Finding Market Opportunities in POLAND

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Finding Market Opportunities in POLAND Finding market opportunities in POLAND International Business 14 16 18 20 24 ∞ ∞ ∞ Bay of Gdansk ∞ Kaliningrad RUSSIAN ∞ Wejherowo la LITHUANIA POLAND Lebork u Slupsk Gdynia t is FEDERATION BALTIC SEA Sopot V S he lu Gdansk f t pi o a Bay Kolobrzeg 11 P Suwalki cie a a Jezioro ujs Elblag st yn o Koszalin i a ek L Mamry 54 54 in n Tczew a ∞ ∞ w a Starogard S r Gdanski Malbork e Jezioro Elk Wolin Wolin 14 Sniardwy I. m GERMANY o Chojnice Olsztyn Szczecinek i a Hrodna P Ilawa r Szczecin 16 Grudziadz u a 10 w s Stargard a la Szcecinski r is DISTRICTS OF D W a Bydgoszcz ew Lomza Bialystok ar POLAND Pila 2 M N 1 Dolnoslaskie O Note¥c Torun Ostroleka d r 2 Kujawsko-Pomorskie a CiechanÛw Inowroclaw 3 LÛdzkie W rta k Wa Wloclawek ra a 4 Lubelskie GorzÛw i Wielkopolski Great 7 v 5 Lubuskie Plock Bug Gniezno W o 5 Poznan isla Legionowo 6 Malopolskie z BELARUS (Warsaw) 7 Mazowieckie 15 Kutno Warszawa Brest- O ta a Siedlce Litovsk dra ar Minsk 8 Opolskie Obra W Konin PruszkÛw 52 P Mazowiecki ∞ ro ZyrardeÛw Otwock s M Biala 9 Podkarpackie Polandn Zielona GÛra a Podlaska N B Skierniewice 10 Podlaskie Û Nowa SÛl y Leszno s b Zgierz a Kalisz LÛdz r 11 Pomorskie a Wiepz 3 ic a Zary GlogÛw OstrÛw Pabianice Pil 12 Slaskie Wielkopolski TomaszÛw S Sieradz Zdunska Wola Mazowiecki 13 Swietokrzyskie i Pulawy 4 Lubin l PiotrkÛw 14 Warminsko-Mazurskie Boleslawiec e Radom Lublin Odra Trybunalski Olesnica s Chelm 15 Wielkopolskie Zgorzelec Legnica i Skarzysko- 16 Zachodniopomorskie Radomsko Starachowice 1 Wroclaw a Kamienna Jelenia GÛra Brzeg Ostrowiec National capital Walbrzych Swidnica Czestochowa Swietokrzyski 8 Kielce Zamosc District centre Bielawa a s 13 Tarnobrzeg y Stalowa Wola Other city 12 ) N Opole la ec tu Klodzko m w i is International o Û w Zawiercie Nysa Tarnowskie GÛry t z o (V y r n la boundary B o s Littleis Gliwice h o Dabrowa W S C S S District boundary Zabrze GÛrnicza Mielec a u n Main road d Katowice ChrzanÛw e Rybnik Tychy 50∞ t RacibÛrz TarnÛw Railroad e Oswiecim RzeszÛw Jaroslaw n Wodzislaw Slaski Canal M KrakÛw 9 o u Ostrava Poland L'viv Airport n Cieszyn Bielsko-Biala Przemysl CZECH t a 6 Krosno i n Nowy Sacz Sanok 0255075 100 km REPUBLIC s h i a n Stary Sacz M a t o u UKRAINE The boundaries and names shown and the designations used p n 025 50 mi r t a on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance a Zakopane i by the United Nations. n C s 14∞ 16∞ 18∞ 20∞ SLOVAKIA 22∞ Map No. 3784 Rev. 3 UNITED NATIONS Department of Public Information March 2000 Cartographic Section About International Business International Business (IB) is an annual Project carried out by students attending the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH) and the Norwegian School of management (IB). The main pur- pose of the project is to study potential markets for inter- national business ventures, and support Norwegian enterprises entering these markets. Since its beginning in 1984, IB has visited all continents. Every year, with the support from the Norwegian Trade Council, IB selects a foreign emerging market to focus on. Events and developments beyond our borders are essential to a small country like Norway. Globalisation pulls foreign markets and the opportunities they offer closer to us. To take advantage of these opportunities, information and knowledge is essential. IB's primary goal is to provide information on all these areas that are important to enterprises wanting to set up business or invest in a foreign market. IB also develops the participating students' international awareness and skills, and is a forum for contact with the business sector. The findings of the report are based on meetings with companies and institutions in the country focused on, in addtion to extensive research prior to our stay abroad. The whole project is finaced through advertisements in our report. We would like to thank all our sponsors for their support, which is essential for IB to accomplish our goal of producing a usefull report. In addition to the paper-copy, the report is also avai- lable on our web-page: http://www.ib.no. Some previ- ous year's reports are on these pages as well and further information about the IB project. International Business is an independent student organi- zation, and is fully responsible for the content in this report. 1 FOREWORD The Norwegian Government sees culture as an integral part of the country's foreign policy. I welcome this in-depth study of market oppor- Therefore, art and trade go together. The tunities in Poland - a country with which Norway Embassy is involved in a number of Norwegian has close political, military, economic, cultural cultural projects in Poland in the areas and commercial relations. of music, literature, theatre and art exhibitions. Both countries are members of inter alia NATO, OECD and WTO. The Norwegian Government supports the expansion of the European Union and has initiated a Plan of Action with a view to developing fur- ther co-operation with the candidate countries. Within the framework of this plan a number of joint projects have been launched in Poland in the fields of fisheries, environment, health, gen- der equality and local democracy. Once Poland will be a member of the European Union; she will also be part of the European Economic Area (EEA), of which Norway is a part. The EEA Agreement ensures free trade in industrial products and free movement of capi- tal, services and persons by means of joint legis- lation. Maritime affairs are important to Norway. We have one of the world's largest merchant fleets. On Norwegian ships there are more than 3,700 Polish seamen, including 1,600 officers. Currently there are twelve Norwegian ships that are on order or being built at Polish shipyards. More than 30 per cent of the Norwegian exports to Poland consist of fish, mainly herring, mackerel and salmon. A large part of the Norwegian fish is being processed at Polish fac- tories and thus creates jobs. With a view to promoting further contact and dialogue a Joint Commission on Fisheries has been established. Sten Lundbo Norway presently exports 0.5 billion cubic Ambassador of Norway to Poland metres (bcm) of natural gas annually to Poland. On 3 September 2001, the Polish Oil and Gas Company and five companies operating on the Norwegian continental shelf signed a long-term agreement according to which Norway will supply Poland a total of 73.5 bcm over a period of 16 years as from the year 2008. This agreement paves the way for the building of a dedicated pipeline from the North Sea to Poland. Norway is the 17th biggest investor in Poland. Among the biggest ones are (in alphabetical order) Borgested Fabrikker, Det Norske Veritas, Hydro, KLIF, Norgips, Orkla, Qubus, Rema 1000, Statoil, Telenor and Ulstein Holding. With Poland as a member of the European Union, the Norwegian interest in investing in this country will probably increase. 2 Acknowledgements It is a great pleasure for Poland is an important me as Ambassador of market for Norwegian Poland that this/next year companies and the annual International interest has increased Business project will focus substantially over on Poland. Norway and the last years. The total Poland share not only trade in year 2000 was common history dyring 5,7 billion NOK, up 16% the last century but are from the previous year. close allies in NATO and Norwegian cooperate politcally and Trade Council (NTC)in economically in creating Warsaw which opera- a new Europe. tes as the Commercial The recent decade has Section of The Royal been particularly dyna- Norwegian Embassy mic and favourable for reports also that the development of Norwegian investment in Poland has increased increased Polish-Norwegian economic relati- over the last years. Fish makes up roughly 35 ons, especially in the areas of shipbuilding, sea- percent of Norwegian export to Poland and food and fish-processing industri, retail trade gas is expected to come up as a good num- and ecological technologies. ber two in the future. Apart from this Norwegian export and business activities in the A special aspect of our economic cooperation Polish market are quite varied and compre- is a gas contract planned to start delivery in hensive. Norwegian Trade Council in Warsaw 2006. encourages in particular companies working with information- and environmental technolo- The timely choice of Poland as the theme for gy,construction and building materials as well this/next year`s International Business reflects as real estate to have a closer look at the great opportunities of the growing economic Polish market. relations between Poland and Norway. opportunities of the growing economic relati- Poland is expected to become an EU member ons between Poland and Norway. in the nearest future, which entails easier mar- ket access and lower risks. Poland with 40 milli- on people, is situated in the heart of Europe and may become a key European business arena and a transit country. NTC looks at Poland with great enthusiasm and optimism. For Norwegian companies the Polish market is a market of opportunities and we wish and hope that NTC Warsaw with its pre- sence will continue to support the successful establishment and growth of Norwegian busi- ness in Poland. 3 Contents Industry Future Prospects Part 1 Heavy Industry SUPPORT FACILITIES 46 Construction Agriculture The Embassy and Consulate Food Production The Royal Norwegian Embassy GENERAL BACKGROUND Banking and Finance Embassy of the Republic of Poland Telecommunications Royal Norwegian
Recommended publications
  • The Protection of Human Rights in the New Polish Constitution
    Fordham International Law Journal Volume 22, Issue 2 1998 Article 2 The Protection of Human Rights in the New Polish Constitution Ryszard Cholewinski∗ ∗ Copyright c 1998 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj The Protection of Human Rights in the New Polish Constitution Ryszard Cholewinski Abstract This Article examines the extent of human rights protection under the Constitution of the Re- public of Poland of April 2, 1997 (”new Polish Constitution” or “Constitution”), adopted on April 2, 1997, by the Polish National Assembly and approved by the Polish people in a referendum on May 25, 1997. The Constitution, a lengthy document composed of 243 articles, came into force on October 17, 1997, and is one of the last constitutions to be adopted in Central and Eastern Europe since the start of the political and socio-economic transformations of the post-communist era. This Article emphasizes the importance of the new Polish Constitution in light of the long tradition of constitutionalism in Poland. Part I surveys some of the earlier constitutional texts, with particular focus on the provisions concerning the protection of human rights. After briefly discussing the difficulties encountered in drafting the new Polish Constitution, Part II analyzes the protection of rights and freedoms in the Constitution in light of the most recent developments. This part focuses on the general principles underlying rights and freedoms in the Constitution, certain prominent civil and political rights of particular importance in their specific Polish context, the debate surrounding the constitutionalization of economic and social rights, the protection of so-called ”third-generation rights” such as the right to a clean and healthy environment, and lim- itations on rights and freedoms.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a Polish American's Christmas in Poland
    POLISH AMERICAN JOURNAL • DECEMBER 2013 www.polamjournal.com 1 DECEMBER 2013 • VOL. 102, NO. 12 $2.00 PERIODICAL POSTAGE PAID AT BOSTON, NEW YORK NEW BOSTON, AT PAID PERIODICAL POSTAGE POLISH AMERICAN OFFICES AND ADDITIONAL ENTRY SUPERMODEL ESTABLISHED 1911 www.polamjournal.com JOANNA KRUPA JOURNAL VISITS DAR SERCA DEDICATED TO THE PROMOTION AND CONTINUANCE OF POLISH AMERICAN CULTURE PAGE 12 RORATY — AN ANCIENT POLISH CUSTOM IN HONOR OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN • MUSHROOM PICKING, ANYONE? MEMORIES OF CHRISTMAS 1970 • A KASHUB CHRISTMAS • NPR’S “WAIT, WAIT … ” APOLOGIZES FOR POLISH JOKE CHRISTMAS CAKES AND COOKIES • BELINSKY AND FIDRYCH: GONE, BUT NOT FORGOTTEN • DNA AND YOUR GENEALOGY NEWSMARK AMERICAN SOLDIER HONORED BY POLAND. On Nov., 12, Staff Sergeant Michael H. Ollis of Staten Island, was posthumously honored with the “Afghanistan Star” awarded by the President of the Republic of Poland and Dr. Thaddeus Gromada “Army Gold Medal” awarded by Poland’s Minister of De- fense, for his heroic and selfl ess actions in the line of duty. on Christmas among The ceremony took place at the Consulate General of the Polish Highlanders the Republic of Poland in New York. Ryszard Schnepf, Ambassador of the Republic of Po- r. Thaddeus Gromada is professor land to the United States and Brigadier General Jarosław emeritus of history at New Jersey City Universi- Stróżyk, Poland’s Defense, Military, Naval and Air Atta- ty, and former executive director and president ché, presented the decorations to the family of Ollis, who of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of DAmerica in New York. He earned his master’s and shielded Polish offi cer, Second lieutenant Karol Cierpica, from a suicide bomber in Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • New Copyright Law of Poland Analysis of Library-Related Provisions
    NEW COPYRIGHT LAW OF POLAND ANALYSIS OF LIBRARY-RELATED PROVISIONS Act No. 83 of February 4, 1994, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights (as amended up to May 20, 2016) Written by Barbara Szczepańska Edited by Teresa Hackett and Barbara Szczepańska August 2016 On 20 November 2015, Poland’s new copyright law entered into force bringing library services in Poland into the twenty-first century. This document sets out to analyze the key amendments related to libraries. The centrepiece for libraries of the new legislation are provisions that enable digitization for socially beneficial purposes, such as education and preservation of cultural heritage. The new law also implements two important European Union Directives, the Directive on orphan works and the Directive on public lending right. The Polish copyright reform process, which began in 2012, was characterized by its transparency and multi-stakeholder engagement. The library community participated for the first time in high-level policy discussions on copyright, and librarians became recognized as important stakeholders in a national reform process. While it is early days to assess the impact of the new legislation, and some practical processes have yet to be put in place, the library community is working hard to raise awareness and train librarians on what the changes will mean for library activities and services in Poland. We hope that this document serves as a useful analysis for librarians and policy-makers involved in copyright law reform around the world. Copyright reform in Poland EIFL provided assistance from 2012-2016 to ‘Copyright reform in Poland’, a project to support libraries and the national copyright reform process.
    [Show full text]
  • Lekarze Getta Warszawskiego
    LEKARZE GETTA WARSZAWSKIEGO Maria Ciesielska Warszawa 2018 Recenzenci: dr hab. n. hum. Anna Marek prof. dr hab. n. hum. Wacław Wierzbieniec Copyright by Maria Ciesielska Redakcja i korekta: Małgorzata Izdebska-Młot Projekt okładki: Justyna Bamba SLBE.BSUB,SZTJʤTLB,VEMBL ISBN: 978-83-948691-1-3 Wydanie drugie (poprawione i uzupełnione) Wydawnictwo Dwa Światy 05-230 Kobyłka, Kościuszki 39 Warszawa 2018 Spis treści Wstęp ............................................................ 7 Rozdział I. SYTUACJA LEKARZY POCHODZENIA ŻYDOWSKIEGO W II RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ ........................................ 26 .V]WDĂFHQLHOHNDU]\LX]\VNLZDQLHXSUDZQLHĄ]DZRGRZ\FK ........ 26 'RVWÙSGRVWXGL³ZPHG\F]Q\FKGODPĂRG]LHļ\ ................. 31 6DPRU]ÅGL]U]HV]HQLDOHNDUVNLH ............................. 49 /HNDU]HĻ\G]LZ7RZDU]\VWZLH/HNDUVNLP:DUV]DZVNLP ......... 56 Rozdział II. OPIEKA ZDROWOTNA W WARSZAWIE PO WYBUCHU II WOJNY ŚWIATOWEJ DO CHWILI UTWORZENIA GETTA ....... 63 /HNDU]HĻ\G]LZQLHZROLQLHPLHFNLHMLVRZLHFNLHM ............... 63 6\WXDFMDVDQLWDUQD:DUV]DZ\ZSRF]ÅWNDFKZRMQ\ ............... 73 2SLHND]GURZRWQDZZDUV]DZVNLFKV]SLWDODFKļ\GRZVNLFK . 77 3RPRF PHG\F]QD ěZLDGF]RQD SU]H] *PLQÙ Ļ\GRZVNÅ L RUJDQL]DFMH VSRĂHF]QH .............................................. 86 8WZRU]HQLHĻ\GRZVNLHM,]E\/HNDUVNLHM ....................... 93 Rozdział III. ORGANIZACJA OPIEKI MEDYCZNEJ W DZIELNICY ŻYDOWSKIEJ .................................................... 102 ']LDĂDQLD5DG\Ļ\GRZVNLHM ................................ 102 .RPLVMHOHNDUVNLHEDGDMÅFHNDQG\GDW³ZGRSUDF\ ..............
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Protection in Post-Socialist Eastern Europe: the Olip Sh Example Julian Conrad Juergensmeyer
    Hastings International and Comparative Law Review Volume 14 | Number 4 Article 5 1-1-1991 Environmental Protection in Post-Socialist Eastern Europe: The oliP sh Example Julian Conrad Juergensmeyer Michael Kulesza Ewa Gmurzynska Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_international_comparative_law_review Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Julian Conrad Juergensmeyer, Michael Kulesza, and Ewa Gmurzynska, Environmental Protection in Post-Socialist Eastern Europe: The Polish Example, 14 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 831 (1991). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol14/iss4/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Environmental Protection in Post-Socialist Eastern Europe: The Polish Example By JULIAN JUERGENSMEYER,* MICHAEL KULESZA,** AND EWA GMURZYNSKA*** The significant political and governmental changes currently taking place in Eastern Europe have wrought an explosion of information con- cerning the economic and social state of the nations in that region.' Rev- elations of the outmoded industries and malftnctioning economies of Eastern Europe probably did not shock most Eastern or Western Europeans, but very few people realized how terrible the environmental degradation had become in that part of the globe. At least part of this surprise can be attributed to decades of repres- sion of information and data concerning environmental pollution in those countries. The prevalence of Marxist legal theory in Eastern Europe since the end of World War II was also responsible for environmental mismanagement.
    [Show full text]
  • Poland by Anna Wójcik Capital: Warsaw Population: 37.95 Million GNI/Capita, PPP: $26,770
    Poland by Anna Wójcik Capital: Warsaw Population: 37.95 million GNI/capita, PPP: $26,770 Source: World Bank World Development Indicators. Nations in Transit Ratings and Averaged Scores NIT Edition 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National Democratic Governance 3.25 3.25 2.75 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.75 3.25 4.00 Electoral Process 2.00 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 Civil Society 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 2.00 Independent Media 2.00 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.00 Local Democratic Governance 2.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 2.00 Judicial Framework and Independence 2.25 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.75 3.25 4.25 Corruption 2.75 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Democracy Score 2.25 2.32 2.21 2.14 2.18 2.18 2.21 2.32 2.57 2.89 NOTE: The ratings reflect the consensus of Freedom House, its academic advisers, and the author(s) of this report. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s). The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest.
    [Show full text]
  • Lectures on Slavonic Law Being the Ilchester Lectures for the Year 1900
    Lectures on Slavonic Law Being the Ilchester Lectures for the year 1900 Feodor Feodorvich Sigel 18451921. Professor of Law in the University of Warsaw Batoche Books Kitchener 2001 Originally published London, 1902. This edition published 2001 by Batoche Books Limited Kitchener, Ontario. Canada email: [email protected] Contents Preface ............................................................................................... 5 Lecture I: Introduction: Bulgaria: Servia ........................................... 6 Lecture II: Russia............................................................................. 19 Lecture III: The Bohemian Kingdom .............................................. 41 Lecture IV Poland ............................................................................ 62 Lecture V: Croatia............................................................................ 83 Notes ................................................................................................ 92 Preface Having been honoured by the invitation of the Curators of the Taylor Institution to deliver lectures on some Slavonic subject, I chose the sources of the Slavonic Law, because the whole political, social, and economi- cal life of a society is most clearly reflected in the legal history. But the first step to an independent knowledge of such a history is a survey of the legal documents, their critical editions and scientific investigations. A serious acquaintance with the sources of the Slavonic Law can be only attained by reading them, which
    [Show full text]
  • Book Review. Obligations in Polish Law by W. J. Wagner
    Maurer School of Law: Indiana University Digital Repository @ Maurer Law Articles by Maurer Faculty Faculty Scholarship 1977 Book Review. Obligations in Polish Law by W. J. Wagner Jurij Fedynskyj Indiana University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Contracts Commons Recommended Citation Fedynskyj, Jurij, "Book Review. Obligations in Polish Law by W. J. Wagner" (1977). Articles by Maurer Faculty. 1825. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/1825 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by Maurer Faculty by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOOK REVIEW OBLIGATIONS IN POLISH LAW. By W.J. Wagner. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1974. Pp. ix, 287 (Vol. 2 of POLISH CIVIL LAW, D. Lasok, ed.; and Vol. 18 (2) of LAW IN EASTERN EUROPE). Jurij Fedynskyj* The Documentation Office for East European Law at the University of Leyden published in the past two decades a number of valuable monographs dealing with Soviet law, and the latest volumes of the series "Law in Eastern Europe" are devoted to the law of Poland. POLISH CIVIL LAW appeared under the editorship of Professor D. Lasok not long after the publication of POLISH FAMILY LAW by the same author. ' Initially planned as a one-volume work it expanded into four volumes and appeared in 1973-1975.2 Only the second volume of this set is the subject of the present review.
    [Show full text]
  • Illiberalism in the V4: Pressure Points and Bright Spots
    ILLIBERALISM IN THE V4: PRESSURE POINTS AND BRIGHT SPOTS Authors: Vit Dostal Lóránt Győri Grigorij Meseznikov Wojciech Przybylski Edit Zgut Edited by Edit Zgut Proofreading: Patrik Szicherle May, 2018 Political Capital and Friedrich Naumann Stiftung TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents .................................................................................................................................. 2 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Hungary: a unique laboratory in the EU ................................................................................................. 8 Constitution ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Checks and balances......................................................................................................................... 10 Media ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Civil society ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Clientelism and corruption ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal Grounds of Emergence and Termination of Mandates of Members
    Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 2019 vol. 24 nr 4 DOI: 10.15290/bsp.2019.24.04.09 Received: 21.03.2019 Accepted: 30.04.2019 Aksana Chmyha Brest State University named aft er A.S. Pushkin [email protected], [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-3798 Th e Legal Grounds of Emergence and Termination of Mandates of Members of Parliaments in Belarus and Poland: a Comparative Analysis Abstract: Th e existing grounds for granting and terminating Belarusian and Polish parliamentary man- dates from the legal point of view are nowadays rather debatable. Th e article presents a comparative study of these legal categories based on the considerable historical, regional and legal similarity of the above neighbouring countries and their legal doctrines. Th e main conclusion of this article is that a large number of similar legislative provisions is related to their essence and is preconditioned mainly by the common origin of Polish and Belarusian parliamentary institutions. Th eir main point is that the grounds for granting and terminating parliamentary mandates, as an integral element of their legal status, sets the time frame for exercising the authority of both Polish and Belarusian members of parliament. Th e existing diff erences between the above legal categories manifest themselves, fi rst and foremost, in their formal expression – the implementation procedure. Keywords: the grounds for granting mandates of parliamentarians, the grounds for terminating man- dates of parliamentarians, Parliament, Belarus, Poland 1. Introduction Th e existing grounds for granting and terminating Belarusian and Polish par- liamentary mandates from the legal point of view are nowadays rather debatable, especially in Polish and Belarusian legal science.1 Th e grounds for granting and ter- 1 K.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitutional Future of the European Union in the 2000S from a Legal Perspective
    One or Many Constitutions? The Constitutional Future of the European Union in the 2000s from a Legal Perspective JO SHAW 1 The Rise and Rise of Constitutionalism …………………………….. 000 2 Legal and Political Constitutionalism in the EU …………………… 000 3 EU Constitutionalism: a Pluralist Challenge ………………………. 000 4 The Challenge of Enlargement ……………………………………… 000 5 The Challenge of Deepening ………………………………………… 000 6 Conclusions …………………………………………………………… 000 Scandinavian Studies In Law © 1999-2012 2 Jo Shaw, One or Many Constitutions? 1 The Rise and Rise of Constitutionalism Everyone, it would seem, is a constitutionalist today. One shift in approach that does seem to have come out of the whole sorry mess of the last six years or so of failed endeavour is that most if not all observers of EU law and politics now seem to accept that the language of constitutionalism and constitutionalisation is appropriate and useful for describing the legal structures under which the EU operates. There does now seem to be a widespread consensus that the EU already has – as lawyers have been arguing for decades – a constitutional framework, albeit one which has a composite and limited character, as befits an entity which inhabits an ambiguous and hard-to-define space between the ‘conventional’ (nation) state and the ‘conventional’ international organisation. It is against the background of an increasingly permissive consensus about using the general language of constitutionalism to describe the European Union, therefore, that debates have been conducted about the fate of the Constitutional Treaty, and about the extent to which it could be described as truly ‘constitutional’ in character (bearing in mind that Part III of the Constitutional Treaty contained much material dealing with questions which are matters of ‘ordinary’ law in most national legal and constitutional orders).
    [Show full text]
  • Poland Opinion on the Act of 15 January 2016 Amending
    Strasbourg, 13 June 2016 CDL-AD(2016)012 Opinion No. 839/ 2016 Or.Eng. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) POLAND OPINION ON THE ACT OF 15 JANUARY 2016 AMENDING THE POLICE ACT AND CERTAIN OTHER ACTS Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 107th Plenary Session (Venice, 10-11 June 2016) on the basis of comments by Mr Iain CAMERON (Member, Sweden) Ms Regina KIENER (Member, Switzerland) Mr Ben VERMEULEN (Member, the Netherlands) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int - 2 - CDL-AD(2016)012 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4 II. Scope of the analysis ...................................................................................................... 4 III. Background to the amendments to the Police Act and other Acts ....................... 5 IV. Short description of the Police Act .......................................................................... 6 V. To what extent measures provided by Articles 19 and 20c of the Act amount to an interference with privacy? ................................................................................................. 8 VI. Substantive and procedural safeguards against abusive surveillance............... 11 A. International standards .................................................................................................. 11 B. Circumstances in which public authorities are empowered
    [Show full text]