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The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Chiorpyrifos And ^'^ÍTX ^^^ United States ÍA à. à\\ Department of Agriculture The Biologic and Cooperative Extension Economic Assessment System of Chiorpyrifos and National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program Diazinon in Ornamentals and Sod Production Technical Bulletin Number 1837 i "y J 0 : j The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrinninatjon in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alterna- tive means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-5881 (voice) or (202) 720-7808 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer. To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TDD). Mention or display of a trademark, proprietary product, or firm in text or figures does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply approval to the exclusion of other suitable products or firms. The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Omamentals and Sod Production November 1994 By Dr. Ronald D. Getting Dr. John R. Allison Document Prepared by the National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program U.S. Department of Agriculture Authors Cooperators Dr. S. Kris Braman Department of Entomology Georgia Experiment Station University of Georgia Griffin, Georgia 30223 Dr. Joyce G. Latimer Department of Horticulture Georgia Experiment Station University of Georgia Griffin, Georgia 30223 Dr. Will Hudson Extension Entomologist Cooperative Extension Service Rural Development Center Tifton, Georgia 31793 Dr. Beverly Sparks Extension Entomologist Cooperative Extension Service University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602 Co-Editors Thomas J. Kergel, M.A. USDA/NAPIAP Technical Writer {Biologic Science) U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington, DC 20250 Mary Ann Wamsley Information Impact 2725 Fort Scott Drive Arlington, VA 22202 ATTENTION: 1. Use one set for each title or document. 2. Use ball-point pen or typewriter for clear copies. ^U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1995-617-521 3. Keep Part 4 of this form for your file. 4. This form is for USD A use only. Form AD 245^4 (8/84) NAL. CALL NO. SPECIAL REQUEST FOR PUBLICATION REPORT TO REQUESTER □ HOLD NOT SENT BECAUSE: □ SEND U.S. Department of Agriculture r—l NOT rn NOT □ IN USE National Agricultural Library '—' OWNED •—' LOCATED □ PHONE Lending Division j—] NON- n INSUFFICIENT Beltsville, Maryland 20705 ^—' CIRCULATING '—^ DESCRIPTION THE UBRARY HAS TAKEN THE FOLLOWING ACTION ON YOUR REQUEST: YOUR NAME. AGENCY, à BUSINESS ADDRESS (Include ZIP COde) rn RESERVE PLACED, WILL SEND WHEN IT BECOMES AVAILABLE NAL IS TRYING TO OBTAIN FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY □ PURCHASE ORDER PLACED p^^^^éUi^^j V'fi :^d^Oé - NOTICE - TELEPHONE: DATE OF REQUEST: WARNING CONCERNING YOU MUST / have read the warning on copyright restrictions and accept full responsibility for COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS SIGN HERE compliance. • The copyright law of the United States TO ENSURE (Title 1 7, United States Code) governs the SERVICE m> ¿Hcà^^y^^'tu^i^ making of photocopies or other reproductions DESCRIPTION OF PUBLICATlON-Aufhor, title, periodical title, volume, year, page, etc. of copyrighted material. • Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be "used for any pur- df..- /tf4 pose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes '^ in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. • This institution reserves the right to refuse REFERENCE SOURCE OF THE REQUESTED PUBLICATION. IF AVAILABLE to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. Acknowledgments The authors express their sincere appreciation to the to obtain data for analysis. The Cooperative Extension individuals who contributed to the ornamentals and sod System and Experiment Station personnel provided usage assessment project. Special thanks are extended to the information. The USDA Agricultural Research Service, Professional Plant Growers Association, Lansing, Michigan; Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Society of American Florists, Alexandria, Virginia; American Sen^ice, and National Agricultural Statistical Service were Association of Nurserymen, Washington, D.C.; and the instrumental in planning, providing information, coordinating, American Sod Producers Association, Rolling Meadows, and implementing this study. Without the combined efforts of Illinois, for helping prepare the questionnaire and for providing all of the individuals from these organizations, this report grower lists from their commodity groups, which were sampled would not have been possible. Contents Executive Summary 1 List of Tables Introduction 5 Tables in Executive Summary 1. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon usage in the green- Chapter I: Pest/Crop Interaction house, nursery, and sod industries 3 Floriculture 7 Nursery Production 9 2. Estimates of cost change from the removal Sod Production 10 of chlorpyrifos and diazinon from use in green- house, nursery, and sod industries 4 Chapter II: Pest Management Current Management Systems 11 Tables in Text Available Management Alternatives 11 3. Summary of pest management strategies 11 Integrated Pest Management 12 Pesticide Resistance 12 4. Percent of greenhouse insecticide applications of chlorpyrifos and diazinon Chapter III: Economics (by pest group) 16 Estimable Losses 14 5. Percent of gross sales represented by pro- Greenhouse 17 ducers using chlorpyrifos and diazinon 16 Nursery 18 Sod 19 6. Percentof nursery insecticide applications of Economic Summary for Ornamentals chlorpyrifos and diazinon (by pest group) 18 and Sod Industries 20 7. Percent of sod insecticide applications of chlorpyrifos and diazinon (by pest group) 19 Literature Cited 22 Appendixes Appendixe—Pesticide Usage and Efficacy Data 39 CI. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for Appendix A—Labeling of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon greenhouse operations and efficacy ratings by pest (Insects and Mites) 24 categories (National) Appendix B—Pesticide Impact Questionnaires 25 C2. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for Figure 1—Regions of the United States as greenhouse operations and efficacy ratings by pest Used in the Biological categories, Region 1 (AK, ID, MT, ND, NE, OR, SD, and Economic Assessment WA. WY) of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon 37 C3. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for Figure 2—Imported Fire Ant Quarantines 38 greenhouse operations and efficacy ratings by pest categories. Region II (CT, DE, lA, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, Ml, MN. MO, NH, NJ, NY, OH. PA, Rl, VA, Appendix C—Pesticide Usage and Efficacy Data 39 VT, Wl. WV) Appendix D—Pest Management Strategies 57 C4. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for Appendix E—Insecticide Impact Data 63 greenhouse operations and efficacy ratings by pest categories. Region III (AZ. CA, HI, NV, UT) C5. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for greenhouse operations and efficacy ratings by pest categories, Region IV (CO, KS, NM, OK, TX) IV C6. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for Appendix D—Pest Management Strategies 57 greenhouse operations and efficacy ratings by pest D1. Percentage of nonchemical pest mange- categories. Region V (AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN) ment strategies C7. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for D2. Pest management strategies used by green- nursery operations and efficacy ratings by pest house operations categories (National) D3. Pest management strategies used by nursery operations C8. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for nursery operations and efficacy ratings by pest D4. Pest management strategies used by sod categories, Region I (AK, ID, MT, ND, NE, OR, SD, operations WA, WY) D5. Insecticide and/or acaricide use strategy by C9. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for operators when treating insect or mite nursery operations and efficacy ratings by pest infestations categories. Region II (CT, DE, lA, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, Ml, MN, MO, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, Rl, VA, Appendix E—Insecticide Impact Data 63 VT, Wl, WV) El. Cost per pound of active ingredient and cost C10. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for per application by formulation and by common nursery operations and efficacy ratings by pest name categories. Region III (AZ, GA, HI, NV, UT) E2. Chemical alternatives to chiorpyrifos and 011. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for diazinon. Greenhouse operations (National) nursery operations and efficacy ratings by pest E3. Chemical alternatives to chiorpyrifos and categories. Region IV (CO, KS. MN, OK, TX) diazinon. Nursery operations (National) 012. Estimates of quantities of active ingredients used for E4. Chemical alternatives to chiorpyrifos and nursery operations and efficacy ratings by pest diazinon. Sod production operations categories, Region V (AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, (National) SC, TN)
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