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HISTORY AND STANDARDS OF LEARNING American constitutional is founded on CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW) concepts articulated in earlier documents, including those Reformatted version created by SOLpass listed above www.solpass.org Influence of earlier documents on the of the Civics and United States of America • The of the Virginia Company of CE.2a-d Study Guide London guaranteed the rights of Englishmen to the colonists. STANDARD CE.2A • The Virginia Declaration of Rights served as a model for the Bill of -- FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Rights of the Constitution of the United Foundations of American constitutional government- States of America. a) Fundamental principles: • The Declaration of – consent of the governed\

Independence – limited government

– rule of – stated grievances against the king of Great Britain – – declared the colonies’ – representative government independence from Great Fundamental political principles define and shape American Britain constitutional government. – affirmed “certain What are the fundamental political principles that have shaped unalienable rights” (life, government in the United States? liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) established the • Consent of the governed: The people are the source idea that all people are equal under the law. of any and all governmental power. • The Articles of • Limited government: Government is not all-powerful – established the first form of and may do only those things the people have given it national government for the the power to do. independent states • : The government and those who govern – maintained that major powers are bound by the law, as are those who are governed. resided with individual states

• Democracy: In a democratic system of government, – created weak central government (e.g., no power to the people rule. tax or enforce ); led to the • Representative government: In a representative writing of the Constitution of the United States of system of government, the people elect public America. officeholders to make laws and conduct government on • The Virginia for Religious Freedom stated the people’s behalf. freedom of religious beliefs and opinions. The Constitution of the United States of America, including STANDARD CE.2B the Bill of Rights, • established the structure of -- EARLIER DOCUMENTS the United States government Foundations of American constitutional government- • guaranteed equality under b) Significance of earlier documents: the law with majority rule – Charters of the Virginia Company of London and the rights of the – Virginia Declaration of Rights minority protected – Declaration of Independence • affirmed individual worth – Articles of Confederation and dignity of all people – Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom • protected the fundamental freedoms of religion, – the Constitution of the United States, speech, press, assembly, and petition. including the Bill of Rights. STANDARD CE.2C STANDARD CE.2D -- PREAMBLE TO THE CONSTITUTION -- AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION Foundations of American constitutional government- Foundations of American constitutional government- c) Purposes for the Constitution of the United States as d) Procedures for amending the Constitution of Virginia stated in its Preamble. and the Constitution of the United States. The of a constitution Preamble The of Virginia and the United States can be sets forth the goals and purposes amended through processes outlined in the constitutions. to be served by the government. The Virginia constitution has been rewritten several times.

How can the Constitution of the United States be amended?

Constitution of the United States What are the purposes identified in the Preamble?  The amendment process is complex. The Preamble expresses the reasons the constitution was  To date, there are 27 amendments to the written. Constitution of the United States. Purposes of United States government Amendment process:  To form a more perfect union – Proposal: action by Congress or convention  To establish – Ratification: by the states  To ensure domestic tranquility How can the Constitution of Virginia be amended?  To provide for the common Constitution of Virginia  To promote the general welfare  Amendment process: – Proposal: action by General Assembly or  To secure the blessings of liberty convention – Ratification: by voters of Virginia The Preamble begins, “We the People,” thereby establishing that the power of government comes from the people. AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW) What fundamental rights and liberties are guaranteed in the Reformatted version created by SOLpass First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the www.solpass.org United States of America? Civics and Economics First Amendment freedoms  Religion: Government may not establish an official CE.3 & CE.4 Study Guide religion, endorse an official religion, or unduly interfere with the free exercise of religion. STANDARD CE.3A  Speech: Individuals -- BECOMING A CITIZEN are free to express their opinions and The processes by which an individual becomes a citizen of the beliefs. United States.  Press: The press A citizen is an individual with certain rights and duties has the right to under a government and who, by birth or by choice, owes gather and publish allegiance to that government. information, including that How does an individual become a citizen? which criticizes the government. The Fourteenth Amendment to  Assembly: Individuals may peacefully gather. the Constitution of the United  Petition: Individuals have the right to make their States of America defines views known to public officials. as follows: Fourteenth Amendment “All persons born or naturalized in  Extends the due process protection to actions of the the United States, and subject to states the thereof, are citizens of the United States and the state STANDARD CE.3C wherein they reside.” Means of obtaining citizenship -- DUTIES OF CITIZENSHIP  By birth The duties of citizenship, including obeying the laws, paying  By naturalization taxes, defending the nation, and serving in . Immigration and naturalization, particularly in the For government to be effective, citizens must fulfill their civic duties. twentieth century, have led to an increasingly diverse . What civic duties are expected of all citizens? To become a citizen through naturalization, a person must Duties of citizens demonstrate knowledge of American history and principles  laws and the ability to read, speak, and write words in ordinary  Pay taxes usage in the English language.  Obey  Serve in the armed forces, if called STANDARD CE.3B  Serve on a or as a witness in court, when summoned -- CITIZENSHIP’S RIGHTS & DUTIES Citizens who choose not to fulfill these civic duties face First Amendment freedoms of religion, speech, press, legal consequences. assembly, and petition, and the rights guaranteed by due process and equal protection of the laws. The Constitution of the United States of America establishes and protects the citizens’ fundamental rights and liberties. Few rights, if any, are considered absolute. STANDARD CE.3D STANDARD CE.4A-G -- RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENSHIP -- GOOD CITIZENSHIP The responsibilities of citizenship, including Thoughtful and effective participation in civic life depends upon the exercise of good citizenship. – registering and – communicating with government officials How do individuals demonstrate thoughtful and effective participation in civic life? – participating in political campaigns Personal traits of good citizens – keeping informed about current issue  Trustworthiness and honesty – respecting differing opinions in a diverse society  Courtesy and respect for the rights of others A basic responsibility of citizenship is to contribute to the  Responsibility, accountability, and self-reliance common good.  Respect for the law What are the ways individuals demonstrate responsible  Patriotism citizenship?  Participation in the school and/or local Civic responsibilities are fulfilled by choice; they are  Participation in as an informed voter voluntary. Responsibilities of citizens Effective participation in civic life can include  Register and vote  formulating questions  Hold elective office  analyzing information from a variety of sources  Communicate with government  expressing a position officials to influence government  devising and implementing a plan actions  practicing thoughtful decision making in  Serve in voluntary, appointed personal, financial, and civic matters (e.g., voting, government positions civic issues)  Participate in political campaigns.  Keep informed regarding current issues  Respect others’ right to an equal voice in government

STANDARD CE.3E -- COMMUNITY NEEDS Civic and social duties address community needs and serve the public good. A democratic society requires the active participation of its citizens. In what ways do citizens participate in community service? Ways for citizens to participate in community service  Volunteer to support democratic institutions (e.g., League of Women Voters).

 Express concern about the welfare of the community as a whole (e.g., as related to environment, and safety, ).

 Help to make the community a good place to work and live (e.g., by becoming involved with public service organizations, tutoring, volunteering in nursing homes). HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING Third parties CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW)  Introduce new ideas and/or press for a particular Reformatted version created by SOLpass issue www.solpass.org  Often revolve around a political personality (e.g., Civics and Economics Theodore Roosevelt) STANDARD CE.5C -- ROLE OF MEDIA IN CAMPAIGNS

CE.5 Study Guide

STANDARD CE.5A -- POLITICAL PARTIES The functions of political parties Political parties play a key role in government and provide Campaigns for elective office, with emphasis on the role of opportunities for citizens to participate in the political the media. process. Voters evaluate information presented in political What roles do political parties play in the American political campaigns to make reasoned choices among candidates. process? The media play an important role in the political process. Functions of political parties  Recruiting and nominating candidates How do citizens make informed choices in elections?  Educating the electorate about campaign issues Strategies for evaluating campaign speeches, literature, and advertisements for accuracy  Helping candidates win elections • Separating fact from opinion  Monitoring actions of officeholders • Detecting bias • Evaluating sources STANDARD CE.5B • Identifying propaganda How does the media play a role in the political process? -- TWO-PARTY SYSTEM Mass media roles in elections • Identifying candidates Similarities and differences of political parties. • Emphasizing selected issues A two-party system characterizes the American political • Writing editorials, creating political cartoons, process. publishing op-ed pieces Although third parties rarely win elections, they can play • Broadcasting different points of view an important role in public . How are the two major political parties similar, and how do they differ? Similarities between parties  Organize to win elections  Influence public  Reflect both liberal and conservative views  Define themselves in a way that wins majority support by appealing to the political center Differences between parties  Stated in party platforms and reflected in campaigning How do third parties differ from the two major parties? STANDARD CE.5D STANDARD CE.5E -- CAMPAIGN COSTS -- VOTER REGISTRATION The student will demonstrate knowledge of the political The student will demonstrate knowledge of the political process at the local, state, and process at the local, state, and national levels of government national levels of government by by d) examining the role of e) describing voter registration and participation. campaign contributions and costs. Voting is a basic responsibility of citizenship. Running for political office is Voter registration is required before a citizen may vote. expensive. The number of citizens who register and vote is related to How has the high cost of getting how important issues are to citizens. elected changed campaigning for public office? What are the qualifications for voter registration in Virginia? Rising campaign costs Only citizens who register may participate in primary and  require candidates to conduct extensive fund- general elections. raising activities Qualifications to register to vote in Virginia  limit opportunities to run for public office • Citizen of the United States  give an advantage to wealthy individuals who run • Resident of Virginia and precinct for office • At least of age by day of general election  encourage the development of political action 18 years committees (PACs) How to register to vote in Virginia  give issue-oriented special interest groups increased • In person at the registrar’s office, at the Division of influence. Motor Vehicles, or at other designated sites • By mail-in application Campaign finance reform Voter registration is closed 22 days before elections.  Rising campaign costs have led to efforts to reform campaign finance laws. What factors influence voter registration and turnout? Factors in predicting which citizens will vote  Limits have been placed on the amount individuals • Education may contribute to political candidates and campaigns. • Age • Income Reasons why citizens fail to vote • Lack of interest • Failure to register The percentage of voters who participate in presidential elections is usually greater than the percentage of voters who participate in state and local elections. Every vote is important. STANDARD CE.5F STANDARD CE.5G -- ELECTORAL COLLEGE -- PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS The role of the Electoral College in the election of the Participate in simulated local, state, and/or national president and vice president. elections. The Electoral College process is used to select the All citizens can learn the importance of the individual’s president and vice president of the United States. participation in the political process either through direct involvement in campaigns or through simulations. How does the Electoral College select the president and vice president of the United States? How can students under 18 participate in the democratic process? Electoral College process • A slate of electors for each state is chosen by popular Student participation in the democratic process can include vote. • participating in campaigns • participating in classroom and online simulations. • Most states have a winner-take-all system. • The electors meet to vote for president and vice president. The winner-take-all system leads to the targeting of densely populated states for campaigning, although candidates must pay attention to less populated states whose electoral votes may make the difference in tight elections. The number of electors of each state is based on the size of the state’s Congressional representation, which is based on the state’s population. The requirement for a majority vote to win in the Electoral College favors a two-party system. HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING • Prepares the annual budget for congressional action CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW)

Reformatted version created by SOLpass • Appoints cabinet officers, ambassadors, and federal www.solpass.org Civics and Economics • Administers the federal The judicial branch CE.6 Study Guide • Consists of the federal , including the Supreme Court, the highest court in the land • The Supreme Court exercises the power of . • The federal courts try cases involving federal law and questions involving interpretation of the Constitution of the United States.

STANDARD CE.6A -- NATIONAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE The structure and powers of the national government. The Constitution of the United States defines the structure and powers of the national government. The powers held by government are divided between the national government in Washington, D.C., and the of the 50 states. What is the structure of the national government as set out in the United States Constitution? STANDARD CE.6B What are the powers of the national government? -- Legislative, , and judicial powers of the national government are distributed among three distinct and independent branches of government. The principle of separation of powers and the operation of checks and balances. The legislative branch • Consists of the Congress, a bicameral The powers of the national government are separated consisting of the House of Representatives (435 among three branches of the government in ways that limit members, based upon populations of the states) and any one branch from abusing its power. the Senate (100 members—two per state) How do the separation of powers and the system of checks and • Makes the laws of the nation balances protect against an abuse of power by any one branch • Approves the annual budget of the national government? • Confirms presidential appointments Separation of powers • Raises revenue through taxes and other levies The Constitution of the United States in Articles I, II, and • Regulates interstate and foreign trade III defines the powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the national government. • Declares war The executive branch Checks and balances • Headed by the president of the United States, the Each of the three branches of the national government chief executive officer of the nation limits the exercise of power by the other two branches. The legislative branch • Executes the laws of the land • The Congress checks the president when legislators Elected officials in Congress write laws and take action in – override presidential vetoes response to problems or issues. – impeach and convict a president. Individuals and interest groups help shape . • The Congress checks the courts when legislators The formal powers of Congress are limited by the Constitution of the United States. – confirm or refuse to confirm federal judges/ How can citizens learn the importance of the individual’s – impeach and convict judges/justices. participation in the policymaking process? The executive branch Citizens (including students) learn the importance of the • The president checks Congress when the president legislative process through direct involvement and/or simulations. – proposes legislation – prepares an annual budget for Congress to approve STANDARD CE.6D – call special sessions of Congress – vetoes legislation Congress has passed. -- EXECUTIVE BRANCH • The president checks the courts when the president The roles and powers of the executive branch (national level) appoints judges/justices. The executive branch plays a key role in the policymaking The judicial branch process. • The courts check Congress when judges/justices Presidential power is broad in both domestic and foreign declare acts of Congress to be unconstitutional. affairs, but there are limits on what the

• The courts check the president when president can and cannot judges/justices declare executive actions to be do. unconstitutional. What are the roles and STANDARD CE.6C powers of the executive branch of the national -- PROCESS government? The lawmaking process (national level). Ways the executive branch influences Officials who are elected to policymaking serve in the national • Proposing legislation in an annual speech to Congress legislature make laws. (State of the Union Address) All citizens can learn the • Appealing directly to the people importance of the individual’s • Approving or vetoing legislation participation in the

policymaking process through • Appointing officials who carry out the laws direct participation and Cabinet departments, agencies, and regulatory groups simulations. interpret and execute the laws. Which branch of the national government has the power to What are the roles and powers of the president? pass laws? The president exercises power as National laws are made by Congress. • chief of state: Ceremonial head of the government Legislative powers • chief executive: Head of the executive branch of • Expressed: Specifically listed in the Constitution of government the United States • chief legislator: Proposer of the legislative agenda • Implied: Used to carry out expressed powers • commander-in-chief: Head of the nation’s armed How does Congress make laws? forces • chief diplomat: Architect of American foreign The lawmaking process in Congress • Introducing a bill by a Senator or Representative • chief of party: Leader of the that controls the executive branch • Working in committees • chief citizen: Representative of all of the people. • Debating the bill on the floor of each house Presidential power has grown in the years since the • Voting on the bill in each house Constitution was ratified. • Sending the bill to the president to sign into law

HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW) STANDARD CE.7B Reformatted version created by SOLpass -- www.solpass.org The relationship of state governments to the national Civics and Economics government in the federal system. The Constitution of the United States of America establishes CE.7 Study Guide the principle of federalism, which is the division of power between the states and the national government. The expansion of the national government’s powers into STANDARD CE.7A areas traditionally reserved to the states has altered the -- STATE GOVERNMENT relationship of states to the national government. How does the Constitution of the United States of America The structure and powers of the state government. outline the division and sharing of powers between the The form of government of the Commonwealth of Virginia national and state governments? is established by the Virginia Constitution. The Constitution of the United States of America establishes Legislative, executive, and judicial powers are separated at a federal form of government in which the national the state level of government. government is supreme. What is the structure of Virginia’s state government? The powers not given to the national government by the Constitution of the United States of America are reserved What are some of the powers of the three branches of state to the states. government? The Constitution of the United States of America denies The Virginia Constitution distributes power among the certain powers to both the national and state legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the state governments. government. Primary responsibilities of each level of government The legislative branch is the General Assembly, a bicameral • National: Conducts foreign policy, regulates legislature—the House of Delegates and the Virginia commerce, and provides for the common defense Senate—that meets annually for a fixed number of days. • State: Promotes public health, safety, and welfare The executive power is exercised by the governor, who is elected for a four-year term of office. The governor Tensions exist when federal mandates require state actions appoints members of the cabinet, without adequate funding. who oversee specific functions of government. The lieutenant governor and the attorney general are executive branch officers who are elected for a four-year term of office. The judicial power is exercised by a court system that consists of four levels of courts: • Supreme Court • Court of appeals • Circuit courts • District courts (including small claims courts and juvenile and domestic relations courts)

STANDARD STANDARD CE.7D CE.7C -- STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH -- STATE The roles and powers of the state executive branch and LAWMAKING regulatory boards. The executive branch of the Virginia state PROCESS government enforces the laws and plays a key role in the policymaking process. The state lawmaking process.

Members of the Virginia General Assembly are elected to What are the roles and powers of the make state laws. executive branch at the state level? All citizens can learn the importance of the individual’s participation in the policymaking process through direct The governor of Virginia exercises the formal powers participation and simulations. granted by the Virginia Constitution. Which branch of the Virginia state government has the power In carrying out both the formal and informal powers of the to pass laws? office, the governor fills several roles, including How does the Virginia General Assembly make laws? • chief of state The lawmaking process in the • chief legislator Virginia General Assembly • chief administrator • Introducing a bill • party chief • Working in committees • commander-in-chief. • Debating the bill on the Cabinet secretaries and departments, agencies, floor of each house commissions, and regulatory boards • Voting on the bill in • administer laws each house • enforce laws • Sending the bill to the • regulate aspects of business and the economy governor to sign into law • provide services. Elected officials in the Virginia General Assembly write laws and take action in response to problems or issues. Individuals and interest groups help shape legislation. The primary issues in the legislative process at the state level • Education: To promote an informed and engaged citizenry (i.e., establish minimum standards for local schools) • Public health: To promote and protect the health of its citizens (i.e., fund health benefits) • Environment: To protect natural resources (i.e., improve water quality in the Chesapeake Bay) • State budget: To approve a biennial (two year) budget prepared by the governor • Revenue: To levy and collect taxes

HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING Which powers do exercise? CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW) Virginia local governments exercise defined and limited Reformatted version created by SOLpass powers, including the power to www.solpass.org • enforce state and local laws Civics and Economics • promote public health • protect public safety CE.8 Study Guide • educate children • protect the environment • regulate land use STANDARD CE.8A • levy and collect taxes. -- LOCAL GOVERNMENT The structure and powers of the local government. STANDARD CE.8B The units of local governments in Virginia are political -- LOCAL VS. STATE GOVERNMENT subdivisions created by the General Assembly. The relationship of local government to the state government What are the units of local government in Virginia? The authority of local governments in Virginia is derived The units of local government in Virginia are counties, from the state. towns, and cities. Local governments exercise legislative, executive, and judicial powers. What is the relationship between the state government and local governments in Virginia? Each Virginia county has an elected board of supervisors, which exercises legislative powers, enacting ordinances All powers of local governments in Virginia are given to (local laws) and adopting an annual budget. them by the Constitution of Virginia and acts of the General Assembly. Each Virginia county and city has an elected or appointed school board, which oversees the operation of the K–12 Not all counties and cities are given the same powers. Cities public schools in the county or city. have charters listing their powers. Each Virginia incorporated town has an elected town council, which exercises legislative powers, enacting ordinances and adopting an annual budget. A mayor is STANDARD CE.8C elected either by the voters or the town council members. -- LOCAL LAWMAKING PROCESS Each Virginia city has an elected city council, which exercises legislative powers, enacting ordinances and The local lawmaking process adopting an annual budget. A mayor is elected either by Counties, cities, and towns adopt and enforce ordinances the voters or the city council members. to provide services for their residents. In Virginia counties, towns, and cities, a manager may be All citizens can learn the importance of the individual’s hired by the elected legislative branch to oversee the participation in the policymaking process through direct operations of the local government. participation and simulations. In every Virginia locality, state courts resolve judicial How do localities enact ordinances? disputes. Judges of the circuit courts, district courts, juvenile and domestic relations courts, and small claims An elected board of supervisors is the local legislative courts hear cases in each locality. body in counties and is responsible for passing laws (ordinances) for the county. Which officials are locally elected? An elected council is the local legislative body in The Virginia Constitution requires that voters in every independent cities and incorporated towns. locality elect a sheriff, a clerk of the circuit court, a commissioner of revenue, and a treasurer. Individuals can have the greatest influence on the decisions made by local government officials.

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HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW) Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org Civics and Economics CE.9 Study Guide

STANDARD CE.9A

-- THE MEDIA Ways interest groups influence The impact of the media on public opinion • Identifying issues and public policy • Making political contributions The media informs policymakers and influences public • Lobbying government officials policy. What influence do the media have on public policy and policymakers? STANDARD CE.9C Ways the media play an important role -- INTERNATIONAL IMPACT in setting the public agenda • Focusing public attention on The impact of international issues and selected issues events on local decision making • Offering a forum in which opposing viewpoints are Local governments may be required to formulate, adopt, communicated and implement public policies in response to international issues and events. • Holding government officials accountable to the public Which international issues and events would require local Government officials use the media to communicate with government officials to act? the public. International issues and events that would require policy decisions by local government officials could include the following: STANDARD CE.9B • Public health concerns in the event of a pandemic -- INTEREST GROUPS & INFLUENCE • Public safety in the event of an act of terrorism • Economic development policies in response to the Individuals and interest groups influence emerging global economy public policy • Policies to protect the environment (e.g., wildlife Individuals and interest groups influence public policy. protection) How do individuals and interest groups influence policymakers? Terms to know • lobbying: Seeking to influence legislators to introduce or vote for or against a bill Ways individuals influence public policy • Participating in politics (voting, campaigning, seeking office) • Expressing opinions (lobbying, demonstrating, writing letters) • Joining interest groups HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW) STANDARD CE.10B Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org -- JUDICIAL REVIEW Civics and Economics The exercise of judicial CE.10 Study Guide review The power of judicial review is an important check on the legislative and executive branches of STANDARD CE.10A government. -- JUDICIAL SYSTEM ORGANIZATION What is judicial review? The organization of the United States The supreme courts of the United States and Virginia determine the judicial system as consisting of state and constitutionality of laws and acts of federal courts with original and appellate the executive branch of jurisdiction government. This power is called “judicial review.” The judicial function is exercised in a dual court system, Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial which consists of state courts and federal courts. review at the national level. How are federal courts organized, and what jurisdiction does The Constitution of the United States of America is the each exercise? supreme law of the land. The United States has a court State laws must conform to the Virginia and United States system whose organization and constitutions. jurisdiction are derived from the Constitution of the United States and federal laws. • U.S. Supreme Court: STANDARD CE.10C Justices, no jury; appellate jurisdiction; limited original -- CIVIL & CRIMINAL CASES jurisdiction Civil and criminal cases • U.S. Court of Appeals: Judges, no jury; appellate Courts resolve two kinds of legal conflicts—civil and jurisdiction criminal. • U.S. District Court: , with or without jury; original jurisdiction How are criminal and civil cases similar and different? How are state courts organized, and what jurisdiction does Criminal case each exercise? • In a criminal case, a court determines whether a person accused of breaking the law is guilty or not Virginia, like each of the other 49 states, has its own guilty of a misdemeanor or a felony. separate court system whose organization and jurisdiction are derived from Virginia’s constitution and state laws. Procedure for criminal cases • Virginia Supreme Court: Justices, no jury; appellate • A person accused of a crime may be arrested if the jurisdiction; limited original jurisdiction have probable cause. • Court of Appeals of Virginia: Judges, no jury; • The accused may be committed to jail or released on appellate jurisdiction to review decisions of circuit bail. courts • The case proceeds to • Circuit court: Judge, with or without jury; original an arraignment where jurisdiction for felony criminal cases and for certain probable cause is reviewed, civil cases; appellate jurisdiction from district courts an attorney may be appointed • General district court, and juvenile and domestic for the defendant, and a plea relations court: Judge, no jury; original jurisdiction for is entered. misdemeanors in civil cases generally involving lower dollar amounts and original jurisdiction in juvenile • A court date is set, and family cases and a is conducted. • A guilty may be appealed. Civil case STANDARD CE.10D • In a civil case, a court settles a disagreement between two parties to recover damages or receive -- DUE PROCESS compensation. Procedure for civil cases Due process protections seek to ensure • The plaintiff files a complaint to recover damages or justice receive compensation. The right to due process of law is outlined in the 5th and • Cases can be heard by a judge or a jury. 14th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America. • Cases can be appealed. How do the due process protections ensure justice? Terms to know • due process of law: The constitutional protection against unfair governmental actions and laws Due process protections • The 5th Amendment prohibits the national government from acting in an unfair manner • The 14th Amendment prohibits state and local governments from acting in an unfair manner The Supreme Court has extended the guarantees of the Bill of Rights, based upon the due process clause. HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW) Supply and demand: Interaction Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org of supply and demand determines price. Civics and Economics Demand is the amount of a good or service that consumers are CE.11 Study Guide willing and able to buy at a certain price. Supply is the amount of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at a STANDARD CE.11A certain price. -- MARKET TERMS Production is the combining of human, natural, capital, and entrepreneurship resources to make goods or provide Scarcity, resources, choice, opportunity services. Resources available and consumer preferences cost, price, incentives, supply and demand, determine what is produced. production, and consumption Consumption is the using of goods and services. Consumer preferences and price determine what is People make choices about how to use limited resources, purchased and consumed. decide the ownership of resources, and structure markets for the distribution of goods and services. How do people deal with scarcity, resources, choice, STANDARD CE.11B opportunity cost, price, incentives, supply and demand, production, and consumption? -- ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Scarcity is the inability to satisfy all wants at the same Traditional, free market, command, and time. All resources and goods are limited. This requires that choices be made. mixed economies Resources are factors of production that are used in the Every country must develop an economic system to production of goods and services. Types of resources are determine how to use its limited productive resources. natural, human, capital, and entrepreneurship. The key factor in determining the type of economy a Choice is selection of an item or action from a set of country has is the extent of government involvement. possible alternatives. Individuals must choose or make What are the basic economic questions all must decisions about desired goods and services because these answer? goods and services are limited. How does each type of economy answer the three basic Opportunity cost is what is given up when a choice is questions? made—i.e., the highest valued alternative is forgone. The three basic questions of economics Individuals must consider the of what is given up • What will be produced? when making a choice. • Who will produce it? Price is the amount of money exchanged for a good or service. Interaction of supply and demand determines • For whom will it be produced? price. Price determines who acquires goods and services. Each type of economy answers the three basic questions Incentives are things that incite or motivate. Incentives differently. are used to change economic behavior. What are the basic characteristics of traditional, free market, command, and mixed economies? Characteristics of major economic systems • No country relies exclusively on markets to deal with the economic problem of scarcity. Traditional economy • Economic decisions are based on custom and historical . • People often perform the same type of work as their parents and grandparents, regardless of ability or STANDARD CE.11C potential. -- U.S. ECONOMY Characteristics of the United States economy, including limited government, private property, profit, and competition The United States economy is primarily a free market economy; but because there is some government involvement it is characterized as a mixed economy. Government intervenes in a market economy when the perceived benefits of a government policy outweigh the anticipated costs. Free market economy • Private ownership of property/resources What are the essential characteristics of the United States economy? • Profit motive Characteristics of the United States economy • Competition • Markets are generally allowed to operate without • Consumer undue interference from the government. Prices are determined by supply and demand as buyers and • Individual choice sellers interact in the marketplace. • Minimal government involvement in the economy • Private property: Individuals and businesses have Command economy the right to own real and personal property as well as • Central ownership (usually by government) of the means of production without undue interference property/resources from the government. • Centrally-planned economy • Profit: Profit consists of earnings after all expenses • Lack of consumer choice have been paid. Mixed economy • Competition: Rivalry between producers and/or • Individuals and businesses are owners and decision between sellers of a good or service usually results in makers for the private sector. better quality goods and services at lower prices. • Government is owner and decision maker for the • Consumer sovereignty: Consumers determine public sector. through purchases what goods and services will be produced. Government involvement in the economy • Government’s role is greater than in a free market is limited. Most decisions regarding the production of economy and less than in a command economy. goods and services are made in the private sector. • Most economies today, including the United States, are mixed economies. HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW) Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org Civics and Economics CE.12 Study Guide

STANDARD CE.12A -- BUSINESS ORGANIZATION Types of business organizations and the role of entrepreneurship How do resources, goods and services, and money flow among There are three basic ways that businesses organize to earn individuals, businesses, and governments in a market economy? profits. Economic flow (circular flow) Entrepreneurs play an important role in all three types of • Individual and business saving and investment business organizations. provide that can be borrowed for What are the basic types of profit-seeking business structures? business expansion and increased consumption. Basic types of business ownership • Individuals (households) own the resources used in • Proprietorship: A form of business organization production, sell the resources, and use the income to with one owner who takes all the risks and all the purchase products. profits. • Businesses (producers) buy resources; make products that are sold to individuals, other • Partnership: A form of business organization with businesses, and the government; and use the profits two or more owners who share the risks and the to buy more resources. profits. • Governments use tax revenue from individuals and • Corporation: A form of business organization that is businesses to provide public goods and services. authorized by law to act as a legal entity regardless of the number of owners. Owners share the profits. Owner liability is limited to the amount of their STANDARD CE.12C investment. -- FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS What is an entrepreneur? Entrepreneur Financial institutions channel funds from • A person who takes a risk to produce and sell goods savers to borrowers and services in search of profit Private financial institutions act as intermediaries • May establish a business according to any of the between savers and borrowers that include households three types of organizational structures and business investors.

STANDARD CE.12B How do financial institutions make the -- CIRCULAR FLOW deposits of savers available to borrowers?

Circular flow shows how consumers Private financial (households), businesses (producers ), and institutions markets interact • Include banks, savings and loans, and credit unions • Receive deposits and make loans Resources, goods and services, and money flow continuously among households, businesses, and markets in the United States economy. • Encourage saving and investing by paying interest on deposits

TANDARD • global economy: Worldwide markets in which the S buying and selling of goods and CE.12D services by all nations takes place LOBAL Reasons that states and nations trade -- G • To obtain goods and services ECONOMY they cannot produce or cannot produce efficiently themselves The relationship of • To buy goods and services at Virginia and the United a lower cost or a lower opportunity cost States to the global • To sell goods and services to economy, with other countries emphasis on the • To create jobs impact of Virginia and the United States technological specialize in the production of certain goods and services, which promotes efficiency and growth. innovations What is the impact of technological innovation on world trade? Virginia and the United States pursue international trade in order to increase wealth. Impact of technological innovations Innovations in technology (e.g., the Internet) contribute Why do Virginia and the United States trade with other to the global flow of information, capital, goods, and nations? services. Terms to know The use of such technology also lowers the cost of production.

HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING • Through tax revenue CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2008 (NEW) • Through borrowed funds Reformatted version created by SOLpass • Through fees (e.g., park entrance fees) www.solpass.org

Civics and Economics STANDARD CE.13C CE.13 Study Guide -- TAXATION

The impact of taxation, including an STANDARD CE.13A understanding of the reasons for the 16th -- MARKETPLACE COMPETITION Amendment, spending, and borrowing The government taxes, borrows, and spends to influence Competition in the marketplace economic activity. The government promotes and regulates marketplace competition. How does the government influence economic activity? How does the United States government promote and regulate Government tax increases reduce marketplace competition? the funds available for individual and business spending; tax Ways the government promotes marketplace competition decreases increase funds for • Enforcing antitrust legislation to discourage the individual and business spending. development of monopolies • Engaging in global trade Increased government borrowing reduces funds available for • Supporting business start-ups borrowing by individuals and Government agencies that regulate business businesses; decreased government • FCC (Federal Communications Commission) borrowing increases funds available for borrowing by • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) individuals and businesses. • FTC (Federal Trade Commission) Increased government spending increases demand, which These agencies oversee the way individuals and companies may increase employment and production; decreased do business. government spending reduces demand, which may result in a slowing of the economy. STANDARD CE.13B Increased government spending may result in higher taxes; decreased government spending may result in lower taxes. UBLIC OODS ERVICES -- P G & S The 16th Amendment to the Constitution of the United Government provides certain goods and States of America authorizes Congress to tax personal and business incomes. services Government provides certain goods and services that individuals and businesses acting alone cannot provide STANDARD CE.13D efficiently. What types of goods and services do governments provide? -- FEDERAL RESERVE Characteristics of most goods and services provided by The Federal Reserve System government • Provide benefits to many simultaneously acts as the nation’s central bank • Would not likely be available if individuals had to The Federal Reserve System is our nation’s central provide them bank. • Include such things as interstate highways, postal What is the role of the Federal Reserve System? service, and national defense As the central bank of the United States, the Federal How do governments pay for the goods and services they Reserve System provide? • has the duty to maintain the value of the national currency (dollar) Ways governments pay for public goods and services

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• regulates banks to ensure the soundness of the banking system and the safety of deposits STANDARD CE.14 • manages the amount of money in the economy to -- CAREERS & FINANCES try to keep inflation low and stable a) talents, interests, and aspirations that influence • acts as the federal government’s bank. career choice; b) attitudes and behaviors that strengthen the individual work ethic and promote career success; STANDARD CE.13E c) abilities, skills, and education and the changing supply and demand for them in the economy; -- CONSUMER & PROPERTY RIGHTS d) the impact of technological change and on career opportunities; The protection of consumer rights and e) the importance of education to lifelong personal property rights finances; f) the financial responsibilities of citizenship, including The United States government passes laws and creates evaluating common forms of credit, savings, agencies to protect consumer rights and property rights. investments, purchases, contractual agreements, What is the role of the United States government in protecting warranties, and guarantees. consumer rights and property rights? What is the role of self-assessment in career planning? Individuals have the right of private An awareness of personal talents, interests, and aspirations ownership, which is protected by negotiated is needed to select a career. that are enforceable by law. Career planning starts with self-assessment. Government agencies establish guidelines that protect public health and safety. What is the role of work ethic in determining career success? Consumers may take legal action against Attitudes and behaviors that support a strong work ethic violations of consumer rights. enhance career success. Employers seek employees who demonstrate the attitudes and behaviors of a strong work ethic. STANDARD CE.13F What is the relationship among skills, education, and income? --MONEY There is a correlation among skills, education, and income. Government creates currency and coins; Higher skill and/or education levels generally lead to higher incomes. there are additional forms of money Supply and demand also influence job income. Money is defined as anything that is generally accepted as a method of payment. Employers seek individuals who have kept pace with technological changes by updating their skills. Why does the government issue currency and coins? What influence do advances in technology have on the Which government agencies are responsible for creating workplace? money? Changes in technology influence the abilities, skills, and When the United States education needed in the workforce. government issues coins and currency, people accept it in Technological advancements create new jobs in the exchange for goods and services workplace. because they have confidence in Technology and information flows permit people to work the government. across international borders. This creates competition Government issues money to from foreign workers for United States jobs but also may facilitate this exchange. create opportunities for United States workers to work for companies based in other countries. The three types of money generally used in the United States are Being fiscally responsible includes making careful spending • coins decisions, saving and investing for the future, having insurance, keeping to a budget, using credit wisely, as well • Federal Reserve notes (currency) as understanding how contracts, warranties, and • deposits in bank accounts that can be accessed by guarantees can protect the individual. checks and debit cards.

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