Empowerment Strategy of Rice Farmers in Banten Province

Home , Lebak Regency, Pandeglang Regency, Regency (Indonesia)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Empowerment Strategy Of Rice Farmers In Banten Province

Asih Mulyaningsih, Suherna, Gugun Gunawan, Yoyon Haryanto

Abstract: Empowerment is one of the key factors in promoting farmers as the main actors in the management of rice farming. The objectives of the research were to: (1) analyze rice farmer's empowerment level; (2) analyze influencing factors rice farmer's empowerment level; and (3) design a rice farmer's empowerment strategy. The research results could be utilized in designing a rice farmer's empowerment strategy. Field data collection had been conducted for three months, during April and June 2019. Research sites were in Pandeglang and Lebak District, Banten Province because the two districts were production centers for rice. Research samples covered 216 rice farmers. Smart PLS was applied in data analysis. The research results showed that: (1) The empowerment of farmers in Pandeglang Regency, Lebak Regency is quite high; (2) the influencing factors of rice farmer's empowerment were participation, empowerment intensity, supports for physical and socio-economic environments, farmer's farmer's characteristics, division of labor patterns; and (3) strategy formulation for empowering rice farmers were to improve participation in farming activity planning, implementation, and evaluation. The rice farmer's empowerment strategies were divided into two strategies namely short-term strategies and long-term strategies. The farmers' empowerment in rice farming of Pandeglang and Lebak Districts could be improved by involving them in their farming activity planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Index Terms: Banten Province, Empowerment, Rice, Strategy ——————————  ——————————

1. INTRODUCTION Sustainable Development Goals contains 17 transformative The agricultural sector is a food producer that is needed by all goals that were agreed upon and applicable to all nations Indonesian people. The main agricultural actors are farmers without exception. One of the goals is to eradicate hunger and and farm laborers, most of whom live in rural areas. The achieve sustainable agriculture, in line with development number is very large and in general, the level of welfare of the priorities in Indonesia and following the 2015–2019 Medium farmers lags behind other groups in society. The number and Term Development Plan Program. percentage of smallholders during the 1993-2003 period increased from 9.6 million (45.3%) to 14.1 million (56.4%) with The Ministry of Agriculture has set 11 policy directions for a constant average land area of 0.79 ha [1] . Therefore, agricultural development for 2015-2019, namely: 1) increasing although the relative contribution of the agricultural sector in food security (rice, corn, soybeans, sugar cane, cattle, chilies, the formation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is getting and shallots that have an impact on the economy; 2) lower, the role of this sector is very strategic, both in achieving development export and import substitution commodities as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sustainable well as bioenergy raw material supply commodities; 3) Development Goals is a document that will become a increasing the competitiveness of agricultural products through reference in the framework of development and negotiation of product and process standardization, increasing supply countries in the world. The SDGs concept continues the chains, quality and food safety; 4) developing infrastructure development concept of the Millennium Development Goals (land, water, facilities and infrastructure) and agro-industry in where the concept ended in 2015. The Sustainable rural areas as the basis or foundation for sustainable bio Development Goals place society at the center of industry development; 5) reorientation of producing one type of development. This means that society is the ultimate goal, as product into multi products (main products, bio-products, by- well as an active actor in development. One of the keys to the products, products from waste, zero waste and others; 6) success of achieving the SDGs lies in the performance of the cluster or area development in certain areas leveraging the agricultural sector. This is a logical implication of the following achievement of rational targets; 7) seed systems/ nurseries, conditions: 1) the majority of the poor live in developing farmer protection, farmer institutions, innovation and countries whose main livelihood depends on the agricultural dissemination technology, extension and agricultural sector; 2) there is a very close relationship between poverty quarantine system policies; 8) supporting thematic programs, and food insecurity; while the food producer is the agricultural such as gender mainstreaming, employment, acceleration of sector; 3) the agricultural sector is very vulnerable to climate disadvantaged areas, special areas and border areas; 9) change so that the future of food security is very much adaptation and mitigation of climate change as well as post- determined by the success of the agricultural sector in its natural disaster management; 10) fertilizer subsidies by adaptation and mitigation to climate change. Starting in 2016, reducing single fertilizers and increasing compound fertilizer the 2015–2030 Sustainable Development Goals officially subsidies, subsidizing organic fertilizer development activities, replaced the 2000–2015 Millennium Development Goals. subsidizing strengthening seed / seed breeders; and 11) continuing food security credit to encourage and increase ———————————————— production and productivity, allocating credit ceilings according  Asih Mulyaningsih, Suherna and Gugun Gunawan are senior lecture to sub-sectors to ensure the allocation of credit for food, in department of agriculture, University Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa . E- agricultural mechanization credit to solve labor scarcity and mail: [email protected], [email protected], guarantee large-scale food management, and certification of [email protected] agricultural land for creditworthiness. Agricultural extension, as  Yoyon Haryanto is Senior Lecture in Polytechnic Agricultural Development Bogor. . E-mail: [email protected] a community empowerment process, has the main objective that is not limited to the creation of "better farming, better business, and better living, but also to facilitate the community

77 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 in adopting production and marketing techniques to increase while the support of qualitative data for analysis is strong in the their income [2] . Also, through counseling, the community is depth of issues. The positions of the two types of data in this facilitated to have a better bargaining position in decision study are equivalent and are used to complement each other. making and consistency in implementing policies that are in The agricultural sector has a strategic position in national favor of farmers and other lower-class communities [3] . Thus, economic development. Agricultural conditions in Indonesia through extension, it will accelerate the occurrence of various have not been utilized optimally, so it is necessary to carry out changes in social, political, and economic conditions so that in agricultural development aimed at exploiting natural the long term, they can improve the standard of living of resources, to achieve food self-sufficiency. The research individuals and communities. Empowerment of farming problems formulated in this study are: 1) what is the level of communities is a key factor that is needed so that people can empowerment of rice farmers, 2) what factors affect the level play a role as the main actor in the management of rice of empowerment of rice farmers; and 3) what is the strategy cultivation as a staple food [4] . In the field of agriculture, the for the empowerment of rice farmers. Furthermore, the tested local community is currently considered the weakest in model is used as a model used as a strategy for empowering capacity, so it needs to be improved through empowerment farmers. Strategy formulation in research on farmer efforts [5] . People who are empowered in this case are those empowerment in rice farming, in terms of aspects: Variabel X1 who can set priorities and control over natural resources, in (farmer characteristics) has three measured variables, namely this case, rice which is very important for efforts to determine X1.1 age, X1.2 education, X1.3 cosmopolitan. Variable X2 (labor their destiny. Empowerment of farming communities, as the division patterns) has four measured variables, namely X2.1 main actors in agricultural activities, is one of the objectives of the spirit of hard work, X2.2 confidence, X2.3 risk courage, X2.4 regulating the extension system through Law no. 16 of 2006 creativity. Variable X3 (a division of labor patterns) has three concerning Agricultural, Fisheries, and Forestry Extension measured variables, namely X3.1 productive, X3.2 reproductive, Systems. X3.3 social. Variable X4 (Quality of extension services) has four Technology is needed by humans to help carry out their measured variables, namely X4.1 suitability of material, X4.2 activities, including in agriculture [6] . The type of technology accuracy of the method, X4.3 extension competence, X4.4 used can be as simple as sickle or more modern technology, farmer involvement. Variable X5 (empowerment intensity) has such as tractors. In the implementation of rice farming, starting five measured variables, namely X5.1 technical skills, X5.2 from the land processing stage, planting to harvesting the innovative behavior, X5.3 farmer involvement, X5.4 strengthening results, it allows the absorption of male and female labor [7] . resource income, X5.5 ability to work together. Variable X6 The Green Revolution in Java introduced lower-growing (availability of agricultural information) has three measured superior rice types and the approach to harvesting with a variables, namely X6.1 meaning of information, X6.2 amount of cutting system using sickles and the inclusion of hullers information, X6.3 quality of information. Variable X7 (support for caused a shift in the traditional role of women as rice pounders the physical and socio-economic environment) has five [8] . Therefore this research emphasizes the empowerment of measured variables, namely X7.1 support for government rice farmers. The relationship between influencing variables policies, X7.2 support from farmer leaders, X7.3 availability of will be examined, find a rice farmer's empowerment model. An infrastructure, X7.4 institutional support, X7.5 support from appropriate approach to the empowerment of farming experts. Variable Y1 (level of participation) has three measured communities will be formulated and strategies for its variables, namely Y1.1 planning, Y1.2 implementation, Y1.3 implementation will be formulated as input for policymakers in evaluation. Variable Y2 (level of empowerment) has six agriculture. This research was conducted in an area that is the measured variables, namely Y2.1 ability to obtain information, center of rice production in Banten Province, namely the Y2.2 ability to make decisions, Y2.3 ability to access market, Y2.4 Pandeglang Regency and Lebak Regency. Previous studies ability to manage finances, Y2,5 ability to partner, Y2.6 stated [9] develop a model for empowering rice farmers. adaptability. Empowerment of rice farmers is designed to Various previous studies have examined empowerment, increase farmers' access to empowerment that involves among others [10, 11] . This study seeks to complement farmers as decision-makers in agricultural development. For previous studies by examining the empowerment strategy of the strategy to be implemented, various supporting factors are rice farmers. This study analyzes the empowerment of rice needed in empowering farmers. Farmers' empowerment is farmers in managing rice farming. This study aims to: 1) one of the most important factors and determines the success analyze the level of empowerment of rice farmers 2) analyze of rice farming. Farming carried out in this era of globalization the factors that influence the level of empowerment of rice should be directed at increasing empowerment so that farmers farmers; and 3) designing a strategy to empower rice farmers. are empowered and can help themselves in solving rice The results of this study can be used to design strategies for farming problems. Empowered farmers are farmers who can rice farmers. solve their farming problems. The research hypothesis is that farmer characteristics, farmer's personality traits, division of 2 METHODS labor patterns, Quality of extension services, empowerment intensity, availability of agricultural information, support for the 2.1 Design physical and socio-economic environment, and level of This study was designed with a quantitative research participation are variables affecting the empowerment of rice approach, supported by qualitative data. Social research using farmers. survey methods has developed in both quantitative and qualitative research in a community. The reason for choosing a 2.2 Data Collection research design that combines two kinds of data like this is The method in this research is a survey method by distributing because quantitative data through the survey method is strong questionnaires. Field research was carried out over eight in terms of generalization, but weak in the depth of issues, months, namely April to June 2019. The research was

78 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 conducted in Pandeglang Regency and Lebak Regency, Banten Province. The research location was chosen deliberately with the consideration that the research location is a rice production center in Banten Province. From each district, three rice centers were selected. The selected districts for Pandeglang Regency are Munjul, Sobang, and Panimbang districts. The selected districts from Lebak Regency are Cipanas District, Gunung Kencana District, and Leuwidamar District. The population in this study were members of farmer groups in rice farming, amounting to 600 farmer households spread across Pandeglang and Lebak Districts. With a sample size of 216 farmer households. This study uses a probability sample design, meaning that sampling is based on the idea that the entire population unit has the same opportunity to be sampled.

2. 3 Data Analysis The data that has been collected is then processed using the Fig 1. The Level of Empowerment Rice Farmers Smart PLS nonparametric statistics which are used to see the effect between variables. The Smart PLS parametric statistical The results showed that the farmer empowerment in test requires a transformation so that all collected data Pandeglang Regency, Lebak Regency was quite high. Based becomes an interval scale so that it meets the requirements on Figure 1, the empowerment of farmers in the Pandeglang for the Smart PLS parametric statistical test. Guidelines for Regency is higher than the empowerment of farmers in the transformation can be done by determining the smallest index Lebak Regency. This is supported by the location of the value given for the lowest total score and the largest index Pandeglang Regency which is close to the capital of Banten value given for the highest total score of each indicator. The Province so that generally farmers receive information about number of minimum and maximum scores that can be government programs first. However, farmers in Pandeglang expected from each indicator will be different or not the same and Lebak districts need to increase their empowerment by as one another. This is because there are differences in the providing appropriate counseling according to farmers' needs number of question items for each of these indicators. The and support from the government. The results of this study index value range is 0-100 obtained by transforming. The contribute to policymakers to increase the empowerment of smallest index value of 0 will be equivalent to the total rice farmers in Padeglang and Lebak districts. For this reason, minimum score and the largest index value of 100 will be an appropriate strategy is needed to increase the equivalent to the maximum total score of each indicator. empowerment of rice farmers in the Pandeglang and Lebak districts. Community empowerment is the elements that 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION enable people to survive and in a dynamic sense develop themselves and achieve progress. Empowering the 3.1 Research Overview community is an effort to increase the dignity of the layers of Rice is one of the staple foods of most Indonesians. In 1984, society who are currently unable to escape the traps of poverty Indonesia was able to achieve rice self-sufficiency, after which and underdevelopment. In other words, empowering is the domestic rice supply could not be fulfilled, so imports were enabling and empowering the community [13] . carried out. Seeing this reality, rice has become a fundamental and strategic commodity. Several activities must be done in 3.2 Factors Affecting the Level of Empowerment of Rice rice farming. The series of activities started from seeding, land Farmers processing, planting, fertilizing, weeding and replanting, and Based on the results of the smart PLS analysis, it shows that final harvesting activities. The level of empowerment is the the factors that influence the empowerment of lowland rice ability of farmers with individual personal abilities in the form of farmers are the intensity of empowerment (technical skills, perceptions of their abilities and environment, actions and innovative behavior, farmer involvement, and strengthening of collective abilities to achieve goals and the ability to survive getting resources), physical and socio-economic their problems in carrying out agricultural resource environmental support (government policy support, institutional management activities to meet their daily needs [12] . The support, and support from experts), and farmer participation level of empowerment is measured using six indicators, (planning, implementation, and evaluation). Figure 2 shows namely: the ability to obtain information, the ability to make the factors that directly and indirectly play a role in shaping decisions, the ability to market information, the ability to farmer empowerment to manage lowland rice farming. manage finances, the ability to partner, and the ability to adapt. Mathematically, the structural model equation of these factors is Y2 = 0.267 Y1 + 0.419X5 + 0.308 X7, R2 = 52%, meaning that these three variables simultaneously affect the empowerment of rice farmers by 0.52. In other words, the model can explain 52% of data diversity, while the rest (48%) is formed by unknown variables (not included in the model) and errors. The level of farmer empowerment in rice farming management is influenced by direct and indirect variables [14]. Empowerment of human resources is a process of business activities to further empower "human resources" through 79 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 human change and development, in the form of abilities, trust, evaluating rice farming. Farmers who are empowered are if authority, and responsibility in the context of implementing they can plan their farming, carry out their farming, and organizational activities to improve performance as expected. evaluate their farming activities so that they can improve their The empowerment of agricultural extension agents is farming activities in the next planting season. For this reason, important because in facing the era of competition and service, the role of extension workers is very important to motivate every organization needs workers who are responsive and farmers to continue to improve their farming, especially rice. independent so that the organization has an advantage through its human resources [15] . Some of the principles of 3.3. Rice Farmers Empowerment Strategy empowerment are: 1) placing the community (farmers) as The strategy is often defined as certain steps or actions that competent actors or subjects who can reach resources and are carried out to achieve a desired goal or target. opportunities, 2) the community (farmers) must see Conceptually, a strategy is often interpreted by a variety of themselves as important agents who can influence change, 3) approaches. Strategies are systematic steps taken in carrying the level of awareness is the key to empowerment because out activities to get the maximum expected results. Some knowledge can mobilize action for change, 4) empowerment translate strategy as ways, techniques, tactics to achieve involves access to resources and the ability to use these certain goals. The strategy is a way of doing something to resources effectively, and 5) the empowerment process is achieve goals. Similar to the nature of the model, the strategy dynamic, synergistic, and keep changing, where the problem is dynamic and its actualization is largely determined by time always has various solutions. What is more important is that and place factors [17] . The strategy is a process as well as an farmers themselves must participate in empowerment and important product related to the implementation and control of maintain togetherness and cooperation in groups [16] . The activities carried out to win the competition for the factors that directly influence the empowerment of rice farmers achievement of goals. The strategy is a tool to achieve goals. are participation (planning, implementation, and evaluation), The concept of strategy continues to evolve and can differ the intensity of empowerment (technical skills, innovative from one another according to the goals to be achieved. The behavior, farmer involvement, strengthening of resource community empowerment strategy has three directions, firstly acquisition, and cooperation ability), and support for the community alignment and empowerment, secondly physical and socio-economic environment (support strengthening the autonomy and delegating authority in government policies, institutional support, and experts). development management that develops community Indirectly, the empowerment of rice farmers is influenced by participation. Third, modernization through sharpening the the personality traits of farmers (courage to take risks and direction of changes in socio-economic structures (including creativity), the pattern of division of labor (production, health), culture, and politics that are rooted in community reproduction, and social), and the availability of agricultural participation. Farmers' empowerment strategies in rice farming information (the meaning of information, amount of management are formulated based on an empowerment information, and quality of information). model designed with input, process, output, and outcome approaches [18] . The strategy built is guided by a structural model that has been tested through Smart PLS analysis. The test results show that the estimation of model parameters can be reduced to a strategy with a flow of thinking strategies for empowering rice farmers as follows:

The results of testing the parameter estimation of the model can be derived into a strategy with a strategy for empowering rice farmers as follows: 1. Input The inputs referred to in the paddy farmer empowerment strategy are farmer personality traits, work distribution patterns, empowerment intensity, availability of agricultural information, and support for the physical and socio- economic environment. 2. Process Empowerment of farmers to improve farmer personality traits, the pattern of division of labor, intensity of Fig 2. The standardized value of the estimated parameter of empowerment, availability of agricultural information, and the structural model for rice farmers support for the physical and socio-economic environment. 3. Output Regression Model Increased farmer participation in farm planning, carrying Y2 = 0.267 Y1 + 0.419X5 + 0.308 X7, R2 = 52% out farming activities and evaluating rice farming activities. 4. Outcome Factors that indirectly affect the empowerment of rice farmers Increased empowerment of rice farmers so that they can are farmer personality traits (X2), namely: risk courage and get market access, the ability to manage finances, and farmer creativity, division of labor (X3), namely: production, have the ability to partner with other farmers, the reproduction, and social. The empowerment of rice farmers in government, and the private sector. the two research location districts has no direct effect but must The strategies formulated to increase the empowerment of participate in farmer groups in planning, implementing, and rice farmers in their farming management are 1) short-term

80 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 strategy: encourage increased participation of rice farmers [3] Yuliarmi NN, Marhaeni AAIN, Saskara IAN, Arka S, (planning, implementing, and evaluating) by increasing Wiagustini NLP. Keberdayaan Industri Kerajinan Rumah personality traits (courage to take risks and creativity), patterns Tangga Untuk Pengentasan Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Bali of division of labor (production, reproduction, and social), and (Ditinjau dari Aspek Modal Sosial dan Peran Lembaga availability of agricultural information (the meaning of Adat). Piramida. 2014;10(1):19–28. information, amount of information, and quality of information); [4] Hishiyama R. Sustainable Empowerment Models for and 2) long-term strategy: increasing the empowerment of rice Rural Pastoral Communities in Kenya. Procedia - Soc farmers by increasing farmer participation (planning, Behav Sci [Internet]. 2013;85:432–42. Available from: implementing, and evaluating), empowerment intensity http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.372 (technical capability, innovative behavior, farmer involvement, [5] Bekun S, Tiza AL. Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pedesaan strengthening resource acquisition, and cooperation ability) Melalui Transformasi Nilai-Nilai Kewirausahaan dalam and environmental support. physical and socio-economic Pelaksanaan Program Desa Mandiri Cinta Petani (Sari (government policy support, institutional support, and experts). Tani) di Kecamatan Insana, Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Agrimor. 2017;2(01):4–9. 4 CONCLUSION [6] Khusna K, Fadhilah Kurniati R, Muhaimin M. 1. The empowerment of farmers in the Pandeglang Regency, Pengembangan Model Pemberdayaan Petani Padi Lebak Regency is quite high. melalui Program Hulu Hilir Agromaritim Bidang Pertanian. 2. 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Implementasi Program (planning, implementing, and evaluating) by increasing Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dalam Mewujudkan personality traits (courage to take risks and creativity), the Kesetaraan Gender. J Borneo Adm. 2015;11(2):201–20. pattern of division of labor (production, reproduction, and [13] Jaya MN, Sarwoprasodjo S, Hubeis M, Sugihen BG. social), and availability of agricultural information (the Tingkat Keberdayaan Kelompok Tani pada Pengelolaan meaning of information, amount of information, and quality Usahatani Padi di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Jawa of information); and 2) long-term strategy: increasing the Tengah. J Penyul. 2017;13(2):166. empowerment of rice farmers by increasing farmer [14] Aini N, Yamika WSD, Yurlisa K, Cholid FA, Amalia F, participation (planning, implementation, and evaluation), Prasetyo J. Pemberdayaan Kelompok Tani Sayur Melalui empowerment intensity (technical capability, innovative Penerapan Pertanian Sehat Di Sentra Petani Sayur Desa behavior, farmer involvement, strengthening resource Bokor Kecamatan Tumpang Kabupaten Malang, Jawa acquisition, and cooperation ability) and environmental Timur. J Layanan Masy (Journal Public Serv. support. physical and socio-economic (government policy 2020;4(1):116. support, institutional support, and experts). [15] Sutisna A, Sekolah PL. Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dan Pengarusutamaan Gender Woman Empowerment and Gender Equalization Through. 2012;7(2). ACKNOWLEDGMENT [16] Handayani RS, Ismadi I, Kasmiran A. Pemberdayaan This research is financially supported by the IsDB Research Masyarakat melalui Pembuatan Jerami Fermentasi untuk Grant Program, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University in 2019 Pakan Ternak Sapi di Kecamatan Muara Batu Aceh (Contract No. B / 60 / UN 43.9 / PT.01.03 / 2019) of the Islamic Utara. 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