Mary Agnes McCann, History, of Mother Seton* s Daughters, II 8

Beyond the "Queen City of the Plains" lay a fairyland of color, etched and chiseled and out by the beauty-creating genius of erosion, Into that glory which la the Rocky Mountains. The range and hues of the mountain grandeur served as a blessed respite from the dreariness of th© prairie scenes so recently viewed, and provided a happy release from the haunting fear of i very real dangers which lurked along the frontier path­ ways. The stage reaching the highest point to find Palmer Lake nestled among the pines, made a gradual descent, to where, etched by the handicraft of nature’s untiring forces, weird rook formations tinted with * brilliant colors, formed a natural gateway to the Garden of the Gods. And just above was Pike1© Peak, rising In majestic splendor. Lighted by the morning sun the peaks looked like piles of glowing embers decorated wi th lace and filigree work. At midday they had lost their sparkle and seemed to sleep in the sunlight. At sunset the colors were blended into soft hues, and by moonlight the brilliant white spires glowed with a phosphorescent light. On the final stretch of the journey the travel­ ers were a little less crowded but even more fearful. Much traveling was done at night and stopping places failed to provide attractive quarters for rest or 9 refreshment* General John Wilson was constantly on the alert for possible prowling Indians. Soldiers all along the trail respected the garb Tfaieh they recognized as that of the "nuns of the battlefield" 6 of Civil War fame. South of Colorado Springs the party noted a new type of topography? buttes, more or less isolated hills— those with flat tops being oslled mesas*

^eyond the little steel-milling town of Pueblo the route paralleled the main range of the Rockies, through cactus and scant desert grass of arid country, with here and there patches of cedars and low evergreens, to reach Trinidad. From its mountain fastness could be seen Simpsons Rest on the one hand, and Fisher’s

Peak on the other, with the majestic Sangre do ^rlsto range stretching away to the south and west.

The missionaries were now entering a region replete with historic interest. It had felt the touch of European civilization nearly a century before a white foot was set on Plymouth Rock, yet had remained primitive and little Influenced by modem ways— a region Those parched sands, red hills, and lava wastes 7 were to fascinate many another "conquistador". Ten 67

6. I hid .. 7. John Warner Barber and Henry Howe, Our Whole Country, II, 1427-1451 10 miles beyond "Uncle Dick" Wooton*s ranch the party came to Raton Pass, 8790 feet at the summit* It was one of those evenings when a brilliant canopy overhead, and the ghostly pines all about, vdlh their bed of fragrant needles beneath, suggest possible adventure ahead*

At Las Vegas curious glances were oast at the flat roof of an adobe building whence General Stephen W# Kearney, in 1846, had administered to the Inhabi- 8 tents their oath of allegiance to the United States. Enveloping all, was that peculiarly fascinating haze, dreamy and magical, which invests the arid Southwest with a soft sensuousness, a weird beauty. Where everlastingly a Presence bides Beneath that speaking sky whose radiance greets The sudden night*s embrace • * . . a desert place Where solitude holds peace within her hands Where wise old men beneath the Turquoise Bowl From emptiness have brought the colored sands g To picture beauty • « • • , Little wonder that the trapper, the hunter, the trail 89

8, William G, Ritch, pie History, Resources, and Attractions of New Mexico, 249

9. Pearle R. Casey, "Desert Place". Hew Mexico, April, 1935, 21 11 blazer, the wandering cowpunoher, the gold seeker, had returned to civilization with almost incredible stories of stupendous mountains, gorges, oanyons, and forests, seemingly painted by giant artists who had dipped their 10 brushes In the tints of the rainbow.

At the end of such a journey, late in the after* noon of September 13, 1865, four Sisters of Charity- resolute and fearless women, having braved the unknown, the seemingly endless plains, the majestic mountains and

the parched deserts— reached their first home In New Mexico, that land of ”an lndesorlbable harmony In browns and grays, over which the enchanted light of Its blue 11 skies oasts an eternal spell” . *11

10».George Wharton James,, New Mexico, the Land of Delight Makers et passim 11. William G. Hitch, op.clt.. 6

CHAPTER I I I

THE CITY OF HOLY FAITH

It was an afternoon of maglo that we came, an afternoon that held a subtle charm within Itself, a deep and satisfying blithe content— and more than that, because an unexpected promise lent from faith and hope gave forth some unseen Strength- Over the breadth and length of vast blue sky, bluer than any turquoise at its best, tiny dabs of snowy clouds came lazily to rest; the blazing sun sent eager glowing heat, down through the blazing emerald trees within the Plaza the rhythmic, steady beat of quiet, genial living seemed to meet It there, as at "Fiesta" and give a royal welcome—

The Sangre de Crlsto mountains, like patient guides awaiting climbers stood before us as we went

and In-between and round-about and here and there In unexpected places everywhere, squatted the quaint substantial adobe houses, gay with blue and orange paint; and suddenly a church bell rang across the distance, calling and calling with a grave persistence; 1 All this and more is Santa Fe • • • 1

1. Grace Meredith, "And This, Is Santa Fe",New Mexloo, October, 1935, 23 15

Santa FeI The City of Saored Feithl The end of the Santa Fe Traill That very name redolent of history and romance embodies all the heroic deeds of the ancient

Conquistadores. As the stage coach passed along quaint / Í: ■; ¿ i ■ _ . , . .. . and narrow streets, there lingered the echoes of roister­ ing wagon trainmen celebrating their safe journeys across the lonely plains; the click of castanets, as dark-eyed señoritas danoed In time; the quiet voioes of the Friars who had followed the flag of Spain, with cross in hand, 2 since Friar Marcos first looked upon Zunl in 1539.

The late hour of their arrival left but a short time before the Sisters were enjoying a well-earned repose. In the haunting silence of a desert night, the Cod in whose name they were undertaking a great work, seemed very near

It is so quiet one may hear the soft tom-tom of beauty drumming It is so still, it seems time is suspended, ended, stopped, 3 drooped into the omnioresent glory of eternity Awakened by noisy cooks heralding the coming of down, the Easterners beheld, for the first time, the magnificence 23

2. Dan Elbert Clark, The West in Amerloan History, 24-25

3. Grace Meredith, "New Mexico Sunrise11, Hew Mexico, July, 1935, 25 14 of a New Mexioo sunrise* pigments of saffron, carmine, coral, and gold, leaning into folds of gleaming blue above

The heart and mind grow taut, caught with the thought that after all, color and sound are but the masks behind which lies the consciousness that beauty will abound eternally— that beauty never dies but multiplies— be It In sand or sea or skies. 4 5

Here In the fierce proud silence of the Rookies, these new comers could gaze across the desert to bluer moun­ tains farther west— blue as chalcedony, with sagebrush desert sweeping gray-blue between, dotted with tiny cube- orystals of houses.

In the unavoidable absence of Bishop Laray, Mother Magdalene Hayden.and her Sisters of Loretto wel­ comed the Sisters of Charity, thus establishing an

Ineffaceable bond between the two pioneer Religious

Congregations of women In the state. Mother Magdalene, described as "an old-fashioned aristocratic lady", gave many years of devoted service to the youth of this region. Whatever resources her Community could draw upon were shared with the Sisters

4. Ibid 5. Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews 15

Magdalene ushered her guests Into an ancient ooaeh, which carried them noisily along the winding narrow streets of what might well have been a village In old Spain. Some time was spent 1n the oldest church struc­ ture In America, that of San Miguel. Built in 1S05 by Juan de Onate and his fellow founders of the city, this church possessed the sweetest-toned bell In the nation. This 780-pound bell oast in Spain In 1556 as a protest against the Moselms, rang out the richness of faith and 6 Joy thrice dally. As they neared the Plaza, in the center of the town, they saw that It served as a market and a park. A few young trees lined Its diagonal dirt paths. Surrounding the square was a white picket fence inhere burros were hitched while their owners dealt at the market. Vendors walked behind their animals for many miles. Roped across the burros' backs were kids, sheep, chickens, and pigs, os well as produce of the Rio

Orande Valley farms: melons, grapes, raspberries, wild 7 plums, onions, beans, squash, and chile. From the open door of a little Indian church, came the chanting of many voices, the jingling of brass sleigh bells, the

6. Edward F. Rlnes, Old Historic Churches of AmeAlga. Their Romantic History and W e T r "frodIH'on s',522-526 7. Kathryn Andrews, "Trails End of Yesterday", New Mexico, November, 1934, 18-19 16 throb of the war drum. The natives were dancing* Nearest the door stood the six ancients wearing blenk- ets and red headbands, and each holding a lighted candle. In the center of the group was the tom-tom and Its three beaters* The shuffling of feet on the earthen floor, the display of color, and the rhythm, held the Sisters in wrapt attention. Men and women alternated In the line of dance, there being six of each. The men were naked to the waist, their perspiring bodies streaked with paint, applied in fine wavy lines. The costume of the women was the regulation Pueblo dress of black native weave, fastened on the right shoulder and leaving the left shoulder bare. Eaoh woman wore silver necklaces, bracelets, and rings. In both hands they 8 carried eagle wings or tail feathers. Adjoining the Plaza was the cathedral, probably dating back to the arrival of Alonzo Benavides in New Mexico in 1622.

Almost Completely destroyed In the Pueblo Revolution of 1680, the structure, rebuilt in 1713, became the nucleus of the present Cathedral of Saint Francis, the 9 cornerstone being laid in 1869 by Bishop Lamy.

8. Roy A. Keech, "Indians Dance in Church”, New Mexico. December, 1935, 36

9. L. Bradford Prince, Spanlsh Mission Churches of New MexlOQ. 72-79 17

The second day after their arrival the Sisters called at the episcopal residence where they were pre­ sented to the beloved and zealous bishop,

A men of severe and refined tastes, but re­ served ...a priest In a thousand, one knew at a glance. . . His brow was open, gener­ ous, reflective, his features handsome and somewhat severe. • • Everything showed him to be a man of gentle birth— brave, sensi­ tive, courteous. His manners were distin­ guished. {He was) cool and critical in temper. * . herd to please, and often grey in mood•

After a short conference, the bishop accompanied the Sisters to the scene of their future labors— a picture very unlike that presented by any of their Eastern establishments. Contiguous to the bishop’s garden and direotly behind the cathedral, the mission­ aries beheld several oblong walls of adobe, looking much like plied briok ready to burn; long rafters supported a roof of tree trunks and mud; the floors were of mud and the door openings were covered with blank­ ets. In square apertures in the comers, fires could be built. The furniture was limited to a few handmade 11 chairs painted red. *11

10. Willa Cather, Death Comes for the A reb­ bi shop, 12, 16, 229

11. Sister Blandlna Segale, At the End of the Santa Fé Trail. 97 18

Prom the very first orphans -were received and the slek and the old were cared for In the hospital and surrounding buildings# The Slaters also visited the sick In the old Spanish town, taking with them 12 whatever remedies and delicacies they could procure. In such humble beginnings were born those glorious deeds of love and zeal, Initiated by the Slaters of

Charity on their arrival in the City of Holy Faith, September 13, 1865. On every side there were poverty, Illness, and Ignorance, requiring the tender minis­ trations of understanding hearts and willing hands. So rapidly did the colony grow, that within two yearB the call for more Sisters became Imperative. 12

12. Sister Mary Agnes McCann, History of Mother Seton1 8 Daughters. II, 26&-2f56 CHAPTER IV

PERILS OF THE SECOND JOURNEY (1867)

The Saint Vincent Orphanage early became a boon to poor Mexioan children, homeless and orphaned* A home for seminarians and an abode for the sick was fur­ nished by Saint Vlnoent Hosntlal, It was the ambition of Bishop Lamy to establish some industry by which the native girls might make a living for themselves. In the hope of getting recruits from the seminaries and financial aid from his friends, the bishop made a trip to his native land In the autumn of 1866* Enroute to Prance the bishop visited at the Motherhouse of the Sisters of Charity and asked for additional Sisters for the Santa Fe Mission. Two Sisters were annolnted and 1 awaited the bishop’s return* On May 10, 1867, Sister Augustine Barron, at that time Mother Assistant of the Congregation, and Sister Louise Barron, her own sister, left Cincinnati for Saint Louis, where they met Bishop Lamy and his party of missionaries. Composing the bishop’s caravan were four Jesuit Fathers, among them the R#verends D. M, Oasparri, M, Bianeh.1 , and M, Leone? three Sisters 1

1. Sister Blandina Segale, op. cit., 101 20 of Loretto; the above-mentioned Slaters of Charity; two Christian Brothers; two Jesuit lay-Brothers; two

secular priests; J • B. Brown, a seminarian in Minor

Orders; Paul Beaubien, a young Mexioan returning home from Saint Louis University; a Mrs. Brown and her daughter; Jules Masset, the bishop’s business agent; 2 and the Mexioan guards and drivers. Long plodding ox teams gray and gaunt with sweat, Toiled thro* the blazing heat, thro* storming rains; They lurched against the galling yokes, and yet Dragged steadily the groaning wagon trains. Behind the teams the shouting drivers strode, Beards thickening on their weather-toughened cheeks, Watching the deep-worn ruts that were the road, Thro* hours lost in days and days in weeks. Louder and louder shrieking fellies screamed; Axles grew shrill and only night brought peace, Vdxen cheerily the sheltered campfires gleamed, And men and beasts exhausted found surcease, F$»om painful laboring as sentries kept „ Strict vigil thro* the night while others slept. Leavenworth, Kansas, was reached June 6. Here the Sisters received from the Sisters of Charity of Leavenworth the first of a long series of kindnesses.

Rumors of Indian attacks upon travelers over the plains did not delay the progress of these intrepid missionaries. A caravan of one hundred wagons left Leavenworth on June 14 for the famous journey over the Santa Fd" Trail. Just

2. Sister Mary Agnes McCann, oo.clt., 268 3. Maud S. Uschold, "Ox Trains to Santa Fé", Hew Mexico, February 1936, 18 21 outside Saint Mary's of«*the»Pottowatamles the travelers were met by the Jesuit Fathers and ths students of Saint Mary’s College, who escorted them to the town on June 18, There they rested until June 24, the bishop’s Feast Day. Continuing their trip to Junction City, they pitched camp there on June 29. Suspicious looking Red Men were seen manoeuverlng near the camp and all possible precau- | 4 tlons were taken against the impending dangers. After ordering a return to Leavenworth where the mules were sold and replaced by oxen, the bishop planned e detour from the Santa Fe" Trail, hoping thus to throw the Klowes

— the most ferocious of the plains tribes— off the scent and to meet a Mexican train of one hundred men and eight wagons. These men felt honored to escort dignitaries of the Church and Religious on the perilous journey. This was on July 1. On the fourteenth the bishop celebrated Mass on the open plain and delivered a touching sermon

— the whole service rendered more effective by the 5 realization of perils ahead.

When, on July 16, small bands of Indians were spied in the distance, the bishop ordered a halt. The following day es the caravans crossed the Arkansas River,

4. James H. Defourl, Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church In Hew Mexico. 168-l0§ 5. Ibid, 110 22

the same band appeared again, giving their hideous war whoops as they ran toward the river shooting hundreds of arrows. The Mexicans drove the warriors off and for

three days— the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first — no attack was made.

To the Indian menace was added the horror of plague, when on July 22, the bishop’s majordomo was taken 111 with what Sister Augustine diagnosed as cholera. Crawling under the wagons until she reached the sufferer, « Sister Augustine tried to relieve him In plaoe of the mother for whom he was calling. He died within a few hours. The death of Jules Mas3et was followed on July 24 by that of Sister Mary Alphonsa Thompson of Loretto, whether a victim of cholera or fright is not certain.

After consigning the remains of the dead to graves on 6 the desolate prairie the caravan moved on.

Arohblshop Lemy determined upon a deception of the enemy. At the Cimarron Crossing on the Arkansas

River one of the wagons containing a barrel of whiskey was 3ent across. Ro sooner had the Indians discovered the barrel and partaken of Its contents than they lay helpless on the bank of the river. Quickly the bishop led his party away In safety. A cavalcade met the train

6. Ibid, 111, 114, 115; Sister '&Rvy Agnes ^cCann, op.olt., II; 270-272; Anna C. Mino^ue, Loretto. Annals of tHe Century. 143-144 ------about fifteen miles from Santa Fe' and escorted their

Shepherd and his companions to the Cathedral, where the

singing of the "Te Deum" expressed the gratitude of all for the deliverance of the sorely tried missionaries.

The anxiety and grief of friends and relatives in the East may well be imagined. Massacre of the men and capture of the women, a fate far v/orse than death, had been rumored. Word of the safe arrival of the Sisters in their far-off mission brought forth a repetition of the hymn of praise and thanksgiving at the Motherhouse 7 in Cincinnati.

7. Ibid, II, 273-275; Sister Blandina Segale, op.clt., 104-105

8. Compiled from maps in Henry Inman, Old Santa Fé* Trail, R. E. Twit cheli, Leading Facts-oF few Mexico History, Ralph Gabriel, Lure of the ^Frontier (Pageant of America, Voi.II), and Kansas" State His­ torical Society, Eighteenth Biennial Report♦ CHAPTER V

THE PIONEER COMMUNITY

With the years the institutions of the Sisters of Charity became famous in Santa Fe: "The work of these Sisters has been immeasurable, ministering to the sick and afflicted, and to the orphans, many of whom 1 have been nurtured and educated by them,” Thus does one of the leading historians of the state evaluate the service of the Sisters# Nor were any of the fabled hardships of missionary life lacking# The pioneer Sisters thought nothing of sleeping on the dining-room floor when their beds were needed for the greater com­ fort of the poor sick. Their improvised beds were put away in a closet in the daytime#

The kitchen had a mud floor and a mud roof, with a zinc patch rbove the stove to keep out the rain. In spite of this precaution the rain poured into the kitchen on one oooasion, when the Mother Superior was a guest of the house# The young Sisters, hoping to arouse the sym­ pathy of their Superior General, brought her to see the deluge. Mother gazed calmly at the havoc end said,

1# Ralph Emerson Twltehell, Old Santa Fe, The Story of New Mexico1s Ancient Capltor7~3o5 25

"That’s all right; It will dry when the rain stops. 2 Bring your dishes to ray room and eat your dinner there” . A hothouse formed by some wooden frames covered with glazed muslin was accidentally discovered by Sister Blandlna on a certain Sunday when she had elected to pro­ vide the meals for the day. Having picked and prepared some strawberries found there, Sister delightedly offered the rare dessert, only to learn that the Sisters never indulged in such s treat, but rather sold the berries at 3 §1.25 per quart. The proceeds were used to aid the poor. Fruit canned for the winter was gathered from an orchard 4 at the school of the Sisters of Loretto in Bernalillo. From generous members of this same Congregation in Santa

F6 the Sisters of Charity each week received a basket of provisions— flour, eggs, and other staples. Bread for the entire establishment was made in the bakery where 5 Sister Fhllomena Irwin had charge. Until the oity water was piped, water for the laundry was carried from

2. Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews 3. Sister Blandina Segale, At the End of the Santa Fe Trail, 114-115

4. Sister Vincent de Paul Conlon, Interview

5. Slater Ignacia Ortigo, Interview

f>3993 26

a spring in the pasture, a tract of land south of the buildings. Sister Josephs Duran was in charge of this 6 department.

Like a chapter from the life of the kindly Patron of the Poor roads the account of the Sisters' ministrations to the needy. Every Saturday morning after going their rounds of the town, the blind and the lame joined the sick and the aged in the hospital

"plazita”, where Sister Catherine distributed among them food, clothes, and medicine, which she had put aside for these unfortunates during the preceding week. After

dividing the edibles, these poor folk went on their way, only to return in the same destitute condition the fol- 7 lowing week. From time to time gifts of money enabled the Staters to minister to an increas!!r~ number of Door. To this end Sister Leocadla Lyan and Sister Vincent de Paul Conlon made a trip to Cerrillos where trey col- 8 lected three hundred dollars.

Closely identified with the service of the poor and the sick for over a half-century spent in Santa Fe was Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, of whom a local paper,

6. Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews

7. Sister Blandina Segal©, op.clt., 120-121

8. Sister Vincent de Paul Conlon, Interview 27 on the ocoasion of her Golden Jubilee In the Congrega­ tion, made the following estimate:

She la indeed one of the leading living au­ thorities on Santo F6 of the early days and is regarded by many as one of the best In­ formed persona in the state on the two very vital subjects— life and death,

Elizabeth Leheny, a native Cincinnatian, entered the Novitiate February 28, 1080, Leaving the Motherhouse

<** Mount Saint Joseph on Easter Monday, April 1881, with Sisters Leooadla Ryan and Philomena Irwin, she came by train to Santa I e". There at the time were Sister Cephas Bray, Superior; Sister Eulalia Whitty, bookkeeper; Sister Mary Cecilia Buffington, in charge of the drug rooip; Sisters Augusta King, Magdalena 10 Carroll, and Pauline Leo* The following year they welcomed Sisters Austin Devino, fiarth? Gooden, Clarence

Boyle, Anaoletus Murphy, and Florentine Hynes* Sisters Carmelite Golden and DeLourdes Simmington, both Novices, 11 cam© in the fall of 1882. A number of girls of Spanish descent were received and trained for the Religious Life during the years following the Santa Fe foundation. Among these *11

9. Santa F£ Hew 'exlcan, February 28, 1930

10. Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews 11. Sister DeLourdes Simmington, Interviews 28 aspirants ware Sisters Josephs Duran, Angelica Ortiz, Ann Vincent Huby, Ignacia Ortlgo, Gertrudes Duran, and Hermans Dolores Gutieros DeBaoa, The last named was 1 a pious widow, who in her youth had ambitioned a higher life and had even started for Durango, Old Mexico, where the nearest convent was located. Indian uprisings obliged her to return to her home near

Albuquerque, and eventually she married in accordance with the wishes of her parents. Many years later when their large family were provided for this Spanish gentlewoman was received as a Postulant at Santa Fe. She was then sixty years old and she lived, for twenty years, a useful and edifying life in the service of 12 the Master. Thus, even in the outlying stretches of His Vineyard did Christ call forth laborers to reap the whitening harvest of souls. 12

12. Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews CHAPTER V I

WORKS OF CHARITY (1865-1889) CARE OF THE ORPHAN

Mother Seton In founding the Si stars of Charity in America had as a chief objective the Christian educa­

tion of youth, and It was her spirit which her daughters In Santa Fe carried into their work among the children of the Southwest. From the first day of their arrival there, the presence of a few orohsns bleesed the endea­ vors of these missionaries. The numbers steadily

Increased as Saint Vincent Orphanage provided the only 1 institution of Its kind in the region.

Only eld from the Divine Lover of children could have enabled the Sisters to accomplish greet good under

the adverse circumstances which existed. The building in which the orphans were housed was a long low adobe structure. The school room had almost no equipment.

There v/ere two textbooks— one for the teacher and one 2 for the pupils; the children sat on benches. Sister Blandlna Segale, who gave whole-heartedly of her youth and zeal to the poor and homeless of Santa Fe, accepted 1

1. Sister Mery de Sales Leheny, Interviews 2. Sister Blandina Segale, Interviews 30 the proposal that the Sisters receive pupils from private homes, 1» return for which service the city school board paid the teacher’s salary. Upon receipt of the first warrant Sister Blandina purchased necessary 3 suoplles for her class room. In the refectory, too, was the Impress of poverty. Two tables, fifteen feet

In length, held for each girl a spoon, a crude Iron­ stone cup and plate, but no knives and forks. A bread diet was varied by the addition of weak coffee for breakfast and weak tea for supper. Yet the 4 children seemed to thrive on the care they received.

Instances of aid from the military were many. Colonel Mellne, a Western visitor, In conjunction with Generals John Pope and T, Sherman, provided rations for eighteen orphans and gave the Sisters the privilege of purchasing foodstuffs at specially reduced rates from the United Spates Commissary Store, In return fcr their having admitted the poor to the hospital and asylum. The extent of thl s aid Is better realized when It Is learned that even at the government store prices were exorbitant. Prices at Port Marcy were: butter $1*25 per pound, eggs tl.00 per dozen, flour $18.00 per hundred

3. Ibid 4. Ibid 31 pounds, potatoes 25^ per pound, sugar $50,00 per hundred pounds. General Guy Carleton had the privi­ lege of drawing on the California Fund for those made destitute by his campaigns against the Indians, and from this source he gave the Sisters $1000 for the 5 relief of the needy. In September 1868 the Sisters of Charity received through Lieutenant William Bnnls U.S.A., a donation of $48.70 from the commissioned officers and men of Company One, Third Cavalry, for 6 the benefit of the orphans. The Territorial Legislature on February 15, 1878, passed over the governor’s veto, "An Act for the Aid and Support of Saint Vincent Hospital, Santa Fe". It appropriated $100 per month, payable monthly at the requisition of the Sister Superior of the Insti­ tution. This was given for the cere of the poor sick,

"Since it is a duty to support such." The Archbishop of Santa Fe, the Secretary of the.Territory, and a doctor of the hospital, Y/ere constituted a board of examiners who should report the use or abuse of funds.

Provision was made for the abrogation of any funds not

5. Sister Mary Agnes McCann, History of Mother Seton* s Daughters, II, 266

6. The Dally New Mexican, September 22, 1868 32

7 properly applied. In token of gratitude the orphans gave a special entertainment for the House and Senate. All attended, and at the close of the evening Senator Jaramillo gave the Sisters a donation for a much- 8 needed piano*

For many years the number of orphans exceeded the number of patients. In September 1880, thirty- five homeless children were being cared for; within 9 the next five years the number had doubled. Here in the wilderness of the Southwest the children of the poor, the victims of adversity, were given all that the refinement and culture of Christian education had to HY- offer. Society seemed to divide itself into three classes! blue bloods, natives, and mestizos; but with­ in the shadow of the sanctuary these distinctions 10 were laid aside.

CARE OF THL SICK (1868-1878)

During the early years of the Santa Fe founda­ tion the Sisters felt want and suffering. Saint Vincent

7. Acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Ter­ ritory of New 'exTco, Twenty-third Session, TSVS'-IBOO

8* Sister Blandina Segale, op.olt., 122-123 9. Ibid, 167; James H. Defouri, Historical Sketch of the Catholic Church in New Mexico, 103 10. Sister Blandina Segale, op.clt., 117-118 33

Hospital had no means and Bishop Lamy was poor, so the Sisters had to visit the mining camps to seek aid»

Sister Catherine and her companion walked seeming endless miles from one coal camp to another, forded rivers, scaled mountains and escaped showers of blasted rock, all the while being tortured by fear of the Indians. The miners were generous In their donations; they, In turn, received a renewal of hope and of their 11 long-forgotten aspirations for better things» It had long been the desire of Bishop Lamy to provide industrial training for the native girls of the community. Accordingly, the Hector of the Cathedral,

Reverend Augustine Truchard planned with the Sisters of Charity the erection of a trade school. The pastor, in

April 1879, made an appeal for the services of men, wa­ gons, and mules, to begin the work on a "house where girls in need can be trained to make a livelihood."

The days immediately following this announcement from the pulpit saw scores of workers on the scene; a quarry was opened; a brickyard started operations, burning

250000 brioks at the first firing; trees were brought twenty-three miles from the mountains. The completion of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Raiiroad to Santa 11

11. Sister Mary Agnes McCann, HI story of Mother Seton1s Daughters, II, 276. 34

Fe", February 9, 1880 facilitated the transportation of superior building materials from Saint Louis* Sisters

Augustine and Blandlna went to Saint Louis In 1881, pur­ chased slate end seoured an expert to lay lt--the first 12 slate roof In the territory. It was deemed advisable by Mother Regina Mattingly to have the exhibition hall partitioned Into a Sisters’ dormitory and a chapel* Mother wished the Sisters to "have the Blessed Sacrament 13 first” . Work on the trade school continued in spite of interruptions occasioned bv the discovery of faulty materials, the delays necessitated by long-distance hauls for supplies, and a temporary check in progress resulting from the sudden death of Mr. Mouly, a talented young French artist, reclaimed from the demon of des- 14 pondeney by his enthusiasm for this project. Yet the long-cherished dream of the beloved archbishop was not so near realization as it seemed to be, for the building at Its completion proved useful In another 15 capacity— a hospital. 12*14

12. Sister Blandlna Segale, Interviews 13* Sester Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews

14. Sister Blandina Segale, At the &nd of the Santa Fe Trail, 117-118; 127; 132; 155-1£>5;T?4; 1^37

15* Ibid, 158; Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews. 35

Hospitalization of the late nineteenth century differed widely from that of the present day. There were no special nurses? Slscers frequently worked night 16 and day, caring for desperate cases. In recognition of her skill and ability, the medical board conferred on Sister Mary de Sales the Degree of Doctor of Medicine, In license number 217, dated February 21, 1901 and signed by the members of the Medical Board of the Territory, Doctors John Tascher, J.M. Cunningham, T.R. Tipton, J.H. Sloan, president, and T.P. Martin, 17 secretary. Her twenty years as first assistant surgeon to Doctor James A. Massie held experiences which even in the seventy-ninth year of her age, Sister 18 Mary de Sales could vividly recall.

Operations were performed In the patients' rooms.

The operating table vi/^s one from the doctor’s office or a folding table which could be set up for the occasion.

Two boilers of water, one prepared the previous day , the other on the morning of the operation were used In sterilizing the Instruments. The doctors showed Sister

16. Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews

Terri torF** HSmn- &hftg!n29 ^ -^2- 81* 1901 * % 18. Died November 1934, the year following these interviews with the author 36

Mary de Sales how to make the sponges. Operations were not so frequent nor so successful as at present.

Gold seekers of the region were often Injured by 111» timed explosions. One such prospector had small stones Imbedded all over his face and In his hands. While applying eye-water Sister Mary de Sales touched some­ thing hard* Although her only Instruments were a C l forceps and a penknife she drew out a stone, which she sent as a souvenir of the great West to the Archives of the Motherhouse at Mount Saint Joseph on-the-Ohlo. Another victim of the same explosion lost both eyes and 19 one hand.

Many post-mortems were held at the hospital In those days, the subjects usually being the destitute who had no relatives. Knowledge gained in these exam­ inations was used In treating slmlliar cases thereafter. One post-mortem examination revealed thvt the man had been living for some time with only a tiny piece of lung, the cavity being perfectly clear. This niece of lung 20 . falling out of place h< d caused the man's death. Charity patients who died at the hospital were buried 1920

19. Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews

20. Ibid 37 at the expense of the institution. The Sisters had plain board ooffins made In dozen lots? these were stained as they were needed.

If deaths were common cures were even more numerous. The Sisters had the Joy of bringing many an earnest seeker after the truth Into the Church. In one Instance a young man suffering from a broken leg asked Sister Mary de Sales to lend him her prayerbook. This she gladly did, and followed up the lead by sending the priest to hear the patient’s confession. The priest returned with the news that the boy was not a Catholic, but wanted only Sister’s sanotlon on his plan to enter the Church. He was baptized, and after his recovery 21 was often seen at Mass In the hospital chapel.

How many of His lost sheep have been brought back to the Fold by the zealous labors of the Sisters of Charity In Santa Fe', only the Divine Shepherd knows. An old man who had neglected the Sacraments for forty years, became delirious shortly after he was brought to the hospital. Sister Mary de Sales worried; the doctors despaired. Sister gave the patient digitalis and brandy hypodermloally. At four o’clock In the morning the man spoke for the first time In weeks and asked for a

2 1 . I b i d 38 drink. Slater warned him, "Your flr3t aet when you get your heed on your shoulders must be to go to con­ fession. " In a short time the man recovered and wont 22 on his way. A last-minute return was effected in the case of a follen-away Catholic who in spite of repeated warnings refused to make his peace with Ood.

After some days of stubborn resistance, during which the man felled visibly, he Insisted that Sister Kery de Sales give him a drink of "black medicine" wWoh he felt would revive him. Only on condition that the sufferer agree to go to confession was the remedy administered. Three hours after he had made his 23 submission the man died.

EXTENSION OF THE WORKS OF CHARITY (1883-1889)

The building originally Intended for an indus­ trial school met the pressing need for better hospital accommodations. Although several adobe structures and various additions had been made from time to time, there was insufficient room to care for the many patients which this rapidly growing region furnished. Hence

22. Ibid

2 3 . I b i d t ; n

39 the joy of the Sisters when on March 15, 1883, they took possession of a large brick building three stories in height, and affording the luxury of steam heat— the 24 first sanatorium.

Colonel Francisco Chavez asked that the legis­ lators be given the use of two rooms for their meet­ ings. When the Superior demurred on account of the lack of furniture, the men said they needed only a table and chaira. With the remuneration received the 25 first furniture for the new building was purchased. Improvements to the house and grounds begun in 1883 added the beauty and attractiveness so valuable 26 in the surroundings of convalescents. Even now the Ybarra dry climate of the Southwest was attracting many healthseeker3 and the need of special facilities for their care became apparent. Accordingly Sister

Sebastian traded the ground on Cathedral Street for a piece of property south of the hospital. Here in 1885 Monsignor Stranhera, enroute from California, assisted at the laying of the cornerstone of a brlok building,

24. James H. Defourl, M 3tori cal Sketch of the Catholic Church in New Mexico, 1ÒÌS

25. Sister Mary de Sales Deheny, Interviews 26. James H. Defourl, op.clt.. 104 40 at first used as a hospital and later set aside as a 27 home for the aged poor. The military band from

Port Mercy, which -was a military camp for six years after the strike of 1886, came twice a week to the hospi­ tal plaza to play for the aged cripples. Each week, too, the population of the town gathered to listen to 28 the muslo. Advancement of hospitalization did not lessen the Sisters* work among sufferers outside; calls from the wayside received a ready response. Father James H. Deiouri asked that two Sisters go to the coal camp at Madrid to a sick woman who was to receive the last Sacraments. Sisters Dorothea and Mary de Sales spent the night with the woman* Neighboring Mexicans gladly formed a guard of honor for the Blessed Sacrament until ten o'clock, when, on a buokboard, the cortege made its way to the sick. The miners* boss then gave eight men to carry the woman on an improvised stretcher to the

27. Sister De Lourdes Simralngton, Interview

28. Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, Interviews. NOTE* The discharge of a workman on the Texas Pacific Railroad in the summer of 1886 precipitated a strike of laborers on the Gould system extending from the Mississippi River to the Southwest. At the same time East Saint Louis and Chicago were presenting scenes of riot and bloodshed in struggles between labor unions and employers. 41 train at Cerrillos, two and one-half miles distant. She was taken to Saint Vinoent Sanatorium where after a time she fully recovered. Such was the faith and 29 charity of the natives, manifested in many lnstanoes.

The pioneer priests of this vast missionary diocese, succumbing before their time to the ravages of hardship and poverty, were the objeots of more than one errand of mercy. A call from Santa Cruz brought

Sister Mary de Sales and a Sister of Loretto to the aid of the pastor, who lay in a dying condition on Christmas Eve 1888. The doctor came, but could give the patient no relief. After two v/eeks the priest was brought to the hospital, where proper care and 30 treatment restored him to health.

Although none can deny that methods of treat­ ment for the sick have improved, that interest in the orphan and the aged has increased, who shall say that the zeal of other days can be surpassed?

29. Ibid

3 0 . I b i d CHAPTER V II

AS THE CENTURY CLOSES (1890-1900)

Aa medioal men oame to know more about the

treatment of pulmonary diseases, Saint Vincent Sana­

torium in "The Heart of the Well-Country" became a haven for health-seekers from all parts of the nation.

Prominent statesmen and eminent divines were among those who found a cordial welcome there. Francis Cardinal Satolli on a tour of New Mexico was the guest of honor at a banquet at the sanatorium, March 2, 1896. The list of guests included many of the fare ¡tost citizens of the state: Archbishop Chapelle, tficar General Anthony Forchegu, Secretary Miller, Judge N. B. Laughlln, and Honorable B. M, Read who gave the formal toasts for the occasion; and Mayor Charles Easley,

Honorable E, L. Hall, Doctor J. H. Sloan, Captain

Bullis, Adolph Seligman, Honorable Samuel Eldodt, Honorable J. P. Victory, Judge A. P. Morrison, Doctor

Orban, George H. Cross, Honorable Sol Spiegelberg, and local and visiting clergy. In his response to the arch­ bishop’s address of welcome, the cardinal, speaking in

"the Latin of the Caesars", expressed pleasure at the good-fellowship which he noted between the authorities 43 of the Church and those of the civil law In Haw Mexico» After celebrating Mass In the chapel on the following morning, the cardinal took his departure, observing that his meeting with the Sisters of Charity was the crown­ ing event of his delightful visit to the City of Holy 2 Faith. Forty Hours Devotion, so dear to the heart of every Catholic, was inaugurated by Archbishop Chanolle throughout the Archdiocese of Santa Fe and was first held In Saint Vincent Sanatorium April 19, 1896, with Reverend Jules Deraches, the chaplain, conducting the 3 ceremonies.

The imposing edifice In vfolch since Its open­ ing In 1883 so much suffering had been alleviated, so many poor succored, was destined ere the close of the century to become the food of angary flames» On Sunday evening June 14, 1896, a fire of unknown origin was 4 discovered In the south end of the roof. Immediately the oathedral bells and those In Firemen’s Hall sounded 1

1. Santa Fe Few Mexican. March 3, 1896 2. Ibid, March 3, 1896 3. Ibid. April 29, 1896

4. Santa Z£ Rally Hew Mexican. June 15, 1896 V

44

th© alarm, to which the volunteer firemen of the city promptly responded. Lack of organizaticm,deficient fire equipment, and especially, insufficient water pressure, rendered the efforts of the fighters fruit­ less. Colonel Bergmann at the penitentiary and Colonel Thomas W. Jones at the United States Indian School turned off water at their institutions in order to inorease pressure in the city. Under the direction of Albert M. Jones, son of the superintendent, and Jeff Davis Goulette, a fir© brigade of thirty Indian boys with a supply of fire hose assisted in saving surrounding tuildlngs.

When it was realized that the building was doomed efforts were directed to saving its valuable contents, the ad- 5 joining bifck hospital, and other annexe*. Archbishop

Chapelle carried the Blessed Sacrament to the Cathedral; a piano, a table, end a few other pieces of furniture weia all that could be removed before the greedy tongues of fire had spread to the upper rooms and burst through the slate roof vhlch crashed through to the lower floors, instantly transforming the whole Interior into a veri-

* table furnace. A mild breeze blowing toward vacant ground to the north was all that saved the hospital,

5 . I b i d 45 orphanage, annex, the cathedral, the courthouse, and 6 other property from a like fate. The total lose on buildings and furniture was estimated at f50000 to 175000, while only f11000 was covered by insurance, as several policies had expired only a few days earlier 7 and had not been renewed. Twenty-four guests in the sanatorium were made comfortable In the adobe buildings on the grounds# Thirty-two hospital patients vere ably provided for under the supervision of Sister Mary de Sales, some being removed to the Staab, Hall and Church homes, and others to the annex or orphanage. In the orphanage at this time there were sixty-five 8 children, nineteen Sisters under the capable leader­ ship of Sister Victoria Fulweller, the Superior, re­ mained at their posts, laboring with unselfish seal and courage to restore order and a measure of comfort to the sick. Many were the examples of bravery and forti­ tude elicited by this calamity. In a letter to D. M.

6. Ibid; Sister "'ary de Sales Leheny, Interviews 7. Santa ¥e Dally new -Mexican« June 15, 1896; and Sister Frry 'Agnes'^cTTann, history of Mother Seton’s Daughters. Ill, 276-277

8. Santfl Fe Hew Mexican, June 15 and 16, 1896 9. Ibid, June 15, 1096 46

Browning, Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Washington,

Archbishop Chapelle praised the work of Colonel Thomas Ws Jones and his boys of the Santa Pe Indian School. This report brought a letter of commendation from the 10 commissioner to the local superintendent. Fred Muller and Frank Masterson were burned about the head and face and John Fayette, engineer at the federal building and member of the Hook and Ladder Company, was badly crushed by the falling oupola, but eventual- 11 ly recovered.

Fully cognizant of their loss In the destruc­ tion of Saint Vincent Sanatorium, an institution fam­ ous as a home fbr invalids and the pioneer Institution of its kind In the Southwest, loyal citizens of the region promptly expressed their sympathy and made known their desires to help. At a special meeting of the

Santa Fe Board of Trade, a committee composed of Sol Splegelberg, George V. Knaebel, John P. Victory, Arthur Boyle, Jacob Viieltmer, H. B. Cartwright, and S. H, Day, drafted resolutions eulogizing the work of the Sisters and asking what aid could be given by the Board* These resolutions were adopted at a special meeting June 23,

10. Ibid. June 15 and 20, 1896

H . Ibid. June 15, 1896 47

12 1896.

The success of Santa Fe* a Initial experiment

In treating lung trouble with the rare dry air of Hew Mexico had been largely responsible for similar insti­ tutions at El Paso, Colorado Springs, and Denver. From every side came offers of sites, and of propositions for restoring the sanatorium building. Leading busi­ ness men of Albuquerque urged the Sisters to locate there, agreeing that the necessary land would be furnished and 18 a bonus of $10000 raised.

Discussion of the work carried on at Saint Vincent’s helped to correct- many misapprehensions as to the methods and nature of the service given. The » hospital where the aged and the poor were cared for, and the orphanage which had been designated a state home for dependent children In 1884, were ostensibly being sup­ ported by the Territory, from which they received an annual appropriation. Actually the Territory was deep­ ly Indebted to the Sisters for services rendered in their Institutions, and any profits derived from the maintenance of the sanatorium were used In the upkeep 14 of the hosoital and orphanage.

12. The anta Fe yew Mexican,June 16,24,25, 1896 13. Ibid, June 16, 1896

14. Ibid, June 16, 1896 40

In July Sister Victoria went to the Motherbouse at Mount Saint Joseph to consult the Council of the Order about rebuilding„but the burden could not then be undertaken. The following year Archbishop Chapelle visited Motheshouses at Emmltsburg and at Mount Saint Vincent on-the-Hudson, In on effort to induce these

Sisters to replace the sanatorium In Santa Pe. His efforts were unavailing and it was left for the next century to see a bigger and better structure rise out 15 of the ruins.

*

15. Sister Mary Agnes McCann, op.clt., III, 277; and Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, interviewa CHAPTER V III

ALBUQUERQUE AND SAN MIGUEL MISSIONS (1882-1900)

The Daughters of Mother Seton chose the "Gilded Age" of the 1880*s for their Initial founda­ tion in Albuquerque. Billy the Kid had just been shot to death by Pat Garrett, in a dramatic encounter with that daring sheriff. In the ancient Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe Lew ¥ allace was writing his immortal "Ben Hur” . Extravagance and luxury, promi­ nence of the middle classes, defiance of the poorer classes, and mastery of the uoper financial strata, 1 characterized the period. The work of the Sisters in Albuquerque and San Miguel was to embrace many phases of charity: the care of the sick and destitute, and the education of the young.

The beginnings of education in New Mexico date back to 1599, when the Franciscans under Juan de Onate established schools among the descendants of the first Spanish conquerors and the children of the converted

Pueblo Indians. The reconquest by DeVargas in 1692- 1693 witnessed a resumption of activities, but the 1

1. The Albuquerque Tribune. July 1, 1935 50

century between 1721-1822 produced very meagre results. Schools were established In Juarez In 1823 and in Santa Fe and Taos in 1826 by Fernandez and Martinez. Gover­ nor Mariano Martinez in 1844-1845 brought European 2 professors to the region. In the main, however, the period of Mexican rule saw the destruction of the 3 ohurohes and schools, and the free reign of ignorance.

Frequent changes in government had retarded progress- four flags had flown over the Rio Grande settlementt those of Spain and Mexico, to be followed by the Stars and Stripes of the United States, and for a two-months interval, by the Confederate banner— and not until 1891 4 was a public school law worthy of the name enacted. The Church, always in the vanguard, had sent her shock troopers into the tiny village where, in 1706 Gover­ nor Francisco Cuervo had brought thirty-five families to settle on the banks of the Rio Grande. The Jesuits who came to New Mexico August 15, 1867, opened a day school in Old Town in 1875. This they invited the Sisters of 5 Charity to take over in 1881. Commenting on the

2. Elizabeth Strong Shamberger, A Thlrty-YeEra Educational History of New Mexico» 1-2 3. James H. Defouri, Historical Sketch of the Catholic Church in New Mexico." 4$ 4. The Albuquerque Tribune, July 1, 1935 5. Ibid; Defouri, op.clt., 126 51 difficulty of securing the necessary teachers, Father

Gasparrl said, "I hope Bishop Elder will not have to plead so hard to gain an entrance Into Heaven, as I 6 had to beg to get the Sisters for Albuquerque.” Accompanied by Mother Josephine Harvey and Sister Mary Agnes McCann who were making a Visitation of the western houses, Sister Mary Josephine Irwin and

Sister Agnes Cecilia Stanley left the Motherhouse for far-off Albuquerque on August 21, 1881* The eighteen room house which the Sisters were to use could not be vacated until Don Nicholas Armijo could build a home for his large family* This contingency necessitated some delay, but a new building was begun under the direction of Reverend Salvador Personne, S.J. and the following year on September 21, 1882, Our Lady of the 7 Angels School opened In Old Albuquerque* Six Slaters with Sister Mary Josephine as Superior, conducted a boarding and select day school and taught the girls in the adjacent public school* The Jesuits continued to 8 teach the boys.

The Sisters' residence was built up against

6. Sister Blandlna Segale, Interviews

7. Defourl, op.olt.. 104 8. Segale, Interviews 52

the famous old Church of Son Felipe de Nerl where all official records were kept, the first entry having been 9 made In 1706. During the first two years a cube- shaped brick house nearby provided a home for abandoned children, for sick vagabonds, and for all emergencies. Sister Emerentlana Corby and Slater Catherine Mallon 10 oared for all who came.

In the sximmer of 1883 Slater Blandlna and Slater Pauline made a trip to Chihuahua for the purpose of soliciting funds. All along the way they met with kindness and reverence. They were urged to remain In the Mexican city, end the equivalent of $1500000 worth

of property end art treasures offered as an Incentive.

Both the property and works of art had been confiscated from the Church, and the Sisters refused to accept

either. They succeeded In effecting the return of the art treasures to their former owners, the Jesuits.

A crude frame railroad station was the only tangible evidence of Hew Town, although It was Indicated 11

9. The Albuquerque Tribune. July 1, 1935 10. Sister Ernestine Foakey, Interview: Sister Blandlna Segale, Interview 11. Sister Blandlna Segale, At the End of the Santa Fe Trail, £39, e_t seq. 53 on railroad maps of the time* Many were the Incidents, sometimes humorous, sometimes harrowing, which occurred on numerous trips over the mile-long street between the 12 two towns* Quiok to vision the city of the future, the Sisters disposed of their Old Town holdings and purchased sixty-four lots in the most desirable part of New Town. Hence It was that the first free school In

Albuquerque opened in 1885 in an adobe building on the present site of Saint Vincent Academy. This structure, a four-room adobe with tar and pebble-covered roof, was built by José Apodaca, a Navajo Indian, under the guidance of Sister Blandlna. The present educational system of the city dates from the opening of Saint Vincent Academy, September, 1885, with Sister Mary 13 Josephine as Superior* Other faculty members were Sisters Isadore Clifford, Agnes Cecilia Stanley,

Berohraans Andrews, Mary Thomas Nestor, Moira Lynch, 14 and Gertrudus Duran.

Exhibits at the annual Territorial Pairs stimu­ lated a demand for Instruction in arts and crafts, and 121314

12. Sister Blandlna Segale, Interviews

13. T*16 AIbuquerque Tribune, July 1, 1935 14. Sister Mary Agnes McCann, History of Mother Seton* s Daughters, III, 230 Sister Marie Estelle Evans, appointed Superior in 1887, secured Sister Ernestine Foskey to open an art depart­ ment, Messers Strong, Hasselden, and R. P. Hall were the first applicants of a large claES of adults, many of whom were public school teachers. At this time thirty-four boarders were enrolled, twenty of vhom were in the kindergarten department. The boys viere housed In the adobe and the girls in the new brick 15 structure,

luring the first ten years of the Sisters'

residence in Albuquerque there were added to the San Felipe School branches in Barelas, Duranes, and Saint Vincent Academy in Hew Town, all taught as public

schools by the Sisters. In 1890 the city of Albuquerque 16 had absolutely no public school property. Instruction under public school auspices was given by the Sisters in the adobe building, the private school being housed 17 in the brick structure. In the fall of 1891 a public school was opened in the Fourth Ward building with

secular teachers in charge, the Sisters having refused to meet the new requirement of secular garb for public 151617

15. Sister Ernestine Foskey, Interview 16. History of New Mexico, Its Resources and People, I , 251

17. Sister Ernestine Foskey, Interview i I

55

18 sohool teachers* Distressed at the laok of provision for the boys, the Jesuits the following year opened a tv/o- teaoher grade sohool In the old Armijo house near the railroad switch. This served the purpose until the completion of a large brick building near Immaculate Conception Church In New Town, Erected at a cost of

£16000, Saint Mary’s School for boys was opened by Sister Mary Isabella Reardon and Sister Mary Alacoque

Callahan In 1803. About 100 boys were enrolled and the 19 girls continued to attend Saint Vincent Academy. Reverend Joseph Artois, S.J., pastor during the first year was replaced In 1894 by Reverend Alphonsus M. time Mandalaria, S.J. At that/Sisters Mary Andrew Ryan, Mary Victoria Durrlgan, and Mary Seraphlne Kennedy, joined the faculty. Once more the care of the poor and the sick became the concern of the Sisters of Charity. The

Presbyterian Hospital located between Old Albuquerque

18. Albuquerque Board of Education Minutes, July 13, 25, 1591 19. Sister Mary Isabella Reardon, Interview? History of Nev/ Mexico, Its Resources and people.' IT 251

20, Sister Mary Isabella Reardon, Interview 56 and New Albuquerque was opened In 1885, but was forced to olose the following year* Prom time to time city officials end the Jesuits urged the Sisters to open a hospital, and in the summer of 1887 Sister Catherine

Mallon was appointed to investigate the advisability of this project* Another twelve years elapsed, however, before a site was secured. Land originally donated for an Industrial School was exchanged in 1889 for a traot at the base of the Sandia Mountains overlooking New Town. Here it was planned to erect a hosnital and 81 sanatorium in the "Heart of the Well Country". When world-weary, I oft dream Of high Sandia peaks serene, Where yellow shimmering aspens gleam Midst snow-clad spruces blue

Where hovering, wide-winged eagle soars Above his eerie nest; ’’¿here sunset gold brings lark song sweet To lull the soul to rest. 22

In his efforts, to instruct the ohildren of San Miguel, or Hibera, Reverend John Baptist Fayet desired the aid of the Sisters of Charity. His plea for Sisters made September 1, 1884 was finally granted and

21. Sister Blandlna Segale, Interview: Sister Mary Agnes McCann, op.clt., III, 848

28. Alloe Eyre, "Sanctuary” , New Mexico, Nov. 1935, 87 57

23 San Miguel School was opened in September 1885. In this publlo school financed by the Territory, Sister Alberta Kealon and Sister Celestla Smith taught some seventy pupils In the eight grades of the elemen­ tary school. Succeeding them in subsequent years were

Sisters Germaine Balllon and Teresa Merle O’Grady, and later Sisters Thais Potvln and Ann Vincent Ruby. The primitive schoolroom was furnished with very high desks and long benches, with the usual stove in the center of the room. Only two small windows were allowed in each room, as the ever-present danger of Indian raids made

It advisable to have few openings. On the occasion of one such attack, Father Fa yet leading a volunteer troop met with a docile response to his command to the Indians 24 to depart, and open conflict was avoided. •vkr- A part of the convent building housed a select tuition school for twenty-five children from Rivera station; fifteen of these children boarded at the school. Sister Renetta Hughes, superior, was In charge of this school. Sister Euphemla Hayes, and later Sister Agnes

23. Cf. Appendix, Letter of Father Fayet, 74 James H. Lefourl, Historical SietcFT of tfie Catholic Church In Few .Mexico,1 104; Sister "Angela Murnhy'J Interview

24. Sister Kerola Zaozynskl, Interview 58

Celestla Mellleur supervised the study and recreetion

of the hoarders and taught music. The letter held olasses in French and art as well* Sister Karole, the next Incumbent, added olasses In Emerson*s physical culture. True to their race the pupils showed marked talent in singing, even In part-songs.

Fruit trees and shrubbery from old -exico

formed a beautiful garden surrounding the long rambling building which was both school and convent. Separate wings housed the chapel and dining room. The children*s dormitory provided sleeping quarters for two of the

Sisters, while two others occupied a little room off the Community Room. Here was a small stove, the source of heat for the whole building. Water for household uses and personal needs was carried from the river,

heated on the kitchen stove, and then carried to various

parts of the house. A laundress assisted In washing the clothes, which the Sisters then hung on a barbed wire fence along the river front. Even the little Pecos River was capable of going on a rampage, and In one of its floods the dining room wing of the building was 25 carried away.

25. Ibid 59

In this tiny village hidden from the sight of passing travelers, much good was accomplished• Excel­ lent schools were conducted, and help and comfort were brought to the poor and the sick in their homes* Sister Renetta Hughes, who spent many years in San Miguel was 26 a welcome visitor In the adobe dwellings of the natives. Assisted by Au de Gracia Garcia and Cecilia Lopez, two young ladles of the school, she proved a veritable angel to the victims of a smallpox epidemic in the little village. Having donned white attire In order to avoid spreading contagion, Sister Eenette administered a treat­ ment as simple and effective as it was uncomfortable--lt consisted of covering the face of the sufferer with lard and soot. Sisters Ootavla Sumner and Faustina Blackburn came West In 18P8, the latter to Albuquercue. Arrived at Rivera station, Sister Octavia was met by Sorior Juan who brought her, in a rumbling wagon, to the convent at San Miguel. Within a few days Sisters Ootavla, Lidwlna, and Merle Cecilia had fallen victims to the dreaded smallpox, having contracted it from one of the boarding students. Only the skill and devotion with which Sister

Renetta nursed these newly arrived missionaries saved

26. Sister Angela Murphy, Interview 60 them for their future labors. Sister Renetta, through an extensive correspondence, secured many donations from charitable persons whom she interested in the missionary 27 endeavors of the Sisters of Charity in the Southwest. So it was that the 1- st two decades of the nine­ teenth century saw the charitable and educational activi­ ties of the Congregation firmly established at Albuquerque in the Rio Grande Val'ey, and in the little village of San Miguel on the Pecos River.

27, Sister Karola Zaozynski, Interview IN FETROSPECT

On the threshold of the twentieth century, the

Sisters of Charity could gaze back upon thirty-five years of splendid accomplishments In the little corner of the Vineyard entrusted to their care In Santa Fe. A modem hospital and annexes accommodating over one- imndred patients and an orphanage housing seventy-five children were amp^y supplying the needs of the terri­ tory. For some years tuberoulosia sufferers had been benefiting by treatment In the Ideal location of this mountain city, the sanatorium harboring some thirty guests. Nothing daunted by the destruction of this building, the Sisters and their patrons at once planned to rebuild on a larger scale. All of these institu- tione were conducted under the patronage of Saint

Vincent de Paul, whose name they bore and whose spirit they exemplified.

Well nigh Impossible as It is to measure

spiritual values, there was abundant evidence of con­ versions to the Church and many were the examples of the return of wanderers to the True Fold. The conso­ lations of the Faith were brought to the sick and dying and young girls were trained In the practice of Christian 62 virtue 8* Hot only to the neighboring city of Albuquerque had the Congregation extended its field of action, but beyond the borders of Hew Mexico the work of the Slaters of Charity had attracted the notice of the clergy and people, and within the century establishments had been opened In Trinidad, Pueblo, and Denver, to carry on In the diocese of the saintly Bishop Maoheboeuf the zeal­ ous labors so successfully pursued In the See of hla life-long friend and co-worker, Bishop Lamy. The worthy part «fcleh the Sisters of Charity had been permitted to ploy In the upbuilding of the West and the progress of the Church although exacting its toll of sacrifice, brought its "hundred-fold” in the light of Inspiration for future years. COMMENT ON BIBLIOGRAPHY

The total lack of records for the early years

In the mission houses, the paucity of Information In the Motherhouse Archives, and the fact that many who were busy "making" history failed to write any aooount of their doings, combined to make the problem of secur­ ing material an extremely difficult one.

PRIMARY SOURCES— Interviews with Sisters who spent many years In New Mexico Missions, particularly those talks with Sister Mary de Sales Leheny, provided most of the source material and, in as far as a check could be made, the Information received Is accurate.

Sister Blandlna’s journal, At the End of the Santa f £

Trail, has the special value of being a contemporary account, and further details were gladly contributed in interviews. Santa Fe newspapers were very helpful for the opening and closing years of the period— the 1860*s and the 1890’s.

SECONDARY SOURCES— Coan’s History of New Mexico and Twltchell’s Old Santa Fe present the comment of P ------secular historians on the Sisters’s works of charity. McCann’s History of Mother Seton’s Daughters Is excel­ lent for faots regarding foundations but covering, as 64

It does in three volumes, a 116»year period it is necessarily brief with regard to New Mexico. Defouri's Historical Sketch of the Catholic Church in New Mexico

and Salpointe's Soldiers of the Cross are valuable as contemporary accounts of the Catholic Church, end of the contribution of the Sisters of Charity toward reli­ gion and charity in the Southwest. Defouri’s work purports to be merely a sketch of conditions in that vast outpost of the Catholic Church. It ie just that.

He places people and events all too uncertainly, and sometimes the dates given are only approximations. (He speaks of Father Munneoom and Trinidad as though

identified with Albuquerque, whereas that town is actually located in Southern Colorado.) Befourl, nevertheless, writes with the authority of one nho knows the situation and the people of whom he writes.

The most satisfactory information regarding stage coach routes and maps is available in Carhart’s Colorado. Cole’s Irrepressible Conflict and Gabriel’s Lure of the Frontier. Rin©'s Old Hlatorlo Churches of America and

Prince’s Spanlah Mission Churches of New Mexico present the old missions as Intimately bound up vd th the founda­ tion and growth of the state. Hitch's The History, Resources, and Attractions of New Mexico is an excellent 65 handbook on th© status of the state during the period of the 1880*s. James* New Mexico, the Land of the Delight Makers and Lununlo* The Land of Poco Tlempo offer delight­ ful aeoounts of that Intangible beauty and fascination which Is peculiar to New Mexico, #iile at the same time they present a true and sympathetic picture of the people and their lives. Mlnogue*s Loretto. Annals of

the Century In Its aooount of the famous journey of 1867 provides a cheok on the stories told by Defourl and McCann. 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRIMARY SOURCES

Conlon, Sister Vincent d© Paul Incidents of many yearB in Santa Fe where she arrived in 1889, told to the author April 1938. Fo3key, Sister Ernestine Experiences of the years 1888-1896 as related to the author in October 1936« Leheny, Sister Mary de Sales Recollections of her fifty-four years in Santa Fe', as told to the author in personal interviews In August 1933.

Murphy, Sister Angela Incidents of her years (1896-1904) spent in Albuqueroue and San Miguel as told to the author in October 1936. Ortigo, Sister Ignacia Early recollections of Santa Fe as recounted In Interviews with the author April 1938. Reardon, Sister Mary Isabella Recollections of the years 1891-1898 spent in Albuquerque as told to the author in January 1937. Segale, Sister Blandina Personal Interviews with the author in October 1936; At the End of the Srnta Fe Trail. The Columbian Iress, OoTumbus, Ohio, l^P. (Journal of the life of a Sister of Charity in the Southwest) Sheridan, P.H. Personal Memoirs of (2 vols.) Charles L. hebster & Öompany, R.if. IBS’S. (Conditions »long overland routes to the »Fest) Simmington, Sister DeLourdes er experiences in Santa Fe' as told to the author, September 1933. Zaczynski, Sister Karola Life end work at the Son Miguel mission, as related in a series of interviews, April 1938. 67

BIBLIOGRAPHY (con’d)

NEWSPAPERS

El Nuevo Mejlcano (Santo Fe) December 10, 1867 The Dally Hew Mexican, (Santo Fe) September 22, 1868 The Santa Fe Dally Net? Maxi nan, March 3, 1896; June 15, lS96; Tune 16, I$96; June 20, 1896? June 24, 1896; June 25, 1896; February 28, 1930. (Donation from the military; aonstorlum fire; conditions) The Albuquerque Tribune, July 1, 1935 ’ (History ot Albuquerque; educational growth— in Golden Jubilee edition)

MAGAZINES

Andrews, Kathryn, "Trails End of Yesterday," New Mexico, November 1934

Casey, Pearle R., "Desert Place", New Mexico, April 1935 Eyre, Alice,"Sanctuary" New Mexico, November 1935 Keech, Roy A., "Indians Dsnoe in Church", New Mexico, July 1935 ------Meredith, Grace, w/nd This, Is Santa Fe", New Mexioo, Oct. 1935 f "New Mexico Sunrise", New Mexico, July 1935

DOCUMENTS

Acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of New Mexico Twenty»third ¡session, TÏÏ7Ô-Ï880 (Apprdpriation Tor Seint Vincent Hospital) Albuquerque Board of Education Minutes. July 13, 25, 1891

Letters of Bishop Lamy, Archives of Mount Saint Joseph, Ohio

Letter of Father Fayet, Archives of Mount Saint Joseph, Ohio 68

BIBLIOGRAPHY (oont’d)

SECONDARY SOURCES

History of New Mexico, Its Resources and People (HIs tori cal background)

Catholic Builders of the Nation. A Symposium of the Catholic* Contr'l'bu tion to the - lvllization of* tlTeUnited States (Continental Press, Boston 1925)

Barber, John Warner, and Howe, Henry, Our Whole Country, or the Past and Present of the United States, nla- to‘rTcal” an? rfeserTpifve T T voTaTi.T e n r'y ^ we"! --- PublTsKersT BTnrT ISST" (History end description of New Mexico)

Carhart, Arthur H., Color-do, Covmrd-McCmn. Inc. N.Y.. 1932 (Overland stage routes) Cather, Willa, Death Comes for the archbishop. Alfred A. Knopf, Ne¥'TorF~T$£7 ------* (Characterization of Bishop Larry) Clark, Dan Elbert, The West in American History. Thomas V. CroweTTco7TT6¥^orK-1337 ----- * (Early explorations in the Southwest) Goan, Charles F.f A History of New Mexico, American Historical ¿ocTetyTiho.ThToagoT ^ g TEarly days; appropriation by legislature) Cole, Charles Arthur, The Irrepressible Conflict, 1850-1865, (A History ot American Life l2 viols.) CoT rewTork“T 9 ^ ------(Map of the early stage coach routes)

Defouri, James H,, Historical Sketch of the Catholic Church in New Mexico, '^cb'ormlek 'Bros, £sn" Vranolsco T 5 5 7 ------(Establishment and progress of the Catholic Church)

Gabriel, Ralph Henry, The L u m of. the Er.on.tler, A. !B°t^l°f)Rece ConfF!Tct (The Pageant of America Series (Map and description of the Santa Fe Trail) 69

James, George Wharton, New Mexico, the hand of the Delight Makers, the Page C o • Boston Y§ëO (An excellent picture of the life and customs of the people) Lummis, Charles F*, The Land of Poco Tiempo, Charles Scribner*s Sons, New’ŸorkTPÏÏB (A fascinating account of the Southwest— its people and their surroundings)

McCann, Sister Mary Agnes, History of Mother Seton* a Daughters, The Slaters of charily of Cincinnati, Ohio"1, i%5*Q«»Y§*i?5~''( 5 voIsTT LongmansITreen end 'Co*, New Ÿork,'19?5™

Minogue, Anna C., Loretto, Annals of the Century, The America Press, New York, 1912 (Account of second overland journey to Santa Fe) Prince, L. Bradford, Spanlsh Mission Churches of New Mexico, The Torch Press, Cedar Rapid's,' ï'owa 1ÏÏÏ& TK complete account of the early mission churches of New Mexico by a former governor)

Rines, Edward F., Old Historic Churches of America, Their Romantic IfTstory and Their Traditions. Macmillan Co /“New 'York Ï9&6 (A concise story)

Ritch, William G., The Hi story, Resources, and Attractions of Wew Mexico,' Ï). Lot hr on and Co.. Œ T ™ ------(An excellent book of facts, written with the inten­ tion of attracting settlers to the state) Salpointe, John Baptist, Soldiers of the Crosc, Notes on the Ecclesiastical History of Hew ’exico, Arizona, and Colorado Saint Boni face industrial School Press, Banning, California 1 8 9 8 (Orphanage and hospital; status of the Church) Twltchell, Ralph Emerson, Old Santa Fe, The Story of New Mexico* s Ancient Capitol',.$ew~Mexlco Pdbfisfting Corporation, Benta Fé, 192& (The Sisterâ' work among the orphans) APPENDIX

SISTERS ASSIGNED TO THE NEW MEXICO MISSIONS, 1 8 6 5 - 1 9 0 0

SANTA PE

Sister Agnes Cecilia Stanley Sister DeSales Smith

n Alicia Cullinan tt Dealderla Jaramlllo i t Alacoque Callaghan « De Lourdes Slmmlngton

tt Ambrosia Schwartz n Dolores Gutlerez De Baca i t Anacletus Murphy tt Dorothea Stutty it Angela Murphy it Elzear Moloney

i t Angelica Ortiz n _ Eulalia Ahltty

n Ann Alexius Gorman tt Florentine Hynes it Arm Mery Devine tt Francis Hoey tt Ann Vincent Ruby n Gabriella Crowe it Assumpta Seorey tt Helena Bann « Augusta King n Ignooia Ortlgo

tt Augustine Barron « Joachim McPhee n Austin Devine i t Josepha Duran tt Blandlna Segale « Lawrence McEneny n Borromeo McCarthy n Leocadla Ryan

n Catherine Mallon « Louise Barron n Carmellta Golden tt Magdalena Carroll n Cephas Bray tt Martha Goodin

n Clarence Boyle tt Mary Cecilia Buffington n Damien Rooney tt Mary Charles ‘»halen 71

Sister Mary Cornelia Long Sister Phllomena Irwin 1! Mary de Sales Leheny n Raphael Murtaugh

n Mary Felix Creeden n Rita Maloney « Mary Margaret Murphy « Thais Potvln n Mary Patrick McNally tt Theodosia Farn

n Mary Seraphlca Leheny « Theodora Cline « Mary Veronica Crawford « Victoria Fulweller

« Moira Lynch « Vincent de Paul Conlon

« Nathaniel Cullen « Vincent 0*Keefe o Pauline Leo « Wllhelma Kennedy

ALBUQUERQUE

Sister Agnes Cecilia Stanley Sister Elizabeth Brannan

n Alacoque Callaghan tt Emerentlana Corby

« Albertina Ford n Ernestine Foskey n Angelica Ortiz tt Faustina Blackburn

tt Augustine Barron tt Germaine Balln n Benlta Esqulbal » Gertrudus Duran n Berchmans Andrews tt Hyacinth Sullivan

« Blandina Segele tt Ildephonse Dwyer tt Boniface Keough tt _ Isadore Clifford

n Celestla Geatty tt Karola Zaczynski tt De Lellls Gleason n Lldwlna Kessler

« Desiderio Jaramlllo tt Louis Marla Kerrick i t rt Elolsa Montano tt Lucia Gleason 72

Sister Marie Alovsia Dee Sister Mary Inez Cuppy tt Marie Ceoilia Egerer n Mary Isabelle Renrdon

« Marie Estelle Evans " Mary Josephine Erwin «I Mary Agatha McDonough " Margaret Louise Carr » Mary Andrew Ryan " Mary Philomena Curler n Mary Bernards McAtee Mary Raphael McEvoy it Mary Cecilia Kessler " Mary Seraphine Kennedy

tt Mery Gregory Gale Mary Thomas Nestor Sister Mary Victoria Durigan

SAN MIGUEL

Sister Agnes Celestla Meilleur Sister Eulalia Shitty « Alberta Owens « Euphemia Hayes

« Angela Murphy n Fidelis Mllmore « Angelica Ortiz « Francelline McAtee « Ann Vincent Ruby tt Karola Zaczynski

« Catherine Mallon tt Lidwina Kessler « Celestia Smith « Lucy Ignat!a Hehler « Christine Sandoval n Margaret Louise Carr « DeLourdes Simmington tt Maria Celestia Robert n Donata ^podaca n Mary Cornelia Long n Eloisa Montana « Mary John Sullivan

tt Esther Hagerty « Moira Lynch 73

Sister Octavius McKenna Slater Sylvester Williams ” Pauline Leo *- Renetta Hughes *

»Archives of Mount Saint Joseph, Official Mission Lists for the Period

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JS ^yj i^z^' &L -ß>^ <*i—^ £if tfSLji j^y f\A

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¿ Sobriquet: The Adobe State Aztec "Mexltl” meaning Aztec god of war Hlstoelcal Data

Eastern two-thirds of territory originally formed of Texas; western portion acquired by Mexican Cession of 1 8 4 8 and Gadsden Purchase 1853« Territory, September 1850# Visited by Nuftez 1537; by Coronado 1540; and a host of others In his wake; territory explored and named by Bonlllo 1581; Santa Fe made capltol of Territory 1 6 4 0 . First rails laid by the Santa Pe over Raton Pass November 30, 1 878; first passenger train was run to

Ot t o ; reached Las Vegas July 4, 1 8 7 9 , Santa Fe February 9, 1880, and Albuquerque April 15, 1 8 8 0 , New Mexico admitted to statehood January 6, 1912, STATE SEAL

"I will carry them on the wings of eagles." (Exodus XIX, 4) "Lift me on wings of eagles to the skies,. My aeart is weary of the lowly vales On lordly pinions fain would I arise To heights whereon the seraph glows and pales; Above the stars that flash and then grow dim Par, far behind, yet light me on to Him For whom my seeking spirit clamoring walls. Upwardl the flame Is on me and I see The mystic circle of eternal fire, I feel the breathings of the One in Threel Press on, ye eagles, to yon glowing pyre That shall dissolve this clinging shred of earth, And give me freedom of a deathless birth The 'conaummaturn* I in love aspire." (Random Verse— Anonymous)

The design on the State Seal originated with the legend that the Aztecs could not settle until

they found an eagle with a green serpent In its beak, standing on a cactus plant situated on an island In a lake.

"Cresclt eundo" — "It grows as It goes" (Lucretius, De Herum Natura. B o o k VI, Line 341) STATE FLOWER

Yucca angustifolia Natives ua© It for soap by simply pounding the root; for washing silk and woolen goods It Is unequalled by any soap In the world#

YUCCA, THE CANDLE OF THE LORD

The pagan chant rose high and shrill, And pagan bodies slashed and torn By thorns, yet salved with salt, Writhed up the hill, burdened by sacred cross, The angered Gods must be aopeased, And sirs by Penance must be cleansed. Black Death the weapon of the scorned, Was loosed on breathing human man. Where life had pulsed at scarlet dawn, Now lay inert, as still as rigid stone. The wild cries pierced the dirouded earth, The bleeding feet left stains on virgin soli. The savage breast served battle-place For old Instinctive pagan Gods, And ^hite Manfs cherished Creeds. The L o r d of Hosts, Omnipotent, With pity, stayed the sword; And for their erring, stumbling faith Lit candles of the Lord. — Maynor Fay McGee* SUNSHINE STATE

At Santa Fe

Average annual sunshine 4 4 5 5 hours New Mexloo

Average annual sunshine 3 8 1 0 hours New Mexico Sunset— exqulsite beauty

"The sky Is full of fairest colors Pink and purple and paly green With great soft masses of gray and amber And great bright rifts of gold between#?

"Sun, 9ilence, adobe" — is New Mexioo In three words.

Sun — The drying penetrating rays which make adobe possible, and these adobes built Into thick walls are man’s refuge from these same rays of the sun. Silence — The friendly silence of wind-swept mesas, of deep canyons and lofty mountain peaks, a silence that breathes of contentment and Joy In nature as f o u n d beside the sun-baked adobe walla of our own Southwest.

Adobe — A medium of architecture built of unburnt bricks of mud, dried in the sun, which has stood the test of ages and has served Its purpose well* THE FLAG OF HEW MEXICO

Fox«* centuries ago Into this land of sun, silence, and secrets the Conqulstsdores rode triumphant­ ly, bringing with them much of the culture of Spain and many of their undying treasures of art and literature. Guided by their advice and experience the flag of Hew Mexico was thoughtfully planned. The inhabitants wished to retain something of the former flags under which they had fought end which they had learned to love. The colors ohosen were yellow and red, common to the flags of Mexico and Spain, The anoient Zla Sun Symbol, a circle from which radiate four points made up of four straight lines of varying length, forms the simple design which ornaments the field, and which holds for all a wealth of hidden meaning and romance like the land it symbolizes.

Four was a sacred number of Zla and was

frequently used by the Giver of all good gifts. The earth had four principal directions each with Its own gift* the year had four seasons each with a different offering! the day had sunrise, noon, sunset, night. Life had four divisions? childhood, free from care; youth, a time of training? manhood, with Its full burden of responsibility? old age with the end of the Journey near. Everything in life and nature was b o u n d together in a circle— the cirlce of life and love, without beginning and without end.