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The says very little about what a president is expected to do. The nation’s first president, George Washington, established many traditions that shaped the . Contact a federal information center to learn about the various divisions of the Office of the President. Create a brochure to present what you find.

To learn more about the presidency, view the in Action video lesson 8: The Presidency.

Know-Want-Learn Study Foldable Make this foldable to determine what you already know, what you want to know, and what you learn about the executive branch of .

Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper into Step 2 Turn the paper Reading and thirds from top to bottom. horizontally, unfold, and label the Writing Before you three columns as shown. read, write down what you already know and President what you want to Foreign Job Staff & know under each Advisers heading. As you read the chapter, record what you learn.

President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick 164 Cheney get ready to go to a government ceremony. ▲ Reuters NewMedia Inc./CORBIS 164-170 U2 Ch07 S1 CT-860970 11/28/03 10:24 AM Page 165

Chapter Overview Visit the Today Web site at civ.glencoe.com and click on Chapter Overviews— Chapter 7 to preview chapter information. 164-170 U2 Ch07 S1 CT-860970 11/28/03 10:25 AM Page 166

SECTION The President and Vice President

GUIDE TO READING Main Idea “The presidency of the Every four years, electors selected by popular vote carries with it a responsibility so personal as to be cast their ballots for pres- without parallel. . . . No one can make decisions ident and vice president, for him. . . . Even those closest to him . . . never whose terms of office are know all the reasons why he does certain things established in the United and why he comes to certain conclusions. To be States Constitution. President of the United States is to be lonely, very lonely at times of great decisions.” Key Terms —Harry S Truman Electoral College, elector President Reading Strategy Truman Categorizing Information As you read, categorize Qualifications for President information by complet- Harry S Truman was the thirty-third president of the ing a chart like the one below with information United States, serving from 1945 to 1953.The president heads about the U.S. presidency. the executive branch of the United States government. The presidency is the top political job in the country. Because of the U.S. Presidency Qualifi- Back- Term of power and global influence of the United States, the president cations ground Office is generally considered to hold the most important job in the world. Our country’s first president was George Washington. Salary & Just as the nation has grown tremendously since that time, so Benefits has the office of the presidency. The constitutional requirements for the presidency remain the same as they did when George Washington was president. Read to Learn The U.S. Constitution lists only three rules about who can • What qualifications become president of the United States. A person must be (1) at are needed to be least 35 years old, (2) a native-born American citizen, and president? (3) a resident of the United States for at least 14 years. By , • How are presidents elected? anyone who meets these qualifications can become president. • What are the rules Of course, someone who hopes to become president must have of presidential many more qualifications than those three. succession? So far, every American president has been a white male. All but one have been Protestant Christians. Most have won elec- tions before. Most have had a college . Many have been . Most came from states with large populations. Only in the past few decades has the presidency become a possibility for a wider group of Americans. John F. Kennedy became the first Catholic president in 1960. In 1984 the

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Democratic Party nominated Geraldine during election campaigns. Even so, the Ferraro as its first female vice-presidential electoral votes of a few small states can candidate. Four years later Jesse Jackson, decide the outcome of a close election. an African American, ran a close second in To be elected president or vice presi- the race to become the Democratic candi- dent, a candidate must win at least 270 of date for president. In 2000 the Democrats the 538 electoral votes. The winner-take-all nominated Connecticut senator Joseph system makes it difficult for third-party Lieberman as the first Jewish candidate for candidates—candidates not from the two vice president. major parties—to win electoral votes. Although the winning presidential can- didate is usually announced on the same Electing a President evening as the popular election, the formal election by the Electoral College doesn’t Presidential take place every take place until December, when the elec- four years in years evenly divisible by the tors meet in each capital to cast their number 4—for example, 2000, 2004, and ballots. Congress counts the electoral votes 2008. The Constitution does not provide and declares the winner as the next presi- for direct popular election of the president. dent. You will read more about the Instead, it set up an indirect method of Electoral College system in Chapter 10. election called the Electoral College. The Constitution says that each state “shall Defining What is a appoint” electors, who then vote for one presidential elector? of the major candidates. Although the bal- lot will show the names of the presidential candidates, when you vote for a candidate, Term of Office you are actually for a list of presi- dential electors pledged to that candidate. Presidents serve four-year terms. Each state has as many electoral votes Originally the Constitution placed no limits as the total of its U.S. senators and repre- on how many terms a president could sentatives. The Electoral College includes serve. The nation’s first president, George 538 electors. (Washington, D.C., has three Washington, served for eight years, then electoral votes.) This means that the states refused to run for a third term. Presidents with large populations have many more followed Washington’s example and no electoral votes than less populated states. In president served more than two terms until almost every state, the Electoral College is 1940, when Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for a “winner-take-all” system. Even if a candi- and won a third term. In 1944 Roosevelt date wins the popular vote by just a tiny won a fourth term. The Twenty-second majority, that candidate Amendment, ratified in 1951, limits each usually gets all of the president to two elected terms in office, or state’s electoral votes. a maximum of 10 years if the presidency Candidates thus pay began during another president’s term. much more atten- tion to these states Salary and Benefits The president receives a salary of John F. Kennedy won $400,000 per year, plus money for expenses the presidency in 1960. and travel. The president lives and works

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Presidential and airplanes. For long trips, the president Succession uses Air Force One, a specially equipped jet. Identifying What is the Vice President maximum number of years that a U.S. Speaker of the House president can serve in office? President Pro Tempore of the Senate The Vice President Secretary of the Treasury The vice president is elected with the Secretary of president through the Electoral College Attorney General system. The qualifications for the office are Secretary of Homeland Security the same as those for the presidency. The Secretary of the Interior Constitution gives little to the Secretary of Agriculture vice president. Article I states that the vice Secretary of Commerce president shall preside over the Senate and Secretary of Labor vote in that body in case of a tie. Secretary of Health Vice presidents are usually not very vis- and Human Services ible to the public. Their activities rarely Secretary of Housing and receive front-page newspaper coverage.Yet, Urban Development if the president dies, is removed from office, Secretary of Transportation becomes seriously ill, or resigns, the vice Secretary of Energy president becomes president. Nine vice Secretary of Education presidents have become president due to Secretary of Veterans Affairs the death or resignation of a president. John Source: Nelson, Ed. The Presidency A to Z, Adams, our nation's first vice president, 3rd ed. (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2003). described the situation well. He said,

In 1947 Congress passed a law on the order of succession to the presidency. Who follows “I am Vice President. In this I am the Speaker of the House in succession? nothing, but I may become everything.”

in the White House, which contains a pri- vate movie theater, a small gym, a bowling Presidential Succession alley, and a heated pool. A White House Eight presidents have died while in domestic staff of more than 80 people office. The original wording of the Consti- takes care of the president’s family. tution states that if the president dies or In addition, the president has the use of leaves office during his term, the vice pres- Camp David, a beautiful in the ident takes on the “powers and duties” of Catoctin Mountains of Maryland, about the presidency. Early government officials 60 miles north of Washington, D.C. It serves were not sure what that meant. Should the as a retreat and as a place to host foreign vice president become president, or should leaders.When presidents need to travel, they he remain vice president while doing the command a fleet of special cars, helicopters, president’s job?

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In 1841 Vice vice president becomes president. The new President John president then chooses another vice presi- Tyler settled the dent. Both the Senate and House of Student Web Activity Visit question when Representatives must approve the choice. civ.glencoe.com and click on Student Web Activities— William Henry This amendment also gives the vice presi- Chapter 7 to learn more Harrison became dent a role in determining whether a presi- about the president and the first president dent is disabled and unable to do the job. . to die in office. Should that occur, the vice president would Tyler declared serve as acting president until the president himself president, took the oath of office, is able to go back to work. moved into the White House, and served out The Twenty-fifth Amendment has been the remainder of Harrison’s term. used only three times. In 1973 Vice In 1947 Congress passed the Presiden- President Spiro Agnew resigned, and tial Succession Act, which indicates the line President replaced him with of succession after the vice president. Gerald Ford, a representative from According to this law, if both the president Michigan. When Nixon resigned from the and vice president die or leave office, the presidency in 1974, Ford became the new Speaker of the House becomes president. president and chose Nelson A. Rockefeller Next in line is the president pro tempore of to be his vice president. In 1985 President the Senate, then the secretary of state and informed Congress that he other members of the . would need to undergo surgery and be unable to carry out his presidential duties. Twenty-Fifth Amendment As a result, Vice President George H.W. Twenty years later, remaining questions Bush served as acting president for about about presidential succession were answered eight hours. with the adoption of a constitutional amend- ment. The Twenty-fifth Amendment says Defining What was the that if the president dies or leaves office, the purpose of the Twenty-fifth Amendment?

Study Central TM To review this section, go to TM SECTION ASSESSMENT civ.glencoe.com and click on Study Central .

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Key Terms Write complete sen- 4. Making Inferences What did 6. Identify Examine the chart— tences about the United States mean by saying, Presidential Succession—on page presidency using each of the fol- “I may become everything”? 168. Who is fifth in line to lowing terms: Electoral College, 5. Sequencing Information In a become president of the United elector. graphic organizer like the one States? Reviewing Main Ideas below, explain the order of presi- dential succession. 2. Describe What three qualifica- BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN tions for the U.S. presidency are Who replaces the president in 7. Research In the library or on the listed in the Constitution of the order of succession? Internet, research the gubernato- United States? President rial succession in your state. What 3. Identify What are the constitu- Dies or is the line of succession if the Leaves Office tional duties of the vice presi- dies or leaves office? dent of the United States?

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Citizenship

Reading an Election Map

Presidential Election, 2000 ME WA NH 4 11 4 MT ND MA 3 MN VT 3 OR 3 NY 12 10 WI 33 7 ID SD MI RI 4 4 3 11 CT 8 WY 18 23 3 IA PA NJ 15 NE 7 OH NV IL IN 21 DE 3 5 12 WV VA 4 UT 22 5 5 CO KS MO 13 MD CA 8 KY 8 10 54 6 11 NC 14 TN 11 DC OK SC 2 * AZ NM AR 8 8 6 8 5 MS AL GA 7 9 13 TX LA 32 9 FL 25 AK Electoral Vote Popular 3 (270 to win) Vote Al Gore 266 50,996,164 George W. Bush 271 50,456,169 HI 10 4 Number of state electoral votes *1 elector from Washington, D.C., abstained.

Why Learn This Skill? Practicing the Skill Knowing how to read and understand an On a separate sheet of paper, answer the fol- election map helps you understand an election lowing questions about the map on this page. clearly. It can also help you understand past 1 How many electoral votes did the state of elections. have? The state of Texas? Learning the Skill 2 Which candidate won the election? How To read an election map, follow these steps: many total electoral votes did he win? • Check the year of the election, most likely 3 Which candidate won the popular vote? noted in the title or the key. • Study the key. See how the different candi- Applying the Skill dates are represented on the map. In a book or encyclopedia, find an elec- • Note the number of electoral votes each tion map for the election of 1860. Compare it state has. Remember that each state’s to the map for the election of 2000. Describe total number of senators and representa- two ways in which the elections were alike and tives determines its electoral votes. Its pop- one way in which they were different. ular vote count is the number of actual voters. Practice key skills with Glencoe’s • Study the entire map. Determine voting pat- Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook terns and trends. CD-ROM, Level 1.

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SECTION The President’s Job

GUIDE TO READING Main Idea Fewer than 50 men have been able to say what it feels In addition to the powers of the office described in like to be president of the United States. Some former presidents’ the Constitution, the pres- thoughts are revealing. ident fills other roles that are important to the func- “Frankly, being President is rather an unattractive tioning of the United business unless one relishes the exercise of States government. power. That is a thing which has never greatly appealed to me.” Key Terms —Warren Harding, 1921 , pardon, reprieve, amnesty “You know, the President of the United States is not a magician who can wave a Reading Strategy wand or sign a paper that will instantly end Summarizing Information a war, cure a recession, or make a As you read, in a graphic disappear.” organizer like the one —Gerald Ford, 1976 below, list the powers of President Warren the president and give an Harding shakes hands example of each. with Babe Ruth. Constitutional Powers Powers of President The president is the most powerful public official in the United States. The U.S. Constitution is the basis of the presi- dent’s power. Article II says “Executive Power shall be invested Read to Learn in a President . . .”Thus, the president’s main job is to execute, • What are the powers assigned to the or carry out, the passed by Congress. president by the The Constitution also gives the president the power to Constitution? • veto, or reject, bills passed in Congress. • What are the various roles filled by the • call Congress into special session. president? • serve as commander in chief of the armed forces. • receive leaders and other officials of foreign countries. • make with other countries (with Senate approval). • appoint heads of executive agencies, federal , ambassadors, and other top government officials (also subject to Senate approval). • pardon or reduce the penalties against people convicted of federal .

Because the Constitution requires the president to give Congress information about the “state of the union,” the pres- ident gives several speeches to Congress each year. The most

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important is the State of the Union address charge of 15 cabinet departments and the every year. In this speech the president approximately 3 million civilians who work comes before a gathering of all members of for the federal government. The president Congress to discuss the most important appoints the heads of the cabinet depart- issues facing the nation and describe the ments and of other large government agen- new program of he would like cies, with the Senate’s approval. Congress to take up. One of the president’s most important tools for carrying out the laws is the power to issue executive orders. An executive Roles of the President order is a rule or command that has the The president fills a number of different force of law. Only Congress has the roles. Some of these roles come directly authority to make laws. Issuing executive from the Constitution; others are not estab- orders, however, is generally considered to lished in the Constitution but have devel- fall under the president’s constitutional oped over the years. duty to “take care that the laws are faith- fully executed.” Many executive orders deal with simple Chief Executive administrative problems. Some, however, The most important role of the presi- have had a great impact. President Harry S dent is carrying out the laws passed by Truman, for instance, used an executive Congress. To do this, the president is in order in 1948 to integrate the armed forces. This gave Americans of all Powers and Duties of races the opportunity to serve in the the President armed forces equally. The Constitution gives the presi- dent the power to appoint judges to the and other federal VOTE . This is an important power Commander in Chief because the Supreme Court has the Party Leader final authority to determine whether a law is acceptable under the Consti- tution. This power to interpret laws Chief greatly influences life in the United States. Most presidents try to appoint Legislative Leader Supreme Court who share views similar to their own.

Chief Executive The Constitution also gives the president the power to grant pardons. A Economic Leader pardon is a declaration of forgiveness and freedom from punishment. The president may also issue a reprieve, an These symbols show the many roles of order to delay a person’s punishment the president of the United States. Which until a higher court can hear the case, or is the president’s most important role? grant amnesty, a pardon toward a group of people.

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Chief Diplomat practice Congress expects the executive The president directs the foreign policy branch to propose the legislation it would like of the United States, making key decisions to see enacted. about how the United States acts toward Every president has a legislative program. other countries in the world. These are new laws that he wants Congress to pass. The president makes speeches to Commander in Chief build support for this program and meets The Constitution makes the president with key senators and representatives to try commander in chief of the nation’s armed to persuade them to support the proposed forces. This role gives presidents the ability laws. In addition, the president appoints sev- to back up their foreign policy decisions eral staff members to work closely with mem- with force, if necessary. The president is in bers of Congress on new laws.The president charge of the army, navy, air force, marines, may also influence legislation by appealing and coast guard. The top commanders of directly to the American people. all these branches of service are subordi- The president and Congress have often nate to the president. disagreed over what new laws Congress Congress and the president share the should adopt. One reason for this is that power to make war. The Constitution gives presidents represent the entire United Congress the power to declare war, but only States, while members of Congress repre- the president can order American soldiers sent only the people of their state or district. into battle. Congress has declared war only The difference in the length of time that five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, presidents and members of Congress can the Spanish-American War, World War I, hold office also contributes to this conflict. and World War II. Presidents, however, have While presidents can serve no more than sent troops into action overseas more than two elected terms, members of Congress 150 times since 1789. These situations may can be elected over and over again for threaten the system of checks and balances. decades. Therefore, many members of For example, although Congress never Congress may not want to move as quickly declared war in Korea or in Vietnam, on programs as the president does. American troops were involved in conflicts in those countries because they were sent there Head of State by U.S. presidents. In 1973, after the The president is the living symbol of the Vietnam War, Congress passed the War nation. In this role, the president aids diplo- Powers Resolution. According to this law, the macy by greeting visiting kings and queens, president must notify Congress within prime ministers, and other foreign leaders. 48 hours when troops are sent into battle. The president also carries out ceremonial These troops must be brought home after functions for Americans, such as lighting 60 days unless Congress gives its approval for the national Christmas tree and giving them to remain longer or it declares war. medals to the country’s heroes.

Legislative Leader Economic Leader Most of the bills Congress considers Every president tries to help the coun- each year come from the executive branch. try’s economy prosper. Voters expect the Only members of Congress have the power president to deal with such problems as to introduce bills for consideration, but in unemployment, rising prices, or high taxes.

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Analyzing Visuals During the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt transformed the role of the federal govern- ment by spending money on new programs to improve the lives of ordinary people. What does the rabbit sym- bolize in this cartoon? What comment is the cartoonist making about the impact of government spending?

One key task the president must accom- president. In turn, the president gives plish each year as economic leader is to speeches to help fellow party members who plan the federal government’s budget. are running for office as members of Congress, , and . The presi- Party Leader dent also helps the party raise money. The president is generally regarded as the leader of his or her . Members Defining What is a of the president’s party work hard to elect the president’s legislative program?

Study Central TM To review this section, go to TM SECTION ASSESSMENT civ.glencoe.com and click on Study Central .

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Key Terms Define the following 4. Drawing Conclusions Which of 6. Identify Review the chart on terms and use them in complete the roles of the president do you page 172. Under which role of the sentences related to the presi- think is the most important? president does a new education dency: executive order, pardon, Least important? Why? fall? Tax reform? reprieve, amnesty. 5. Organizing Information In a Reviewing Main Ideas web diagram like the one below, BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN 2. Identify What duties does the classify the roles filled by the 7. Use Primary Sources Just as president carry out as com- president and give an example the president delivers a State of mander in chief? of each. the Union address, most gover- 3. Describe What power does the nors give a state of the state president have that carries the speech. Read a copy of your gov- force of law and assists the Roles of President ernor’s last address and list the president in enforcing laws roles your governor carries out. passed by Congress?

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SECTION Making Foreign Policy

GUIDE TO READING Main Idea World events sometimes dictate the nature of the United In attempting to achieve the nation’s foreign policy States’s foreign . At the same time, the president’s views play a goals, both the president role in shaping his administration’s approach to foreign affairs. In 1946, and Congress have impor- President Harry S Truman summed up his tant roles to play. foreign policy with these words: “We must have a policy to guide our relations with Key Terms every country in every part of the world. foreign policy, national No country is so remote from us that it security, , execu- may not someday be involved in a matter tive agreement, ambas- that threatens the . . . . Who knows sador, trade sanction, what may happen in the future? Our embargo foreign policy must be universal.” Reading Strategy Protecting American interests abroad Comparing and Contrasting As you read, The President and Foreign Policy complete a chart like the one below to compare A nation’s overall plan for dealing with other nations is called the role of Congress in its foreign policy. The basic goal of American foreign policy is foreign policy to that of national security, the ability to keep the country safe from the president. attack or harm. This goal is essential. No government can effec- U.S. Foreign Policy tively meet other important goals, such as better health care or Congress President cleaning up the environment, if the nation is under attack. Another key goal is international trade. In today’s global economy, trade with other nations is vital to economic pros- perity. Trade can create markets for American products and Read to Learn jobs for American workers. • What are the goals of A third goal is promoting world peace. Even a war far from U.S. foreign policy? the United States can disrupt trade and endanger U.S. national • What are the roles of security. When other nations are at peace, the and the presi- runs no risk of being drawn into a foreign war. dent in conducting for- eign policy? A fourth goal of foreign policy is to promote democracy around the world. Promoting democracy and basic in other countries encourages peace and thus helps pro- tect our own national security. “I make American foreign policy,” President Harry S Truman declared in 1948. The president is indeed a very important foreign-policy decision maker. Americans and oth- ers in the world look to the president to strongly represent our country in foreign affairs.

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The president and various White House in chief, but Congress has the power to assistants work with a large foreign-policy declare war, to prohibit certain bureaucracy in the executive branch. This actions, and to spend—or withhold— bureaucracy includes the State Department, money for defense. The Constitution does the Defense Department, the Central not clearly spell out how the legislative and Intelligence Agency, and the National the executive branches can use their powers. Security Council. These agencies have As a result, there has always been competi- helped make the president very powerful in tion between Congress and the president foreign affairs. They give the president valu- over who controls foreign policy.

able information. They can carry out presi- In this struggle, one branch or the other Photos, (r)Reuters NewMedia Inc./CORBIS (l)AP/Wide World dential decisions around the world. At the has dominated at various times. After World same time, presidents must often choose War II, Congress lost much of its control among conflicting advice from these agen- over foreign policy to the president.Then, in cies. President Lyndon Johnson complained, the late 1960s and early 1970s, widespread dislike of the Vietnam War led Congress to try to regain some of its war powers. In start- “The State Department wants to ing the American war on global terrorism in solve everything with words, and 2001, President George W. Bush tipped the the generals, with guns.” balance back toward the presidency.

The Constitution divides the power to Tools of Foreign Policy conduct foreign and military affairs The president and Congress have sev- between the president and Congress. The eral methods they can use to influence other president is chief diplomat and commander nations and carry out American foreign

The President in Action President Bush comforted a New York City Fire Department member (at right) in September 2001 after a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. The president greeted military troops at the West Virginia National Headquarters in Charleston. What executive agencies help President Bush carry out foreign policy? 175-178 U2 Ch07 S3 CT-874574 9/27/05 10:16 PM Page 177

policy. These methods include creating treaties; appointing ambassadors; and directing foreign aid, international trade, and military forces.

Creating Treaties and Executive Agreements Formal agreements between Condoleezza Rice the of two or more countries (1954– ) are called treaties. Some treaties are based Condoleezza Rice juggles num- on defense: nations that become allies agree bers of missiles and tanks as to support each other in case of attack. One confidently as any general. An of the most important treaties for the expert on Russia and arms control, Rice launched her for- United States is the North Atlantic Treaty eign policy career while only Organization (NATO). This is a mutual a teenager. defense treaty between the United States, Born in Birmingham, Canada, and the nations of Europe. Alabama, Rice lived through the early years of the civil rights The Senate must approve a treaty by a movement. While Rice was in junior high school, two-thirds vote. However, the president can her father took a job in Denver, Colorado. There bypass the Senate by making an executive she skipped two grades and entered college at age 15. As Rice shopped for a major, she sat in agreement. This is an agreement between on a lecture about the former Soviet Union. All the president and the leader of another the plotting and scheming by the Communists country. Most such agreements deal with fascinated her. Rice was hooked. A talented fairly routine matters. piano player, Rice once joked, “I was saved from [becoming] a music major by Russia.” Rice went on to earn a Ph.D. and by her Appointing Ambassadors An official late 20s was teaching at representative of a country’s government is Stanford University in California. In 2001 an ambassador. The president appoints President Bush appointed Rice as the first about 150 ambassadors, who must be woman to head the National Security Council. In 2005 he appointed her to serve as approved by the Senate. Ambassadors are Secretary of State. Rice became the first sent only to those countries where the African American woman to hold that position. United States recognizes, or accepts, the legal existence of the government. If the government of a certain country is thought to hold power illegally, the president can refuse to recognize that government. In that case, no American ambassador will be sent to that country, and that country will International Trade As the leader of a not be allowed to send an ambassador to great economic power, the president can the United States. make agreements with other nations about what products may be traded and the rules Foreign Aid This is money, food, mili- for such trading. Sometimes trade measures tary assistance, or other supplies given to include trade sanctions, or efforts to pun- help other countries. One of this nation’s ish another nation by imposing trade barri- greatest foreign aid triumphs was the ers. Another punishing tool is the embargo, Marshall Plan, a program created to help which is an agreement among a group of Western Europe rebuild after World War II. nations that prohibits them all from trading

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with a target nation. Congress takes the lead in other areas, such as tariffs—taxes on imported goods—and membership in inter- national trade groups, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Military Force As commander in chief of the armed forces, presidents may use the military to carry out some foreign-policy decisions. This is a powerful tool of foreign policy, but one that must be used with great care. Presidents throughout history have made use of this power. President George Washington summoned troops to put down the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. President ordered cruise missiles to be launched at terrorist facilities in Afghan- istan and Sudan in 1998. In 2003 President George W. Bush ordered the American Protecting American Interests A bronze armed forces to invade and remove model of the Statue of Liberty and a statue depicting an American taken hostage in 1979 their harsh Saddam Hussein. stand outside the U.S. embassy in Iran. How might a president withdraw formal recognition Concluding What foreign from a country’s government? policy tools does the president have to deal with international terrorism?

Study Central TM To review this section, go to TM SECTION ASSESSMENT civ.glencoe.com and click on Study Central .

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Key Terms Define the following 4. Making Judgments Should 6. Infer Review the photograph of terms and use them in sentences Congress or the president the United States embassy in related to U.S. foreign policy: have more power in conducting Iran on this page. What sort of foreign policy, national security, foreign affairs? Explain your impression do you think this treaty, executive agreement, answer. building gives to people in ambassador, trade sanction, 5. Organizing Information Iran? embargo. Categorize the tools available to Reviewing Main Ideas Congress and the president in BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN carrying out foreign policy by 2. Describe In what way can trade 7. Survey Interview several adults, completing a graphic organizer sanctions and embargoes be all of whom have different jobs, like the one below. used in conducting foreign policy? about the North American Free 3. Define What is NATO and how Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Find out does it fit into United States for- why they think it is good or bad eign policy? What is NAFTA and Foreign Policy foreign policy. Share your results Tools how does it fit into U.S. foreign with the class. policy?

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SECTION Presidential Advisers and Executive Agencies

GUIDE TO READING Main Idea Thousands of employees Early presidents governed with the help of a small circle and advisers help the of advisers. Over time, presidents’ cabinets have grown to meet the president. increasing demands of a vast and diverse nation. On November 25, 2002, President George W. Bush signed the Homeland Security Act of Key Terms 2002 into law. The act established a new cabinet, federal bureau- Department of Homeland Security, whose cracy, independent primary mission President Bush noted “will agency, government be to help prevent, protect against, and corporation, political respond to acts of terrorism on our soil.” appointee, Secretary of Homeland Security Michael worker, civil service Chertoff states, “We win the war on terror system, spoils system, by being able to conduct lives, encourage merit system prosperity, protect liberty, [and] preserve Reading Strategy privacy while preventing terrorists from Categorizing Information carrying out actions in this country.” As you read, complete a Michael Chertoff chart similar to the one below to categorize func- Executive Office of the President tions of the president’s executive office. In 1801 President Thomas Jefferson did his job with the help of a few advisers, a messenger, and a part-time secretary. President’s Executive Office Today thousands of highly trained specialists like Michael White House Office Role: OMB Role: Chertoff, secretaries, and clerks assist the president. Most of NSC Role: these people work in the Executive Office of the President Homeland Role: Security Council (EOP). These people are often referred to as a president’s CEA Role: administration. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration created the EOP in Read to Learn 1939 to help the president do his job. The office has been • How does the EOP help presidents perform growing ever since. Currently it has about 2,000 employees their duties? and a budget of more than $100 million.The men and women • What are the duties of in the EOP do a variety of things. They prepare reports for the the federal bureaucracy? president on special topics, such as new taxes that might be needed. They help write bills for the president to send to Congress. They check on the work of the many different agen- cies of the executive branch.

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The Executive Office of the President (EOP)

THE PRESIDENT

White Office of National Office of Council of Office of the House Management Security Administration Economic United States Office and Budget Council Advisers Trade Representative

USA Council on Domestic National White House Freedom Environmental Policy Economic Military Corps Quality Council Council Office

Office of Office of Office of Office of President’s Faith-Based National National Drug Science and Foreign and AIDS Policy Control Policy Technology Intelligence Policy Advisory Board

Presidents rely on a variety of specialized

Source: Executive Office of the President. departments for advice and assistance in carrying out their responsibilities. Which department advises the president on inter- national trade? Located in the West Wing, the Oval Office is where presidents set priorities, make decisions, meet with staff, and greet White House visitors.

The most important parts of the EOP relations, the assistant for legislative include the following: the White House affairs, and the press secretary. (The press Office, the Office of Management and secretary provides the public with news Budget, the National Security Council, the about and statements from the president.) Office of Administration, and the Council As a group, such advisers make up the of Economic Advisers. White House staff. The White House staff screens the flow of White House Office information and people trying to reach the This unit consists of about 500 people president. Presidents cannot possibly meet who work directly for the president. with everyone who wants to see them; nor Among them are 10 to 12 people who can they read all the reports, memos, and let- serve as the president’s closest political ters sent to them. The White House staff advisers. The most powerful among this largely decides who and what gets through to group is the chief of staff. Other top the president. As a result, this group of advis- advisers are the deputy chief of staff, the ers has a lot of political power. Lawmakers assistant for domestic affairs, the and others know that to influence, or some- () to the president, the appoint- times even to speak with, the president, they ments secretary, the assistant for public must go through the White House staff.

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Office of Management and Budget Identifying What are the (OMB) duties of a president’s chief of staff? This agency prepares the federal budget and monitors spending in hundreds of gov- ernment agencies.The director of the OMB Cabinet reports directly to and works closely with The cabinet is a group of presidential the president. The federal budget is the advisers that includes the heads of the 15 clearest statement of the administration’s top-level executive departments. The head plans and goals for the coming year. of the Department of is called the attorney general; all the other department National Security Council (NSC) heads are called secretaries. The president This group helps the president coordi- may also ask the vice president and other nate United States military and foreign pol- top officials to join the cabinet. icy. It deals with matters affecting the safety and security of the United States. Its mem- Department of Homeland Security bers include the vice president, the secre- On November 25, 2002, President taries of state and defense, and the Bush signed the Homeland Security Act of chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a 2002 into law. In forming the new group made up of the top commander from Department of Homeland Security, the act each of the armed services. The president created a federal department to consolidate may also invite others to be a part of the the nation’s defenses against terrorist attack NSC. The national security adviser heads and better coordinate counterterrorism the NSC staff.The NSC also supervises the intelligence. It is the first new department Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which established since the Department of gathers information about the governments Veterans Affairs was established in 1989. of other countries. Cabinet Responsibilities As cabinet members, the secretaries Office of Administration advise the president on issues related to their The Office of Administration provides departments.The secretary of agriculture, for administrative services to all of the execu- instance, might keep the president and White tive offices of the president. The Office House staff informed about problems of con- also responds to individuals who are cern to American farmers. Cabinet secre- seeking records under the Freedom of taries often make important policy decisions. Information Act. No mention of the cabinet appears in the Constitution. Instead, this body developed Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) over the years through custom and usage. This group helps the president carry The cabinet started when George Washing- out the role of economic leader. The presi- ton began to meet regularly with the heads dent names the CEA’s three members, and of the first four executive departments. the Senate must approve them. The CEA’s These were the attorney general and the sec- primary duty involves giving the president retaries of state, war, and the treasury. advice about complex economic matters The cabinet meets whenever the presi- such as employment, tax policy, inflation, dent determines that it is necessary.This may and foreign trade. be as often as once a week or hardly at all.

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Many presidents have not relied heavily on their cabinet and have felt free to ignore cab- inet advice. As heads of executive agencies, these department secretaries must spend How Much Power Does the most of their time coordinating those depart- President Have During a Crisis? ments’ activities. Department heads of the Imagine the following scenario. Terrorists have just cabinet must be approved by the Senate. attacked the United States, killing thousands of Americans. Country X has supported these terrorists. Recalling When does the The president cabinet meet? plans to issue an executive order because he fears more attacks and The Vice President and the wants to find the terrorists and First Lady those who aided Most presidents have delegated little them. Assume that you and your authority to their vice presidents. Recently, classmates are however, some have tried to give their vice legal advisers to presidents more responsibility. Vice the president. President Al Gore, for example, served as a Decide which of the following provi- close adviser to President Bill Clinton on sions should be included in the executive order. environmental issues, and Vice President Use the amendments to the Constitution (pages Dick Cheney advised President George W. 72–81) to help you decide if the provisions are constitutional. Bush closely on foreign policy issues. The Constitution does not mention the • Five thousand people from Country X who are in the country but are not yet U.S. citizens are spouse of a president. Many First Ladies, called in for questioning. Those “suspected of though, have served the country. Eleanor being terrorists” can be kept secretly in jail for Roosevelt worked tirelessly for the young up to 180 days, without seeing family, friends, or a lawyer. and the disadvantaged. Nancy Reagan • All people with last names like those found in spoke out for drug abuse prevention, Country X are stopped at airports for extra Hillary Clinton worked to improve health questioning and searches of their luggage and care for all Americans, and Laura Bush handbags. promoted education and reading. Today • Newspapers, radio, and television stations are told not to print or air any criticism of the presi- First Ladies have an office in the White dent in the war against terrorism. Violations will House as well as a staff that includes a chief result in fines of up to $1,000. of staff and a press spokesperson. • No one is allowed to give money to a charity for Country X until the U.S. government decides it is not working with the terrorist group. • All e-mail exchanged between the United States The Federal Bureaucracy and Country X will be subject to monitoring by U.S. government officials. Below the cabinet departments are hun- dreds of agencies that deal with everything BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN from setting standards for the hot dogs you Do you think that this type of executive order— eat to running the space shuttle program. that suspends constitutional rights—is justified? About 3 million civilians work in these many Explain your reasons. departments and agencies. Taken together,

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the agencies and employees of the executive then must develop specific rules and proce- branch are often called the federal dures to put the laws into practice. bureaucracy. The people who work for Second, departments and agencies these organizations are called , administer the day-to-day operations of or civil servants. the federal government. Agencies deliver the mail, collect taxes, send out Social What Does the Federal Security checks, patrol the borders, run Bureaucracy Do? national parks, and perform thousands of The executive branch of government other services. must carry out the many programs that Third, with authority from Congress, Congress has created to serve the American federal agencies regulate various activities. people. Executive departments and agen- They regulate, or , the activities of cies do this by performing three basic jobs. broadcasting companies, labor unions, First, they turn new laws into action by banks, airlines, nuclear power plants, and deciding how to apply the laws to daily life. many other enterprises and organizations. When Congress writes new laws, it often In doing these jobs, federal agencies help uses very general language. Federal agencies shape government policy. By deciding how

Cabinet Departments

Department of State (1789) Department of Labor (1913) Plans and carries out the nation's foreign policies Is concerned with the working conditions and wages of U.S. workers Department of the Treasury (1789) Department of Health and Human Services Collects, borrows, spends, and prints money (1953) Works for the health and well-being of all Americans Department of Defense (1789 as War Department of Housing and Urban Development Department; renamed in 1949) (1965) Manages the armed forces Deals with the special needs and problems of cities Department of Justice (1870) Department of Transportation (1966) Has responsibility for all aspects of law 40 Manages the nation's highways, railroads, airlines, and enforcement sea traffic Department of the Interior (1849) Department of Energy (1977) Manages and protects the nation's public lands Directs an overall energy plan for the nation and natural resources Department of Agriculture (1889) Department of Education (1979) Assists farmers and consumers of farm products Provides advice and funding for schools

RS z LA OL D D RE ND Department of Commerce (1903) Department of Veterans Affairs (1989) U E H ON Supervises trade, promotes U.S. tourism Directs services for veterans and business Department of Homeland Security (2002) Oversees America's defenses against terrorist attack

President George W. Bush is The heads of the 15 executive seen here departments are members of the seated with cabinet. Which department man- members of his ages public lands? cabinet.

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part of the cabinet. They are not, however, independent of the president.The president appoints the directors of these agencies, t’s not every kid who has attended a with the approval of the Senate. In general, Ipresidential inauguration. Then again, however, they can be divided into three Haamid Johnson is hardly “every kid.” By types: executive agencies, government cor- age 17, Johnson had been elected Youth porations, and regulatory commissions. of Chicago and had an internship at City Hall. He organized a school political Executive Agencies These are inde- science club, been twice elected class pendent agencies responsible for dealing president, worked briefly for the Democratic with certain specialized areas within the Party, and logged some 50 hours passing government. The National Aeronautics out flyers and making phone calls for then- candidate George W. Bush. and Space Administration (NASA) is an “Even though Bush did lose Illinois,” example. It operates the United States says Johnson, “I feel I did contribute some- space program. thing. I guess that’s the important part: Participating is the main thing.” Government Corporations More than Johnson’s political passion stems from 50 independent agencies are government a teacher. “I just saw this guy and I said corporations. These are like private busi- ‘wow!’” Johnson recalls. “He motivated me nesses, except that the government rather to speak and to write. We just hit it off. He than individuals owns and operates them. said I should start a political science club. With Senate approval, the president Then, he encouraged me to run for fresh- chooses a board of directors and a general man class president. I was thinking about manager to run each corporation. Like pri- running for treasurer. But he said, ‘No, go vate businesses, they charge fees for their for the big one.’” services and products, but they are not sup- Haamid Johnson from Illinois posed to make a profit. The United States Postal Service, for example, is a govern- ment corporation.

Regulatory Boards and Commissions These units differ from other independent agencies. They do not have to report to the president, who appoints the members but cannot fire them. Only Congress can remove them, through impeachment. Regulatory commissions are supposed to protect the public. They make and to run a government program or what to do enforce rules for certain industries or in a certain situation, federal agencies often groups. For instance, the Federal determine what government policy will be. Communications Commission (FCC) makes broadcasting rules for the nation’s Independent Agencies television and radio stations. Other regula- The executive branch includes hun- tory commissions place limits on how com- dreds of independent agencies. They are panies can operate in order to promote called independent because they are not honesty and fair competition.

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Government Workers reward for their political support. Each A former cabinet secretary once said, newly elected president would sweep out “A Cabinet member does not run a most of the old federal workers and replace Cabinet department [alone].” Indeed, each them with his own political supporters department has thousands of employees. and friends. The idea was “To the victor The top leadership jobs generally go to belong the spoils [jobs].” Public dissatisfac- political appointees—people whom the tion with abuses of the spoils system, and president has chosen because they have public outrage over the assassination of proven executive ability or were important President James Garfield in 1881 by a man supporters of the president’s election cam- who was refused a job under the system, led paign. Their employment usually ends Congress to pass the Pendleton Act. when the president leaves office. This law, also known as the Civil Service About 90 percent of all national gov- Reform Act of 1883, placed limits on the ernment employees are civil service number of jobs a new president could hand workers. Unlike political appointees, civil out to friends and backers, and it created the service workers usually have permanent civil service system. The Office of Personnel employment. These career government Management (OPM) directs the civil service employees develop much experience on the system today. It sets standards for federal job. These are people, ranging from clerks jobs, and it gives demanding written tests to to doctors and lawyers, employed by people who want those jobs.The civil service the federal government through the civil system is a merit system. Government offi- service system—the practice of hiring cials hire new workers from lists of people government workers on the basis of open, who have passed the tests or otherwise met competitive examinations and merit. civil service standards. Before 1883 a great many federal jobs fell under the spoils system. In this sys- Describing What is the tem, government jobs went to people as a purpose of regulatory commissions?

Study Central TM To review this section, go to TM SECTION ASSESSMENT civ.glencoe.com and click on Study Central .

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Key Terms Define the following 4. Making Inferences What part of 6. Infer Review the cabinet depart- terms and use them in complete the EOP do you think is the ments of the executive branch sentences related to the presi- most important? Why? on page 183. Why are there so dency: federal bureaucracy, 5. Analyzing Information Organize many cabinet departments independent agency, government the roles of people who assist under the president of the corporation, political appointee. the president by completing a United States? Reviewing Main Ideas graphic organizer like the one 2. Describe What does the below. BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN Constitution say about the 7. Research Find out about your role of the First Lady in our governor’s staff. How many peo- government? People and ple work as assistants and 3. Contrast What is the difference agencies who assist advisers to the governor? How between a private and a govern- the president are they similar to the presi- ment corporation? dent’s staff?

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Reviewing Key Terms Write the key term from the chapter that fits Section 1 each definition below. 1. a rule issued by the president that has the • There are constitutional force of law and informal requirements for the U.S. presidency. 2. people chosen by the president to fill a cer- • Presidents are elected tain post because they were important sup- through an indirect porters of the president’s election campaign method called the 3. a pardon toward a group of people Electoral College. 4. secretaries of the executive departments, the vice president, and other top officials who Section 2 help the president make decisions and policy • According to the 5. members of a party chosen in each state to Constitution, the formally elect the president and vice president president’s main job is to carry out the laws 6. a government’s plan for dealing with other passed by Congress. nations 7. the practice of victorious politicians rewarding Section 3 their followers with government jobs • The basic goal of 8. an agreement prohibiting trade American foreign policy 9. a business owned and operated by the gov- is national defense. ernment to provide services to the public Section 4 10. the practice of government employment based upon competitive examination and merit • The EOP is the president’s administration. Reviewing Main Ideas 11. How is the number of each state’s electoral votes determined? 12. Who would assume the presidency if both the president and vice president died? 13. To whom does the Constitution give the power to officially declare war? 14. What role do presidents play when they help Using Your Foldables Study Organizer someone campaign for a Senate seat? Exchange completed foldables with a 15. What president created the EOP? classmate. On your classmate’s foldable, find what he or she “wanted to 16. What agency has the most responsibility for know.” Then use this information to ask preparing the federal budget? your classmate a few questions. Did 17. How are directors of independent agencies your classmate find out what he or she appointed? wanted to know? 18. What event spurred passage of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1883?

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Self-Check Quiz Visit the Civics Today Web site at civ.glencoe.com and click on Self-Check Quizzes— Critical Thinking Chapter 7 to prepare for the chapter test. 19. Analyzing Information Why do you think an EOP was not needed prior to 1939? How did previous presidents manage without this office? 20. Cause and Effect What effect does the 24. Divide into groups and write a letter to the civil service system have on the work of the president expressing your views on a current federal bureaucracy? Explain this relationship issue. Share any response you receive with using a graphic organizer like the one below. the class. Cause: Effect: Analyzing Visuals Study the political cartoon on page 174 and answer the following question. 25. This cartoon shows President Roosevelt act- ing as president. Which roles of the presi- Practicing Skills dency is he filling in the cartoon? Explain Reading an Election Map Refer to the your choices. presidential election map on page 170. Then answer the following questions. 21. How many electoral votes does your state have? Which 2000 presidential candidate did your state support? Standardized Test Practice Directions: Choose the best Activity answer to the following question. Which of the following statements is a 22. The president’s annual budget is a plan description of the winner-take-all system of for managing the nation’s economy. Like electing the president of the United States? any blueprint, it states overall goals and the strategies for achieving them. Design A American citizens elect the president an economic blueprint for a small busi- directly through popular vote. ness that you might start. Take into B If a candidate wins the popular vote, account spending, earning, and invest- that candidate usually gets all of the ment goals. state’s electoral votes. C The electoral votes a candidate receives are proportional to the popular votes that candidate received. Technology Activity D Large states have more electoral votes 23. One of the services provided by an execu- than small states. tive department of the government is travel warnings for U.S. citizens who are thinking about foreign travel. Search the Test-Taking Tip Internet for the United States Department Before reviewing the answer choices, of State Web site. Find a country for which jot down an answer to the question there is a travel warning and summarize in your own words. the warning.

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AN INSIDE LOOK AT...

he white house—once described by Gerald Ford as “the best public housing in the world” and by Harry TTruman as a “glamorous prison”—turned 203 in 2003. On a typical morning it is a village of 6,000 busy souls: the president and First Lady, gardeners, journalists, clerks, cooks, cops, economists, guests, and tourists operating in harmony on 18 acres. This intricate model of the presi- dential mansion, built on a scale of 1 inch to 1 foot, was begun in 1962 by John and Jan Zweifel of Orlando, Florida. Except for the location of the library, which was pushed forward for show purposes, the Zweifels’ White House is a faithful recreation of the original, down to TVs , furniture, and paintings. The Zweifels contact the White House every few weeks to find out if any- thing has changed. The 60-foot by 20-foot, 10-ton model, which includes the East and West wings (not shown), took more than 500,000 hours to construct and cost more than $1 million.

1 SITTING ROOM this room in hand- 4 YELLOW OVAL as Bill Clinton’s of- McKinley’s war room Generally claimed painted paper from ROOM One of the fice in the residence. during the Spanish- by the First Lady, China. most historic rooms American War. this room was in the house, it took 6 LINCOLN allocated one of the 3 PRESIDENT'S on the color yellow BEDROOM 8 STATE DINING building’s first water STUDY F.D.R. used during the tenure of Lincoln signed the ROOM Gilbert closets in 1801. this room as a bed- Dolley Madison. Emancipation Stuart’s portrait of room; the Reagans Proclamation here. George Washington 2 MASTER liked to have quiet 5 TREATY ROOM hung here when the BEDROOM Nancy dinners here in front Originally a large 7 LINCOLN British torched the Reagan decorated of the TV. bedroom, it served SITTING ROOM mansion in 1814.

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THE WHITE HOUSE STEVEN P. WIDOFF FOR TIME

9 RED ROOM 11 GREEN ROOM 13 LIBRARY by Churchill’s World 16 CHINA ROOM John Adams’s Thomas Jefferson’s Placed here by the War II map room. Edith Wilson set breakfast room was dining room is now replica designers, aside this room to where Rutherford B. used for receptions. the library is actually 15 DIPLOMATIC display china. Hayes took the oath located behind the RECEPTION of office in 1877. 12 EAST ROOM Vermeil Room. ROOM Site from 17 VERMEIL The largest room in which F.D.R. broad- ROOM Once used 10 BLUE ROOM the mansion, it was 14 MAP ROOM cast his fireside as a billiard hall, it Where Grover Cleve- used by Abigail Decorated with chats (though the takes its name from land married Frances Adams to dry the Chippendale furni- fireplace at that a display of vermeil Folsom, in 1886. family wash. ture, it was inspired time was fake). (gilded silver).

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