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Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath PHD Integration and identity of the Transylvanian-Saxons in Salzburg since the Second- World-War Schonheinz, Julia Christine Award date: 2006 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 Integration and Identity of the Transylvanian-Saxons in Salzburg since the Second-World-War Julia Christine Schonheinz A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of European Studies and Modern Languages April 2006 CO PYRIG HT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with its author. This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. This thesis may be made available for consultation within the University Library and may be photocopied or lent to other libraries for the purposes of consultation. UMI Number: U601849 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U601849 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITY OF BATH LIBRARY BA 3 0 JAN 2009 ~PhD Table Of Contents Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 7 Abstract .....................................................................................................................................8 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................9 Structure of Thesis ............................................................................................................... 10 Transylvanian-Saxon History..............................................................................................13 1.0 Introduction .....................................................................................................................13 2.0 Early Transylvanian-Saxon History.............................................................................14 2.1 Descent Theories ...........................................................................................................14 2.2 Reasons for German Settlement in Transylvania .....................................................15 2.3 The Golden Letter of Freedom .....................................................................................16 2.4 Invasions from the East .................................................................................................17 2.5 Development of Town Life and Legal Status in the 15th Century ........................... 19 3.0 Succession War for the Hungarian Throne ............................................................... 20 3.1 Reformation of the Transylvanian-Saxons ................................................................ 20 3.2 Ferdinand of Habsburg’s reign .................................................................................... 22 4.0 The Bathory Dynasty and Civil W ar ........................................................................... 23 4.1 Counter Reformation Attempts ........................................................................... 23 4.2 End of Turkish Rule ....................................................................................................... 24 5.0 Transylvania and the Habsburg Empire .....................................................................25 5.1 Re-Catholicisation Attempts and Tax Rises .............................................................. 25 5.2 Samuel von Brukenthal ................................................................................................ 26 5.3 Joseph ll.’s Reforms ..................................................................................................... 26 5.4 The End of the Corporate State .................................................................................. 27 6.0 Transylvania and Hungary...........................................................................................29 6.1 The Volkskirche and its importance to Saxon culture ..............................................30 7.0 The First World W ar ...................................................................................................... 32 7.1 Romania’s Role in the First World W ar ...................................................................... 32 7.2 Calls for Romanian Unification .................................................................................... 33 8.0 The Greater Romanian State .......................................................................................34 8.1 Consequences of Unification for Romania’s Ethnic Groups ...................................34 8.2 Agrarian Reforms and Contact with Germany ..........................................................35 9.0 Transylvania and the National-Socialist Workers Party/Second- World W a r....................................................................................................................36 10.0 Emigration to Austria...................................................................................................40 10.1 Transylvanian-Saxons across the Austrian counties ............................................ 41 11.0 Commentary ................................................................................................................46 12.0 Nationalist Historians..................................................................................................50 12.1 Transylvanian and Saxon historiographies ............................................................. 51 12.2 Misinterpretations in the Historiographies of Transylvanian Ethnic Groups .............................................................................................................51 12.3 Saxon historiographers .............................................................................................. 53 12.4 Tendencies of Modern Historiographies ..................................................................54 12.5 The “Germanisation” of Saxon Historiography ........................................................55 12.6 Critical points in modern Saxon historiography .......................................................56 12.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................58 Concepts of Nation and Identity ......................................................................................... 59 1.0 Introduction .....................................................................................................................59 2.0 Definitions of Nations and Ethnic Groups ................................................................. 61 2.1 The changing meaning of the term “nation” .............................................................. 61 2.2 Nations - Timeframe Criteria ........................................................................................62 2.3 Nations - State Criteria ..................................................................................................64 Nation-State and Multi-national States ..................................................................... 65 1 ‘Kulturnation’ and Irrendentism .................................................................................. 65 2.4 Nations - Other Criteria ................................................................................................ 66 Language/Culture ........................................................................................................ 67 Size .................................................................................................................................68 Will/Suffering ................................................................................................................
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