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Prosopografía De Los Tribunales De La Plebe Durante La República Arcaica

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Prosopografía De Los Tribunales De La Plebe Durante La República Arcaica PROSOPOGRAFÍA DE LOS TRIBUNOS DE LA PLEBE DURANTE LA REPÚBLICA ARCAICA (494-287 a.C.)* por L. SANCHO ROCHER Los siglos V y IV de la Roma republicana se caracterizan por el desa­ rrollo de lo que se denomina enfrentamiento patricio plebeyo y que conduce a la instauración del Estado republicano clásico. Es esta una etapa de consti­ tución paulatina de los elementos que activan la máquina de la República y en ella aparece un componente imprescindible de la misma, el tribuno de la plebe. Los tribunos son en principio, los representantes de un grupo social mar­ ginado de las tareas políticas y, cuya organización social y actividades econó­ micas aparecen como radicalmente distintas de los de la oligarquía patricia. La labor que desempeñan, sin embargo, conducirá a un sector de la plebe a la identificación casi total con parte del patriciado, haciendo que «plebe» ad­ quiera unas connotaciones distintas: los pobres, y los mismos tribunos de la plebe, funciones que abarcan el ámbito de la ciudad. El estudio prosopográfico de los tribunos que ejercieron su función entre el 494 y el 287 cobra importancia tanto en relación con la composición del orden social que dirigen como respecto a la extracción de la que procedían los que eran erigidos en defensores de la plebe. Por lo demás, los modernos estudios de prosopografía han logrado muchas veces esclarecer momentos os­ curos de la historia republicana. Existen precedentes de inestimable valor que deben ser utilizados como premisas en cualquier intento de este carácter. Las obras que a continuación señalaremos guardan cierta relación temática entre sí. Todas fueron diseñadas a partir de una hipótesis de trabajo que se intentó demostrar con comprobaciones a posteriori, por lo que, al parecer, se condi­ cionaron los resultados. * Este artículo constituyó la última parte de nuestra Tesis Doctoral, presentada en Zarago­ za el 3. XII, 1983 y dirigida por el doctor G. Fatás Cabeza. El Departamento de Historia Anti­ gua ha publicado una versión de la misma recientemente que, por lo tanto, complementa este estudio. CAESARAUGUSTA. — 63 103 L. Sancho Rocher Es necesario citar en primerísimo lugar el artículo de Mommsen «Die römische Patriciergeschlechter», publicado en las Römische Forschungen1, donde intenta llegar al conocimiento de cuáles son las gentes patricias, to­ mando como criterio de investigación el de las funciones realizadas sólo por patricios, como son el consulado y los sacerdocios. En consecuencia, Mommsen no se plantea la posibilidad de que dichos cargos no fuesen en origen reservados a los patricios. La obra de Münzer en la extensa serie de artículos de la Real Encyclo­ pädie y en el libro Römische Adelsfamilien und Adelsparteien, quizás haya te­ nido una influencia todavía mayor en la ciencia actual2. Sobre la base de que la identidad del nomen significaba pertenencia a la misma familia gentilicia y con una acribía extremada frente a los datos de la tradición, empezaba por poner en relación a los personajes de idéntico nomen pertenecientes a la his­ toria de los primeros siglos de Roma con los históricos de fines de la Repú­ blica. Si éstos eran plebeyos, automáticamente quedaba invalidada la histori­ cidad de cónsules o sacerdotes que con el mismo nomen apareciesen durante el siglo V. En este sentido Munzer se hacía eco de las tendencias hipercríti­ cas imperantes en algunos filólogos germanos de principios de siglo, quienes concedían poca verosimilitud —si no ninguna— a las fuentes conocidas sobre los siglos V y IV. Finalmente cabe citar a dos recientes autores. Ranouil en Recherches sur le patriciat3, se basa en dos hipótesis: que el patriciado lo formaron los descendientes de los pocos que habían accedido al consulado o decenvirato en el siglo V hasta una fecha concreta, que se trata de desvelar; y que existe una gens en sentido muy amplio y con raíces muy antiguas, que sería la que iría dando lugar a la existencia de familias (llamadas también gentes) históricas, plebeyas y patricias aunque empleando idéntico nomen4 . Este principio le sir­ ve para explicar la historicidad de algunos casos complejos, como es el de los Minucii; pero utilizado sectorialmente, sólo cuando conviene a la tesis demostranda, pierde rigor científico. Por último, Palmer en The Archaic Community of the Romans5 dedica un apéndice a los tribunos de la plebe, con el fin de elaborar la lista de las familias plebeyas. Para ello, sigue la tradicional separación de oficios patri­ cios y plebeyos en las distintas épocas: se trata, en cierto modo, de la misma técnica de Mommsen, pero aplicada a las gentes plebeyas. En la enumeración que presentamos a continuación se analiza en concre­ to cada caso de los que alcanzaron el tribunado de la plebe entre 494 y 287, 1 Römische Forschungen (=RF) I, Hildesheim 1962 (Berlín 1864), 69-127. 2 Römische Adelsfamilien und Adelsparteien (-AFP), Darmstadt 1963 (Stuttgart 1920). 3 Recherches sur le patriciat (509-366 a.v. J. -C), París 1975. 4Sigue así la tesis de SHATZMAN. I., «Patricians and Plebians: the Case of the Veturii» C.Q. 23, 1973, 65-77. 5 The Archaic Community of the Romans, Cambridge 1970. 104 CAESARAUGUSTA — 63 Prosopografía de los tribunos de la plebe durante la República Arcaica (494-287 a.C.) relacionándolo con los que se conocen de mismo nomen, especialmente los que vivieron en la misma época. Ello permitirá la extracción de conclusiones acerca del origen social de los primeros líderes plebeyos y de su relación con las familias que ejercieron el gobierno entre esas fechas. * * • ACUTIUS. 1.— M. Acutius, tr. pl. 401. Se trata del único tribuno de esta familia, que tampoco proporcionó ma­ gistrados durante la República. Su caso es controvertido debido a su relación con la misma emisión de la lex Trebonia6 en el 448 y tras la cooptación de algunos patricios7. Sin embargo, el nomen es conocido epigráficamente en Praeneste en el siglo I d.C.8 y Schulze9 le atribuye un origen etrusco. ALIENUS 2.— L. Alienus, tr. pl. 456-455; aed. pl. 454. Como tribuno fue colega de Icilius durante dos años, defendiendo la lex de Auentino publicando y como edil persiguió al cónsul del 455, Veturius, condenándole al pago de una multa 10. Ranouil11, siguiendo textualmente a Ogilvie12, afirma que «...Valerius Antias... rapportait por ces rôles modestes... des noms empruntés aux familles de son époque qu'il voulait honorer: Consi- dius, Statius, Alienus, Racilius». Pero ni los Alienii fueron una familia pode­ rosa del siglo I, ni su aparición a la sombra de un Icilius supondría una for­ ma real de encumbramiento. Por lo demás, lo singular de su actividad políti­ ca, desempeñando el cargo de edil, hace pensar en que ni el suceso ni los per­ sonajes sean simple imaginación de los analistas. 6 Liv. III 65, 4. 7 Según MÜNZER. F., RE XII 1, col 327, s.v. «Lacerius», se trataría de un nombre falso, formado sobre el infinitivo lacerare. RANOUIL. P. CH., «Recherches...» pág. 132, n.° 3, también cree que es un patricio imaginario. 8 CIL XIV 3.047 y ss. 9 SCHULZE. W., Zur Geschichte Lateinischer Eigermamen (=SCHULZE, W.,), Berlín 1966 (1904), pp. 67-68. 10 Liv. III 31, 5-6; D.H. X 48, 3-4. 11 Recherches..., pág. 99. 12 OGILVIE. R.M., A Comentary on Livy. Books 1-5, (-Comentary), pág. 14. CAESARAUGUSTA. — 63 105 L. Sancho Rocher ANTISTIUS 3.— Ti? Antistius, tr. pl. 422. 4.— A. Antistius, tr. pl. 420. 5.— M. Antistius, tr. pl 319. Otro personaje de la gens Antistia podría servir de eslabón entre los tri­ bunos del siglo V y el del siglo IV; se trata del tribuno consular del 379 l3. El primer Antistius fue elegido tribuno de la plebe en ausencia, junto al decurión de la caballería Sex. Tempanius, el cual sirvió a las órdenes del cónsul del 423, C. Sempronius Atratinus, sufriendo bajo su mando la derrota contra los volscos. En el relato de Livio 14 el año de su tribunado, un tal L. Hortensius acusó al cónsul derrotado, por su actitud en el combate. Cuatro tribunos vetaron la acción de Hortensius, siendo probablemente los elegidos con Tempanius, que habían sido centuriones a sus órdenes. El Antistius del 420 es citado también a causa del proceso reiniciado contra C. Sempronius15 y el del 319 podría ser el promotor de la rogatio de Satricanis16 que otorgaba poder al Senado para castigar a los romanos rebe­ lados en Satricum y personaje, en consecuencia, perfectamente histórico. Para Schulze17 se trataría de un nomen originado en un praenomen etrusco. APPULEIUS. 6.— L. Ap(p)uleius, tr. pl. 391. Es el primer personaje conocido de la gens Appuleia, a la que también pertenecía el famoso tribuno cesariano Saturninus. Camillus fue acusado por L. Appuleius por delito de extorsión relativa al botín de la ciudad etrusca de Veyes 18, lo que a ojos de los romanos no podía constituir un hecho glorioso, puesto que el reo era uno de los héroes de la memoria nacional. 13 BROUGHTON, T.R.S., The Magistrates ofthe Roman Republic (=MRR), Cleveland, Ohio, 1968 2; 1, pág. 106. 14 Liv. IV 42, 6-9. 15 Liv. IV 44, 6-l0.Cf. RANOUIL. P. CH., Recherches..., pp. 197-199. 16 Liv. XXVI, 33, 10. Cf. IX 16, 2. 17 SCHULZE, W., pp. 123-124, del etrusco antni, antinal, Antius o Ant-estius. 18 Liv. V 32, 8-9; Plut. Cam. 12, 3; Cic. de domo 86, Diod. XIV 117, 5; D. H. XIII 5; Plin. N.H. XXXIV 13; Val. Max. V 3, 2a; Zon. VII 22. OGILVIE. R.M., Commentary..., pp. 698-9 no duda de que Camillus se hallase voluntariamente exiliado en época del saqueo galo aunque no especula sobre las razones de esta ausencia.
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