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Die Römischen Eigennamen

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Die Römischen Eigennamen ~ie riintifdJen <i:igenumutn. SDie römifdJen ~igennamen I}aben bie $l)i[oIogen lilteter unb neuerer .Beit in .l)inftd}t auf ~!l~mologie unb auf 6pradigebtaud) uieI­ fadl befd}liftigt. jIDeniger l)at bie juriftifdi,l)iftorifd)e 6eite biefer 3nfli: tuHon Diejenige !Berüdfid}tigung gefunben, lUeld)e pe ftdier aud) ver, bient ; einige !Bemertungen l}ierüber I nid)t id)luer AU madien unb tl}eiIlUeife nidits weniger als neu, möd)ten bodi in il}m .8uiammen, fte[ung nü~Iidi fein unb aU tueiteren (?:rlUägungen anregen. ~s mirb babei aUßaugeI}en fein non berjenigen 91amen~form, bie über bie 6d)ei, bung ber gried)ifd),itaIifd}en Stämme AurÜlfreidlt unb aus ber !Berglei: d}ung namentIidJ ber gried)ifd}en unh ber itaHfd}en 9lamenßformen fidl als bie tltfprüngIid)e f}etuußfteDt; lUeiter ift fohunn 5u aeigen, lUeId)e Um, un'o 2!:usbHbung Diefer Urname innerf}alb ber ftaatIidlen unb ll)radllidien tEn1lUid'tung !Roms em\)fangen l}al. mame, nomen vom 6tamme novisse, alro eigenlIidi stenn, aeidlen, ift in Im 6prad)e bas, lUaß fadiIidi baß 3n'oinibuum ift. 1Jer SJlame reidlt barum genau fo lUeit tuie bie IDlögIidilett .unb bas !Be, bürfni~ hes 3n'oivibuaIiftrens un'o ilt in feiner urfprüngIidien un'o normalen @lefta{t einfad} ; 1U0 in ältefter .8eitSDoppeInamen uorfommen, tuie aum !Bei[\)ieI ftül) bei einAeInen @löttern, liegt lUol)I überall ein nid}t Aur völligen !BetfdimeIaung gelangter SDoppeIbegtiff bem SDoppel' namen au @ltun'oe, !Bon bem IDlenfd)en, bei bem 'oie 3n'oivibuam~t am id)ärfften uno tief»en empfunDen lUiro, gilt oie ~innamigleit burdi' aus: bei ben 3taIilern nidit, minber lUie bei ben @lriedien unb ben SDeutfdien ift ber 9lame im eigentIid}en 6inne, biejenige !8e3eidniung, oie mit bem 3nbiuiouum geboren IUhb unb ftirbt, \:.lon .l)aU0 aus ein einfadler gewefcn unb ift bieg geblieben, fo lange llas 6pradi' unb llaß @lemeinbegefül}l lebenbig blieb. Ueber llie jIDal)1 bes 9lamens lann utfptünglid} nid}t:3 uotgefditieben gelUefen fein; wellet in 3talien nodi bei ben @ltied)en UnO ;Deutjd)en lällt fief} fi'!r llie ältefte Beit ein Illuf· f. 'tUol. W. 6. XV. 11* 170 ~)i t! l: Ömif a, t! n ~ i gen n Cl men, gefd)foffener $treis tlon 0nllitlibuafnamen nad)lueifen nnll ebenfo wal' es wol;I ilu1äffig, abet feinei1llt1egs notl}lt1enbig obet uud) nut übetwie< genb l;iiu~g ben dtedid)en 0nbitlilJllCllnamen in ben .!tinbetn fortilu< vf(anilen. €Vrad)Iid) werben hie ~igcnnamen im ®ansen ahiectltlifd) enl!oicfelt: man fagt, um bei ben römifd)en Ham fBebeutung fteI)en ilU bleiben, Quintus, Sextl1s, Postumus; MaIlius, Lucius, her am !lRorgen, am %oge ®eborene; Marcus, Ml1merCUB, Tiberius bon !IRars ,!lRamer§;, :tilmis; Servius, Ga(v)ins non servare, gaudere; Publius l.lon poplllus lute pl1triusl.lolt pater; Pro­ culus 1 ber ~reifte u. f. w., Itlogegen Gnaevus, 3'led einileIn ftel}t unh man bafür nieltnel)r Gnaevius, fledig erllJortet. 91atfll'liel) roerben in aUen <SlJu1d)en bei ben älteften ~igellnamen l.lorilugi:;weife 'oie äUe< ften ~erillation!'fuffire gefunben; wie benn in ber römifdlen ~igelt' namenbifbung bas alte fonft meiftenlI}eiIs tlerbtdllgte (5ul~~ ius nod) burd)aus bit! erfte moUe f:piert. - llUfo in älteftet .Beit ift ber 0nbitlibualname einfad) ; tnbe~ wo er llon fBürgetn lJotfommt, fte!}t er boa, niemals aUein. ?Bel;aulJtung ber tömildlen ~ele!)rten, baü bie dUeften Iateinifdlen 91amen eingIiebrig gelt1efen feielt 1), baß !}eiüt aus bem blo~en 3nbilJibualnamen beflonbclt glilten / ift lebigIid} abftra!}irt auß ber fvlit Uno fdlledlt crfllnhenen monllllußfage; ber G}ebraud), bem 3nbiuibualnamen auf 'oie bürgerIidjen lBergdltniffc beß 3nbiuibuums beilüglid)e unh mit bem ~1amen 3U einer ~inl)eit ner~ fd}meI3enbe IDeterminatil:lc beiilufügen, ift l:liellnegr unl:lOrbellfIidl alt unb 3wei ober hrei berartige ~etenninatil:le bis über 'oic :trcnnung ber <Stämme 3urüd tlerfolgbar: einmal 'oie &ngabe beß !lRanneß, in beffen ~ewart baß 3nbitlihuum ftel}t ober geflanbenl;at, bie fid) fortjel,}en rann auf benienigen, unter bem biefer ®eroaIlf)aber feinerjeits fte!)t ober ftanb unb fo roeHer Ins Unenblid)e aufwärts; ilweitens; jeboa, nur bei freien !lRlinnern unb 3rauen, bie 2rngabe he6'~ifhicts, bem bas 3nhMbuum angef)ört; en'onel) brillenß tlicUeid)t bas }IDalJlJen. 1) ~et fBcilab bes ®eroaIt!)abernamenß 1ft bcfannllidi bei ben 1) 0dJrift de nom, A. m. : Varro eimplicia. in Italia. fuisse nomina. ait existima.lionisque suae al'gumentum l'efert, quod Homulus et Hemus et Faustulus neque p!'aenomen ullum neque cognomen habuerint. (!Jgt 'iU.jJ~ialt pra~f. 13). mUe midlid) Uti~rünglia)en 9/umen ,mie 9/uma \polnpi­ nuß ,\!kca: S!arentia finb meqrglielirig. ID i e r ömif d) en ~ i g(llt n (l men, 171 @riedlen un'Q bei ben 3talifem allgemein fü.t Wreie lnie für 6c~al)en, fib; IDldnner wie für 'iJ.auen üblid) unb bie bafüt in ilUefte:. 8eit aU{;fd)IicjiHd) gebrdudlIid)e 'iJorm 'oie lBeifügung be!l ~errenn(lmen~. im @enitil1 gewefen, wie fte bie Wriedlen, Umbrer, molGle., \$\Imniten im mater., hie mömer im IDl(lnne!l', alle 91ationen in hem manien bei3 6clal1pd}errn belllaQJ:t ~a()en. $Dafj hie römifd)e lBeifüg/.lng; b.~~ itinbeB., hie g.iedJifdle hei3 Wrauenprdhicat{\ jünger fft, äei9t beren flJorabifd)ei3 auf ein5e(lte möUer befdmtnfte5 ~rfd)einen UIlP für 9~fS. itinbeßI.mi'oicat Ito(l} bcfonoerß l,lie G:rWiigung, bau oie dltefte 91amensform ftd)edid) 'oie IDlögHdlfeit geboten ~at ba!! Wefd)(ed)tßugifter be.r Wreie.n beliebig fOl'täufe~ell/ hieß aud) bei ber gried)ifdJen unb o?3fifd)el1: 91a. menGbilbung fe~r \l)ol}l gefd)eften fann, hagegen bei ber römifd)en qurd) ben IDlcmgd in'oillibucUer lBeäeidmu1tgen für hie entfernteren matel,< hentengrabe unutöglid) wirb. G:ben hara.uf 1 llafl nl(ln urflJtu,ngliw Marcus Mard gefagt ftat, bem!}t her fpdtere: l5prad)gebta;ud) filius belA Wenitiu nadJ. / nid)t, wie eB fonft her ftrengen meSel gemMm ludre, i!}m \1oraIl3ufteUen. ;Dafür, baj3 bei biefe1:lt IDeterminatil1 ber lei.tenbe @ejtd)tßpunct butd)au~ ber ber 'iJami[iengewalt, beG tömifdlen ill p o~ testate mauu mll.1lcipio esse gewefen irt, flltid)tt~eil6 bie G:inQeit; fid)felt unb ~1fterlf)iimfidJfdt biefet ~llffaffung, tl}eUi3 befonbet6 bet €llradlgebraudl, weld)er in fold)er mel'bhl~ung l;>urd) hen @enitiu ~u. nCidJft ba6 ~mfd)ait6. unb ~igentbllmlltlet!}dltn\j3 an3u3eigen tJfIeg~ Caecilia Omss!, L!11/.lOlJtJi1111t; LlWlOlJi#vovt; finh fllradlfidi unb red)tlidl glddJartig mit nger Titi. ~nblid) Ht bafür uod) ger. tenb aU nl<ad)en / ball auf ben dUeften @raQfdJriften I nal\tent.Iidl ben l't,ineftinifd)en bei Wranen1lamen nicmalß mater. unb IDlnnl1ßnamen cumulirt geful1ben werben, fOl1bern hurdlauß nur cntnleber jener ober biefet. Urfllriil1glidl fdleinen alfo aUe unl:lerl}eiratl}eten Wtauen ben mater. 1 aUe iJerl)cirall}eten aUllfdJliejilid) belt IDlnnnßnamen als ;Deter' minatiiJ il]wn 31111iuillUalnamen angeqdl1gt an l}aben; womit aug1eid) bie aui.\ bem ~ebraud) beß ~enitiiJi3 für el}el}mlid)e wie für iJiiter. lidje @eWalt enlfte!}enbe 811'eibeutigfeit infofern aufgel}oben wirb, als baä im tontreten Wall obwaltenbe ~ewnUiJerftältnij3 bod) immer beftimmt uni) feft angeaeigt War. 2) ~ai3 äWeite uralte IDeterminatiiJ 3U11l 3nbibillualnamen ift 172 5D i e r ömif ~ en ~ i ge11 nameil. bie I'5taml1lbeäeid)l1uug: ~qJ1jt7:tOt;, Il[Uft,'lJtIi1lC;, Ai8at.t'o1jC;, Corne~ !ius, Marcius. ~as jBilbungßgefe§ fett ben 6tammnamen fällt, fiJtad1' lid1 bettad)tet, an[dngIid) äufammen mit bem jBilbullgsgefev beil 3ubiui. bualnamens, luie fiel) bas am beutIid1ften barin äei9t, ba~ 3um jBeifpiel ®auius, 5!uduG bei ben l'5amniten ebenfo als )Bor. Itlie als I'5tamm. namen lJotfommen. ~ol}l aber lag "es in bel.' l'5ad)e, ba~ bas Streben nnd) IDiffetenairun9 l}iet fid) fel}t frul} regte unh bem l'raftifd)en !Be. bürfni~ (gigen. unb Stamnmamen f)anbgreif1id) 3u untetfd)eiben 1Red1. nung trug butd) eine entfpred}enbe VleguIirung ber in dItefter .seit freien uno luiUfutlid) lucd)feInben Suf~~e" !Bei ben ®tied}en fd)ltlanft nod} bas gentilicifdie (gtf)nifon: es finbet fidi -loJ'jr;, -uu; neben einnnbet; bie 3taHter, uor allem mit bet if)nen eigenen Strenge bie fRömet lJaben baG €5uffi~ - ius hn gentilidfd)en (gfl}nifon aUG' fd)lie~lid) btttd)gefÜl}rt, fo ba~ in ffiom fein einöiger pah:idfd)er Stamm unb nut fef)r wenige 1'lebejifd)e 2) biefer fRegel ftd) entäieqen un'o audi bei ben Samniten biefelbe aiem(id) aUßnaqml05 gilt. Umgefel)rt \Diro bei ben tömifdien l§igennamen baß Suffit - ius gern lJermieben; Fusus, In1us, Marcns, Postumus, Qnintns, Sextus, Titus, TuBus, Volusus ober Volesus )inb l§igen., Fusius ober Furius, Iu!ius, Marcius, Postumins, Qnintius, Sextins, Titius} Tul­ 1ins, Valerius Stammnamen, unb eben barum Itlarb aud1 \Dof)l ber )Borname Gnaevus} uidit, Itlie eß eigentrid) angemeffen Itlar, Gnae~ vius gebilbet. möUigfteiIid} lie~ baß alte ius lidi nid)t außmeräen, namentlidi nid')t bei ben u-raHen. länglt feftftef)enben ~igennamen Gains, LllCius, Manius, Publius, Servius, Spurius, Tiberius; f)ie-r 2) @;i!m: Im ieUianl~en t!iiüe ber 'lI:rt in ball mOnlm Verres. 'lI:M beree luirb luof)! mit Ulmd)t ljieIJer ge30gen. @So I)df!t brt IDlörber c.l:iifare, ber IriOHd)e @SofjU bC{l "'01. 3uuhtß 18rutull, 'lI:boNil1ioljn beß D. @SrriiHiu. c.l:llepio, im offlcleflm @StU 0. c.l:aepio 18rutttß ober O. c.l:llepio (Ci Q. ad Att 2, 24, 2; ad fam. 7, 21; Phii. 10 a. ~.: ~dljc! 6, 24), im gemeinen !Beder)1: aud) luof)1 mit feinem uatiirlid)ett !Bor< Ullb 18einamen IDl. .i8rutUtl, duer niCl1lal{l lucber @Seriii!illtl nod) 3uuhtß. 3uiofmt füljtt bie@Sdltift de nom. Q. 2 c.l:acpio a!ß 18cl\picf eiuc{\ 3Hlll nomeu gtltlllrbCllen oognomen an, namque hoo in Bruto nominis looum ol1tinuit.
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